Selecting Turbines for Pump Drivescalgarypumpsymposium.ca/archives/Presentations/... · Steam Turbines For Pump Drives ... Quick start capability. Advantages of Steam Turbine Drives.

Selecting SteamTurbines for Pump Drives

Dave ScottRamco Energy Products Ltd

Wayne Adams J.W. Adams & Assoc. Inc

Calgary Pump SymposiumNovember 13,2009

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Steam Turbines

A Steam Turbine is an energy conversion device. It extracts heat energy from steam and converts it to velocity, or kinetic energy. The velocity energy, in turn, is used to produce rotary motion or useable shaft power.

What is a Steam Turbine?

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Steam Turbines

What is a Steam Turbine?

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Non- Condensing:

"Non-condensing" cycle is used when the turbine exhaust pressure is above atmospheric (14.7 psia). The exhaust steam energy is usually utilized in the plant process (resulting in a high "Steam-Cycle" efficiency).

Steam Turbines

Steam Cycle Terms

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Condensing:

"Condensing" cycle is used when the turbine exhausts to a pressure lower that atmospheric (usually to a steam condenser). The steam is cooled in the condenser (by water or air cooling) and the resulting condensate is pumped back to the boiler. Condensing "Steam Cycle" efficiencies are usually very low since most of the exhaust steam energy is lost to the cooling medium and not recovered.

Steam Turbines

Steam Cycle Terms

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Steam Rates:Theoretical Steam Rate (TSR) is based on "isentropic" turbine

performance [no losses] or 100% efficiency.Actual Steam Rate (ASR) reflects turbine efficiency and is expressed in the

same terms as the TSR. Lower ASR’s are indicative of higher turbine efficiencies.

Larger wheel sizes are often more efficient. Smaller wheels have lower windage losses and can be more efficient at low horsepowers than large wheels.

Typical single-stage turbine efficiencies range between 30 - 50%. Standard multistage turbine efficiencies range between 60 - 70%. Engineered multistage turbine efficiencies range between 70 - 80%.

Steam Turbines

Steam Cycle Terms

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Steam TurbinesMollier Diagram

Saturation Line

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Steam Cycle

Steam Turbines

P1T1

H1

H2

H2

P2

Inlet PressureInlet Temp

Inlet Enthalpy

Actual Exhaust

Theoretical ExhaustEnthalpy

Exhaust Pressure

Steam Turbines For Pump Drives Outline

•Why Steam Turbines?•Steam Turbine construction•Specifications•Steam Turbine selection

Steam Turbines as Prime Movers

• Prime movers are required as a drive for pumps, fans, blowers, generators, compressors, etc.

• Steam turbine drivers are prime movers that convert the thermal energy of steam into mechanical energy through the rotation of a shaft.

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PumpsGenerator DrivesCompressorsFansBlowersPaper MillsSugar MillsPalm Oil Mills

Steam Turbines

Steam Turbines Applications

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Steam Turbines

High horsepower in a small package.

Variable/optimal speed capability.

Usually directly connected to driven equipment.

Non Sparking - explosion proof.

High starting torque capability.

Will not stall or trip on overload.

Can operate independently of plant electrical system.

Quick start capability.

Advantages of Steam Turbine Drives

Why Steam Turbines?

Why Steam Turbines?Variable Speeds

Design speed

Maximum Continuous

speed

Minimum speed

Simple governors

100% 105% 85%

Advanced governors

100% 105% 65% or more

Why Steam Turbines?Speed Capability

Typical pump speeds: 1500, 1800, 3000, 3600 RPM

Maximum speeds -To 12000 RPM (and more)

Why Steam Turbines?Quick Starting

Why Steam Turbines?Availability of Steam

Exothermic processes

Why Steam Turbines?Availability of Steam

Waste product for fuel

Why Steam Turbines?Electrical Power Alternatives

Critical duties - power not required to operate a steam turbine

Generate power when power is not available

Why Steam Turbines?Flexibility

Variety of duties, common designUpgradeability

Steam Turbine Construction

Steam Turbine ConstructionFollow the Steam

Steam Turbine ConstructionInlet

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Steam Turbine Design -Components

Venturi Trip - single seated and piloted. Normally actuated through springs and linkages but also can be used in conjunction with bellows assemblies for low/air pressure trip functions. No throttling capability.

Built-in T &T Valve - The trip and governor valve are housed in the same inlet casing.

Separate T & T Valve - just as the name implies, it is separate from the turbine. Oil operated or latch type.

Trip Valve Types

Steam Turbine ConstructionSteam Chest

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Single Governor Valve & Venturi Trip

Trip Valve

Governor Valve

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Trip &Throttle Valve

Trip Valve

Governor Valve

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Curtis 2 row wheel is standard but 1 Rateau wheel is available for high speed applications.

Single profiled disc with 2 rows of blades shrunk and keyed on to shaft is standard. Solid rotor construction is available for certain applications and API 612 machines.

Rotor

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Turbine blades (buckets) are normally 403 stainless steel

Lower stressed blades are made from stock drawn to foil shape. (Drawn Blades)

Blades / Buckets

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Drawn Blades:Machined from extruded airfoil shaped

stock.Cut to length, tenon and root machined.Packer piece (spacer) between each

blade.Wedge/block locking piece at rim

insertion point.

Blades / Buckets

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Milled Blades:As horsepower and speeds increase, stronger blades are

needed. Also better shapes for efficiency. Milled blades are machined from a rectangular piece of bar

stock and are more expensive to produce because of the machining steps involved.

Milled blades do not require a packer piece between each blade.

Wedge/block locking piece at rim insertion point.

Blades / Buckets

Steam Turbine ConstructionSteam End

Steam Turbine ConstructionSteam End

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Manual Handvalves

Steam Turbine ConstructionExhaust end

Steam Turbine ConstructionCasing Support

Steam Turbine ConstructionRotor

Steam Turbine ConstructionRotor

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SST bearing housings are cast separate from the casing and are bolted on to the casing during assembly. They are cast with integral cooling water passages for lube oil cooling and are horizontally split to allow bearing removal with the rotor and casing in place. The following NON-STANDARD options are available:

Steel materialINPRO sealsAir purge connectionsOil mist connections

Bearing Housings

Steam Turbine ConstructionBearings

Journal bearings

Sleeve, ball

Thrust bearing

Rotor locating ballTilting pad

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Two types

Sleeve type bearings

Tilt-pad type bearings

Note: Ball radial bearings have been supplied

on some turbines for ExxonMobil.


Turbine BearingsThe Journal Bearings support the turbine rotor.

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Two types

Ball type thrust bearings

3311XR (Simple Bearing Case)(MRC)

9310 - U (Hi-Cap Bearing Case) (MRC)

Tilt-pad type bearings - Glacier


Turbine Bearings

The Thrust Bearing locates the turbine rotor in relation to the nozzle ring.

Steam Turbine ConstructionRing-Oiled Bearings

Steam Turbine ConstructionWhen Pressure Lubrication?

• Higher speeds• Tilt-pad thrust bearing• High exhaust temperatures• Needed for other items

– Trip and Throttle valve– Gear

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Options:“SP” circulating oil system (non - pressurized)

Saddle pump with oil tank, level indicator, carbon steel interconnecting tubing and sight flow indicator. Cooler and filter available as options.

F.F. lube feed and drain manifoldsComplete F.F. lube system

Lubrication

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All standard ball thrust bearing applications are ring oiled unless :Turbine speed is over 5000 RPMLimits on allowable Exhaust temperature are exceeded.

All 9310-U (oversize ball thrust) and tilt-pad thrust bearing applications require a force feed lube oil system.

Lubrication

Steam Turbine ConstructionShaft Seals

Carbon rings most common

Steam Turbine ConstructionSeal Leakage

GOVERNORLINKAGE

STEAM CHEST

STEAM ENDJOURNAL BEARING

GOVERNOR VALVE

T GOVERNOR

COUPLING(T GOVERNOR DRIVE)

OVERSPEEDTRIP ASSEMBLY

ROTORLOCATING BEARING

CARBONRING ASSEMBLY

STEAM ENDSEALING GLAND

ROTORDISK ASSEMBLY

STEAMEND SUPPORT

STEAM ENDBEARINGHOUSING

STEAM ENDCASING

NOZZLE RINGREVERSING

BLADE ASSEMBLYEXHAUST

END CASING

EXHAUST ENDBEARING PEDESTAL

SHAFT SLEEVESEAL

EXHAUST ENDJOURNAL BEARING

ROTORSHAFT

SHAFT SLEEVESEAL OIL RINGS OIL RINGS

CARBON RINGASSEMBLY

EXHAUST ENDSEALING GLAND

CASING COVER

SENTINEL VALVE

C ELLIOTT TURBOMACHINERY CO., INC.,(YR)

OIL RINGS

Carbon Rings

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Three typesCarbon RingLabyrinthMechanical


Turbine SealsSeals prevent steam from leaking out of the casing along the turbine shaft, and potentially contaminating the bearing oil.

Steam Turbine ConstructionSeal Alternatives

Gas Face Seal – Don’t let the steam out

Water accumulationGrowthCost

Steam Turbine ConstructionBearing Isolators

Keep the oil in and the steam out

Steam Turbine ConstructionControls – Speed definitions

Class of Governing

System

Maximum Speed

Regulation %

Maximum Speed

Variation%

Maximum Speed Rise

%A 10 0.75 13

B 6 0.50 7

C 4 0.25 7

D 0.50 0.25 7

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The standard governor is the Woodward TG-13.

The following mechanical-hydraulic governors are available:TG-13LPG-DPG-PLUG-10UG-40

Governors

Steam Turbine ConstructionControls – Mechanical-Hydraulic

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TG -13 PG-D PG-PL

UG- 8 & 10UG-40

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The following electronic governors are available:Woodward Peak 150Woodward 505Tri-Sen TS-110Tri-Sen TS-310Dynalco

Actuators - Fisher, Valtek and WoodwardPneumatic and hydraulic

Governors

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Peak 150 505

TS 110 TS 310

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Woodward ProTech 203

Triconex TurboSentry

Steam Turbine ConstructionControls - Electronic

Control componentsconsiderations -

ReliableVersatileRemote signalRedundant trip

Steam Turbine SelectionWhen to use a Multistage

TurbineLarger exhausts

needed than available on single stage

turbines (typically condensing)

Steam rate improvement

Power too high for single stage turbine

Steam Turbine SelectionMultistage Comparison

Steam rate at normal

Annual cost of steam (millions)

Normal power Plus 10%

51.2 $1.58

Min/Max design with Hand Valves

54.6 $1.68

Min/Max design without Hand Valves

58.7 $1.81

Multistage 40 $1.23

Steam Turbine Specifications

Steam Turbine Specifications

• NEMA SM23- Controls- Velocity limits- Piping loads- Excursions- Purity

• API 611 General Purpose• API 612 Special Purpose

Mechanical DifferencesAPI 611• Cast iron bearing housing• Sleeve journal bearings• Ball or tilt-pad thrust bearing• Carbon ring steam seals• Keyed shaft• Nema A or D governor

API 612• Steel bearing housing• Sleeve or tilt-pad journal bearings• Tilt-pad thrust bearing• Labyrinth end seals• Nema D governor• Oil operated T&T valve• 2 out of 3 voting electronic trip• No mechanical trip• Casing field rotor balance provision• Rotor shafts must be degaussed

Standard TestingAPI 611• 1-hour uninterrupted mechanical test• Measure Oil Temperature (IN)• Measure Oil Pressure (IN)• Measure Steam Pressure

– Inlet and Exhaust• Measure Steam Temperature

– Inlet and Exhaust• Standard Rotor Balance

API 612• 4-hour uninterrupted mechanical test• Rotor Dynamics Testing

– Amplitude vs. Frequency– Amplitude vs. Speed– Phase Angle vs. Speed– Prove Lateral Critical (N/A for stiff

shaft rotors)• Measure Oil Temperature (IN / OUT)• Measure Oil Pressure (IN / OUT)• Measure Oil Flow• Measure Steam Pressure

– Inlet and Exhaust• Measure Steam Temperature

– Inlet and Exhaust• Check rotor unbalance response (if

coupling is furnished by Elliott)• Incremental Rotor Balance

Standard DocumentationAPI 611• Willans Line (Performance

Curve)• API-611 Data Sheets

API 612• Willans Line (Performance

Curve)• API-612 Data Sheets• Rotor Response Analysis

(Lateral)• Campbell / Goodman

Diagrams

Steam Turbine Selection

Steam Turbine SelectionData Required

• Musts– Inlet pressure– Inlet temperature– Exhaust pressure– Power required (sometimes flow available)– Speed of driven equipment

Steam Turbine SelectionData Required - Additional

• Driven equipment• Control required (NEMA)• Operational considerations• Steam consumption information

API 611 Data Sheet

JOB NO. ITEM NO.GENERAL-PURPOSE STEAM TURBINE PURCHASE ORDER NO.

DATA SHEET SPECIFICATION NO.

U.S. CUSTOMARY UNITS REVISION NO. 0 DATE

PAGE 1 OF 3 BY DCM - ELLIOTT

1 APPLICABLE TO: PROPOSAL PURCHASE AS BUILT

2 FOR UNIT

3 SITE NO. REQUIRED

4 SERVICE DRIVEN EQUIPM ENT

5 M ANUFACTURER ELLIOTT M ODEL SERIAL NO.

6 N OT E: IN D IC A T ES IN F OR M A T ION C OM P LET ED B Y P UR C HB Y M A N UF A C T UR ER B Y M F GR IF N OT B Y P UR C H

7 OP ER A T IN G C ON D IT ION S P ER F OR M A N C E

8 P OWER , SP EED , OP ER A T IN G P OIN T / N O. H A N D VA LVES ST EA M R A T E,

9OP ER A T IN G P OIN T B H P R P M ST EA M C ON D IT ION OP EN (5.4.1.5) LB S/ H P -H R

10 NORM AL NORM AL/NORM AL

11 (CERTIFIED SR)

12 RATED RATED/NORM AL

13 OTHER (4.1.4) (1) M IN. INLET -

14 D UT Y, SIT E A N D UT ILIT Y D A T A M AX EXHAUST

API 611 Data Sheet

17 SLOW ROLL REQ. (4.10.4) HAND VALVES REQ. (5.4.1.5) API-611 OTHER

18 DUTY CONTINUOUS STANDBY

19 UNATTENDED AUTO START (4.1.6) C ON ST R UC T ION

20 LOCATION (4.1.14) INDOOR HEATED UNHEATED TURBINE TYPE HORIZ VERTICAL

21 OUTDOOR ROOF W/O ROOF NO STAGES WHEEL DIA., IN.

22 AM BIENT TEM P., °F: M IN. M AX ROTOR: BUILT UP SOLID OVERHUNG

23 UNUSUAL CONDITIONS DUST SALT ATM OSPHERE BETWEEN BRGS

24 (4.1.14) OTHER BLADING 2 ROW 3 ROW RE-ENTRY

25 ELECT. AREA (4.1.13) CLASS GROUP DIV CASING SPLIT AXIAL RADIAL

26 NON-HAZARDOUS CASING SUPPORT CENTERLINE FOOT

27 CONTROL POWER V PH. HZ VERT. JACKSCREWS (4.2.13)

28 AUX. M OTORS V PH. HZ VERTICAL TURBINE FLANGE

29 COOLING WATER PRESS, PSIG D P, PSI NEM A "P" BASE OTHER (4.4.9)

30 TEM P FLOW, GPM D T °F: TRIP VALVE INTEGRAL SEPARATE

31 ALLOW. SOUND PRESS LEVEL (4.1.12) dBA @ FT INTERSTAGE SEALS LABYRINTH CARBON

32 ST EA M C ON D IT ION S END SEALS CARBON RING, NO/BOX

33 M A X N OR M A L M IN . LABYRINTH M ATERIAL

INLET PRESS, PSIG M ECHANICAL M FR

34 INLET TEM P,°F

35 EXHAUST PRESS (PSIG)(IN. HGA) TYPE RADIAL BEARINGS (4.9.1)

36 STEAM CONTAM INANTS (4.11.1.7) TYPE THRUST BEARING (4.9.2)

API 611 Data Sheet

37 T UR B IN E D A T A CALCULATED THRUST LOAD PSI (4.9.15)

38 ALLOW SPEEDS, RPM , M AX M IN BEARING M FGR's ULTIM ATE RATING PSI

39 M AX CONT SPEED, RPM (3.1.10) THRUST COLLAR (4.9.10.2) REPLACEABLE INTEGRAL NONE

40 TRIP SPEED, RPM BLADE TIP VEL, FPS LUBE OIL VISCOSITY (4.10.3) ISO GRADE

41 FIRST CRITICAL SPEED, RPM (4.8.2.1) LUBRICATION RING OILED PRESSURE GREASE

42 EXH. TEM °F NORM AL NO LOAD OIL M IST (4.9.19)

43 POTENTIAL M AX POWER, BHP (3.1.20) PURGE OIL M IST PURE OIL M IST

44 M AX. NOZZLE STEAM FLOW, LBS/HR BEARING HOUSING OILER TYPE

45 ROTATION FACING GOVERNOR END CCW CW C A SIN G D ESIGN IN LET EXH A UST

46 DRIVEN EQUIPM ENT THRUST, LBS (4.9.11) M AX. ALLOW. PRESS, PSIG

47 (VERTICAL TURBINE) (4.9.3) M AX ALLOW. TEM P, °F

48 WATER PIPING FURN. BY VENDOR OTHERS HYDRO TEST PRESS., PSIG

49 OIL PIPING FURN. BY VENDOR OTHERS

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Steam ConditionsMore "available energy" means lower steam flow to produce power.

Horsepower & RPM

In general, higher HP & RPM turbines are more efficient.

Frame SizeNumber of stages.

Stage pitch diameters.

Inlet & Exhaust Losses

Minimized by keeping velocities within reasonable limits.

Steam TurbinesFactors that affect Turbine Performance

Steam Turbine Selection

Steam Rate = Flow/Power or TSR/η

TSR – theoretical steam rate = Δhis/Constant

Steam Turbine SelectionPower Calculation

Power = (Flow) (His) (η) / 2545 - HP losses

In English units:Power = horsepower His = Isentropic BTU per poundη = efficiency Flow = Pounds per hour

And Vj = Steam Jet Velocity = 2gcJ(ΔHis)Where Vb = Bucket Velocity = π(Stage Diameter)(Speed) / K

Steam Turbine SelectionTypical Efficiency

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

Velocity Ratio Vb/Vj

Eff

icie

ncy

Steam Turbine SelectionExample

• 770 Horsepower @ 3600 RPM• 600 psig/700 Deg. F/150 PSIG• 847 maximum Horsepower

Steam Turbine Selection Design Checks

Inlet and Exhaust velocities

Non –Condensing feet/second

Condensing feet per second

Inlet 175 175

Exhaust 250 450


Mechanical Limits• Shaft end torque• Blade stresses (Goodman diagram)• Blade frequencies (Campbell Diagram)• Speed limits

– Blades, Shrouds, Disks, Critical speed


AerodynamicsPressure ratio across the stage determines ideal nozzle expansion ratio – ratio of exit area to throat area

Steam Turbine Selection Nozzle Configuration

Steam flow divided by critical flow determines nozzle area required

Nozzles are arranged to accommodate the hand valve ports ribs

Nozzle area required divided by the nozzle throat area determines the number of nozzles

Nozzle Ports

Nozzles are arranged to accommodate the hand valve ports, ribs

Steam Turbine SelectionResults Comparison

Steam rate at normal

Annual cost of steam

(millions)Normal power

Plus 10%51.2 $1.58

Min/Max design with Hand Valves

54.6 $1.68

Min/Max design without Hand

Valves

58.7 $1.81

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Following instrumentation available:Thermocouples or RTDsRadial vibration probesAxial position probesKeyphasor Vibraswitch Accelerometer

Instrumentation

Leakoffs & Drains (Typical)

Leakoffs to Open Drain

•2 packing case•1 trip valve stem•1 governor valve stem

Open Drains with Suitable Valve

•1 turbine case drain•1below the seat drain (steam chest)•1above the seat drain (steam chest)

Steam TurbinesSteam Traps

• Spirax Sarco• TD-52 or TD-62 (based on

temperatures)• Located on turbine drain lines

Steam Turbines

Steam Inlet

Bypass Globe ValveSteam Drain Line

Steam Drain Line

Steam Outlet

Auto Start

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Following accessories are available:Low oil / air pressure trip Solenoid trip arrangementAlarm & trip switchesTachometers (digital, externally powered or self-powered)2 out of 3 voting overspeed trip arrangementGaugeboards with gauges and tachometer mountedSoleplate or baseplate (turbine alone or with

gear/generator)

Accessories

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Valved casing drain connectionsSeal steam piping

Manual systemAutomatic system

Gland condenser options - standard & TEMA CAutomatic steam trapsCouplingsOptical alignment flats & tooling balls

Accessories

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Material certificationsBOMMaterial certs on major castingsCertificate of compliance

Miscellaneous testsAPI 612 M & E runout check

Accessories

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Main equipment outline (General Arrangement)Section drawings - normally contained in IOMParts Lists - normally contained in IOMLube schematics - furnished when FF lube system suppliedElectrical schematics - supplied when several electrical devices

and instrumentation is furnishedInstruction manuals - CD plus 1 hard copy. Hard copy shipped

with turbine

Software - Drawings, Lists and Data

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Optional drawings and data submittals available at extra cost:Combined outline - all major equipment on one drawingAs-built section drawingsP & I diagramPerformance curvesCampbell & Goodman diagramsCritical speed analysisTorsional data and or analysisReport on balance machine sensitivity - APIAPI Appendix requirements

Software - Drawings, Lists and Data

Steam Turbine SelectionConclusions

• Pump OEMs – don’t over-specify the power

• Contractors – Use realistic min/max conditions

• Users – Use the Hand valves!!!

Summary

• Steam turbines are a reliable and flexible driver for pumps

• Construction allows long term reliability• Specifying appropriate operating

conditions can save significant amounts of money

Selecting Turbines for Pump Drivescalgarypumpsymposium.ca/archives/Presentations/... · Steam Turbines For Pump Drives ... Quick start capability. Advantages of Steam Turbine Drives.

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