seminar report new.doc

“Intelligence Energy Conversion” A Seminar Report Submitted

In Partial Fulfilments of the Requirements

For the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGYIn

Mechanical Engineering

By

Nishant Bansal (1352140072)

SEMINAR GUIDE SEMINAR INCHARGE Mr. Priyanshu Agarwal Mr. Jyoti Kumar Sagar

(Asst. Prof.) (Asst. Prof.)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGKOTHIWAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

&PROFESSIONAL STUDIES

Pachokara, Moradabad-244001 (U.P)(November, 2015 )

CERTIFICATE

This is certified that Nishant Bansal (1352140072) has carried out the Seminar work

presented in this report entitled “Intelligence Energy Conversion” for the award of Bachelor of

Technology from U.P. Technical University, Lucknow under our supervision. The thesis embodies

results of original work, and studies are carried out by the student himself and the contents of the

thesis do not form the basis for the award of any other degree to the candidate or to anybody else

from this or any other University/Institution.

Signature of Project Guide

Mr. Priyanshu Agarwal (Asst. Prof.)

Department of ME

Date:....................

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We acknowledge our profound sense of gratitude towards our mentor and honourable Guide Mr. Priyanshu Agarwal for their valuable guidance and untiring encouragement which has been a constant source of inspiration for us. We fell proud and fortunate to be his student.

We are also very thankful to our head of Department (HOD) Mr. Khoob Singh who is a very hardworking and efficint professor who immensly helped us in completing this project.

We are also grateful to our honourable and learned Principal Dr.Prashant Verma for putting his firm faith and trust in us and acting as a moral booster from time to time without which our project would have been completed.

MADE BY:

Nishant Bansal (ME-3TH YEAR)

2013 BATCH

Abstract

The Intelligence Energy Conversion is a methord of changing energy , the transformation of energy from forms provided by nature to forms that can be used by humans .These different forms include gravitational, kinetic, thermal, elastic, electrical, chemical, radiant, nuclear, and mass energy. It is the universal applicability of the concept of energy, as well as the completeness of the law of its conservation within different forms, that makes it so attractive and useful. Over the centuries a wide array of devices and systems has been developed for this purpose. Some of these energy converters are quite simple.. Solar Paper is made of an ordinary sheet of paper with a fine layer of colored rectangles once connected to a couple of wires, it instantly generates solar electricity.The technology is almost as cheap and easy as printing from an inkjet printer.you can even fold it up, slip it in your pocket, then unfold it again for later use. Gold Nano Particles play a important part in solar paper.

List of Contents :

Energy Conversion– Concept of Energy Conservation– Historic Energy Conversion Sequences– Conversion Efficiency– Common Conversion Efficiency Challenges

Introduction from Solar Paper

Construction of Solar Paper

Nano Particles of Gold– Properties Of Gold Nano Particle– Improving Solar Cell Efficiency

Advantages of Solar paper

Applications

Conclusion

References

Energy Conversion

Energy Conversion is the process of changing energy from one form to another .

energy conversion, the transformation of energy from forms provided by nature to forms that can be used by humans .

Over the centuries a wide array of devices and systems has been developed for this purpose. Some of these energy converters are quite simple. The early windmills, for example, transformed the kinetic energy of wind into mechanical energy for pumping water and grinding grain. Other energy-conversion systems are decidedly more complex, particularly those that take raw energy from fossil fuels and nuclear fuels to generate electrical power . Systems of this kind require multiple steps or processes in which energy undergoes a whole series of transformations through various intermediate forms.

Many of the energy converters widely used today involve the transformation of thermal energy into electrical energy. The efficiency of such systems is, however, subject to fundamental limitations, as dictated by the laws of thermodynamics and other scientific principles. In recent years, considerable attention has been devoted to certain direct energy-conversion devices, notably solar cells andfuel cells, that bypass the intermediate step of conversion to heat energy in electrical power generation.

This article traces the development of energy-conversion technology, highlighting not only conventional systems but also alternative and experimental converters with considerable potential. It delineates their distinctive features, basic principles of operation, major types, and key applications. For a discussion of the laws of thermodynamics and their impact on system design and performance, see thermodynamics.

THE CONCEPT OF ENERGY CONSERVATION

A fundamental law that has been observed to hold for all natural phenomena requires the conservation of energy—i.e., that the total energy does not change in all the many changes that occur in nature. The conservation of energy is not a description of any process going on in nature, but rather it is a statement that the quantity called energy remains constant regardless of when it is evaluated or what processes—possibly including transformations of energy from one form into another—go on between successive evaluations.The law of conservation of energy is applied not only to nature as a whole but to closed or isolated systems within nature as well. Thus, if the boundaries of a system can be defined in such a way that no energy is either added to or removed from the system, then energy must be conserved within that system regardless of the details of the processes going on inside the system boundaries. A corollary of this closed-system statement is that whenever the energy of a system as determined in two successive evaluations is not the same, the difference is a measure of the quantity of energy that has been either added to or removed from the system in the time interval elapsing between the two evaluations.Energy can exist in many forms within a system and may be converted from one form to another within the constraint of theconservation law . These different forms include gravitational, kinetic, thermal, elastic, electrical, chemical, radiant, nuclear, and mass energy. It is the universal applicability of the concept of energy, as well as the completeness of the law of its conservation within different forms, that makes it so attractive and useful.

Historic Energy Conversion Sequences

Biomass → heat (esp. cooking) Solar → heat, dry clothes, dry food Solar is still main light source, no need for conversion Solar is source of biomass, wind, hydro, etc. Biomass → farm animals → horsepower, food

Later, people also did these conversions: Coal → heat Hydro → milling flour, running machinery Wind → pump water

Key Metric: ConversionEfficiency

Energy Input Conversion Process

Usefull energy Output

• When producing work(mechanical or electricity):

η = Work Output / Energy Input

• When producing energy carriers (diesel, hydrogen):

η = Energy Content of Product / Energy Input

Energy Conversion

Laws of Thermodynamics provide limits Heat and work are not the same They are both energy, but.. cannot convert all heat to work Each conversion step reduces efficiency Ma x i m u m w o rk o u t p u t o n l y occu rs i n i d e a l ize d reversible processes

_All real processes are irreversible Losses always occur to degrade the efficiency of energy conversion and reduce

work/power producing potential

Common Conversion Efficiency Challenges

• Thermo Limit on Conversion of heat to work:

Energy loss

– Work < Heat (1-Tlow/Thigh) – Material (boiler, turbine) & emission (NOX) limits Thigh

– Cooling (evaporation, LHV) T(por on, ) low

• Difficult to precisely control chemical reactions:

– Common energy conversion strategy: just mix a fuel with air, and let the reaction

run to completion.

– Then extract work from the hot exhaust gases.

– Usually the conversion of chemical energy to heat is irreversible: large increase in entropy.

Introduction from Solar Paper

Solar Paper is made of an ordinary sheet of paper with a fine layer of colored rectangles once connected to a couple of wires, it instantly generates solar electricity. Additionally, the technology is almost as cheap and easy as printing a family snapshot from an inkjet printer. You can even fold it up, slip it in your pocket, then unfold it again for later use.

The printing process uses vapors at relatively low temperatures (less than 120C/ 248F), to transfer five fine layers of photovoltaic cells onto a piece of untreated paper. Solar paper can charge almost any device that recharges via USB, including, smartphones, tablets, walkie talkies, flashlights, portable game consoles, cameras, video cameras, and rechargeable batteries.

During an experiment to test the durability of the solar cells, a team of MIT students printed the cells onto a sheet of PET plastic (a thinner version than what is commonly used for soda bottles) and folded and unfolded it 1,000 times. Remarkably, there was no impact of each fold on the performance of the solar cells. In contrast, a commercially produced solar cell on the same PET plastic failed after the first fold.

Furthermore, by laminating the solar paper, the researchers were able to demonstrate that the system can be protected from rain and wind, and thus easily used outdoors. This achievement in itself could offer an economical solution to current solar energy systems that use glass or other expensive materials as a base.The MIT team are currently conducting further research to improve the solar paper cell's efficiency, which currently sits at 1 percent. The team are confident that they can achieve a higher efficiency rate.The technology is almost as cheap and easy as printing from an inkjet printer.you can even fold it up, slip it in your pocket, then unfold it again for later use. Gold Nano Particles play a important part in solar paper.

Construction of Solar Paper

There are four simple steps to construct a Solar Paper :

Step1: Cartridge Refilling from Nano particle ink.Step2: Design a Solar Panel Circuit.Step3: Print this Circuit on normal paper sheet.

Step4: Connection with Couple of Wire . Step1: Cartridge Refilling from Nanoparticle ink.

Step2: Design a Solar Panel Ckt.

Step3: Print this Circuit on normal paper sheet.

Step4: Connection with Couple of Wire :

Life Increment of solar Paper

By laminating the solar paper, the system can be protected from rain and wind, and thus easily used outdoors.

Nano Particles of Gold

Properties of Gold Nano particles

• Gold nano particles have a excellent properties in terms of conductivity.

• It improve the efficiency of Solar Paper.

• It have low resistivity.

• It can expand to five times and maintain conductivity.

• It allows low annealing temp, short process time & high conductivity.

Improving Solar Cell Efficiency with Modified Gold Nanoparticles

Throughout history, gold has been one of the more high profile elements. Known for its brilliant color, gold has long been associated with status and nobility. It has been used, most popularly, for currency and jewelry. However, while we typically think of gold in terms of its more common macroscopic uses, it is also incredibly useful in the nano scale realm. Nano particle are small particles, generally between 1 and 100 nanometers in diameter, of a material. They have a surprisingly high variety of uses in drug delivery, cancer detection, renewable energy, and even beer. They come in a variety of shapes, from cubes to wires to plates. Both size and shape can be tuned in order to best suit the particular desired application. Various forms of gold nano particles in particular have shown very promising results in improving the efficiency of solar cells, which take in light from the sun and convert it into energy. This energy can then be used to power our daily lives. Research and developments into solar energy are critical in the fight against climate change.

One of the most important features of a solar cell is its efficiency, or the percentage of the energy from sunlight that is converted to electrical energy and stored for later use. One of the hurdles in solar research is that this is typically very low, particularly in organic (also known as plastic) solar cells. Despite this, organic solar cells are very promising in terms of renewable energy due to their affordability, flexibility, and stability. Current work is being done to improve their functionality, in order to advance solar energy as a viable method to power modern society. This is where the gold nanoparticles come into play. By embedding the particles in the polymer layer of the cell, we can take advantage of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). What this means is that the particles scatter sunlight, allowing a greater percentage to be converted into electrical energy, increasing efficiency. Surprisingly, these effects are not present in the bulk material, which means that solar cell entirely plated in gold would not be very practical. Gold nanoparticles are popular due to their stability and broad LSPR effects.

While the effects of pure gold nanoparticles are fairly well studied, two recent papers have looked at combining gold with other materials in order to maximize their benefits. In 2013, Korean researchers Baek et. al. investigated the effects of not only pure gold nanoparticles on their organic solar cells, but of silver shell-gold core nanocubes. Silver nanoparticles, by themselves, are not quite stable enough for the desired application. Gold nanoparticles, while great, do absorb a lot of light compared to the amount that they scatter. The light absorbed by the nanoparticles is not converted into usable energy, so minimizing their absorption is desirable. They found that individually, gold by 12% and 5% (in two different polymers). However, when they replicated these three samples with the nanocubes, they found the efficiency increased by 17% and 12%, respectively. The PBT7 nanocube-containing sample had an average efficiency of 8.74%, with a peak result of 9.19%. Essentially, the silver coated nanocubes are an improvement over the pure nanoparticles because they allow the the broad LSPR effects of the gold nanoparticles to be observed, but the silver coating helps to mitigate some of the absorption seen with pure gold.

Recently, a cheap, common polymer has been successfully used in this type of solar cell! Kim et. al., also based in Korea, examined the effects of coating their gold nanoparticles with polystyrene, which is an inexpensive and readily available polymer. The polystyrene enhances long term stability of the particles and thus the cell. This is important in the process of translating solar cells from the

laboratory to a consumer market, while still allowing the cell to take advantage of the benefits seen in using pure gold nanoparticles. The polymer shell thickness is also easily adjusted. These polystyrene coated particles increased efficiency by about 9% when added to organic solar cells, up to 8.27%. While this is lower than the solar cells containing silver plated nanocubes discussed above, direct comparisons cannot be made as different polymers have slightly different responses. In addition, it is still higher than the pure polymers, showing that the polystyrene coated gold does improve the cell.

To conclude, gold nanomaterials are an exciting area of research, particularly relating to renewable energy. There a quite a few improvements that have been made recently, which opens up many doors to further research and hopefully to making organic solar cells more viable option for the consumer market. As this recent research shows, gold combined with other materials can lead to very significant improvements in solar conversion efficiency, sometimes with other benefits, such as stability. Longer term, gold nanoparticles may help us to combat climate change and reduce fossil fuel usage. There is still much work to be done in this exciting area of research, but these recent developments are incredibly promising.

Advantages of Solar paper

Charge Anywhere Under the Sun

Solar Paper can reliably charge your smart phone in about 2.5 hours on a sunny day.

Hanging Solar Paper on a backpack:

Thin, Lightweight and Durable:

The Solar Paper is just 1.5mm thick, 6.7-inches long and weighs 60g.

It is a cheaper device in comparison to solar panels:

It is Pollution free : Any type of pollution can’t exist.

Applications :

• Recharge any device that recharges via usb.

• Use in hill areas.

• Wide use in hot Places like Deserts.

• Highly requirement in rural areas .

• Use to operate led lights.

Conclusion

To make sure we have plenty of energy in the future, it's up to all of us to use energy wisely.

We must all conserve energy and use it efficiently. It's also up to those who will create the new energy technologies of the future.

All energy sources have an impact on the environment. Concerns about the greenhouse effect and global warming, air pollution, and energy security have led to increasing interest and more development in renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, wave power and hydrogen.

But we'll need to continue to use fossil fuels and nuclear energy until new, cleaner technologies can replace them. One of you who is reading this might be another Albert Einstein or Marie Curie and find a new source of energy. Until then, it's up to all of us.

The future is ours, but we need energy to get there.

Imagination is more important thanknowledge, for knowledge is limited,

whereas imagination embraces theentire world – stimulating progress,

giving birth to evolution.

Albert Einstein

REFERENCES

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The End