Slovakia - European Environment Agency · Slovakia. Slovakia . 1 . Land cover 2012. Overview of land cover & change 2006-2012 . With the overall land cover change rate of 0.31% of

Country fact sheet

September 2017

Photo: © Toni García, My City/EEA

Land cover 2012

Slovakia

Slovakia

1

Land cover 2012 Overview of land cover & change 2006-2012 With the overall land cover change rate of 0.31% of total area, Slovakia is a country with a relatively high dynamics of landscape development. This rate is safely above the European average, comparable with Ireland or Finland. Obviously, the pace of the land cover exchange was in decline during the previous period 2000-2006 (with an annual change rate of 0.25%); however, it was even significantly higher in the period 1990-2000 (0.51%) than now. The landscape development in the country is driven mainly by internal conversions of forested land, which intensity significantly increased, compared to the previous period and is comparable with the period 1990-2000. Comparing with the extent of these forest conversions, intensities of other land cover flows in the country are significantly lower. The agricultural internal conversions, which were the second most powerful driver of land cover change in both previous periods, are much less frequent in the period 2006-2012. Also exchanges between agricultural and natural land in both directions show similar trend, with a continuously decreasing intensity. On the other hand, the artificial sprawl rapidly accelerated, compared to both periods 1990-2000 and 2000-2006. The annual artificial land take rate of 0.41% is slightly above the European average and twice as high as in the previous period. The urban development in the country is driven mainly by the extension of economic sites and infrastructures, namely by construction of highways, but also by accelerated residential and commercial/industrial sprawl. All these types of artificial surfaces are formatted also through the conversion of sites which were under construction already in the period 2000-2006. Note: The results presented here are based on a change analysis of 44 land cover types mapped consistently on a 1:100.000 scale across Europe over more than decade between 2000-2006-2012 - see Corine land cover (CLC) programme for details. Number of years between CLC2006-CLC2012 data for Slovakia: 6

6%

33%

14%

45%

1% Semi nat.

0,2% Open sp.

0,1% Wet. 1%

Water

1.1. Land cover 2012[% of total]

-8000

-4000

0

4000

8000

1.2. Net change in land cover 2006-2012 [ha]

-1.0

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

1.3. Net change in land cover [% of initial year

2006]

A rtific ial areas A rable land & permanent c rops Pas tures & mosaics Fores ted land

Semi-natural vegetation O pen spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies

Summary balance table 2006-2012

Art

ific

ial

area

s

Ara

ble

lan

d &

per

man

ent

cro

ps

Pas

ture

s &

mo

saic

s

Fore

sted

lan

d

Sem

i-n

atu

ral

veg

etat

ion

Op

en s

pac

es/

bar

e so

ils

Wet

lan

ds

Wat

er b

od

ies

TO

TA

L

[hu

nd

red

s h

a]

Land cover 2006 2830 16492 6777 21894 444 119 42 350 48949

Consumption of initial LC 20.7 78.0 25.2 791.5 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 916

Formation of new LC 88.0 17.6 7.1 800.6 0.0 1.3 0.0 1.5 916

Net Formation of LC 67.3 -60.4 -18.1 9.1 -0.7 1.3 0.0 1.5 0

Net formation as % of initial year 2.4 -0.4 -0.3 0.0 -0.2 1.0 0.0 0.4

Total turnover of LC 108.6 95.6 32.3 1592.1 0.7 1.3 0.0 1.5 1832

Total turnover as % of initial year 3.8 0.6 0.5 7.3 0.2 1.0 0.0 0.4 3.7

Land cover 2012 2897 16432 6759 21903 443 120 42 352 48949

Slovakia

2

Land cover trends comparison 2000-2006 vs. 2006-2012

0.24%

0.31%

0 10000 20000

2000-2006

2006-2012

2.4. Annual land cover change[ha/year, % of total area]

0 10000 20000 30000

Artificial areas

Arable land& permanent crops

Pastures& mosaics

Forested land

Semi-natural vegetation

Open spaces/ bare soils

Wetlands

Water bodies

2.5. Annual turnover of LC types [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

-1200 -600 0 600 1200

Artificial areas

Arable land& permanent crops

Pastures& mosaics

Forested land



Wetlands

Water bodies

2.6. Net annual change of LC types [ha/year]

Summary trend figures 2000-2006 2006-2012

Annual land cover change [ha/year] 11936 15267

Annual land cover change as % of initial year 0.24% 0.31%Land uptake by artificial development as mean annual change [ha/year] 541 1147

Agricultural land uptake by urban and infrastructures development as mean annual change [ha/year] 531 1043

Net uptake of forests and semi-natural land by agriculture as mean annual change [ha/year] -527 -324

Net conversion from pasture to arable land and permanent crops as mean annual change [ha/year] -495 -16

Forest & other woodland net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] 608 152

Dry semi-natural land cover net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] -35 10

Wetlands & water bodies net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] 25 24

0

5000

10000

15000

lcf1

Urb

an la

nd m

anag

emen

t

lcf2

Urb

an r

esid

entia

l spr

awl

lcf3

Spr

awl o

f ec

onom

ic s

ites

and

infr

astr

uctu

res

lcf4

Agr

icul

ture

inte

rnal

con

vers

ions

lcf5

Con

vers

ion

from

for

este

d &

natu

ral l

and

to a

gric

ultu

re

lcf6

Withd

raw

al o

f fa

rmin

g

lcf7

For

ests

cre

atio

n an

d m

anag

emen

t

lcf8

Wat

er b

odie

s cr

eatio

n a

ndm

anag

emen

t

lcf9

Cha

nges

due

to

natu

ral a

ndm

ultip

le c

ause

s

2.7. Intensity of main change drivers (LC FLOWS) [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Slovakia

3

Artificial surfaces sprawl (2006-2012)

0.19

%

0.41

%

0

300

600

900

1200

2000-2006 2006-2012

3.8. Artificial land take [ha/year,

% of initial year]

Accelerated sprawl driven by highway construction

A comparison with the period 2000-2006 shows rapid increase of the artificial land take rate in Slovakia. The annual land take rate in the 2006-2012 is two times higher than in the previous period. The sprawl in the country is driven mostly by the construction of the highway network, in particular of the highway which connects the north-western and the north-eastern part of the country. This highway was under construction already during the previous period. There is also visible another new segment of highway, located near the Nitra city in the south-western Slovakia. The other major driver of urban development in the country is the extension of residential fabric, which, after significant decline in the previous period, appears with higher intensity again now. This trend is rather unusual in Europe, while the residential sprawl seems to have slowed down in most European countries in the latest period. As a result of these flows, a significant formation of residential area, industrial, commercial and transportation sites and also of sport and leisure facilities can be observed in Slovakia. Geographically, there is a dense concentration of the sprawl around the capital city Bratislava; however, patches of the sprawl are distributed over the whole country.

84%

11%2% 2% 1%

3.9. Artificial surfaces 2012 [% of total area]

0 200 400

3.10. Artificial land take 2006-2012 [ha/year]

-100

0

100

200

300

Con

tinu

ous

urba

n fa

bric

Dis

cont

inuo

us u

rban

fab

ric

Ind

ustr

ial o

r co

mm

erci

al u

nits

Roa

d an

d ra

il ne

twor

ks a

ndas

soci

ated

land

Por

t ar

eas

Airpo

rts

Min

eral

ext

ract

ion

site

s

Dum

p si

tes

Con

stru

ctio

n si

tes

Gre

en u

rban

are

as

Spo

rt a

nd le

isur

e fa

cilit

ies

3.11. Mean annual artificial change by class [ha/year]

2000-2012

2006-2012

Slovakia

4

Agriculture (2006-2012)

Forest conversions

The dynamics of agricultural development in Slovakia has significantly slowed down, compared to both previous periods 1990-2000 and 2000-2006. This slow down involves all main agricultural flows – internal changes and external exchange with natural land in both directions. Concerning the net change, both arable/crop land and pastures show negative balance, with prevailing consumption of land. This consumption is caused firstly by accelerated urban sprawl, and secondly by withdrawal of farming with woodland creation, which, however, shows half lower intensity compared to the previous period. The internal agricultural development lost most of its intensity from previous periods and it is currently driven mostly by conversions between arable land and orchards/vineyards, with prevailing formation of arable; however, also these conversions were more frequent in the period 2000-2006.

21169%

2211%

2221%

23111%

2423%

24315%

4.12. Agricultural areas 2012 [% of total area]

-0.3

8%

-4.0

2%

-5.4

6%

-0.5

8%

-0.4

9%

-0.2

0%

0.07

%

0.90

%

2.94

%

0.12

%

0.11

%

0.10

%

-8000

-6000

-4000

-2000

0

2000

Non

-irr

igat

ed a

rabl

e la

nd

Per

man

ently

irriga

ted

land

Ric

e fie

lds

Vin

eyar

ds

Fru

it t

rees

and

ber

ry p

lant

atio

ns

Oliv

e gr

oves

Pas

ture

s

Ann

ual/

pe

rman

ent

crop

s

Com

plex

cul

t. p

atte

rns

Agr

icul

ture

with

nat

. ve

g.

Agr

o-fo

rest

ry a

reas

4.13. Development of agricultural areas 2006-2012– detailed balance [ha]

Consumption of initial land cover

Formation of new land cover

211 Non-irrigated arable land

212 Permanently irrigated land

213 Rice fields

221 Vineyards

222 Fruit trees and berry plantations

223 Olive groves

231 Pastures

241 Annual crops associated with permanent crops242 Complex cultivation patterns

243 Agriculture land with significant areas of natural vegetation244 Agro-forestry areas

-900

-600

-300

0

300

600

Non

-irr

igat

ed a

rabl

e la

nd

Per

man

ently

irriga

ted

land R

ice

field

s

Vin

eyar

ds

Fru

it t

rees

and

ber

ry p

lant

atio

ns

Oliv

e gr

oves

Pas

ture

s

Ann

ual/

per

man

ent

crop

s

Com

plex

cul

t. p

atte

rns

Agr

icul

ture

with

nat

. ve

g.

Agr

o-fo

rest

ry a

reas

4.14. Mean annual agricultural change by class [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Slovakia

5

Forest & nature (2006-2012)

96%

2%

1% Open sp.

0,2% Wetl. 2%

5.15. Forest & nature areas 2012

[% of total area]

Forest



Wetlands

Water bodies

Forest creation through withdrawal of farming slows down

The intensity of the main type of natural land exchange in Slovakia - internal forest conversions - is significantly higher, compared to the period 2000-2006 and similar to the period 1990-2000. In the long term, this change is by far the strongest driver of the land cover development in the country. Although the intensity of conversion from transitional woodland to forest has more than doubled compared to the previous period, the opposite flow of recent felling and transition is still more frequent in Slovakia. External exchange of forested land with other land cover types is represented mostly by the withdrawal of farming with forest creation, in particular transitional woodland and shrub formation over former pasture land. This flow currently shows considerably lower intensity, compared to the period 2000-2006. The resulting net change balance shows significant formation of transitional woodland areas and consumption of mainly coniferous forest on the other hand. This situation was similar in the previous period.

-1.0

8%

-8.4

5%

-0.9

1%

-0.2

3%

-11.

43%

0.56

%

1.61

%

1.52

%

32.7

2%

6250

.00%

0.67

%

-50000

-25000

0

25000

50000

75000

Bro

ad-l

eave

d fo

rest

Con

ifero

us for

est

Mix

ed for

est

Nat

ural

gra

ssla

nd

Moo

rs a

nd h

eath

land

Scl

erop

hyllo

us v

eget

atio

n

Tra

nsitio

nal w

oodl

and

shr

ub

Bea

ches

, du

nes,

san

d

Bar

e ro

ck

Spa

rsel

y ve

geta

ted

area

s

Bur

nt a

reas

Gla

cier

s/pe

rp.

snow

Inl

and

mar

shes

Pea

tbog

s

Sal

t m

arsh

es

Sal

ines

Int

ertida

l fla

ts

Wat

er c

ours

es

Wat

er b

odie

s

Coa

stal

lago

ons

Est

uaries

Sea

and

oce

an

5.16. Development of forest & nature areas 2006-2012 – detailed balance [ha]

Consumption of initial land cover

Formation of new land cover

-6000

-3000

0

3000

6000

Bro

ad-l

eave

d fo

rest

Con

ifero

us for

est

Mix

ed for

est

Nat

ural

gra

ssla

nd

Moo

rs a

nd h

eath

land

Scl

erop

hyllo

us v

eget

atio

n

Tra

nsitio

nal w

oodl

and

shr

ub

Bea

ches

, du

nes,

san

d

Bar

e ro

ck

Spa

rsel

y ve

geta

ted

are

as

Bur

nt a

reas

Gla

cier

s an

d pe

rpet

ual s

now

Inl

and

mar

shes

Pea

tbog

s

Sal

t m

arsh

es

Sal

ines

Int

ertida

l fla

ts

Wat

er c

ours

es

Wat

er b

odie

s

Coa

stal

lago

ons

Est

uaries

Sea

and

oce

an

5.17. Mean annual forest & nature change by class [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Slovakia

6

Annex: Land cover flows and trends Land cover flows 2006-2012

2%9%

3%

86%

0,1% Semi-nat.

6.18. Consumption of land cover2006-2012 [% of total change

area]

10%2%

1%

87%

0,1% Open sp.

0,2% Water

6.19. Formation of land cover 2006-2012 [% of total change

area]

A rtific ial areas A rable land & permanent c rops Pas tures & mosaics Fores ted land

Semi-natural vegetation O pen spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies

lcf12%

lcf21% lcf3

7% lcf42%

lcf50.2%

lcf62%

lcf786%

lcf80.2%

lcf90.1%

6.20. Drivers of change (LC FLOWS)2006-2012 [% of total change area]

lc f1 U rban land management

lc f2 U rban res idential sprawl

lc f3 Sprawl of economic s ites and infras truc tures

lc f4 A griculture internal convers ions

lc f5 C onvers ion from fores ted & natural land to agriculture

lc f6 Withdrawal of farming

lc f7 Fores ts c reation and management

lc f8 Water bodies c reation and management

lc f9 C hanges due to natural and multiple causes

Slovakia

7

Artificial areas

Arable land &

permanent crops78%

Pastures & mosaics

11%

Forested land11%

7.21. Consumption by artificial land take2006-2012 [% of total]

Disc. urban fabric14%

Industrial/commerc.

18%

Road/rail network

13%Mineral extraction

8%

Dump sites0.4%

Constr.36%

Sport/leisure11%

7.22. Formation by artificial land take2006-2012 [% of total]

0.18%

0.40%

0 300 600 900 1200

2000-2006

2006-2012

7.23. Net formation of artificial area [ha/year, % of initial year]

-400 -200 0 200 400

lcf11Urban development/ infilling(cons.)

lcf11Urban development/ infilling(form.)

lcf12 Recycling of developed urbanland (cons.)

lcf12 Recycling of developed urbanland (form.)

lcf13 Development of green urbanareas (cons.)

lcf13 Development of green urbanareas (form.)

lcf21 Urban dense residential sprawl

lcf22 Urban diffuse residential sprawl

lcf31 Sprawl of industrial &commercial sites

lcf32 Sprawl of transport networks

lcf33 Sprawl of harbours

lcf34 Sprawl of airports

lcf35 Sprawl of mines and quarryingareas

lcf36 Sprawl of dumpsites

lcf37 Construction

lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisurefacilities (cons.)

lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisurefacilities (form.)

lcf54 Conversion from developedareas to agriculture

lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation

lcf81 Water bodies creation

lcf911 Semi-natural creation

lcf913 Extension of water courses

lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires

lcf93 Coastal erosion

lcf99 Other changes and unknown(cons.)

lcf99 Other changes and unknown(form.)

7.24. Artificial development by change drivers(LC FLOWS) [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Slovakia

8

Agriculture

Industrial/commercial

6%

Mineral extraction

29%

Dump sites10%Construct.

12%

Broad-leaved forest18%

Coniferous forest14%

Mixed forest5%

Transition. woodland/

shrub6%

8.25. LC consumed by agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]

Pastures58%

Agriculture with

natural veg.41%

8.26. Formation of agricultural land from non-agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]

Non-irrigated arable68%

Vineyards2%

Fruit trees/berry plantations

2%

Pastures17%

Complex cultivation patterns

2%

Agriculture with

natural veg.9%

8.27. Consumption of agricultural landby non-agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]

Disc. urban fabric12%

Industrial/commercial

15%

Road/rail network

11%

Mineral extraction

5%Dump sites0,3%

Construct.29%

Sport/leisure

5%


Coniferous forest0.3%

Mixed forest1%

Transition. wood.20%

Water bodies

1%

8.28. Formation of non-agricultural landfrom agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]

-300 -200 -100 0 100

Conversion from forest toagriculture

Conversion from dry semi-natural& natural land to agriculture

Conversion from wetlands toagriculture

Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation

Withdrawal of farming withoutsignificant woodland creation

8.29. Main annual conversions between agriculture and forests & semi-natural land

2006-2012 [ha/year]

-300 0 300 600 900

Extension of pasture, set asideand fallow land

Conversion from pasture toarable and permanent crops

8.30. Mean annual conversion between arable land and pasture [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Slovakia

9

0 200 400

lcf411 Uniform extension ofset aside fallow land and

pasture

lcf412 Diffuse extension of setaside fallow land and pasture

lcf421 Conversion from arableland to permanent irrigation

perimeters

lcf422 Other internalconversions of arable land

lcf431 Conversion from olivesgroves to vineyards and

orchards

lcf432 Conversion fromvineyards and orchards to

olive groves

lcf433 Other conversionsbetween vineyards and

orchards

lcf441 Conversion frompermanent crops topermanent irrigation

perimeters

lcf442 Conversion fromvineyards and orchards tonon-irrigated arable land

lcf443 Conversion from olivegroves to non-irrigated arable

land

lcf444 Diffuse conversion frompermanent crops to arable

land

lcf451 Conversion from arableland to vineyards and orchards

lcf452 Conversion from arableland to olive groves

lcf453 Diffuse conversion fromarable land to permanent

crops

lcf461 Conversion frompasture to permanentirrigation perimeters

lcf462 Intensive conversionfrom pasture to non-irrigatedarable land and permanent

crops

lcf463 Diffuse conversion frompasture to arable and

permanent crops

lcf47 Extension of agro-forestry

9.31. Mean annual agriculture internalconversions [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

-900 -600 -300 0

lcf13 Development of green urbanareas

lcf2 Urban residential sprawl

lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites andinfrastructures

lcf511 Intensive conversion from forestto agriculture

lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forest toagriculture

lcf521 Intensive conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture

lcf522 Diffuse conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture

lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuousagriculture (cont. agri. cons.)

lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuousagriculture (cont. agri. form.)

lcf53 Conversion from wetlands toagriculture

lcf54 Conversion from developed areasto agriculture

lcf61 Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation

lcf62 Withdrawal of farming withoutsignificant woodland creation


lcf913 Extension of water courses

lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires

lcf93 Coastal erosion

lcf99 Other changes and unknown(agri. cons.)

lcf99 Other changes and unknown(agri. form.)

9.32. Mean annual conversions between agricultureand other LC types [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Slovakia

10

Forest & nature

Mineral extraction

2%

Dump sites2%

Non-irrigated arable

9%Vineyards

2%

Fruit trees/berry plantations

5%

Pastures64%

Complex cultivation patterns

1%

Agriculture with

natural veg.15%

10.33. LC consumed by forest & nature2006-2012 [% of total]


Coniferous forest1%

Mixed forest2%


shrub86%

Water bodies

6%

10.34. Formation of forest & nature land from non-forest /nature 2006-2012

[% of total]


Coniferous forest31%

Mixed forest30%


shrub20%

10.35. Consumption of forest & nature landby non-forest/nature 2006-2012 [% of

total]

Industrial/commerc.

1%Road/rail network

2%

Mineral extraction

22%

Construct.25%

Sport/leisure42%

Pastures8%

10.36. Formation of non-forest/nature landfrom forest & nature 2006-2012 [% of total]


Conifer. forest22%

Mixed forest20%

Transit. woodland

shrub9%

10.37. Forested land 2012 [% of total area]

0 3000 6000 9000

Consumption of forest land byurban sprawl

Conversion from forest toagriculture

Recent fellings and transitions

Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation

Forest creation, afforestation

Conversion from transitionalwoodland to forests

Forest creation over wetlands

10.38. Main trends in woodland & forests consumption/formation 2006-2012

[ha/year]

Slovakia

11

Natural grassland

51%Moors and

heathl.28%

Bare rock12%

Sparsely vegetat.

areas10%

Burnt areas0.2%

11.39. Dry semi-natural areas 2012 [% of total area]

0 5 10

Consumption of dry semi-naturalland cover by urban sprawl

Conversion of semi-natural landcover to agriculture

Forest creation, afforestation overdry semi-natural land

Withdrawal of farming withoutwoodland creation

Decrease of permanent snow andglaciers

11.40. Main trends in dry semi-natural land consumption/formation 2006-2012

[ha/year]

Inland marshes

10%Peatbogs

1%

Water courses

34%

Water bodies55%

11.41. Wetlands & water 2012[% of total area]

0 20

Consumption of wetlands byurban sprawl

Conversion of wetlands toagriculture

Forest creation and afforestationover wetlands

Withdrawal of farming withoutwoodland creation

Net water bodies creation

Net wetlands creation

11.42. Main trends in wetlands & water consumption/formation 2006-2012

[ha/year]

-10000 -5000 0 5000 10000

lcf13 Development of green urban areas


lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures

lcf511 Intensive conversion from forest to agriculture

lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forest to agriculture

lcf61 Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation

lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (cons.)

lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (form.)


lcf73 Forests internal conversions (cons.)

lcf73 Forests internal conversions (form.)

lcf74 Recent felling and transition (cons.)

lcf74 Recent felling and transition (form.)

lcf8 Water bodies creation and management

lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (cons.)

lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (form.)

11.43. Mean annual conversions of forest & other woodland[ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Slovakia

12

-40 -20 0 20




lcf521 Intensive conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture

lcf522 Diffuse conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture

lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuous…

lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation


lcf74 Recent felling and transition

lcf8 Water bodies creation and management

lcf82 Water bodies management

lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.)

lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.)

lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.)

lcf913 Extension of water courses (cons.)

lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (cons.)

lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (form.)

lcf93 Coastal erosion (cons.)

lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (cons.)

lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (form.)

lcf99 Other changes and unknown (cons.)

lcf99 Other changes and unknown (form.)

12.44. Mean annual conversions of dry semi-natural LC [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

0 10 20




lcf53 Conversion from wetlands to agriculture

lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation


lcf8 Water bodies creation and management (cons.)


lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (other thanLCF91)

lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (other thanLCF912)

lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.)

lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.)

lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.)

lcf913 Extension of water courses (form.)

12.45. Mean annual conversions of wetlands and water LC [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Slovakia

13

CLC Changes 2006-2012

CLC Changes 2000-2006

Slovakia

14

Drivers of change 2006-2012

Drivers of change 2000-2006

Slovakia

15

Artificial sprawl 2006-2012

Artificial sprawl 2000-2006

Slovakia

16

Agriculture 2006-2012

Agriculture 2000-2006

Slovakia

17

Forest and nature 2006-2012

Forest and nature 2000-2006

Slovakia - European Environment Agency · Slovakia. Slovakia . 1 . Land cover 2012. Overview of land cover & change 2006-2012 . With the overall land cover change rate of 0.31% of

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