Slow Steaming JKokarakis

Slow SteamingSlow Steaming3rd Shipping Investment & Asset Management

Conference

John KokarakisTechnical Director for Hellenic & Black

Sea Region

23rd SIAM Conference – 7th June 2011

DEFINITIONS► SLOW STEAMING (SS) IS TRAVELING AT REDUCED SPEED

► SUPER SLOW STEAMING (SSS) IS TRAVELING AT AROUND 50% OF SERVICE SPEED OR BELOW

► OPTIMUM SPEED IS THE SPEED AT WHICH THE VOYAGE PROFIT IS MAXIMUM

$800 000

$900 000

$1 000 000

$1 100 000

$1 200 000

$1 300 000

$1 400 000

$1 500 000

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Speed (Knots)

Voya

ge In

com

e ($

) $100.00$200.00$300.00$400.00$500.00$600.00$700.00

33rd SIAM Conference – 7th June 2011

ENVIRONMENTAL TARGETS FOR SHIPPING

► Target: Reduction of CO2 by 80% by 2050.

► For every ton of fuel about 3 tons of CO2 are emitted.

► COMBINATION OF LOW SPEEDS AND GREEN TECHNOLOGIES

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Parabolic Relation of Consumption and Speed

It is much easier/efficient to reduce from 25 to 20 than from 15 to 10 knots

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Energy Efficiency and Management

Energy Efficiency Design Index

•EEDI proportional to :

• Power/Speed = V3 / V = V2

• Then : V2 < A

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But in life there are no free lunches

► SLOW STEAMING DOES NOT COME FOR FREE

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Resistance and Propulsion►Rudder redesign.

►Optimization of propellers for new service conditions

►Determination of added resistance in waves. Maneuverability in waves.

►Fouling effect on friction drag.

►Maneuverability at lower speeds

GREEN PROPULSION

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Structural Design►Utilization of lightweight materials and composite/sandwich

construction

►Inability to avoid rough weather

►Lightweight design but robust and safe

►Different topology

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Machinery & Equipment► Machinery operating outside design conditions. Potential adverse effects on fuel

efficiency, exhaust gas emissions formation, maintenance requirements.

► Emission monitoring for off-design conditions.

► Need for additional propulsive power in an emergency/port maneuvering

► Storage of LNG maybe feasible due to low fuel consumption

► Redundancy-Automation

► Engine modifications : fuel injection system, turbochargers, cutting off cylinders. ► Energy storage, allowing the vessel to “charge” on renewable energy while at

port.

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Safety► Produce new rules and regulations/STCW/SOLAS/MARPOL

► Wave loads-hull strength

► Maneuverability criteria, port congestion, directional stability, turning circle

► Risk assessment models and cost-benefit analysis (collision, occupational accidents, flooding, grounding)

123rd SIAM Conference – 7th June 2011

Crewing and Reliability►Increase in the voyage length. Crewing cost per cargo

transported will increase.

►Higher system reliability.

►Specialization/Training

►Motivation

►Economy of Scale

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Setting Requirements Environment► Perform Life Cycle Analysis “cradle to grave”.

► A reduction in CO2 should not be at the expense of rise of other pollutants.

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An Example or put your money where your mouth is.

LENGTH OF VOYAGE = 10000 NAUTICAL MILES

Load PowerSpeed

(kn) Fuel (t/d)Days @sea

Total Fuel

100% 70000 25 302 16.6 501375% 52500 22.7 214 18.3 391650% 35000 19.8 144 21 302425% 17500 15.7 75 26.5 1988

70000 KW @ SFC=180 gr/KW/hr

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Economics/Feasibility► Analyze logistics-economics-market requirements

► Effect of ultra low speed on supply chain

► Would such ships be profitable in today’s environment?

► Inventory- Cost of Cargo and time sensitive products

163rd SIAM Conference – 7th June 2011© - Copyright Bureau Veritas