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Sherlock Holmes 1

Sherlock Holmes

Sherlock HolmesSherlock Holmes character

Sherlock Holmes in a 1904 illustration by Sidney PagetFirst appearance A Study in Scarlet

Created by Arthur Conan Doyle

Information

Gender Male

Occupation Consulting detective

Family Mycroft Holmes (brother)

Nationality British

Sherlock Holmes (  /ˈʃɜrlɒkˈhoʊmz/)[1] is a fictional detective created by Scottish author and physician Sir ArthurConan Doyle. The fantastic London-based "consulting detective", Holmes is famous for his astute logical reasoning,his ability to take almost any disguise, and his use of forensic science skills to solve difficult cases.Holmes, who first appeared in publication in 1887, was featured in four novels and 56 short stories. The first story, AStudy in Scarlet, appeared in Beeton's Christmas Annual in 1887 and the second, The Sign of the Four, inLippincott's Monthly Magazine in 1890. The character grew tremendously in popularity with the beginning of thefirst series of short stories in Strand Magazine in 1891; further series of short stories and two novels published inserial form appeared between then and 1927. The stories cover a period from around 1880 up to 1914.All but four stories are narrated by Holmes's friend and biographer, Dr. John H. Watson; two are narrated by Holmeshimself ("The Blanched Soldier" and "The Lion's Mane") and two others are written in the third person ("TheMazarin Stone" and "His Last Bow"). In two stories ("The Musgrave Ritual" and "The Gloria Scott"), Holmes tellsWatson the main story from his memories, while Watson becomes the narrator of the frame story. The first andfourth novels, A Study in Scarlet and The Valley of Fear, each include a long interval of omniscient narrationrecounting events unknown both to Holmes and to Watson.

Inspiration for the character of HolmesDoyle said that the character of Sherlock Holmes was inspired by Dr. Joseph Bell, for whom Doyle had worked as aclerk at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. Like Holmes, Bell was noted for drawing large conclusions from thesmallest observations.[2] Sir Henry Littlejohn, Lecturer on Forensic Medicine and Public Health at the Royal Collegeof Surgeons, is also cited as a source for Holmes. Littlejohn served as Police Surgeon and Medical Officer of Healthof Edinburgh, providing for Doyle a link between medical investigation and the detection of crime.[3]

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Life

Early life

The first appearance of Holmes,1887

Explicit details about Sherlock Holmes's life outside of the adventures recordedby Dr. Watson are few and far between in Conan Doyle's original stories;nevertheless, incidental details about his early life and extended families portraya loose biographical picture of the detective.An estimate of Holmes' age in the story "His Last Bow" places his birth in 1854;the story is set in August 1914 and he is described as being 60 years of age.Commonly, the date is cited as 6 January.[4] However, an argument for a laterbirthdate is posited by author Laurie R. King, based on two of Conan Doyle'sstories: A Study in Scarlet and "The Gloria Scott" Adventure. Certain details in"The Gloria Scott" Adventure indicate Holmes finished his second and final yearat university in either 1880 or 1885. Watson's own account of his wounding inthe Second Afghan War and subsequent return to England in A Study in Scarletplace his moving in with Holmes in either early 1881 or 1882. Together, thesesuggest Holmes left university in 1880; if he began university at the age of 17,his birth year would likely be 1861.[5]

Holmes states that he first developed his methods of deduction while an undergraduate. The author Dorothy L.Sayers suggested that, given details in two of the Adventures, Holmes must have been at Cambridge rather thanOxford and that "of all the Cambridge colleges, Sidney Sussex (College) perhaps offered the greatest number ofadvantages to a man in Holmes’ position and, in default of more exact information, we may tentatively place himthere".[6]

His earliest cases, which he pursued as an amateur, came from fellow university students.[7] According to Holmes, itwas an encounter with the father of one of his classmates that led him to take up detection as a profession,[8] and hespent the six years following university working as a consulting detective, before financial difficulties led him totake Watson as a roommate, at which point the narrative of the stories begins.From 1881, Holmes was described as having lodgings at 221B, Baker Street, London, from where he runs hisconsulting detective service. 221B is an apartment up 17 steps, stated in an early manuscript to be at the "upper end"of the road. Until the arrival of Dr. Watson, Holmes worked alone, only occasionally employing agents from thecity's underclass, including a host of informants and a group of street children he calls "the Baker Street Irregulars".The Irregulars appear in three stories: "A Study in Scarlet," "The Sign of the Four," and "The Adventure of theCrooked Man".Little is said of Holmes's family. His parents were unmentioned in the stories and he merely states that his ancestorswere "country squires". In "The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter", Holmes claims that his great-uncle was Vernet,the French artist. His brother, Mycroft, seven years his senior, is a government official who appears in three stories[9]

and is mentioned in one other story.[10] Mycroft has a unique civil service position as a kind of memory-man orwalking database for all aspects of government policy. Mycroft is described as even more gifted than Sherlock inmatters of observation and deduction, but he lacks Sherlock's drive and energy, preferring to spend his time at ease inthe Diogenes Club, described as "a club for the most un-clubbable men in London".

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A portrait of Sherlock Holmes by Sidney Pagetfrom The Strand Magazine, 1891 in "The Man

with the Twisted Lip".

Life with Dr. Watson

Holmes shares the majority of his professional years with his goodfriend and chronicler Dr. John H. Watson, who lives with Holmes forsome time before his marriage in 1887, and again after his wife's death;his residence is maintained by his landlady, Mrs. Hudson.

Watson has two roles in Holmes's life. First, he gives practicalassistance in the conduct of his cases; he is the detective's right-handman, acting variously as look-out, decoy, accomplice and messenger.Second, he is Holmes's chronicler (his "Boswell" as Holmes refers tohim). Most of the Holmes stories are frame narratives, written fromWatson's point of view as summaries of the detective's most interestingcases. Holmes is often described as criticising Watson's writings assensational and populist, suggesting that they neglect to accurately andobjectively report the pure calculating "science" of his craft.

Detection is, or ought to be, an exact science and should betreated in the same cold and unemotional manner. You have attempted to tinge it ["A Study in Scarlet"] withromanticism, which produces much the same effect as if you worked a love-story ... Some facts should besuppressed, or, at least, a just sense of proportion should be observed in treating them. The only point in thecase which deserved mention was the curious analytical reasoning from effects to causes, by which Isucceeded in unravelling it.[11]

—Sherlock Holmes on John Watson's "pamphlet", "A Study in Scarlet".Nevertheless, Holmes's friendship with Watson is his most significant relationship. In several stories, Holmes'sfondness for Watson—often hidden beneath his cold, intellectual exterior—is revealed. For instance, in "TheAdventure of the Three Garridebs", Watson is wounded in a confrontation with a villain; although the bullet woundproves to be "quite superficial", Watson is moved by Holmes's reaction:

It was worth a wound; it was worth many wounds; to know the depth of loyalty and love which lay behind thatcold mask. The clear, hard eyes were dimmed for a moment, and the firm lips were shaking. For the one andonly time I caught a glimpse of a great heart as well as of a great brain. All my years of humble butsingle-minded service culminated in that moment of revelation.

In all, Holmes is described as being in active practice for 23 years, with Watson documenting his cases for 17 ofthem.[12]

RetirementIn "His Last Bow", Holmes has retired to a small farm on the Sussex Downs in 1903–1904. Sussex Downs is anothername for South Downs, the name of a range of chalk hills in Sussex, overlooking the English Channel. They areopposite to the North Downs, a parallel range stretching from Farnham in Surrey across the entire width of Kent."Down" is from the Old English "dun," meaning a hill. Holmes specifically retired to a farm in the downs, 8 km (5miles) from the town of Eastbourne as is chronicled by Watson in his preface to the series of stories entitled "HisLast Bow." It is here where he takes up the hobby of beekeeping as his primary occupation, eventually producing a"Practical Handbook of Bee Culture, with some Observations upon the Segregation of the Queen". The story featuresHolmes and Watson coming out of retirement one last time to aid the war effort. Only one adventure, "TheAdventure of the Lion's Mane", which is narrated by Holmes as he pursues the case as an amateur, takes place duringthe detective's retirement. The details of his death are not known.

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Habits and personalityWatson describes Holmes as "bohemian" in habits and lifestyle. According to Watson, Holmes is an eccentric, withno regard for contemporary standards of tidiness or good order. In The Musgrave Ritual, Watson describes Holmesthus:

Although in his methods of thought he was the neatest and most methodical of mankind ... [he] keeps hiscigars in the coal-scuttle, his tobacco in the toe end of a Persian slipper, and his unanswered correspondencetransfixed by a jack-knife into the very centre of his wooden mantelpiece ... He had a horror of destroyingdocuments.... Thus month after month his papers accumulated, until every corner of the room was stacked withbundles of manuscript which were on no account to be burned, and which could not be put away save by theirowner.[7]

What appears to others as chaos, however, is to Holmes a wealth of useful information. Throughout the stories,Holmes would dive into his apparent mess of random papers and artefacts, only to retrieve precisely the specificdocument or eclectic item he was looking for.Watson frequently makes note of Holmes's erratic eating habits. The detective is often described as starving himselfat times of intense intellectual activity, such as during "The Adventure of the Norwood Builder", wherein, accordingto Watson:

[Holmes] had no breakfast for himself, for it was one of his peculiarities that in his more intense moments hewould permit himself no food, and I have known him to presume upon his iron strength until he has faintedfrom pure inanition.[13]

His chronicler does not consider Holmes's habitual use of a pipe, or his less frequent use of cigarettes and cigars, avice. Nor does Watson condemn Holmes's willingness to bend the truth or break the law on behalf of a client (e.g.,lying to the police, concealing evidence or breaking into houses) when he feels it morally justifiable.[14] Even so, it isobvious that Watson has stricter limits than Holmes, and occasionally berated Holmes for creating a "poisonousatmosphere" of tobacco smoke.[15] Holmes himself references Watson's moderation in "The Adventure of the Devil'sFoot", saying, "I think, Watson, that I shall resume that course of tobacco-poisoning which you have so often and sojustly condemned". Watson also did not condone Holmes's plans when they manipulated innocent people, such aswhen he toyed with a young woman's heart in The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton although it was donewith noble intentions to save many other young women from the clutches of the villainous Milverton.Holmes is portrayed as a patriot acting on behalf of the government in matters of national security in a number ofstories.[16] He also carries out counter-intelligence work in His Last Bow, set at the beginning of the First WorldWar. As shooting practice, the detective adorned the wall of his Baker Street lodgings with "VR" (Victoria Regina)in bullet pocks made by his pistol.[7]

Holmes has an ego that at times borders on arrogant, albeit with justification; he draws pleasure from baffling policeinspectors with his superior deductions. He does not seek fame, however, and is usually content to allow the policeto take public credit for his work. It's often only when Watson publishes his stories that Holmes's role in the casebecomes apparent.[17]

Holmes is pleased when he is recognised for having superior skills and responds to flattery, as Watson remarks, as agirl does to comments upon her beauty.Holmes's demeanour is presented as dispassionate and cold. Yet when in the midst of an adventure, Holmes cansparkle with remarkable passion. He has a flair for showmanship and will prepare elaborate traps to capture andexpose a culprit, often to impress Watson or one of the Scotland Yard inspectors.[18]

Holmes is a loner and does not strive to make friends, although he values those that he has, and none higher than Watson. He attributes his solitary ways to his particular interests and his mopey disposition. In The Adventure of the Gloria Scott, he tells Watson that during two years at college, he made only one friend, Victor Trevor. Holmes says, "I was never a very sociable fellow, Watson, always rather fond of moping in my rooms and working out my own

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little methods of thought, so that I never mixed much with the men of my year;... my line of study was quite distinctfrom that of the other fellows, so that we had no points of contact at all". He is similarly described in A Study inScarlet as difficult to draw out by young Stamford.Holmes' emotional state/mental health has been a topic of analysis for decades. At their first meeting in A Study inScarlet, the detective warns Watson that he gets "in the dumps at times" and doesn't open his "mouth for days onend". Many readers and literary experts have suggested Holmes showed signs of manic depressive psychosis, withmoments of intense enthusiasm coupled with instances of indolent self absorption. Other modern readers havespeculated that Holmes may have Asperger's syndrome based on his intense attention to details, lack of interest ininterpersonal relationships and tendency to speak in long monologues.[19] The detective's isolation andnear-gynophobic distrust of women is said to suggest the desire to escape; Holmes "biographer" WilliamBaring-Gould and others, including Nicholas Meyer, author of the Seven Percent Solution, have implied a severefamily trauma (i.e., the murder of Holmes' mother) may be the root cause.

Personal hygieneHolmes is described in The Hound of the Baskervilles as having a "cat-like" love of personal cleanliness. This in noway appears to hinder his intensely practical pursuit of his profession, however, and appears in contrast withstatements that, in the first Holmes story, A Study in Scarlet, his hands are discoloured with acid stains and Holmesuses drops of his own blood to conduct experiments in chemistry and forensics.

Use of drugsHolmes occasionally uses addictive drugs, especially when lacking stimulating cases. He believes the use of cocainestimulates his brain when it is not in use. He is a habitual user of cocaine, which he injects in a seven-per-centsolution using a special syringe that he keeps in a leather case. Holmes is also an occasional user of morphine butexpressed strong disapproval on visiting an opium den. The 2002 movie Sherlock: Case of Evil depicts him usingheroin, though that never appears in the original stories. All these drugs were legal in late 19th-century England.Both Watson and Holmes are serial tobacco users, including cigarettes, cigars, and pipes. Holmes is expert atidentifying tobacco-ash residues, having penned a monograph on the subject.Dr. Watson strongly disapproves of his friend's cocaine habit, describing it as the detective's "only vice" andexpressing concern over its possible effect on Holmes's mental health and superior intellect.[20] [21] In later stories,Watson claims to have "weaned" Holmes off drugs. Even so, according to his doctor friend, Holmes remains anaddict whose habit is "not dead, but merely sleeping".[22]

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Financial affairs

Holmes in his bed from "The Adventure of theDying Detective"

Although he initially needed Watson to share the rent of hiscomfortable residence at 221B Baker Street, Watson reveals in "TheAdventure of the Dying Detective", when Holmes was living alone,that "I have no doubt that the house might have been purchased at theprice which Holmes paid for his rooms," suggesting he had developeda good income from his practice, although it is seldom revealed exactlyhow much he charges for his services. In "A Scandal in Bohemia", heis paid the staggering sum of one thousand pounds (300 in gold and700 in notes) as advance payment for "present expenses". In "TheProblem of Thor Bridge" he avers: "My professional charges are upona fixed scale. I do not vary them, save when I remit themaltogether".[23]

This is said in a context where a client is offering to double his fees;however, it is likely that rich clients provided Holmes a remunerationgreatly in excess of his standard fee. For example, in "The Adventureof the Final Problem", Holmes states that his services to thegovernment of France and the royal house of Scandinavia had left himwith enough money to retire comfortably, while in "The Adventure ofBlack Peter", Watson notes that Holmes would refuse to help thewealthy and powerful if their cases did not interest him, while he could devote weeks at a time to the cases of themost humble clients. Holmes also tells Watson, in "A Case of Identity", of a golden snuff box received from theKing of Bohemia after "A Scandal in Bohemia" and a fabulous ring from the Dutch royal family; in "The Adventureof the Bruce-Partington Plans", Holmes receives an emerald tie-pin from Queen Victoria. Other mementos ofHolmes's cases are a gold sovereign from Irene Adler ("A Scandal in Bohemia") and an autographed letter of thanksfrom the French President and a Legion of Honour for tracking down an assassin named Huret ("The Adventure ofthe Golden Pince-Nez"). In "The Adventure of the Priory School", Holmes "rubs his hands with glee" when the Dukeof Holdernesse notes the 5000 pound sterling sum, which surprises even Watson, and then pats the cheque, saying, "Iam a poor man", an incident that could be dismissed as representative of Holmes's tendency toward sarcastichumour. Certainly, in the course of his career Holmes had worked for both the most powerful monarchs andgovernments of Europe (including his own) and various wealthy aristocrats and industrialists and had also beenconsulted by impoverished pawnbrokers and humble governesses on the lower rungs of society.

Holmes has been known to charge clients for his expenses, and to claim any reward that might be offered for theproblem's solution: he says in "The Adventure of the Speckled Band" that Miss Stoner may pay any expenses he maybe put to, and requests that the bank in "The Red-Headed League" remunerate him for the money he spent solvingthe case. Holmes has his wealthy banker client in "The Adventure of the Beryl Coronet" pay him for the costs ofrecovering the stolen gems and also claims the reward the banker had put for their recovery.

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Relationships with womenThe only woman to impress Holmes was Irene Adler, who according to Watson was always referred to by Holmes as"the woman". Holmes himself is never directly quoted as using this term and even mentions her name in other cases.Adler is one of the few women who are mentioned in multiple Holmes stories, appearing in person in only one, "AScandal in Bohemia".In one story, "The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton," Holmes is engaged to be married, but only to gaininformation for his case. Although Holmes appears to show initial interest in some of his female clients (inparticular, Violet Hunter in "The Adventure of the Copper Beeches"), Watson says he inevitably "manifested nofurther interest in the client when once she had ceased to be the centre of one of his problems". Holmes finds theiryouth, beauty, and energy (and the cases they bring to him) invigorating, distinct from any romantic interest. Theseepisodes show Holmes possesses a degree of charm; yet apart from the case of Adler, there is no indication of aserious or long-term interest. Watson states that Holmes has an "aversion to women" but "a peculiarly ingratiatingway with [them]". Holmes states, "I am not a whole-souled admirer of womankind"; in fact, he finds "the motives ofwomen... so inscrutable.... How can you build on such quicksand? Their most trivial actions may mean volumes;...their most extraordinary conduct may depend upon a hairpin".As Doyle remarked to muse Joseph Bell, "Holmes is as inhuman as a Babbage's calculating machine and just aboutas likely to fall in love". The only joy Holmes derives from the company of women is the problems they bring to himto solve. In The Sign of the Four, Watson quotes Holmes as being "an automaton, a calculating machine", andHolmes is quoted as saying, "It is of the first importance not to allow your judgement to be biased by personalqualities. A client is to me a mere unit—a factor in a problem. The emotional qualities are antagonistic to clearreasoning. I assure you that the most winning woman I ever knew was hanged for poisoning three little children fortheir insurance-money". This points to Holmes's lack of interest in relationships with women in general, and clientsin particular, leading Watson to remark that "there is something positively inhuman in you at times". At the end of"The Adventure of the Devil's Foot", Holmes states: "I have never loved, Watson, but if I did and if the woman Iloved had met such an end, I might act as our lawless lion-hunter had done". In the story, the explorer Dr Sterndalehad killed the man who murdered his beloved, Brenda Tregennis, to exact a revenge which the law could notprovide. Watson writes in "The Adventure of the Dying Detective" that Mrs. Hudson is fond of Holmes in her ownway, despite his bothersome eccentricities as a lodger, owing to his "remarkable gentleness and courtesy in hisdealings with women". Again in The Sign of the Four, Watson quotes Holmes as saying, "I would not tell them toomuch. Women are never to be entirely trusted—not the best of them". Watson notes that while he dislikes anddistrusts them, he is nonetheless a "chivalrous opponent".

Methods of detection

Holmesian deductionHolmes's primary intellectual detection method is induction, which Holmes rather inaccurately calls deduction.[24]

"From a drop of water", he writes, "a logician could infer the possibility of an Atlantic or a Niagara without havingseen or heard of one or the other".[25] Holmes stories often begin with a bravura display of his talent for "deduction".It is of some interest to logicians and those interested in logic to try to analyse just what Holmes is doing when heperforms his induction. "Holmesian deduction" appears to consist primarily of drawing inferences based on eitherstraightforward practical principles—which are the result of careful inductive study, such as Holmes's study ofdifferent kinds of cigar ashes or inference to the best explanation.[26] [27] [28] One quote often heard from Holmes is"When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth".Sherlock Holmes's straightforward practical principles are generally of the form, "If 'p', then 'q'," where 'p' isobserved evidence and 'q' is what the evidence indicates. But there are also, as may be observed in the followingexample, intermediate principles. In "A Scandal in Bohemia" Holmes deduces that Watson had got very wet lately

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and that he had "a most clumsy and careless servant girl". When Watson, in amazement, asks how Holmes knowsthis, Holmes answers:

It is simplicity itself ... My eyes tell me that on the inside of your left shoe, just where the firelight strikes it,the leather is scored by six almost parallel cuts. Obviously they have been caused by someone who has verycarelessly scraped round the edges of the sole in order to remove crusted mud from it. Hence, you see, mydouble deduction that you had been out in vile weather, and that you had a particularly malignant boot-slittingspecimen of the London slavey.

In this case, Holmes employed several connected principles:• If leather on the side of a shoe is scored by several parallel cuts, it was caused by someone who scraped around

the edges of the sole in order to remove crusted mud.• If a London doctor's shoes are scraped to remove crusted mud, the person who so scraped them is the doctor's

servant girl.• If someone cuts a shoe while scraping it to remove encrusted mud, that person is clumsy and careless.• If someone's shoes had encrusted mud on them, then they are likely to have been worn by him in the rain, when it

is likely he became very wet.By applying such principles in an obvious way (using repeated applications of modus ponens), Holmes is able toinfer from his observation that "the sides of Watson's shoes are scored by several parallel cuts" that:"Watson's servant girl is clumsy and careless" and "Watson has been very wet lately and has been out in vileweather".Deductive reasoning allows Holmes to impressively reveal a stranger's occupation, such as a Retired Sergeant ofMarines in A Study in Scarlet; a former ship's carpenter turned pawnbroker in "The Red-Headed League"; and abilliard-marker and a retired artillery NCO in "The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter". Similarly, by studyinginanimate objects, Holmes is able to make astonishingly detailed deductions about their owners, including Watson'spocket-watch in "The Sign of the Four" as well as a hat,[29] a pipe,[30] and a walking stick[31] in other stories.Yet Doyle is careful not to present Holmes as infallible—a central theme in "The Adventure of the Yellow Face".[30]

At the end of the tale a sobered Holmes tells Watson, “If it should ever strike you that I am getting a littleover-confident in my powers, or giving less pains to a case than it deserves, kindly whisper ‘Norbury’ in my ear, andI shall be infinitely obliged to you”.

DisguiseHolmes displays a strong aptitude for acting and disguise. In several stories, he adopts disguises to gather evidencewhile 'under cover' so convincing that even Watson fails to penetrate them, such as in "The Adventure of CharlesAugustus Milverton", "The Man with the Twisted Lip", "The Adventure of the Empty House" and "A Scandal inBohemia". In other adventures, Holmes feigns being wounded or ill to give effect to his case, or to incriminate thoseinvolved, as in "The Adventure of the Dying Detective".

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Weapons and martial artsPistols

Holmes and Watson carry pistols with them; in the case of Watson often his old service revolver. Watsondescribes these weapons as being used on seven occasions.[32]

Holmes brandishing a weapon

CaneHolmes, as a gentleman, often carries a stick or cane. He isdescribed by Watson as an expert at singlestick and twice useshis cane as a weapon.[33]

SwordIn "A Study in Scarlet" Watson describes Holmes as an expertwith a sword—although none of the stories have Holmes using asword.[34] It is mentioned in "Gloria Scott" that Holmespractised fencing.

Riding cropIn several stories, Holmes appears equipped with a riding cropand in "A Case of Identity" comes close to thrashing a swindlerwith it. Using a "hunting crop", Holmes knocks a pistol fromJohn Clay's hand in "The Red-Headed League". In "The SixNapoleons" it is described as his favourite weapon—he uses it tobreak open one of the plaster busts.

Fist-fightingHolmes is described as a formidable bare-knuckle fighter. In The Sign of the Four, Holmes introduces himselfto a prize-fighter as:

"The amateur who fought three rounds with you at Alison's rooms on the night of your benefit four yearsback". McMurdo responds by saying, "Ah, you're one that has wasted your gifts, you have! You mighthave aimed high, if you had joined the fancy".

Holmes engages in hand-to-hand combat with his adversaries on occasions throughout the stories, inevitablyemerging the victor.[35] It is mentioned also in "Gloria Scott" that Holmes trained as a boxer.

Martial artsIn "The Adventure of the Empty House", Holmes recounts to Watson how he used martial arts to overcomeProfessor Moriarty and fling his adversary to his death down the Reichenbach Falls. He states, "I have someknowledge, however, of baritsu, or the Japanese system of wrestling, which has more than once been veryuseful to me". The name "baritsu" appears to be a reference to the real-life martial art of Bartitsu, whichcombined jujitsu with Holmes' canonical skills of boxing and cane fencing.

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Knowledge and skills

Sherlock Holmes (right) and Dr.Watson, by Sidney Paget.

In the first story, A Study in Scarlet, something of Holmes's background is given.In early 1881, he is presented as an independent student of chemistry with avariety of very curious side interests, almost all of which turn out to besingle-mindedly bent towards making him superior at solving crimes. (When heappears for the first time, he is crowing with delight at having invented a newmethod for detecting bloodstains; in other stories he indulges in recreationalhome-chemistry experiments, sometimes filling the rooms with foul-smellingvapours.) An early story, "The Adventure of the Gloria Scott", presents morebackground on what influenced Holmes to become a detective: a college friend'sfather richly complimented his deductive skills. Holmes maintains strictadherence to scientific methods and focuses on logic and the powers ofobservation and deduction.

Holmes also makes use of phrenology, which was widely popular in Victorian times but now regarded aspseudo-scientific: In "The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle", he infers from the large size of a man's hat that theowner is intelligent and intellectually inclined, on the grounds that “a man with so large a brain must have somethingin it”.

In A Study in Scarlet, Holmes claims he does not know that the Earth revolves around the Sun, as such information isirrelevant to his work. Directly after having heard that fact from Watson, he says he will immediately try to forget it.He says he believes that the mind has a finite capacity for information storage, and so learning useless things wouldmerely reduce his ability to learn useful things. Dr. Watson subsequently assesses Holmes's abilities thus:

1. Knowledge of Literature – nil.2. Knowledge of Philosophy – nil.3. Knowledge of Astronomy – nil.4. Knowledge of Politics – Feeble.5. Knowledge of Botany – Variable. Well up in belladonna, opium and poisons generally. Knows nothing of

practical gardening.6. Knowledge of Geology – Practical, but limited. Tells at a glance different soils from each other. After walks,

has shown me splashes upon his trousers, and told me by their colour and consistence in what part of Londonhe had received them.

7. Knowledge of Chemistry – Profound.8. Knowledge of Anatomy – Accurate, but unsystematic.9. Knowledge of Sensational Literature – Immense. He appears to know every detail of every horror perpetrated

in the century.10. Plays the violin well.11. Is an expert singlestick player, boxer and swordsman.12. Has a good practical knowledge of British law.

--Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, A Study in Scarlet

At the very end of A Study in Scarlet itself, it is shown that Holmes knows Latin and needs no translation of Romanepigrams in the original—though knowledge of the language would be of dubious direct utility for detective work;all university students were required to learn Latin at that time.Later stories also contradict the list. Despite Holmes's supposed ignorance of politics, in "A Scandal in Bohemia" heimmediately recognises the true identity of the supposed "Count von Kramm". Regarding nonsensational literature,his speech is replete with references to the Bible, Shakespeare, even Goethe. He is able to quote from a letter ofFlaubert to George Sand and in the original French.

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Moreover, in "The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans" Watson reports that in November 1895 "Holmes losthimself in a monograph which he had undertaken upon the Polyphonic Motets of Lassus"—a most esoteric field, forwhich Holmes would have had to "clutter his memory" with an enormous amount of information which hadabsolutely nothing to do with crime-fighting—knowledge so extensive that his monograph was regarded as "the lastword" on the subject.[36] The later stories abandon the notion that Holmes did not want to know anything unless ithad immediate relevance for his profession; in the second chapter of The Valley of Fear, Holmes instead declaresthat "all knowledge comes useful to the detective", and near the end of "The Adventure of the Lion's Mane" hedescribes himself as "an omnivorous reader with a strangely retentive memory for trifles".Holmes is also a competent cryptanalyst. He relates to Watson, "I am fairly familiar with all forms of secret writing,and am myself the author of a trifling monograph upon the subject, in which I analyse one hundred and sixtyseparate ciphers". One such scheme is solved using frequency analysis in "The Adventure of the Dancing Men".Holmes's analysis of physical evidence is both scientific and precise. His methods include the use of latent printssuch as footprints, hoof prints and bicycle tracks to identify actions at a crime scene (A Study in Scarlet, "TheAdventure of Silver Blaze", "The Adventure of the Priory School", The Hound of the Baskervilles, "The BoscombeValley Mystery"), the use of tobacco ashes and cigarette butts to identify criminals ("The Adventure of the ResidentPatient", The Hound of the Baskervilles), the comparison of typewritten letters to expose a fraud ("A Case ofIdentity"), the use of gunpowder residue to expose two murderers ("The Adventure of the Reigate Squire"), bulletcomparison from two crime scenes ("The Adventure of the Empty House"), analysis of small pieces of humanremains to expose two murders (The Adventure of the Cardboard Box) and even an early use of fingerprints ("TheNorwood Builder"). Holmes also demonstrates knowledge of psychology in "A Scandal in Bohemia", luring IreneAdler into betraying where she had hidden a photograph based on the "premise" that an unmarried woman will seekher most valuable possession in case of fire, whereas a married woman will grab her baby instead.Despite the excitement of his life (or perhaps seeking to leave it behind), Holmes retired to the Sussex Downs to takeup beekeeping ("The Second Stain") and wrote a book on the subject entitled "Practical Handbook of Bee Culture,with Some Observations upon the Segregation of the Queen".[37] His search for relaxation can also be seen in hislove for music, notably in "The Red-Headed League", wherein Holmes takes an evening off from a case to listen toPablo de Sarasate play violin.He also enjoys vocal music, particularly Wagner ("The Adventure of the Red Circle").The film Young Sherlock Holmes (1985), which speculates about Holmes's youthful adventures, shows Holmes as abrilliant secondary school student, being mentored simultaneously by an eccentric professor/inventor and hisdedicated fencing instructor.

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Influence

Forensic science

1852 microscope

Sherlock Holmes remains a great inspiration for forensic science,especially for the way his acute study of a crime scene yields smallclues as to the precise sequence of events. He makes great use of traceevidence such as shoe and tire impressions, as well as fingerprints,ballistics and handwriting analysis, now known as questioneddocument examination. Such evidence is used to test theoriesconceived by the police, for example, or by the investigator himself.All of the techniques advocated by Holmes later became reality, butwere generally in their infancy at the time Conan Doyle was writing. Inmany of his reported cases, Holmes frequently complains of the waythe crime scene has been contaminated by others, especially by thepolice, emphasising the critical importance of maintaining its integrity,a now well-known feature of crime scene examination.

Owing to the small scale of the trace evidence (such as tobacco ash, hair or fingerprints), he often uses a magnifyingglass at the scene, and an optical microscope back at his lodgings in Baker Street. He uses analytical chemistry forblood residue analysis as well as toxicology examination and determination for poisons. Holmes seems to havemaintained a small chemistry laboratory in his lodgings, presumably using simple wet chemical methods fordetection of specific toxins, for example. Ballistics is used when spent bullets can be recovered, and their calibremeasured and matched with a suspect murder weapon.Holmes was also very perceptive of the dress and attitude of his clients and suspects, noting style and state of wearof their clothes, any contamination (such as clay on boots), their state of mind and physical condition in order toinfer their origin and recent history. Skin marks such as tattoos could reveal much about their past history. Heapplied the same method to personal items such as walking sticks (famously in The Hound of the Baskervilles) orhats (in the case of The Blue Carbuncle), with small details such as medallions, wear and contamination yieldingvital indicators of their absent owners.An omission from the stories is the use of forensic photography. Even before Holmes' time, high quality photographywas used to record accident scenes, as in the Tay Bridge disaster of 1879, murders in 1888.In 2002, the Royal Society of Chemistry bestowed an honorary fellowship of their organisation upon SherlockHolmes,[38] for his use of forensic science and analytical chemistry in popular literature, making him the only (as of2010) fictional character to be thus honoured.

Sherlock Holmes 13

Role in the history of the detective story

Auguste Dupin in "The Purloined Letter"

Although Sherlock Holmes is not the original fiction detective (he wasinfluenced by Edgar Allan Poe's C. Auguste Dupin and ÉmileGaboriau's Monsieur Lecoq), his name has become a byword for thepart. His stories also include several detective story characters such asthe loyal but less intelligent assistant, a role for which Dr Watson hasbecome the archetype. The investigating detective became a populargenre with many authors such as Agatha Christie and Dorothy Sayersafter the demise of Holmes, with characters such as Hercule Poirot andLord Peter Wimsey. Forensic methods became less important than thepsychology of the criminal, despite the strong growth in forensics inuse by the police in the early 20th century.

Scientific literatureSherlock Holmes has occasionally been used in the scientific literature. John Radford (1999)[39] speculates on hisintelligence. Using Conan Doyle’s stories as data, Radford applies three different methods to estimate SherlockHolmes’s IQ, and concludes that his intelligence was very high indeed, estimated at approximately 190 points.Snyder (2004)[40] examines Holmes’ methods in the light of the science and the criminology of the mid to late 19thcentury. Kempster (2006)[41] compares neurologists’ skills with those displayed by Holmes. Finally, Didierjean andGobet (2008)[42] review the literature on the psychology of expertise by taking as model a fictional expert: SherlockHolmes. They highlight aspects of Doyle’s books that are in line with what is currently known about expertise,aspects that are implausible, and aspects that suggest further research.

Legacy

Fan speculationThe fifty-six short stories and four novels written by Conan Doyle are termed the "canon" by Sherlock Holmes fans.Early scholars of the canon included Ronald Knox[43] in Britain and Christopher Morley in New York,[44] the latterhaving founded the Baker Street Irregulars, the first society devoted exclusively to the canon of Holmes, in 1934.[45]

Writers have produced many pop culture references to Sherlock Holmes, Conan Doyle, or characters from the storiesin homage, to a greater or lesser degree. Such allusions can form a plot development, raise the intellectual level ofthe piece, or act as Easter eggs for an observant audience.[46]

Some have been overt, introducing Holmes as a character in a new setting, or a more subtle allusion, such as makinga logical character live in an apartment at number 221B. One well-known example of this is the character GregoryHouse on the show House M.D, whose name and apartment number are both references to Holmes. Often thesimplest reference is to dress anybody who does some kind of detective work in a deerstalker and cape.However, throughout the entire novel series, Holmes is never explicitly described as wearing a "deerstalker hat".Holmes dons "his ear-flapped travelling cap" in "The Adventure of Silver Blaze". Sidney Paget first drew Holmeswearing the deerstalker cap and Inverness cape in "The Boscombe Valley Mystery" and subsequently in severalother stories.

Sherlock Holmes 14

"Elementary, my dear Watson"

A third major reference is the oft-quoted but non-canonical catchphrase: "Elementary, my dear Watson". This phraseis never actually uttered by Holmes in any of the sixty Holmes stories written by Conan Doyle. In the stories,Holmes often remarks that his logical conclusions are "elementary", in that he considers them to be simple andobvious. He also, on occasion, refers to Dr. Watson as "my dear Watson". The two fragments, however, never appeartogether. One of the closest examples to this phrase appears in "The Adventure of the Crooked Man", when Holmesexplains a deduction:

“"Excellent!" I cried. "Elementary". said he.”The first known use of this phrase was in the 1915 novel, Psmith Journalist, by P. G. Wodehouse. It also appears atthe very end of the 1929 film, The Return of Sherlock Holmes, the first Sherlock Holmes sound film. WilliamGillette, who played Holmes on stage and radio, had previously used the similar phrase, Oh, this is elementary, mydear fellow. The phrase might owe its household familiarity to its use in Edith Meiser's scripts for The NewAdventures of Sherlock Holmes radio series, broadcast from 1939 to 1947.

The Great Hiatus

Holmes and Moriarty fighting over theReichenbach Falls, by Sidney Paget.

Holmes aficionados refer to the period from 1891 to 1894—the timebetween Holmes's disappearance and presumed death in "TheAdventure of the Final Problem" and his reappearance in "TheAdventure of the Empty House"—as "the Great Hiatus".[47] It isnotable, though, that one later story ("The Adventure of WisteriaLodge") is described as taking place in 1892.

Conan Doyle wrote the first set of stories over the course of a decade.Wanting to devote more time to his historical novels, he killed offHolmes in "The Final Problem," which appeared in print in 1893. Afterresisting public pressure for eight years, the author wrote The Hound ofthe Baskervilles, which appeared in 1901, implicitly setting it beforeHolmes's "death" (some theorise that it actually took place after "TheReturn" but with Watson planting clues to an earlier date).[48] [49] Thepublic, while pleased with the story, was not satisfied with aposthumous Holmes, and so Conan Doyle revived Holmes two yearslater. Many have speculated on his motives for bringing Holmes backto life, notably writer-director Nicholas Meyer, who wrote an essay onthe subject in the 1970s entitled "The Great Man Takes a Walk". Theactual reasons are not known, other than the obvious: publishersoffered to pay generously. For whatever reason, Conan Doyle continued to write Holmes stories for aquarter-century longer.

Some writers have come up with other explanations for the hiatus. In Meyer's novel The Seven-Per-Cent Solution,the hiatus is depicted as a secret sabbatical following Holmes's treatment for cocaine addiction at the hands ofSigmund Freud, and presents Holmes making the light-hearted suggestion that Watson write a fictitious accountclaiming he had been killed by Moriarty, saying of the public: "They'll never believe you in any case".In his memoirs, Conan Doyle quotes a reader, who judged the later stories inferior to the earlier ones, to the effect that when Holmes went over the Reichenbach Falls, he may not have been killed, but was never quite the same man. The differences in the pre- and post-Hiatus Holmes have in fact created speculation among those who play "The

Sherlock Holmes 15

Great Game" (making believe Sherlock Holmes was a historical person). Among the more fanciful theories, the story"The Case of the Detective's Smile" by Mark Bourne, published in the anthology Sherlock Holmes in Orbit, positsthat one of the places Holmes visited during his hiatus was Alice's Wonderland. While there, he solved the case ofthe stolen tarts, and his experiences there contributed to his kicking the cocaine addiction.

Societies

Statue of Sherlock Holmes on Picardy Place inEdinburgh, Conan Doyle's birthplace

In 1934, the Sherlock Holmes Society, in London, and the Baker StreetIrregulars, in New York were founded. Both are still active (though theSherlock Holmes Society was dissolved in 1937 to be resuscitated onlyin 1951). The London-based society is one of many worldwide whoarrange visits to the scenes of the Sherlock Holmes adventures, such asthe Reichenbach Falls in the Swiss Alps.

The two initial societies founded in 1934 were followed by many moreHolmesians circles, first of all in America (where they are called "scionsocieties"—offshoots—of the Baker Street Irregulars), then in Englandand Denmark. Nowadays, there are Sherlockian societies in manycountries, such as India and Japan.[50]

Museums

During the 1951 Festival of Britain, Sherlock Holmes's sitting-roomwas reconstructed as the masterpiece of a Sherlock Holmes Exhibition,displaying a unique collection of original material. After the 1951exhibition closed, items were transferred to the Sherlock Holmes Pub,in London, and to the Conan Doyle Collection in Lucens(Switzerland). Both exhibitions, each including its own Baker StreetSitting-Room reconstruction, are still open to the public. In 1990, the Sherlock Holmes Museum opened in BakerStreet London and the following year in Meiringen, Switzerland another museum opened; naturally, they include lesshistorical material about Conan Doyle than about Sherlock Holmes himself. The Sherlock Holmes Museum in BakerStreet, London was the first Museum in the world to be dedicated to a fictional character. A private collection ofConan Doyle is also housed in the Portsmouth City Museum which has a permanent exhibit, due to his importance inthe city where he lived and worked for many years.

Adaptations and derived worksThe enduring popularity of Sherlock Holmes has led to hundreds of works based on the character – both adaptationsinto other media and original stories. The copyright in all of Conan Doyle's works expired in the United Kingdom in2000 (1980 in Canada and Australasia)[51] and they are therefore in the public domain throughout most of the world(where the expiry term is 50 or 70 years following the year of death). All works published in the United States priorto 1923 are in the public domain; this includes all Sherlock Holmes stories with the exception of some of the storiescontained within The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes. For works published after 1923 but before 1963, if thecopyright was registered, its term lasts for 95 years.[52] The Conan Doyle heirs registered the copyright to The CaseBook (published in the USA after 1923) in 1981.[53] [54] [55]

Sherlock Holmes 16

Stage and screen adaptations

William Gillette starring in his Sherlock Holmes,New York, c. 1900

Sherlock Holmes Baffled, the first screen portrayal ofHolmes from 1900.

The Guinness World Records has consistently listed SherlockHolmes as the "most portrayed movie character"[56] with 75 actorsplaying the part in over 211 films. Holmes' first screen appearancewas in the Mutoscope film Sherlock Holmes Baffled in 1900, albeitin a barely-recognisable form.[57]

William Gillette’s 1899 play Sherlock Holmes, or The StrangeCase of Miss Faulkner was a synthesis of several stories by Doyle,mostly based on A Scandal in Bohemia adding love interest, withthe Holmes-Moriarty exchange from The Final Problem, as wellas elements from The Copper Beeches and A Study in Scarlet. By1916, Harry Arthur Saintsbury had played Holmes on stage morethan a thousand times.[58] This play formed the basis for Gillette's1916 motion picture, Sherlock Holmes.

In a 1924 comedy film "Sherlock Jr." Buster Keaton's characterlongs to be a detective.

The first sound film to feature Sherlock Holmes, was The Returnof Sherlock Holmes, written by Basil Dean, and filmed in NewYork City in 1929. It starred Clive Brook as Sherlock Holmes. Itsupposedly marks the first use of the line, "Elementary, my dearWatson". The film exists today, only as a silent picture, becausethe sound disks were lost.

Basil Rathbone starred as Sherlock Holmes, alongside Nigel Bruceas Dr Watson, in fourteen US films (two for 20th Century Fox anda dozen for Universal Pictures) from 1939 to 1946, as well as anumber of radio plays. It is these films that produced the iconicthough noncanonical line, "Elementary, my dear Watson".

Ronald Howard starred in 39 episodes of the Sherlock Holmes1954 American TV series with Howard Marion Crawford asWatson. The storylines deviated from the books of Conan Doyle, changing characters and other details.

Fritz Weaver appeared as Sherlock Holmes in the musical Baker Street, which ran on Broadway between 16February and 14 November 1965. Peter Sallis portrayed Dr. Watson, Inga Swenson appeared as The Woman, IreneAdler, and Martin Gabel played Moriarty. Virginia Vestoff, Tommy Tune, and Christopher Walken were alsomembers of the original cast.[59]

Acclaimed director Billy Wilder had long planned a roadshow motion picture about Holmes, in which he planned tohave Peter O'Toole as Holmes and Peter Sellers as Watson. However, when The Private Life of Sherlock Holmesfinally reached the screen in 1970, the roles had been given to Robert Stephens and Colin Blakely. The film washeavily edited after its release and parts of it are now lost. Though not a success at the time of release it is nowwidely praised as one of Wilder's late masterpieces.In The Return Of Sherlock Holmes, a TV movie aired in 1987, Margaret Colin stars as Dr. Watson's great-granddaughter Jane Watson, a Boston private eye, who stumbles upon Sherlock Holmes' (played by Michael Pennington) body in frozen suspension and restores the Victorian sleuth to life in the 1980s. The film was intended as a pilot for a TV series which never materialised. A similar plot line was used in Sherlock Holmes Returns: 1994 Baker Street where Dr Amy Winslow (played by Debrah Farentino) discovers Sherlock Holmes frozen in the cellar

Sherlock Holmes 17

of house in San Francisco owned by a descendant of Mrs Hudson. Holmes (played by Anthony Higgins) frozehimself in the hopes that crimes in the future would be less dull. He discovers that consulting detectives have beenreplaced by the police department's forensic science lab and that the Moriarty family are still the Napoleons of crime.Jeremy Brett is generally considered the definitive Holmes,[60] having played the role in four series of SherlockHolmes, created by John Hawkesworth for Britain's Granada Television, from 1984 through to 1994, as well asdepicting Holmes on stage. Brett's Dr Watson was played by David Burke (pre-hiatus) and Edward Hardwicke(post-hiatus) in the series. Jeremy Brett wished to be the best Sherlock Holmes the world had ever seen andconducted extensive research into the character and the author that created him. He strove to bring passion and life tothe role and in his obituary it was said, "Mr. Brett was regarded as the quintessential Holmes: breathtakinglyanalytical, given to outrageous disguises and the blackest moods and relentless in his enthusiasm for solving themost intricate crimes."

Sculpture of Holmes and Watson, as portrayed inthe Soviet series, at the UK embassy in Moscow

Nicol Williamson portrayed Holmes in The Seven-Per-Cent Solutionwith Robert Duvall playing Watson and featuring Alan Arkin asSigmund Freud. The 1976 adaption was written by Nicholas Meyerfrom his 1974 book of the same name, and directed by Herbert Ross.

Between 1979 and 1986, Soviet television broadcast a series of fivemade-for-TV films in a total of eleven parts, The Adventures ofSherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson, starring Vasily Livanov as Holmesand Vitaly Solomin as Watson.

In 2002 made-for-television movie Sherlock: Case of Evil, JamesD'Arcy starred as Holmes in his 20s. The story noticeably departs fromthe style and backstory of the canon and D'Arcy's portrayal of Holmesis slightly different from prior incarnations of the character,psychologically disturbed, an absinthe addicted, a heavy drinker and aladies' man.

The Fox television series House contains numerous similarities andreferences to Holmes. Show creator David Shore has acknowledgedthis "subtle homage".[61]

In the 2009 film Sherlock Holmes, based on a story by Lionel Wigram and images by John Watkiss,[62] directed byGuy Ritchie, the role of Holmes is performed by Robert Downey, Jr. with Jude Law portraying Watson. It is areinterpretation which heavily focuses on Holmes's more anti-social personality traits as an unkempt eccentric with abrilliant analytical mind and formidable martial abilities, making this the most cynical incarnation of Holmes. RobertDowney Jr. won the Golden Globe Award for his portrayal.[63] Downey Jr. will return in the 2011 sequel SherlockHolmes: A Game of Shadows.

Independent film company The Asylum released the direct-to-DVD film Sherlock Holmes in January 2010. In thefilm, Holmes and Watson battle a criminal mastermind dubbed "Spring-Heeled Jack", who controls severalmechanical creatures to commit crimes across London. Holmes (Ben Syder) is portrayed as considerably youngerthan most actors who have played him, and his disapproval of Scotland Yard is undertoned, though things like hisdrug additction remain mostly unchanged. The film features a brother of Holmes's called Thorpe, who was inventedby the producers of the film out of creative liberty. His companion Watson is played by Torchwood actor GarethDavid-Lloyd.Benedict Cumberbatch plays a modern-day version of the detective in the BBC One TV series Sherlock, which premiered on 25 July 2010. The series changes the books' original Victorian setting to the shady and violent present-day London. The show was created by Mark Gatiss and Steven Moffat, best-known as writers for the BBC television series Doctor Who. Says Moffat, "Conan Doyle's stories were never about frock coats and gas light;

Sherlock Holmes 18

they're about brilliant detection, dreadful villains and blood-curdling crimes – and frankly, to hell with the crinoline.Other detectives have cases, Sherlock Holmes has adventures, and that's what matters."Cumberbatch's Holmes was described by the BBC as

brilliant, aloof and almost entirely lacking in social graces. Sherlock is a unique young man with a mindlike a 'racing engine'. Without problems to solve, it will tear itself to pieces. And the more bizarre andbaffling the problems the better. He has set himself up as the world's only consulting detective, whomthe police grudgingly accept as their superior.[64]

He also uses modern technology, such as texting and internet blogging, to solve the crimes,[65] and in a nod towardschanging social attitudes and broadcasting regulations, he has replaced his pipe with multiple nicotine patches.[66]

Related and derivative worksIn addition to the Sherlock Holmes corpus, Conan Doyle's "The Lost Special" (1898) features an unnamed "amateurreasoner" clearly intended to be identified as Holmes by his readers. His explanation for a baffling disappearance,argued in Holmes's characteristic style, turns out to be quite wrong—evidently Conan Doyle was not above pokingfun at his own hero. A short story by Conan Doyle using the same idea is "The Man with the Watches". Anotherexample of Conan Doyle's humour is "How Watson Learned the Trick" (1924), a parody of the frequentWatson-Holmes breakfast table scenes. A further (and earlier) parody by Conan Doyle is "The Field Bazaar". Healso wrote other material, especially plays, featuring Holmes. Many of these are collected in Sherlock Holmes: ThePublished Apocrypha edited by Jack Tracy, The Final Adventures of Sherlock Holmes edited by Peter Haining andThe Uncollected Sherlock Holmes compiled by Richard Lancelyn Green.In 1907, Sherlock Holmes began featuring in a series of German booklets. Among the writers was Theo vanBlankensee. Watson had been replaced by a 19 year old assistant from the street, among his Baker Street Irregulars,with the name Harry Taxon, and Mrs. Hudson had been replaced by one Mrs. Bonnet. From number 10 the serieschanged its name to "Aus den Geheimakten des Welt-Detektivs". The French edition changed its name from "LesDossiers Secrets de Sherlock Holmes" to "Les Dossiers du Roi des Detectives".[67]

Sherlock Holmes's abilities as both a good fighter and as an excellent logician have been a boon to other authors whohave lifted his name, or details of his exploits, for their plots. These range from Holmes as a cocaine addict, whosedrug-fuelled fantasies lead him to cast an innocent Professor Moriarty as a super villain (The Seven-Per-CentSolution), to science-fiction plots involving him being re-animated after death to fight crime in the future (SherlockHolmes in the 22nd Century).Some authors have supplied stories to fit the tantalising references in the canon to unpublished cases (e.g. "The giantrat of Sumatra, a story for which the world is not yet prepared" in "The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire"), notablyThe Exploits of Sherlock Holmes by Conan Doyle's son Adrian Conan Doyle with John Dickson Carr, and The LostAdventures of Sherlock Holmes by Ken Greenwald, based rather closely on episodes of the 1945 Sherlock Holmesradio show that starred Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce and for which scripts were written by Dennis Green andAnthony Boucher. Others have used different characters from the stories as their own detective, e.g. Mycroft Holmesin Enter the Lion by Michael P. Hodel and Sean M. Wright (1979) or Dr James Mortimer (from The Hound of theBaskervilles) in books by Gerard Williams.Laurie R. King recreates Sherlock Holmes in her Mary Russell series (starting with The Beekeeper's Apprentice), setduring the First World War and the 1920s. Her Holmes is (semi)retired in Sussex, where he is literally stumbled overby a teenage American girl. Recognising a kindred spirit, he gradually trains her as his apprentice. As of 2009 theseries includes nine novels and a novella tie-in with a book from King's present-time Kate Martinelli series, The Artof Detection.Carole Nelson Douglas' series, the Irene Adler Adventures, is based on the character from Doyle's "A Scandal in Bohemia". The first book, Good Night, Mr. Holmes, retells that tale from Irene's point of view. The series is narrated

Sherlock Holmes 19

by Adler's companion, Penelope Huxleigh, in a role similar to that of Dr. Watson.The film They Might Be Giants is a 1971 romantic comedy based on the 1961 play of the same name (both writtenby James Goldman) in which the character Justin Playfair, played by George C. Scott, is convinced he is SherlockHolmes, and manages to convince many others of same, including the psychiatrist Dr. Watson, played by JoanneWoodward, who is assigned to evaluate him so he can be committed to a mental institution.The film Young Sherlock Holmes (1985) explores adventures of Holmes and Watson as boarding school pupils.[68]

The Japanese anime series "Detective Conan", also called "Case Closed" in English, is an homage to Doyle's work.The 2002 film The Case of the Whitechapel Vampire is loosely based on Doyle's story "The Adventure of the SussexVampire".In the 1980s Ben Kingsley played Dr. Watson in Without a Clue. Dr. Watson hired an actor to be Sherlock Holmes(Michael Caine) because the cases he has been writing about are his own. Moriarty is said to know that SherlockHolmes is an idiot.The novel A Dog About Town by J. F. Englert makes reference to Sherlock Holmes, comparing the black Labradorretriever narrator, Randolph, to Doyle's detective as well as naming a fictitious spirit guide after him.[69]

The Final Solution is a 2004 novel by Michael Chabon. The story, set in 1944, revolves around an 89-year-oldlong-retired detective who may or may not be Sherlock Holmes but is always called just "the old man", nowinterested mostly in beekeeping, and his quest to find a missing parrot, the only friend of a mute Jewish boy. Thetitle references both Doyle's story "The Final Problem" and the Final Solution, the Nazis' plan for the genocide of theJewish people.In 2006, a southern California "vaudeville-nouveau" group known as Sound & Fury began performing a theatre inthe round parody show entitled "Sherlock Holmes & The Saline Solution" which depicts Holmes as a bumblingfigure guided by a slightly less clueless Watson. The show ran in Los Angeles as well as the Edinburgh and AdelaideFringe Festivals through 2009.In a novella "The Prisoner of the Tower, or A Short But Beautiful Journey of Three Wise Men" by Boris Akuninpublished in 2008 in Russia as the conclusion of "Jade Rosary Beads" book, Sherlock Holmes and Erast Fandorinoppose Arsène Lupin on 31 December 1899.In June 2010 it was announced that Franklin Watts books, a part of Hachette Children's Books are to release a seriesof four children's graphic novels by writer Tony Lee and artist Dan Boultwood in spring 2011 based around theBaker Street Irregulars during the three years that Sherlock Holmes was believed dead, between The Adventure ofthe Final Problem and The Adventure of the Empty House. Although not specifying whether Sherlock Holmesactually appears in the books, the early reports include appearances by Doctor Watson, Inspector Lestrade and IreneAdler.On 17 January 2011, it was announced that the Conan Doyle estate had commissioned Anthony Horowitz, author ofthe Alex Rider novels, The Power of Five and TV's Foyle's War, to write a brand new, authorised Sherlock Holmesnovel to be published by Orion Books in September 2011. "The content of the new tale – and indeed the title –remain a closely guarded secret."[70] [71]

Sherlock Holmes 20

The original storiesThe original Sherlock Holmes stories consist of fifty-six short stories and four novels written by Sir Arthur ConanDoyle.

Novels• A Study in Scarlet (published 1887, in Beeton's Christmas Annual)• The Sign of the Four (published 1890, Lippincott's Monthly Magazine)• The Hound of the Baskervilles (serialised 1901–1902 in The Strand)• The Valley of Fear (serialised 1914–1915 in The Strand)

Short storiesFor more detail see List of Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes short stories.The short stories, originally published in periodicals, were later gathered into five anthologies:• The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (contains stories published 1891–1892 in The Strand)• The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes (contains stories published 1892–1893 in The Strand as further episodes of the

Adventures)• The Return of Sherlock Holmes (contains stories published 1903–1904 in The Strand)• The Reminiscences of Sherlock Holmes (including His Last Bow) (contains stories published 1908–1913 and

1917)• The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes (contains stories published 1921–1927)

References[1] "Holmesian". The Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1989.[2] Lycett, Andrew (2007). The Man Who Created Sherlock Holmes: The Life and Times of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Free Press. pp. 53–54, 190.

ISBN 978-0-7432-7523-1.[3] Doyle, A. Conan (1961). The Boys' Sherlock Holmes, New & Enlarged Edition. Harper & Row. p. 88.[4] Klinger, Leslie (2005). The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes. New York: W.W. Norton. p. xlii. ISBN 0-393-05916-2.[5] "LRK on: Sherlock Holmes : Laurie R. King: Mystery Writer" (http:/ / www. laurierking. com/ ?page_id=769#chronology). Laurie R. King. .

Retrieved 10 January 2011.[6] Dorothy L. Sayers, "Holmes’ College Career," for the Baker Street Studies, edited by H.W. Bell, 1934. Sayers's analysis was somewhat

tongue-in-cheek. In the foreword to Unpopular Opinions, in which her essay appeared, Sayers says that the "game of applying the methods ofthe Higher Criticism to the Sherlock Holmes canon... has become a hobby among a select set of jesters here and in America."

[7] Doyle, Arthur Conan (1893). The Original illustrated 'Strand' Sherlock Holmes (1989 ed.). Ware, England: Wordsworth. pp. 354–355.ISBN 9781853268960.

[8] "The Adventure of the Gloria Scott"[9] "The Greek Interpreter", "The Final Problem" and "The Bruce-Partington Plans";[10] "The Empty House".[11] "The Sign of the Four; Chapter 1 The Science of Deduction; p. 90; Copyright Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle; Edition published in 1992 –

Barnes & Noble, Inc.".[12] "The Adventure of the Veiled Lodger".[13] Conan Doyle, Arthur (1903). "The Adventure of the Norwood Builder", Strand Magazine.[14] "The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton"; "The Adventure of the Illustrious Client"[15] "The Hound of the Baskervilles"[16] "The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans"; "The Adventure of the Naval Treaty".[17] In The Adventure of the Naval Treaty, Holmes remarks that, of his last fifty-three cases, the police have had all the credit in forty-nine.[18] See, for example, Inspector Lestrade at the end of "The Adventure of the Norwood Builder".[19] Lisa Sanders M.D. (4 December 2009). "Hidden Clues" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 12/ 06/ magazine/ 06diagnosis-t. html?_r=2&

scp=2& sq=sherlock holmes& st=cse). The New York Times. . Retrieved 7 March 2011.[20] Dalby, J.T. (1991). "Sherlock Holmes's Cocaine Habit" (http:/ / bakerstreetdozen. com/ coca. html). Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine

8: 73–74. .[21] "The Sign of Four"

Sherlock Holmes 21

[22] "The Adventure of the Missing Three-Quarter"[23] "The Problem of Thor Bridge"[24] The Critical Thinking Co. Staff. "Sherlock Holmes: The Skill That Made Him Famous!" (http:/ / www. criticalthinking. com/ company/

articles/ deductive-reasoning-skills. jsp). October, 2005. 10 November 2009.[25] A Study In Scarlet.[26] Alexander Bird (27 June 2006). "Abductive Knowledge and Holmesian Inference" (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=yMDWLq2FdrIC). In

Tamar Szabo Gendler and John Hawthorne. Oxford studies in epistemology. p. 11. ISBN 9780199285907. .[27] Matthew Bunson (19 October 1994). Encyclopedia Sherlockiana (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=aSgfAQAAIAAJ). p. 50.

ISBN 9780671798260. .[28] Jonathan Smith (1994). Fact and feeling: Baconian science and the nineteenth-Century literary imagination (http:/ / books. google. com/

?id=hFn1Zx_desIC). p. 214. ISBN 9780299143541. .[29] "The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle".[30] "The Adventure of the Yellow Face"[31] The Hound of the Baskervilles.[32] In The Sign of the Four, they both fire at the Andaman Islander. In The Hound of the Baskervilles, both Holmes and Watson fire. In "The

Adventure of the Copper Beeches", Watson fires at and kills the mastiff. In "The Adventure of the Empty House", Watson pistol-whipsColonel Sebastian Moran. In "The Adventure of the Three Garridebs", Holmes pistol-whips Killer Evans after Watson is shot. In "TheMusgrave Ritual", it is revealed that Holmes decorated the wall of their flat with a patriotic "V.R." done in bullet marks. In "The Problem ofThor Bridge", Holmes uses Watson's revolver in a reconstruction of the crime.

[33] See "The Red-Headed League" and "The Adventure of the Illustrious Client".[34] However, in the Granada TV version of "The Adventure of the Naval Treaty" Holmes uses a sword cane to force Joseph Harrison to give up

the stolen treaty.[35] Inter alia "The Adventure of the Solitary Cyclist" and "The Adventure of the Naval Treaty".[36] Klinger, Leslie (1999). "Lost in Lassus: The missing monograph" (http:/ / webpages. charter. net/ lklinger/ lassus. htm). . Retrieved 20

October 2008.[37] His Last Bow.[38] "NI chemist honours Sherlock Holmes" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ uk_news/ northern_ireland/ 2332461. stm). BBC News. 16 October

2002. . Retrieved 19 June 2011.[39] Radford, John (1999). The Intelligence of Sherlock Holmes and Other Three-pipe Problems. Sigma Forlag. ISBN 82-7916-004-3.[40] Snyder LJ (2004). "Sherlock Holmes: Scientific detective". Endeavour 28 (3): 104–108. doi:10.1016/j.endeavour.2004.07.007.

PMID 15350761.[41] Kempster PA (2006). "Looking for clues". Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 13 (2): 178–180. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2005.03.021.

PMID 16459091.[42] Didierjean, A & Gobet, F (2008). "Sherlock Holmes – An expert’s view of expertise" (http:/ / bura. brunel. ac. uk/ handle/ 2438/ 854).

British Journal of Psychology 99 (Pt 1): 109–125. doi:10.1348/000712607X224469. PMID 17621416. .[43] "Ronald Arbuthnott Knox (1888–1957)" (http:/ / www. kirjasto. sci. fi/ knox. htm). . Retrieved 13 February 2011.[44] "Christopher Morley" (http:/ / www. online-literature. com/ morley/ ). . Retrieved 13 February 2010.[45] "Sherlockian.Net: Societies" (http:/ / www. sherlockian. net/ societies/ index. html). . Retrieved 13 February 2011.[46] "Sherlock Holmes Review" (http:/ / www. filmofilia. com/ 2009/ 12/ 24/ sherlock-holmes-review/ ). . Retrieved 13 February 2011.[47] "Author Profile: Laurie R. King" (http:/ / www. bookreporter. com/ authors/ au-king-laurie. asp). Bookreporter.com. . Retrieved 10 January

2011.[48] Dakin, D. Martin (1972). A Sherlock Holmes Commentary. David & Charles, Newton Abbot. ISBN 0-7153-5493-0.[49] McQueen, Ian (1974). Sherlock Holmes Detected. David & Charles, Newton Abbot. ISBN 0-7153-6453-7.[50] "Sherlockian Who's Who" (http:/ / www. sh-whoswho. com/ index. php). sh-whoswho.com. . Retrieved 27 July 2011.[51] Itzkoff, Dave (19 January 2010). "For the Heirs to Holmes, a Tangled Web" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2010/ 01/ 19/ books/ 19sherlock.

html?pagewanted=all). The New York Times. .[52] "Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States" (http:/ / copyright. cornell. edu/ resources/ publicdomain. cfm).

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html?pagewanted=all). The New York Times. .[54] "Techdirt article" (http:/ / www. techdirt. com/ blog. php?tag=sherlock+ holmes& edition=techdirt). Techdirt article. . Retrieved 10 January

2011.[55] "Elementary My Dear Watson...It's Called the Public Domain...Or is It?" (http:/ / www. techdirt. com/ articles/ 20091223/ 1120407488.

shtml). Techdirt.com. 24 December 2009. . Retrieved 10 January 2011.[56] Sherlock Holmes: pipe dreams (http:/ / www. telegraph. co. uk/ culture/ film/ 6789921/ Sherlock-Holmes-pipe-dreams. html), Daily

Telegraph 15 December 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2010.[57] Tuska, Jon (1978). The Detective in Hollywood. New York: Doubleday. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-385-12093-7.[58] Robert W. Pohle, Douglas C. Hart, Sherlock Holmes on the screen: the motion picture adventures of the world's most popular detective (A.

S. Barnes, 1977), pp. 54, 56, 57

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[59] Internet Broadway Data Base – Baker Street (http:/ / www. ibdb. com/ production. php?id=3227). Retrieved 31 May 2010.[60] Wolfreys, Julian (1996). Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. Ware, England: Wordworth Editions. p. ix. ISBN 1-85326-033-9. "Holmes was

reinvented definitively by Jeremy Brett...It is Brett's Holmes...which comes closest to Conan Doyle's original intentions."[61] "House and Holmes parallels – Radio Times, January 2006" (http:/ / www. radiotimes. com/ content/ show-features/ house/

house-and-holmes-parallels/ ). Radio Times. 12 July 2011. . Retrieved 27 July 2011.[62] "Sherlock Holmes Mystery Solved" (http:/ / blog. newsarama. com/ 2009/ 05/ 07/ sherlock-holmes-mystery-solved/ ). Blog.newsarama.com.

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January 2011.[64] "BBC 1: Sherlock" (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ programmes/ b00t4pgh). .[65] Thorpe, Vanessa (18 July 2010). "The Guardian. Sherlock Holmes is back... sending texts and using nicotine patches" (http:/ / www.

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home-news/ times-have-changed-but-crimes-are-the-same-for-new-sherlock-holmes-1. 1042129). .[67] Nordberg, Nils: Døden i kiosken. Knut Gribb og andre heftedetektiver.[68] "film menu" (http:/ / www. levinson. com/ bl/ ysherlock/ index. htm). Levinson.com. . Retrieved 10 January 2011.[69] "Bluestalking: Two Cozies Featuring Bookish Sleuths, One Human and One... Not" (http:/ / bluestalking. typepad. com/

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anthony-horowitz-to-write-new-sherlock-holmes-novel),” News release, Orion Publishing Group, 17 January 2011. (Retrieved 20 January2011.)

[71] “ Alex Rider Author, Anthony Horowitz to write new Sherlock Holmes novel (http:/ / anthonyhorowitz. com/ newscentre/ alexrider/alex-rider-author-anthony-horowitz-to-write-new-sherlock-holmes-novel/ 203/ ),” News release, AnthonyHorowitz.com, 17 January 2011.(Retrieved 20 January 2011.)

Further reading• Accardo, Pasquale J. (1987). Diagnosis and Detection: Medical Iconography of Sherlock Holmes. Madison, NJ:

Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 0-517-50291-7.• Baring-Gould, William (1967). The Annotated Sherlock Holmes. New York: Clarkson N. Potter.

ISBN 0-517-50291-7.• Baring-Gould, William (1962). Sherlock Holmes of Baker Street: The Life of the World's First Consulting

Detective. New York: Clarkson N. Potter. OCLC 63103488.• Blakeney, T.S. (1994). Sherlock Holmes: Fact or Fiction?. London: Prentice Hall & IBD. ISBN 1-883402-10-7.• Bradley, Alan (2004). Ms Holmes of Baker Street: The Truth About Sherlock. Alberta: University of Alberta

Press. ISBN 0-88864-415-9.• Campbell, Mark (2007). Sherlock Holmes. London: Pocket Essentials. ISBN 978-0-470-12823-7.• Dakin, David (1972). A Sherlock Holmes Commentary. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-5493-0.• Duncan, Alistair (2008). Eliminate the Impossible: An Examination of the World of Sherlock Holmes on Page and

Screen. London: MX Publishing. ISBN 978-1-904312-31-4.• Duncan, Alistair (2009). Close to Holmes: A Look at the Connections Between Historical London, Sherlock

Holmes and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. London: MX Publishing. ISBN 978-1-904312-50-5.• Duncan, Alistair (2010). The Norwood Author: Arthur Conan Doyle and the Norwood Years (1891–1894).

London: MX Publishing. ISBN 978-1904312697.• Fenoli Marc, Qui a tué Sherlock Holmes ? [Who shot Sherlock Holmes ?], Review L’Alpe 45, Glénat-Musée

Dauphinois, Grenoble-France, 2009. ISBN 978-2-7234-6902-9• Green, Richard Lancelyn (1987). The Sherlock Holmes Letters. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.

ISBN 0-87745-161-3.• Hall, Trevor (1969). Sherlock Holmes: Ten Literary Studies. London: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-0469-4.• Hammer, David (1995). The Before-Breakfast Pipe of Mr. Sherlock Holmes. London: Wessex Pr..

ISBN 0-938501-21-6.• Harrison, Michael (1973). The World of Sherlock Holmes. London: Frederick Muller Ltd..

Sherlock Holmes 23

• Jones, Kelvin (1987). Sherlock Holmes and the Kent Railways. Sittingborne, Kent: Meresborough Books.ISBN 0-948193-25-5.

• Keating, H. R. F. (2006). Sherlock Holmes: The Man and His World. Edison, NJ: Castle. ISBN 0-7858-2112-0.• Kestner, Joseph (1997). Sherlock's Men: Masculinity, Conan Doyle and Cultural History. Farnham: Ashgate.

ISBN 1-85928-394-2.• King, Joseph A. (1996). Sherlock Holmes: From Victorian Sleuth to Modern Hero. Lanham, US: Scarecrow

Press. ISBN 0-8108-3180-5.• Klinger, Leslie (2005). The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-05916-2.• Klinger, Leslie (1998). The Sherlock Holmes Reference Library. Indianapolis: Gasogene Books.

ISBN 0-938501-26-7.• Lester, Paul (1992). Sherlock Holmes in the Midlands. Studley, Warwickshire: Brewin Books.

ISBN 0-947731-85-7.• Lieboe, Eli. Doctor Joe Bell: Model for Sherlock Holmes. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green University

Popular Press, 1982; Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-87972-198-5• Mitchelson, Austin (1994). The Baker Street Irregular: Unauthorised Biography of Sherlock Holmes. Romford:

Ian Henry Publications Ltd. ISBN 0-8021-4325-3.• Payne, David S. (1992). Myth and Modern Man in Sherlock Holmes: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and the Uses of

Nostalgia. Bloomington, Ind: Gaslight's Publications. ISBN 0-934468-29-X.• Redmond, Christopher (1987). In Bed with Sherlock Holmes: Sexual Elements in Conan Doyle's Stories. London:

Players Press. ISBN 0-8021-4325-3.• Redmond, Donald (1983). Sherlock Holmes: A Study in Sources. Quebec: McGill-Queen's University Press.

ISBN 0-7735-0391-9.• Rennison, Nick (2007). Sherlock Holmes. The Unauthorized Biography. London: Grove Press.

ISBN 978-0-8021-4325-9.• Richards, Anthony John (1998). Holmes, Chemistry and the Royal Institution: A Survey of the Scientific Works of

Sherlock Holmes and His Relationship with the Royal Institution of Great Britain. London: Irregulars SpecialPress. ISBN 0-7607-7156-1.

• Riley, Dick (2005). The Bedside Companion to Sherlock Holmes. New York: Barnes & Noble Books.ISBN 0-7607-7156-1.

• Riley, Peter (2005). The Highways and Byways of Sherlock Holmes. London: P.&D. Riley.ISBN 978-1-874712-78-7.

• Roy, Pinaki (Department of English, Malda College) (2008). The Manichean Investigators: A Postcolonial andCultural Rereading of the Sherlock Holmes and Byomkesh Bakshi Stories. New Delhi: Sarup and Sons.ISBN 978-81-7625-849-4.

• Shaw, John B. (1995). Encyclopedia of Sherlock Holmes: A Complete Guide to the World of the Great Detective.London: Pavillion Books. ISBN 1-85793-502-0.

• Smith, Daniel (2009). The Sherlock Holmes Companion: An Elementary Guide. London: Aurum Press.ISBN 978-1845134587.

• Starrett, Vincent (1993). The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes. London: Prentice Hall & IBD.ISBN 978-1-883402-05-1.

• Tracy, Jack (1988). The Sherlock Holmes Encyclopedia: Universal Dictionary of Sherlock Holmes. London:Crescent Books. ISBN 0-517-65444-X.

• Tracy, Jack (1996). Subcutaneously, My Dear Watson: Sherlock Holmes and the Cocaine Habit. Bloomington,Ind.: Gaslight Publications. ISBN 0-934468-25-7.

• Wagner, E.J. (2007). La Scienza di Sherlock Holmes. Torino: Bollati Boringheri. ISBN 978-0-470-12823-7.• Weller, Philip (1993). The Life and Times of Sherlock Holmes. Simsbury: Bracken Books. ISBN 1-85891-106-0.

Sherlock Holmes 24

• Wexler, Bruce (2008). The Mysterious World of Sherlock Holmes. London: Running Press.ISBN 978-0-7624-3252-3.

External links• "For the Heirs to Holmes, a Tangled Web" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2010/ 01/ 19/ books/ 19sherlock.

html?partner=rss& emc=rss& pagewanted=all) - New York Times article• "The Burden of Holmes" (http:/ / online. wsj. com/ article/ SB10001424052748704240504574585840677394758.

html)- Wall Street Journal article• The Sherlock Holmes Museum (http:/ / www. sherlock-holmes. co. uk/ ) 221b Baker Street, London England.• The Sherlock Holmes Society of London (http:/ / www. sherlock-holmes. org. uk/ ) London society founded 1951• Bert Coules' website (BBC Radio 4 canonical and original stories, 1989–2004) (http:/ / www. bertcoules. co. uk/

sh-home. htm)• Discovering Sherlock Holmes (http:/ / sherlockholmes. stanford. edu/ index. html) at Stanford University• Sherlock Holmes Special Collections (http:/ / www. westminster. gov. uk/ libraries/ special/ sherlock. cfm)• The Sherlock Holmes Collections (http:/ / special. lib. umn. edu/ rare/ holmes. phtml) at the University of

Minnesota Special Collections and Rare Books• Chess and Sherlock Holmes (http:/ / www. chesshistory. com/ winter/ extra/ holmes. html) essay by Edward

Winter,• Sir Arthur Conan Doyle audio books (http:/ / etc. usf. edu/ lit2go/ author/ d/ doyle. html) by Lit2Go from the

University of South Florida.

Article Sources and Contributors 25

Article Sources and ContributorsSherlock Holmes  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=451871618  Contributors: 141.157.52.xxx, 17Drew, 23skidoo, 271828182, 2D, 88888, A D Monroe III, A312551, A8UDI,AA4PC, ABF, AK Auto, ASBiskey, AThing, Abhilash ramadagi, Abigail-II, Ablebakerus, Acetic Acid, Ackatsis, Activeentity, Adam Keller, Adam Warlock 2, Adamhauner, Addison7,Addshore, Adityam, Affiray, Afluent Rider, Afterwriting, Againme, Agent bishop, AgentCDE, Agrestis, Ahoerstemeier, Airconswitch, Ajc2711, Alan Rockefeller, Alansohn, Alaxr274, AlbanyNY, Alex.muller, AlexanderKaras, Alexf, Alientraveller, AlistairMcMillan, AllTheseWorlds, Allenehorner, Alphachimp, Altenmann, Alterego, Alvis Rofhessa, Alwayssoma, Am088,AmarChandra, AmosWolfe, Anclation, AndrePeltier, Andrewtriggs, Andy M. Wang, Angmering, Ann O'nyme, Anna Lincoln, Annrules, Ant, Antaeus Feldspar, Antandrus, AprilBlood,Arakunem, Arcarti, Arevco, ArglebargleIV, Arienh4, Aristophanes68, Aronlee-eva, Artemisboy, Artoasis, Arvindn, Asafoetida, Athenaeum, Atomician, Atriel, Atropos, AtticusX, Audiovore,Aurelien Langlois, Auric, Awesome Dad, Awien, AxelBoldt, Ayaaa, Aymatth2, Ayrton Prost, Azuris, B jonas, B.romberg, B00P, B9 hummingbird hovering, BACbKA, BAPACop, BPK2,BRPierce, BabyNJ, Badgernet, Bahamut Elite, Bakerstreetreg, Balthazarduju, Banjogirl424, Bantosh, BarretBonden, BartlebytheScrivener, Baseball Bugs, Bcefjj805, Bdarrell, Beardo, Beetstra,Bellwether BC, Ben Ben, BenKovitz, BenStorer, Bencey, Bender235, Benjamin1111, Benshepherd, Beryllium, Besidesamiracle, Bhooshan, Bill the Greek, Billtkd, Birchbaston,Bitethesilverbullet, Blackasursowl, Blahm, Blahma, Blanchardb, BlankVerse, BlonddudeGoneDark, Bluerasberry, Blurpeace, Bob Castle, Bob Curtis, Bobbaxter, Bobblewik, Bobby D. Bryant,Bobmack89x, Bobo192, Bocephusjohnson, Boing! said Zebedee, Bonadea, Bonalaw, Bongwarrior, BonsaiViking, Bookworm857158367, BorgQueen, Bovineone, BradBeattie, Brendan Moody,Brideshead, Brisvegas, Broncos4ever, Brookie, BrotherFlounder, Brown Shoes22, BrownHairedGirl, Bucephalus, Buddhipriya, Bugjuice2, Bunnyhero, Burn the asylum, C628, CS42, CalmerWaters, Cameron Scott, Camron 6, Camw, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, CanadianLinuxUser, Canthusus, CapitalR, Captain Disdain, Captain Teague, Captain-n00dle, CaptainJae, Carbonite,Carl Logan, CarolGray, CarolineMcC, Carr1331, Cartoon Boy, Casper Gutman, Cburnett, Ccacsmss, Ccady, Cchris, Cdyson37, Cedricthecentaur, Celithemis, Cgs, Chaboura, Chalkumro, ChamalN, Chancemill, Charles T. Betz, ChazBeckett, Chickenfish333, Chikanamakalaka, Cholmes75, Chowbok, Chris 42, Chris 73, Chrisch, Christopherlin, CinchBug, Ckape, Clarityfiend, Classiv,Claude girardin, Clementina, Click23, ClickRick, CliffC, Cmdrjameson, Cobaltbluetony, Colonel Warden, Colourednana, Comicarmageddon, Comicist, CommanderCool1654, ComputerWolf,Comte0, Conanfan1412, Conical Johnson, Conversion script, Cooksi, Cormack666, Cosprings, Courcelles, Cowman109, Coyoty, Cp111, Cr7i, Crazy Boris with a red beard, CrazyChemGuy,Cretog8, Crimsonfox, Ctjf83, Ctu2485, Cunningham, Cupidvogel, Cvmdavies, Cxz111, Cyberia3, Cymru.lass, D6, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DBetty, DCEdwards1966, DCincarnate, DFRussia,DH85868993, DMacks, DO'Neil, DRTllbrg, DSRH, DTPQueen, DTRY, DVD R W, DVdm, Da monster under your bed, DabMachine, Dabomb87, Daemonic Kangaroo, Daibhid C, Damieng,DanDud88, Danausplexippus, Danbarnesdavies, Dandrake, DaoKaioshin, Darklilac, Darkwind, Darrell Greenwood, Darry2385, Darth Panda, Davemck, Davethefish42, David Pierce, David0811,DavidL (usurped), Dbenbenn, Dcooper, Dcutter, DeadEyeArrow, DeadlyAssassin, DearPrudence, Deb, Debutante, Decagon, Deconstructhis, DeepSnowBand, Defender of torch, Define Life,Deflective, Dekimasu, Delpino, Deltabeignet, DeluxeSuperFly, Deor, Dep. Garcia, DerHexer, Derek Ross, Derekbd, Deriobamba, Devatipan, DevilsHarmonica, Devoxo, Dfrg.msc, Diannaa,Digresser, DingleMr, Discospinster, Dissolve, Distended narration, DivaNtrainin, Dj thegreat, Dk9bhardwaj, Dlkwiki, DmitryKo, DocDee, DocSigma, Docu, Dodonov, Domingo Portales,Donfbreed, Donreed, Double-L, Doug4422, Dougie monty, DouglasJohnston, Dougweller, Dowew, Doylefan, Dpbsmith, Dr bab, Dr. F.C. Turner, Dr.Who, DreamGuy, Drevlyanin, Droll,Drunken Pirate, Dtassone, Dudesleeper, Dukemeiser, Dukeofwin, Dvavasour, Dwanyewest, DynSkeet, Dynzmoar, Dyslexic agnostic, Dysprosia, DÅ‚ugosz, Długosz, ENSSB, EVula, Edanon,Edivorce, Elassint, Elcapitanhowdy, EldKatt, Elendil's Heir, Elliott2000, Elonka, Eloquence, Elysianfields, Elyu, Emamian, EmiOfBrie, EnSamulili, Enda80, Enviroboy, Erebus Morgaine,Erfo46, Eric-Wester, Ericoides, Escape Artist Swyer, Escape Orbit, Espoo, Espresso Addict, Etaonish, Ethine, Everyking, Ewulp, Exploding Boy, Ezeu, Fabiform, Fabulous Creature,Faradayplank, Favonian, FelisLeo, Fencatic, Fieldday-sunday, Finn-Zoltan, Fivepast, Flameking11, Flauto Dolce, Flcelloguy, Flewis, Fluffy25, Fmndu9acgh79q3, Footyfanatic3000,Formeruser-81, Formulax, Fosse8, Freakofnurture, Frecklefoot, Fredrik, Frickwg, Frodet, Fuhghettaboutit, Fumitol, Funnypictures, Fæ, GBGabe, GHYTHEY, GJeffery, GLaDOS, Gail,GainLine, Gaius Cornelius, Galoubet, Garzo, Gaul, Gawaxay, Gdr, Gelbard, Gensanders, GentlemanGhost, Gerald G-Money, Gerhardvalentin, Gershwinrb, Ghirlandajo, Gildir, Gilliam,Gimboid13, Gin007, Girl Sherlock, Glane23, Glenn branca, Gltimmons, Gnowor, Gnusbiz, Gobonobo, Godzilladude123, Gogo Dodo, GoingBatty, Gonzalo Diethelm, Goodmanjoon, Gotyear,Goystein, Graciado, Graham87, Graminophile, Grammarspellchecker, Gran2, Granpuff, Greatgreekgod, Greenp3, GregorB, Gregums, Greswik, Greyhood, Greypilgrim86, Grmanners,GroovySandwich, Grutness, Gryphonius, Gtrmp, Guff2much, Gurch, Guybrush, Gökhan, H-b-g, H2g2bob, HDCase, Hailey C. Shannon, Hairy Dude, HamburgerRadio, Hammeff, HappyJake,Hargle, Haveronjones, Haymaker, Henry Flower, Hephaestos, Heron, Herrpoon, Hewinsj, Hexagon70, Hideyuki7, Hiitse, Hkd2029, Hmains, Hobr, Holly the Short, HolmesDragon, Honeycake,Hovea, Hraefen, Hu, Husond, Hut 8.5, Hyper Summer, IGeMiNix, II MusLiM HyBRiD II, IVoteTurkey, Ian3055, Icarus 23, Iceberg3k, Idcmp, Ido50, Ihcoyc, Ilikedoilies, Imababy, ImmanuelGiel, ImperatorExercitus, Infrogmation, Inky, Interstellar, Ipstenu, Iridescent, Irishguy, IronGargoyle, IronJohn2000, Isabel100, Isis, Isomorphic, Istrucktheglass, Isulfir, Ixfd64, J Greb, J S Ayer,J-C Bubbendorf, J.delanoy, JCarriker, JCrue, JDPhD, JDspeeder1, JForget, JHFTC, JHMM13, JIP, JJL, JMK, JMLofficier, JMS-Natchez, Jaardon, Jack Merridew, Jack1956, Jacob2718,Jagbaraljuger, Jagdfeld, James086, JamesBWatson, Jan eissfeldt, Jason Palpatine, JavierMC, Jay-Sebastos, Jay-W, JayJasper, Jayunderscorezero, Jedibob5, Jeffrey O. 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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 26

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Sherlock Holmes Portrait Paget.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sherlock_Holmes_Portrait_Paget.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Sidney Paget(1860-1908)File:Loudspeaker.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Loudspeaker.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bayo, Gmaxwell, Husky, Iamunknown, Myself488,Nethac DIU, Omegatron, Rocket000, The Evil IP address, Wouterhagens, 10 anonymous editsFile:A Study in Scarlet from Beeton's Christmas Annual 1887.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:A_Study_in_Scarlet_from_Beeton's_Christmas_Annual_1887.jpg License: Public Domain  Contributors: David Henry FristonFile:Sherlock Holmes - The Man with the Twisted Lip.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sherlock_Holmes_-_The_Man_with_the_Twisted_Lip.jpg  License: PublicDomain  Contributors: Sidney Paget (1860-1908)File:Dying detective.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dying_detective.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: -jkb-, Ancalagon, Beao, Lobo, PacosteinFile:Holmes Adventures.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Holmes_Adventures.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Sidney Paget (1860-1908)File:Paget holmes.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Paget_holmes.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Signey Paget (1860-1908)File:Igmicro.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Igmicro.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Original uploader was Imran at en.wikipediaFile:The Purloined Letter.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Purloined_Letter.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Frederic LixFile:Fina-01.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Fina-01.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was DrBat at en.wikipediaFile:Statue of Sherlock Holmes in Edinburgh.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Statue_of_Sherlock_Holmes_in_Edinburgh.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Siddharth Krish. Original uploader was Siddharthkrish at en.wikipediaFile:Sherlock Holmes William Gillette play.jpeg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sherlock_Holmes_William_Gillette_play.jpeg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:William Gillette (dramatization based on the novels by Arthur Conan Doyle)File:Sherlock Holmes Baffled.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sherlock_Holmes_Baffled.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: American Mutoscope andBiograph CompanyFile:Holmes and Watson.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Holmes_and_Watson.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: Photo by A.Sdobnikov

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