Smart Cities in Europe

Smart Cities in Europe欧洲智慧城市

May 9, 2014 Chinese Academy of Governance

国家行政学院2014年 5月 9日

Dr Thomas HartThomas Hart博士

Senior Advisor PDSF中国 -欧盟政策对话支持项目高级顾

问[email protected]

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EU Policy Support to Smart City Development欧盟对智慧城市发展的政策扶持

EU 2020 goals 欧盟 2020年目标20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels

温室气体排放量在 1990年水平的基础上降低 20%

3%of the EU’s GDP (public and private combined) to be invested in R&D/innovation

欧盟国内生产总值（包括公共和私营部门）的 3%将被用于研发 /创新投资75%of 20-64 year olds to be employed

年龄从 20到 64岁之间的人群中，将有 75%被雇佣10% Maximum school drop-out rate

辍学率最高为 10%

20m fewer people in or at risk of poverty and social exclusion

近 2000万人将处于或正处于贫困和被社会排斥的风险中

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EU Policy Support to Smart City Development欧盟对智慧城市发展的政策扶持

The main focus of EU smart city policy measures

欧盟智慧城市政策的重点措施： facilitating smart cities projects to extract more value

from existing infrastructure and capital, via research, technical development and innovation;

通过研究、技术开发和创新，促进智慧城市项目从当前基础设施和资本中获得更多价值。

create new products and services that generate economic growth and which meet social and environmental challenges

创造能带来经济增长、并能应对社会和环境挑战的新产品和服务。

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Initial considerations 初步考虑事宜

Why and how will the city grow? 城市为什么要增长以及如何增长？ What will be the age structure and range of

professional activities of its citizens? 市民的年龄构成和职业活动范围是什么？ What kind of medical services will be required? 需要什么类型的医疗服务？ What kind of social interaction is desirable? 需要什么类型的社会互动？

Future energy costs? 未来的能源成本是什么？ Regional and international migration developments 区域和国际移民发展 Shifts in the socio-economic composition of the

population 人口社会经济构成的改变

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Making Sense of the “Smart City” concept了解“智慧城市”概念的含义

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EU, Member States, Cities and Communities 欧盟、成员国、城市和社区

High degree of fiscal and political independence of cities and communities

城市和社区财政和政治的高度独立性

Considerable level of municipal debt 相当程度的市政债务

Heterogeneous starting points 各种各样的出发点

Direct Smart City support from national and EU level mostly in the form of coordination, know-how exchange

国家和欧盟层面的、对智慧城市的直接扶持，大多数采用合作与知识交流的形式

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“Advisory Group ICT Infrastructure for energy-efficient buildings and neighbourhoods for carbon-neutral cities”

“碳中性城市节能建筑和居住区基础设施信息通讯技术顾问组” “energy efficient neighbourhood” concept “节能居住区”的概念 implementation of existing, advanced state of the art products and

services; 使用现有的、最先进的产品和服务； Needed: research on communications-related aspects to facilitate integration

and interoperability issues, on utility networks and cyber security issues, on overcoming financial barriers, on developing suitable frameworks for public-private risk sharing enterprises and on societal aspects regarding behavioural change;

需要：对与通信相关的方面做研究，以帮助解决以下问题：公共设施网络集成和互操作性问题、实用网络及网络安全问题、克服财政壁垒问题、为发展中的公共私营企业的风险分担而开发的适当框架问题以及有关社会方面的行为习惯改变问题；

Flexibility is required in terms of definition of city and community; 需要灵活定义城市和社区； Public private partnerships are a vital success factor; 公共私营合作制是至关重要的成功因素

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Commission Focus 委员会所关注的事宜

Connectivity: Pan-European connectivity is to be promoted through increased work on high-speed broadband availability. Smart city systems and solutions depend on high quality of communications infrastructure.

连通性：通过加强高速宽带可用性方面的工作，来促进泛欧洲连通性。智慧城市系统和解决方案依赖于高质量的通讯基础设施。

Open Data: “open data by default” for the benefit of enterprises, citizens and the administration. Smart cities benefit by better solutions for key challenges such as transport and energy use.

开放资料：“默认开放资料”有益于企业、市民和行政管理。智慧城市受益于为主要挑战（例如：交通和能源使用）提供的更出色的解决方案。

Entrepreneurs and start-ups: Initiatives such as the “Future Internet Lab” promote a dynamic entrepreneurial culture around the smart cities, intended to create synergies and the creation of innovation hubs.

企业家和初创公司：诸如“未来互联网实验室”之类的措施可推动智慧城市周围的充满活力的创业文化，旨在创建协同效应和建立创新中心。

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Commission Focus 委员会所关注的事宜

5G: Substantially improved next generation of networks. Smart city operation and management and the network usage demands of the businesses and citizens calls for fast entering the 5G stage.

5G：大幅改善的下一代网络。智慧城市运营和管理以及企业和市民对网络使用的需求产生了对快速进入 5G 阶段的要求。

Innovation: European Innovation Partnership on Smart Cities and Communities was launched, intended to bring stakeholders from all relevant sectors together.

创新：启动了智慧城市和社区欧洲创新合作伙伴关系，目的在于联合所有相关部门的利益相关者。

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European Innovation Partnership for Smart Cities and Communities (EIP-SCC)

智慧城市和社区的欧洲创新合作伙伴关系（ EIP-SCC）

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Main sources of EU funding欧盟筹资的主要来源

Horizon 2020: Focus on research and innovation, Smart City “Lighthouse Projects” combining energy, transport and ICT

地平线 2020：关注于研究和创新、智慧城市“灯塔项目”的能源、交通运输和信息通讯技术

Cohesion Policy: Focus on stimulation of regional socio-economic development :

聚合政策：刺激区域社会经济的发展

National and regional funding 国家和区域筹资 Combination of sources 筹资来源组合

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Main sources of EU funding欧盟筹资的主要来源

Support to financing Smart City Projects through financial instruments that reduce investment risk, in particular European Investment Bank (EIB):

通过降低投资风险的金融工具，特别是欧洲投资银行 (EIB)，对智慧城市项目融资进行扶持： ELENA (European Local Energy Assistance): assists local authorities in

development of energy efficiency and renewable energy plans. ELENA （欧洲地方能源援助）：在能源效率和可再生能源计划的发展上

向地方当局提供援助。 JESSICA (Joint European Support for Sustainable Investment in City

Areas): created to help reduce funding cost for Smart City projects. Urban Development Funds to provide additional sources of funding and thus lower senior debt requirements, lead to an improved capital structure and senior debt credit quality.

JESSICA （城市地区可持续投资欧洲联合支持）：创建 JESSICA的目的是帮助智慧城市项目降低筹资成本。城市开发基金能提供额外的筹资来源，并因此降低优先债务要求，从而引起改进的结构和优先债务信用质量。

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Is it possible for Chinese cities to get involved?让中国城市参与进来，可能吗？

Chinese participation is welcomed in all Calls for Proposals of Horizon 2020 欢迎中方参与到“地平线 2020”提案的所有会议中 In the 2014/2015 calls several topics are specifically flagged for targeted cooperation with

China. Participation of Chinese partners is strongly encouraged: 在 2014/2015会议中，特别标记了若干主题，作为与中国合作的目标。特别鼓励中国合作伙伴

参与到以下各个领域： Food,  食品 Agriculture and Biotechnology,  农业和生物技术 Water,  水 Energy, 能源 Information and Communications Technologies, 信息通讯技术 Nanotechnology,  纳米技术 Space  太空 Polar research 极地研究

Same conditions and financial rules as other emerging economies and industrialised countries. Chinese participants need to cover their participation costs in Horizon 2020 projects with their own funds, e.g. through Chinese research and innovation funding agencies.

与其他新兴经济体和工业化国家的条件和金融规则相同。中方参与者需通过自己的基金，即通过中国研究与创新筹资机构，自行支付“地平线 2020”项目的参与费用。

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PPP for Financing Smart Cities为智慧城市融资的公共私营合作制

Promoting PPP 推广公共私营合作制（ PPP） E.g. the European Investment Bank’s “European PPP Expertise

Centre” (EPEC) 例如：欧洲投资银行的“欧洲公共私营合作制专家中心”（ EPEC） “EPEC PPP Guide” as a web tool 作为网络工具的“ EPEC PPP 指引”

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Example: EPEC’s standardised PPP model (street lighting)

例子：EPEC的标准化PPP模式（街道照明） Basic parameters: 主要参数：

Contract period (of 20 years) 合同期（20年） Core investment-period (5 years), further investments with annual budget 关键投资期（5年），使用年度预算做进一步投资 Operation and maintenance of facilities 设施的运行和维护 Energy supply 能源供给 Ownership of existing facilities remain with the municipality 现有设备的所有权仍归市政当局所有 Transfer of ownership of new assets to municipality once they are operational 一旦新资产开始运行，则可把新资产的所有权转让给市政当局 Need for documentation of existing facilities, technologies, age and their status 需要对现有设施、技术、使用年限及其状态做文件编制 Output-based specification 以输出为基础的说明书

Lessons learned: 获得的经验： PPP and partnering contracts offer fast replacement of old facilities to improve traffic safety and security 根据 PPP和伙伴关系合同的规定，可快速更换陈旧设施，以改进交通安全。 Prior to tender an inventory of existing facilities must be prepared by the authority 在招标之前，当局必须准备现有设施的存货。 Case studies proof major energy-saving potentials, major cost-savings for municipalities and possible risk-

transfer to private sector partners 案例研究证明：对市政当局来说主要是挖掘节能潜力、节省成本；对私营部门合作伙伴来说是可能的风险转移。 Further LED-developments will increase the saving-potentials 发光二极管的进一步发展将提高节约潜力 The models can be standardised and repeated, but financing needs to be adapted to the institutions

available. 该模式是标准化的，并能重复使用，但融资需适应于可用的机构。

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EPEC’s standardised PPP modelEPEC的标准化 PPP模式

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Member State Level Support, e.g. UK成员国层面上的扶持，例如：英国

UK Future Cities Demonstrator Programme 英国未来城市示范项目 UK Technology Strategy Board started funding feasibility studies in UK

cities to show the value of integrating city systems. 英国技术战略委员会在英国城市启动筹资可行性研究，以显示城市系统集成的价值。

The Board identified three systems that lack viable solutions on the market 委员会确定了在市场上缺乏可行解决方案的三个系统

platforms to identify community energy patterns down to the building level, with the ability to predict future demand;

识别社区能源模式（可直到建筑物水平）的平台，有能力预测未来需求； data management platforms to connect city‘s many disparate data sets,

including innovative ways to analyse and display that data; 连接城市各种各样数据集的数据管理平台，包括分析和显示数据的创新方法； real-time route planners for commuters, delivery vans, tourists, etc. 为通勤者、厢式送货车以及旅客提供的实时路线规划工具等。

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Member State Level Support, e.g. UK成员国层面上的扶持，例如：英国

Total £24 Mio grant. Each participating city was granted 50,000 Euro to develop an innovative proposal.

总计 2400 万英镑拨款。每个参与城市得到 5 万欧元的拨款，来发展创新提议。

A condition for entering the contest was that entrants use non-proprietary data formats and APIs.

加入比赛的一个条件是竞赛者使用非专有数据格式和程序应用接口 Winner: Glasgow used the grant money to invest in “super

intelligent” CCTV cameras that can be used to raise alarm when unattended bags are detected, and apps that can help visitors find the quickest routes

胜利者：格拉斯哥使用拨款投资于“超级智能”闭路电视摄像机，当检测到无人看管的包时，可被用于启动警报，并且应用程序能帮助参观者找到最快的路线。

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EU-China Comparative Study on Smart Green Cities Assessment Framework 中国 -欧盟绿色智慧城市比较研究评估框架

The objective of the assessment framework to compare the various characteristics of each Smart City project in order to

评估框架的目的是比较每个智慧城市项目的不同特征，以便于： Identify “good practise” in the various components of a Smart City project 识别智慧城市项目不同组成部分的“良好惯例”

o Assessed against a common set of criteriao 根据一系列通用标准进行评估

Understand emerging challenges in Smart City projects 理解智慧城市项目最新显现的挑战 Develop a “Good Practice Framework for Smart City Planning and Development” 开发“智慧城市规划和发展的良好习惯框架”

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Recommendations 建议 The recommendation is a roadmap for continuous improvement where cities to

advance step by step until reaching the “state-of-the-art” level of maturity 建议是给出持续改进的路线图，根据该路线图，城市可逐步发展，直至达到“最先进的”成熟水平。

The Smart City Staircase Roadmap towards Maturity智慧城市通往成熟的梯级路线图

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EU-China Comparative Study on Smart Green Cities I中国 -欧盟绿色智慧城市比较研究：一

State of the Art 最先进的Smart City Strategy

智慧城市战略

Smart city KPI’s benchmarked against international standards, which are made available to all stakeholders

智慧城市的关键业绩指标以国际标准为基准，这样，所有利益相关者都可使用。 ICT plans ensure major technology trends are included in their city planning 信息通讯技术计划确保了主要的技术趋势被包括在城市规划中。

Stakeholders

利益相关者

Uses multiple forms of interactive technologies to engage with citizens, e.g. Micro-blog, mobile social applications, Crowd-sourcing, Gamification, etc. as mechanisms to engage with citizens

使用多种形式的交互技术（例如：微博、移动社会应用、众包、游戏化等）作为市民参与机制，从而让市民参与。

Actively promotes and publicises smart City developments to stakeholders 积极向利益相关者宣传智慧城市发展。 Provides training to help citizens adopt new services 为市民提供培训，以帮助市民适应新服务

Governance

治理

Processes in place to 有到位的程序，以：

o Allow stakeholders to participate in decision-making; and o 让利益相关者能够参与到决策中；并o Ensure there is transparency and accountability of the various stakeholderso 确保不同利益相关者之间的透明性和责任性。

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Funding 筹资 No funding issues and funding available to meet all smart city objectives 没有筹资问题，有能够满足所有智慧城市目标的可获得的筹资

Value Assessment

价值评估

The assessment evaluates the overall impact (economic, environmental, social and cultural outcomes) of all smart city projects

该评估评价了所有智慧城市项目的整体影响（经济、环境、社会和文化结果）

Business models

商业模式

Uses a variety of business models that have been implemented for full scale projects

使用已被实施于完整项目的各种各样的商业模式。ICT infrastructure

信息通讯技术基础设施

100% high speed (>20 Mbs) broadband coverage 100%高速（大于 20 Mbs）宽带覆盖 Real-time city operations are optimised 实时优化城市运营 ICT vision and strategy overseen by dedicated City CIO 由指定的城市首席信息官监督的信息通讯技术愿景和战略

o Measures in place to ensure the city ‘future proofs’ its investment in ICT infrastructure

o 到位的措施，以确保城市‘未来能证明’其对信息通讯技术基础设施的投资

EU-China Comparative Study on Smart Green Cities II中国 -欧盟绿色智慧城市比较研究：二

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Particip

ating

Cities (E

U)

参与国（欧盟）

European Pilot Smart Cities 欧盟试点智慧城市

Amsterdam, Netherlands 荷兰阿姆斯特丹Barcelona, Spain 西班牙巴塞罗那Bristol, UK 英国布里斯托尔Copenhagen, Denmark 丹麦哥本哈根Florence/Prato, Italy 意大利佛罗伦萨Frankfurt, Germany 德国法兰克福Issy-les-Moulineaux, France 法国伊西莱穆利诺Lyons, France 法国里昂Malmö, Sweden 瑞典马尔默Manchester, UK 英国曼彻斯特Riga, Latvia 拉脱维亚里加Tallinn, Estonia 爱沙尼亚塔林Venice, Italy 意大利威尼斯Vilnius, Lithuania 立陶宛维尔纽斯Zagreb, Croatia 克罗地亚萨格勒布

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Barcelona, Spain 西班牙巴塞罗那Service 1

服务 1

Intelligent traffic data management, with the creation of a Situation Room to control the city from one single center.

智能交通数据管理，创建了情景室，从而可通过一个中心来控制城市。

Service 2

服务 2

Open Government project, based on the promotion of citizen participation, cooperation and transparency, especially making public data and infrastructures available.(2012) (Open Data, OVAC, e-administration)

建立在市民参与、合作和透明基础之上的开放的政府项目，特别是提供了公开资料和基础设施。（ 2012 ）（开放资料，最优变目标控制，电子行政管理）

Service 3

服务 3

Development of energy efficiency in buildings based on the incorporation of solar panels, mixed uses, joint heating and water recycling under the framework of Energetic self-sufficiency plan (self-sufficient building blocks, smart grid, heating and cooling network)

建筑物中能源效率的发展基于：在能量自给自足计划（自给自足建筑模块、智能电网、供热制冷网络）中包含太阳能电池板、混合用途、联合供热和水资源回收。

Service 4

服务 4

Smart Innovation includes the following projects: Innovation District 22@, Smart City Campus, Smart City Tour, Smart City Cluster, Urban Lab, and Competence center mSmart City. Urban Lab, 2008, is a tool created to allow the use of public space for companies to test solutions and services in a real urban environment.

智慧创新包括以下项目：创新区 22@、智慧城市大学校园、智慧城市游览、智慧城市集群、城市实验室以及能力中心 mSmart城市。城市实验室 2008是一个工具，以创建和允许公司使用公共空间以在真实城市环境中测试解决方案和服务。

Service 5

服务 5

Development of an Urban Platform for city management to unify data from various sources (this project will be ready in 2014) which includes the projects: CityOS, Barcelona Sensors Platform, i-City.

用于城市管理的城市平台的发展，以统一各种各样来源的数据（该项目将于 2014年准备就绪），包括以下项目：城市操作系统、巴塞罗那传感器平台、 i-城市。Ex

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Bristol, UK 英国布里斯托尔Ex

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Service 1

服务 1

Digital Environment Home Energy Management System (DEHEMS): The project looked at how technology can improve domestic energy efficiency. Intention was to develop and test a home energy management system with the aim of improving the current monitoring approach to levels of energy being used by households in order to reduce CO2 emissions.

数字环境住宅能源管理系统（ DEHEMS）：项目着眼于通过使用技术来改进家庭能源效率的方法。目的在于开发和测试家庭能源管理系统，以改进当前的监控方法，将方法提升到家庭使用的能源层面，从而降低二氧化碳排放量。

Service 2

服务 2

3e-Houses: The project consists of integrating the most common ICTs into social housing in order to allow homes to save energy, shift their consumption from peak to off-peak hours and reduce CO2 emissions.

3e-住宅：项目包含将最常见的信息通讯技术整合到特殊住宅中，以便于住宅节能、把能源消耗从高峰期转移至非高峰期，以及降低二氧化碳排放量。

Service 3

服务 3

ICT services for Electric Vehicle Enhancing the User experience (ICT 4 EVEU): The project aims to deploy an innovative set of ICT services for electric vehicles in pilots across Europe. Integration of different Management Systems operating on the existing EV infrastructures in the cities, related services can be deployed and make use of these interconnected infrastructures (charging points, control centres and vehicles).

电动车辆的信息通讯技术服务，用于增强用户体验（ ICT 4 EVEU）：项目的目的是为欧洲试点范围内的电动车辆部署一系列创新的信息通讯技术服务。集成这些城市现有电动车辆基础设施中运转的不同的管理系统，可部署相关服务，并利用这些相互连接的基础设施（充点电、控制中心和车辆）。

Service 4

服务 4

Urban Traffic Control Centre (UTCC): The Centre now uses more than 200 cameras to monitor vehicular movements throughout the city, linked to the remote communications and equipment room via the council‘s own fibre network (B-Net), the images are displayed for operators on a large rear-projection video wall.

城市交通控制中心（ UTCC）：目前，该中心使用 200多个摄像机来监控整个城市的车辆移动情况，通过市议会自己的光纤网络（ B-网）与远距离通信和设备室连接，图像在大型背投视频墙上显示出来，以便于操作者查看。

Service 5

服务 5

B-Open Data Store: Open Data Portal to promote transparency and increase public and neighbourhood engagement, encouraging citizens to work with information and data to create applications, websites, mobile products or installations.

B-开放数据存储：开放资料门户网站能促进透明性，并加强公共和居民的参与，鼓励市民使用信息和资料，以创建应用、网站、移动产品或装置。

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Florence, Italy 意大利佛罗伦萨Ex

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服务 1

Smart Lighting: use of advanced technologies related to lighting (lighting with LED sources) for energy savings and reduced environmental impact

智能照明：使用与照明相关的先进技术（采用发光二极管来源照明），从而可节能并降低对环境的不利影响。

Service 2

服务 2

ELECTRA: promoting a new urban sustainable mobility model. Increase the electric scooters use in urban areas, through short sharing (e.g. for one day) or rent (e.g. for six months)

ELECTRA：推广新型城市可持续移动模式。通过短期分享（例如：一天）或出租（例如：六个月）的方式，从而增加在城市区域内电动脚踏车的使用。

Service 3

服务 3

Open Data: Florence has launched a section of its website dedicated to recently released mobile apps.

开放资料：佛罗伦萨已经正式推出了网站的一部分，专门用于最近发布的移动应用。

- Florence Heritage: information about elements of the city that contribute to its UNESCO Heritage status, including historic shops and Palazzi, itineraries and in depth information.

- 佛罗伦萨遗产：关于该城市的一部分贡献于联合国教科文组织遗产的状态信息，包括历史悠久的商店、宫殿、旅行线路以及全面的信息。

- FirenzeUp: connects to the city’s events database - FirenzeUp：与城市的事件数据库相连接- Firenze the Walking City: suggests historic and panoramic walking itineraries, including a guide to open Wi-Fi

hotspots- 步行城市佛罗伦萨：建议的步行线路，以方便参观历史景点和全景，包括打开无线上网热点的指引

Service 4

服务 4

GEO is a service of geo-referencing information resources in the field of mobility. Provides access to a family of related services to the mobility and provides real-time traffic situation of Florence. Possible to see construction work, accidents, speed cameras, detours, etc.

GEO是移动领域的地理参考信息资源服务。提供一系列移动性相关服务的使用，也提供佛罗伦萨实时交通状况的信息。有可能看到施工工程、事故、超速摄像头以及便道等。

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More background 更多背景资料

http://www.eu-chinapdsf.org/:

Summary of Exchange Meeting of EU and Chinese Cities 中国和欧盟城市交流会议总结 White Paper and Comparative Report 白皮书和比较研究报告

English: http://www.eu-chinapdsf.org/EN/pdsf2activity.asp?ActivityId=435   Chinese: http://www.eu-chinapdsf.org/CN/pdsf2activity.asp?ActivityId=433