Scientific Research Journal of India SRJI Vol-1 No-1 Year 2012

Scientific Research Journal of India ( SRJI )Dr.L.Sharma Campus, Muhammadabad Gohana,

Mau, U.P., India. Pin- 276403Email: [email protected]

Cont: +91-9320699167, 8822485959, 9305835734Web: http://www.srji.co.cc

Scientific Research Journal of India(SRJI)

Vol 1 ● No. 1 ● Year: 2012 ISSN: 2277-1700

Vol.1 ● No.1 ● 2012 Scientific Research Journal of India 1

http://www.srji.co.cc

Table of Content

● Editorial 2

● Vermicompost: a source of soil fertility management in organic

farming(Agriculture ) 3

● Growth Status among Females of Solan District of Himachal Pradesh

(Anthropology ) 10

● Exploration of the History of Physiotherapy

(Physiotherapy )

19

● Effectiveness of Proprioceptive Training over Strength Training

in Improving the Balance of Cerebral Palsy Children with

Impaired Balance

23



Editorial

Dear Readers,

It is my immense pleasure to present the first issue of the first volume of the Scientific

Research Journal of India (SRJI). This journal is the official organ of Dr. L. Sharma Medical

Care and Educational Development Society. Scientific Research Journal of India is a

Multidisciplinary, peer reviewed and open access Journal of science. The scope of this

journal is therefore necessarily broad to cover recent discoveries in structural and functional

principles of scientific research. It encourages and provides a forum for the publication of

research work in different fields of pure and applied sciences. The Journal will publish

selected original research articles, reviews, short communications and book reviews in the

various fields of science like Botany, Zoology, Medical Sciences, Agricultural Sciences,

Environmental Sciences, Natural Sciences, Anthropology and any other branch of related

sciences. The Journal will be regularly published and issued quarterly. We shall also publish

special issues based on specific themes at the suggestion of the executive committee of Dr. L.

Sharma Medical Care and Educational Development Society and members of editorial of

SRJI.

I hope you shall appreciate our effort.

Dr. Popiha Bordoloi, Ph.D.

Email: [email protected]



Vermicompost: A Source of soil fertility management in organic farming

P. Bordoloi*, A. Arunachalam**, K. Arunachalam*** & S.C. Garkoti****

Introduction

Arunachal Pradesh is a ‘biodiversity rich

hot spot’ in the Indian Eastern Himalayas.

The agro climatic condition and variation

in elevation and latitude caused the

occurrence of different and distinct

vegetation types of this region. Huge

amount of agricultural crop residues, weed

biomass from both cropped and non-

cropped areas are also available annually,

which are usually burned for crop

cultivation in the subsequent years. The

estimated amount of agricultural crop

waste in Arunachal Pradesh was 261865

tonne (t) per year which could be

harvested from the cereals and legumes

cultivated. In addition, a substantial

Abstract: Use of vermicompost in crop field can reduce the cost of cultivation by replacing

chemical fertilizer and it maintains sustaimentnable agriculture by improving soil texture and

its enrichment. Vermicompost can convert waste in to money, so, it is rapidly becoming a

growth business with an overall mandate of organic farming. Most of the farmers of India in

general and Arunachal Pradesh in particular are marginal and poor. For them it is sometimes

not possible for construct a cemented vermicomposting tank for producing vermicompost due

to lack of Government subsidy. A low-cost bamboo beam vermicomposting unit was prepared

and productivity was analyzed. The economics of bamboo beam vermicomposting unit was

worked out and compared with that of the cemented tank vermicomposting unit as collected

from different sources. In bamboo beam vermicomposting unit, the cost of production of one

quintal vermicompost for first year was Rs. 79. For second year it was Rs. 6 and for the third

year it was Rs. 14.40. In cemented tank vermicomposting unit the cost of production of one

quintal vermicompost for first year was Rs. 632 and for second year onwards it was Rs. 10.

Thus it is concluded that low-cost vermicomposting technology can be used as a source of

income generation for the rural people by recycling and utilizing the locally available

biodegradable wastes.

Key words: Vermicomposting technology, biodegradable waste, Arunachal Pradesh.



amount of wastes are also arising from

livestock. For instance, about 2221440 t of

wet dung per annum, and 1382520 t of

urine per annum were arising from total

number of livestock available (Bordoloi et

al., 2007). In all, these agro-wastes could

be utilized successfully for compost

preparation and recycled for integrated

nutrient management for enhancing

production and maintaining productivity.

While using organic materials as

manures for crop production, the farmers

are faced with the problems of organic

materials being bulky, with a low nutrient

content in relation to their volume, and

being often messy and has bad odour.

Therefore there is a need to develop an

eco-friendly and appropriate technology to

maximize economic value of nutrients of

agro-waste for sustainable utilization.

Decomposition reduces much of organic

substances due to physical breakdown of

substrate, leaching of soluble materials,

and catabolism or oxidation (Seastedt,

1984). Conventional methods of

composting takes relatively higher time

and produce low quality manure. Use of

earthworm for degradation of organic

waste and production of vermicompost is

becoming popular and is being

commercialized. Use of vermicasting as

biofertilizer can be one of the measure to

overcome productivity crisis in agriculture

and play a multifaceted role in the

improvement of soil texture through its

influence in soil pH, as agent of physical

decomposition by promoting humus

formation by improving soil texture and its

enrichment (Venkateshwarlu, 1995).

Desai (1993) reported that by using

vermiculture the cost of production could

be substantially reduced by way of

replacing chemical fertilizers.

In totality, vermicompost can

convert waste in to money, so, it is rapidly

becoming a growth business with an

overall mandate of organic farming. Most

of the farmers of India in general and

Arunachal Pradesh in particular are

marginal and poor and may not afford to

construct cemented vermicomposting tank.

So, it is envisaged to have a low- cost unit

for the resource poor farmers of this

region. By considering all these views, for

maintaining sustainable crop production as

well as to reduce the cost of fertilizer

application an attempt was made to

prepare a non-tank vermicomposting unit

(bamboo beam) by utilizing locally

available materials and resources. It can

also be viably used as a source of income

generation for the rural people by utilizing

locally available biodegradable waste

materials.

Material and Methods



An experiment was conducted to evaluate

a low-cost bamboo beam structure for

vermicompost preparation. The specific

objective of the study being to test the

efficiency of some plant waste material as

a source of compost as well as to test the

efficiency of methods of compost

preparation and also to develop a low-cost,

eco-friendly bio-composting technique.

Three types of compost namely

simple compost, enriched compost and

vermicompost were prepared from easily

available agricultural waste i.e. rice straw,

weeds from rice field and kitchen waste.

Cow dung was mixed for all the compost

in the ratio of 1:1 (by weight). Bamboo

beam of size 1m×1m×0.5 m were

prepared. The beam was covered with

polyethylene sheet to check the nutrient

loss and to provide proper temperature for

quick decomposition. In vermicomposting,

after 25 days of decay the partial

decomposed materials were transferred to

the vermicomposting bed of size

2m×1m×0.3 m for inoculation of

earthworms. The identified suitable strain

of earthworm i.e. Eisenia foetida (Sav.)

was collected from Multi-Disciplinary

Training Centre (MTDC), Khadi Village

Industries Commission (KVIC), Midpu,

Arunachal Pradesh. A total of 1500

earthworms (750 earthworms; size < 0.7 g,

750 earthworms size > 0.7 g) was

inoculated for each bed and the bed was

covered by a gunny cloth. Moisture was

maintained at 40-50%. Each of the

treatments was replicated three times to

reduce the error of measurement of

particular parameters. Among all,

vermicompost was found more nutritious,

less time consuming and more productive.

The structure of bamboo beam unit and

different stages of vermicomposting are

presented in Figure 1.

The economics of bamboo beam

vermicomposting unit was worked out and

compared with that of the cemented tank

vermicomposting unit as collected from

different sources. The cost of cemented

tank vermicomposting unit was calculated

by personal observation and by having

interviews with different farmers which

have their own vermicomposting units

prevailing in Papum Pare district and from

the Department of Agriculture, Govt. of

Arunachal Pradesh. The net cost of

production per kilogram per year was

calculated.

Results and Discussion



For construction of low cost bamboo beam

vermicomposting unit of 1 tonne capacity

per harvesting a total of 60 piece bamboos

was needed for construction of shed and

bamboo beam, which was cost around Rs.

600. The total cost of thatch and polythene

sheet comes around Rs. 600. Labour cost

for construction of the unit was Rs. 350.

The initial cost of earthworm was Rs.

2000. The total cost including maintenance

and packaging for first year was Rs. 3950.

For second year it was Rs. 300 and for

third year it was Rs. 720. In one year 5

harvesting was done, so total of 50 q of

compost was harvested from the unit. Net

profit for first year was Rs. 31,050, for

second year it was Rs. 34,700 and for third

year it was estimated Rs. 34,280. In the

first year, the cost of production of one

quintal vermicompost was Rs. 79, for

second year it was Rs. 6 and for the third

year it was Rs. 14.40 (Tables 1 and 2).

The construction cost of one tonne

capacity per harvesting cemented tank type

of vermicomposting unit was Rs. 31,600.

An expenditure of Rs. 500 was required

for maintenance and packaging from the

second year onwards. Thus the production

cost for one quintal vermicompost was Rs.

632 in the first year. And from second year

onwards it was Rs. 10 only (Tables 3 and

4).

From the data it is seen that non-

tank bamboo beam vermicomposting unit,

takes very low-cost compared to a concrete

tank. The cost of production of one tonne

vermicompost can be reduced by 87.5 % in

the first year. For second year cost of

production could reduce to 40%. Third

year it needs some what more that is 44%

more cost of production due to repairing of

bamboo beam and bamboo shed for

production of vermicompost for

subsequent years. On an average, the

production cost of one quintal

vermicompost in bamboo beam was Rs.

33.13 and in cemented tank it was Rs. 217

in first three years.

Low cost vermicomposting

technology can help the marginal and

resource poor farmers of the North East

India. The cost of cultivation of crops can

also be reduce by popularizing

vermicomposting technology by replacing

the need of chemical fertilizers. Most of

the peoples of North East India depend on

Agriculture. Vermicompost not only helps

to increase the productivity of crops but

also helps as income generation for the

youth of North East India. By utilizing

locally available resources and waste

material available by their own, the

farmers can construct a small

vermicomposting unit and can utilize it as

a source of income generation. Now a

days, it is a great concern to popularize the

organic farming. The demands of organic



products are increasing not only in the local market but also in global market.

a b

c d

Figure 1: (a) Bamboo beam structure (partial decomposition tank), (b) Placing of agricultural waste material in partial decomposition tank, (c) Earth worm collection from rearing bed, (d) Vermicomposting bed after inoculation of earthworm.

Table 1. Cost of production of non tank vermicomposting unit (bamboo beam)

Parameters Cost

1st year 2nd year 3rd year

Construction of shed (Bamboo 20 pieces @Rs. 10 per culm), (Size of shed 14m×16 m)

200.00 - 40.00

Bamboo beam 12 numbers (size 1 m ×1m×0.5 m), and bed 6 numbers (size 2 m × 1 m × 0.3 m), (Bamboo 40 pieces @Rs. 10 per culm)

400.00 40.00

Thatch 400.00 - 100.00

Polyethylene sheet 200.00 - 100.00

Man days for construction ( @ Rs. 70) 350.00 - 140.00

Miscellaneous 100.00 100.00 100.00

Cost of earthworm 2000.00 - -

Packaging cost 200.00 200.00 200.00Sieve 100.00 - -

Total cost 3950.00 300.00 720.00

Cost of production of 1 q vermicompost Rs. 79.00 Rs. 6.00 Rs. 14.40

(Production capacity per harvesting 10 quintal)



Table 2. Production of vermicompost in non-tank vermicomposting unit (bamboo beam)


Production in one harvesting 10q 10q 10q

5 harvesting in one year 50 q 50 q 50 q

Market price for 1 kg vermicompost

Rs. 5.00 Rs. 5.00 Rs. 5.00

Gross income after 1 year Rs.25,000.00 Rs.25,000.00 Rs.25,000.00

Sale of earthworm Rs. 10,000.00 Rs. 10,000.00 Rs. 10,000.00

Gross income after 1 year Rs. 35,000.00 Rs. 35,000.00 Rs. 35,000.00

Net profit Rs. 31050.00 Rs. 34700.00 Rs. 34280.00

Table 3. Cost of production of tank type vermicomposting unit (cemented type)

Parameters Cost


Construction of shed (11m ×3m) 14,000 - -Construction of tank of size ( 3m× 1m ×1m) total 3 numbers of tank

15,000 - -

Miscellaneous 300.00 300.00 300.00

Cost of earthworm 2000.00 - -

Packaging cost 200.00 200.00 200.00Sieve 100.00 - -Total cost 31,600.00 500.00 500.00

Cost of production of 1 q vermicompost Rs. 632.00 Rs. 10.00 Rs. 10.00

(Production capacity per harvesting 10 quintal)

Table 4. Production of vermicompost in tank type vermicomposting unit (cemented type)


Production in one harvesting 10q 10q 10q5 harvesting in one year 50q 50q 50qMarket price for 1 kg vermicompost

Rs. 5.00 Rs. 5.00 Rs. 5.00

Gross income after 1 year Rs. 25,000.00 Rs. 25,000.00 Rs. 25,000.00Sale of earthworm Rs. 10,000.00 Rs. 10,000.00 Rs. 10,000.00Gross income after 1 year Rs. 35,000.00 Rs. 35,000.00 Rs. 35,000.00

Net profit Rs. 3,400.00 Rs. 34,500.00 Rs. 34,500.00



References

-Bordoloi, P., Balasubramanian, D.,

Arunachalam, A., Arunachalam, K. and

Garkoti, S.C. (2007). Agricultural waste

management for sustainable crop Production:

A case study in Arunachal Pradesh.

Biodiversity Conservation- The Post-Rio

Scenario in India. Assam University, Silchar.

Seastedt,

-T. R. (1984). The role of microearthopods in

decomposition and mineralization processes.

Annu. Rev. Entomol. 29: 25-46.

-Venkateshwarlu, B. (1995). Composing the

decomposed. Indian Silk, September, 1995, 5.

-Desai A. (1993). Congress of Traditional

Science and Technology of India, I. I. T.

Bombay, 28 November to 3 December, 1993.

CORRESPONDENCE

*KVK, NRC on Pig, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Dudhnoi, Goalpara, Assam,

**A.Arunachalam, Division of Natural Resources Management, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi

Anusandhan Bhavan II, Pusa, New Delhi. ***School of Environment and Natural Resources, Doon University,

Dehra Dun, Uttarnchal, **** School of Environmental Sciences, Jowaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.



Growth Status among Females of Solan District of Himachal Pradesh

Trinayani Bordoloi*

Abstract: The study aims to see the age related changes in anthropometric and physiological

characteristics and association between adiposity measures and cardiovascular functions

among preadolescent and adolescent females. Growth pattern diverge at time of

preadolescence and adolescence. The present study was conducted by cross-sectional method

among 125 growing Rajput females ranging from 9 years to 16 years of Solan district,

Himachal Pradesh. The adiposity assessed by BMI, WHR, GMT. There is an increase in BMI

with age in the present study and the highest mean value is found at the age of 16. As far as

correlation between cardiovascular functions and adiposity measure are concerned there is a

significant correlation between blood pressure with BMI, GMT and WHR till 12 years, but in

the later years no such pattern was observe.

Key words: Anthropometry, Rajput females, Body Mass Index.

INTRODUCTION

Many changes both structural and functional in

the human body are witnessed with the

increasing age. These changes could be

attributed to growth and development which

starts right from conception and also due to

environmental conditions such as nutritional

pattern, physical activity level, health status etc

experienced by the human body.

Increasing body fatness is accompanied by

profound changes in physiological functions.

These changes are to a certain extent, associated

with the regional distribution of adipose tissue.

Body fatness and its distribution is a useful

epidemiological and clinical marker of health

risk among humans. Adiposity is the result of an

excessive number and/or size of white adipose



cells. At an individual level, a combination of

excessive caloric intake and a lack of physical

activity are thought to explain most cases of

adiposity (Lau et al 2007). A limited number of

cases are due primarily to genetics, medical

reasons, or psychiatric illness (Bleich et al

2008). Anthropometry is the widely accepted

tool for measures the adiposity of the human.

Studies in this regard reveal that BMI, WC,

WHR, GMT are the good indicators of the

adiposity measures of the preadolescent and

adolescent females. According to Barness et al

(2007) adiposity is a leading preventable cause

of death worldwide, with

increasing prevalence in adults and children,

and is viewed as one of the most serious public

health problems of the 21st century. Excessive

body weight is associated with various diseases,

particularly cardiovascular diseases, diabetes

mellitus type 2, obstructive sleep apnea, certain

types of cancer, and osteoarthritis (Haslam et al

2005). It has been very recently observed by

Kotchen et al. (2008) that blood pressure levels

and the prevalence of hypertension are related to

adiposity, the main components of adiposity

being BMI, waist/hip ratio, waist/height ratio

(WHtR) and percent body fat.

Taking the above issues into consideration,

the present study on the association of different

anthropometric parameters of adiposity and

blood pressure was designed in the Solan

district of Himachal Pradesh.

Materials and methods

Keeping in mind the objective of the study, data

on anthropometric and physiological

measurements were collected by using cross-

sectional method on 125 preadolescent and

adolescent females in the age groups 9 to 16

years of Solan district, Himachal Pradesh. The

data was collected from the schools in that area;

besides some data was also collected from home

visits. Age was recorded by the verbal response

of the subjects. An exhaustive proforma was

catered to obtain general data of the population

under study. The general information collected

from the mating pattern (constructed using

maternal and paternal subcastes) established the

fact that the Rajputs follow the rule of caste

endogamy and sub-caste exogamy. Different

body measurements were taken on each

individual such as height vertex, body weight,

mid upper arm circumference, waist

circumference, maximum hip circumference,

skinfold thickness at biceps, triceps,

subscapular, suprailiac, calf posterior, blood

pressure both systolic and diastolic, heart rate,

pulse rate and breadth holding time. These

measurements were taken according to the

standard recommendations of Weiner and



Lowrie (1981). For assessing the adiposity

measures of preadolescent and adolescent

females we have adopted various

anthropometric indices, body mass index, waist-

hip ratio and grand mean thickness and

statistical methods were used to calculate mean,

standard deviation, t-test value and correlation

to draw meaningful conclusions. Mean standard

deviation and t-value were used to assess the

changes in successive ages, while an attempt has

been made to correlate adiposity measures with

blood pressure. The analysis of the data was

done by using the Windows Vista basic version

of Windows. The calculation of data was done

in the Microsoft Excel program. The data was

analyzed by SPSS version 15 evaluation product

package and excel program itself.

Results

The basic information of the Rajput females of

the Solan district, Himachal Pradesh (Table 1)

indicates a gradual increase in mean stature,

body weight with age. The increase in height

vertex from 9 to 12 years was found to be

statistically significant and increase in body

weight from 13 to 14 years and 14 to 15 years

also found to statistically significant. An

increasing trend was observed in mid upper arm

circumference but at the age of 12 years a slight

decreasing pattern was observed.

Table1: Basic information of Rajput females in different age groups.

Variables

Age(yrs)

NHeight (cm)

Mean±SDt- value

Weight(kg)

Mean±SDt-value

MUAC(cm)

Mean±SDt- value

9 8 123.0±4.06 18.9±2.90 16.1±1.0

10 8 128.2±4.24 2.488* 22.6±4.75 1.875 19.1±9.1 .937

11 12 135.8±6.78 2.799* 26.7±5.4 1.742 17.4±1.7 .633

12 13 141.0±5.95 2.070* 27.6±6.0 .468 17.0±1.4 .605

13 9 143.9±5.70 1.114 31.0±5.5 1.601 17.3±1.5 .367

14 25 150.0±5.98 2.671* 36.5±5.3 2.679* 19.6±1.6 3.778***

15 16 152.2±10.90 .858 41.5±4.3 3.198** 20.0±3.2 .533

16 34 154.8±5.55 1.108 44.0±5.4 1.624 21.9±1.7 2.728**

*p<0.05 **p<0.01 ***p<0.001

MUAC- Mid Upper Arm Circumference



Table 2 displays a various adiposity measures

among Rajput females in different age group. In

this table BMI and WC showed an increasing

trend with age but WHR and GMT does not

show consistent pattern in subsequent age

groups. The maximum mean value of waist-hip-

ratio was found at 10 years (.879cm). The

increase in body mass index and waist

circumference and grand mean thickness from

14 to 15, 15 to 16 were found to be statistically

significant.

Table2: Adiposity assessed by BMI, WHR, WC, GMT

*p<0.05 **p<0.01 ***p<0.001

BMI- Body Mass Index

WHR- Waist- Hip Ratio

WC- Waist Circumference

GMT- Grand Mean Thickness

Table 3 displays mean values of various

physiological variables along with their standard

deviation among Rajput females of different age

group. An increasing trend was observed in

systolic blood pressure and breathes holding

time. The diastolic blood pressure, heart rate

and pulse rate declined and inclined pattern was

found with advancing age. The increase in

Variables

Age(yrs)

N

BMI

(kg/m2)

Mean±SD

t-valueWHR

Mean±SD

t-

value

WC (cm)

Mean±SDt-value

GMT

(mm)

Mean±SD

t-value

9 8 12.6±1.7 .83±.08 50.1±2.6 7.1±1.5

10 8 13.6±2.3 1.188 .88±.21 .614 55.2±11.2 1.246 6.0±1.8 1.312

11 12 14.3±1.4 .842 .85±.13 .325 54.7±4.9 .133 6.9±2.0 1.051

12 13 13.8±1.5 .894 .80±.11 1.183 54.2±7.9 .183 6.9±1.4 .096

13 9 14.9±1.8 1.497 .78±.04 .576 55.4±4.9 .410 6.3±2.2 .738

14 25 16.1±1.5 2.070 .78±.07 .339 59.6±3.8 2.622* 7.2±2.1 1.109

15 16 18.0±2.2 3.198** .77±.06 .566 62.4±3.4 2.351* 7.3±2.2 .077

16 34 18.3±1.5 .529 .74±.10 1.108 84.4±4.9 .069 9.0±2.1 2.556*



systolic blood pressure from 12 to 13 years was

statistically significant and the maximum mean

value mean value was found at 13 years of age.

Table3: The various physiological variables of the subjects.

Variables

Age(yrs)

NSBP

(mm/hg)Mean±SD

t-value

DBP(mm/hg)Mean±SD

t-value

HR(b/min)Mean±S

D

t-value

PR(p/min)Mean±S

D

t-value

Breath holding

time(sec)Mean±SD

t-value

8 100.5±6.7 72.0±6.2 80.6±6.3 77.5±4.8 14.6±3.7

10 8 108.0±11.5 1.60 72.1±7.2 .037 81.5±5.3 .301 76.6±4.4 .378 21.2±7.9 2.114

11 12 109.7±8.3 .384 68.6±6.1 1.187 76.5±7.2 1.674 73.4±7.3 1.105 16.1±5.4 1.764

12 13 105.8±9.6 1.095 66.3±4.6 1.058 81.2±8.1 1.507 78.2±7.2 1.652 21.8±13.1 1.430

13 9 115.7±8.02.536

*66.2±9.7 .028 77.6±7.0 1.079 75.7±7.2 .816 22.2±10.8 .016

14 25 104.4±21.3 1.533 70.4±7.9 1.266 79.7±4.9 .996 75.8±6.1 .054 25.9±11.2 .858

15 16 112.6±9.6 1.446 72.4±9.3 .742 76.2±3.62.452

*72.9±3.8 1.691 25.8±10.9 .032

16 34 114.7±14.4 .527 71.7±7.3 .307 72.9±7.1 1.735 69.2±6.2 2.207* 27.8±11.4 .612*p<0.05 **p<0.01 ***p<0.001

SBP- Systolic Blood Pressure

DBP- Diastolic Blood Pressure

HR- Heart Rate

PR- pulse Rate

In table 4 shows the correlation coefficient of

blood pressure with body mass index, waist hip

ratio and grand mean thickness of Rajput

females in advancing age. In this table

attempted was made to correlate the various and

blood pressure in different age groups and it is

concluded that correlation vary from variable to

variable in all the groups. There is a significant

correction between blood pressure with body

mass index, grand mean thickness and waist hip

ratio till 12 years but in later years no such

pattern was observed.



Table4: Correlation coefficient of blood pressure with BMI, WHR, GMT of the participants.

Variable

Age(yrs)

N

BMI(kg/m2) WHR GMT(mm)

SBP DBP SBP DBP SBP DBP

9 8 .541 .273 .758* .452 .964** .736*

10 8 .154 .348 .059 .365 .267 .534

11 12 .852** .420 .492 .124 .233 .291

12 13 .617* .535 .039 .042 .571* .576*

13 9 .645 .353 .181 .155 .350 .365

14 25 .131 .040 .173 .061 .048 .051

15 16 .378 .095 .083 .003 .341 .107

16 34 .038 .066 .133 .101 .093 .121

*p<0.05 **p<0.01 ***p<0.001

BMI- Body Mass Index

WHR- Waist- Hip Ratio

GMT- Grand Mean Thickness

Discussion

The variables considered in this present study

show an increasing trend from 9 to 16 years but

all parts of the body do not grow at the same

rate. Some body parts or dimensions increase

more than others during the adolescent period

(Tanner 1962).

Mean value of height vertex (stature)

increased among the growing Rajput females of

the Solan district of the Himachal Pradesh.

Similar findings were observed by Sinha and

Kapoor (2009) where there was an increase in

stature of adolescent girls aged 11-17 years. The

height increases in girls from the age of 9 years

in study conducted by the Abbassi (2000). It is

observed that there is an increase in body weight

from 9 years to 16 years in the present study.

The weight of the girls increases with age in

study the conducted by the Abbassi (2000).

According to the study conducted by

Tyagi et al (2005) the increase in weight with

age could be due to imbalance of energy in

favour of energy intake. The circumference

measurement that is mid upper arm

circumference show gradual increase with age

which indicates musculature development and

the similar results is found by Nadia et al (2009)

the mean mid upper arm circumference



(MUAC) and arm muscle area (AMA) for girls

gradually increased with age up to 17 years.

BMI and GMT of skinfold do not show

steady increase with age. There is fluctuation,

but a definite trend of increase witnessed would

entail this due to increase in fat mass. This

increase in fatness established the fact that there

continues to be increase in fat content in females

throughout life. The fluctuation could be a

reflection of fluctuation for fat stores as fat is

depleted incase of faster growth phase (Kapoor

et al 1998, Parizkova 1977, Sinha and Kapoor

2006). There is an increase in BMI from 9 years

to 16 years in the present study on preadolescent

and adolescent girls of Solan, Himachal Pradesh

with a slight dip from 11 years to 12 years.

Waist/hip ratio (WHR) is used as index

of obesity and regional fat distribution in

epidemiological studies. The decreases of mean

of waist-hip ratio in the age group 9 years-16

years among the growing Rajput females

implies gynoid fat distribution during the

growing period. During adolescence, there is

widening of the pelvis resulting into broader

hips relative to their waist, hence the

ratio decreases as the denominator increases at a

faster rate than the numerator of the ratio

(Malina, 1974).

With age physiological fitness also starts

stabilizing. But at the present study there is

relative decline in heart rate and pulse rate.

Comparatively higher heart rate and pulse rate

at an earlier age could be imputed to higher

metabolic rate as well as relatively low blood

pressure. Breath holding time displays a steady

increase with age.

An attempt was made to correlate the

various adiposity measures and cardiovascular

functions in different age groups and it was

concluded that the correlations vary from

variable to variable in all the groups. The

correlation coefficients reflect an inconsistent

pattern. As far as correlations between

cardiovascular functions and adiposity measure

are concerned there is significant correlation

between blood pressure and BMI, GMT and

WHR till 12 years, but in later years no such

pattern is observed. Deshmukh et al (2006)

found strong correlation between systolic blood

pressure and diastolic blood pressure with body

mass index and waist circumference in Wardha

district of Central India.

Acknowledgement

Authors gratefully acknowledge Prof. A. K.

Kapoor, Department of Anthropology,

University of Delhi for timely suggestions. They

are indebted to Rajput females of Solan district,

Himachal Pradesh for their cooperation and help

during data collection.



REFERENCES:

Abbassi Val 2000 The National Center for

Health Statistics.

Barness L A., Opitz J M., Gilbert-Barness

E .2007. Obesity: genetic, molecular, and

environmental aspects. Am. J. Med. Genet.

143A(24): 3016–34

Bleich S, Cutler D, Murray C., Adams A.

2008. Why is the developed world obese?

Annu Rev Public Health. .29: 273–95

Deshmukh P R., Gupta. S S, Dongre A R,

Bharambe M S., Maliye C, Kaur S, Garg B

S. 2006. Relationship of anthropometric

indicators with blood pressure levels in

Rural Wardha. India J Med Res. 123: 657-

664

Haslam D W, James W P. 2005.Obesity.

Lancet 366(9492): 1197–209.

Kapoor S, Patra P K, Sandhu S and Kapoor

A K. 1998 Fatness and its distribution

pattern among Jat Sikhs. J.Ind. Anthrop. Soc.

33:223-228.

Kotchen TA, Grim CE, Kotchen JM,

Krishnaswami S, Yang H, Hoffmann RG,

McGinley EL 2008. Altered relationship of

blood pressure to adiposity in hypertension.

Am J Hypertens, 21b: 284-289.

Lau D C, Douketis J D, Morrison K M,

Hramiak I M, Sharma A M, Ur E .2007.

2006 Canadian clinical practice guidelines

on the management and prevention of

obesity in adults and children. CMAJ

.176(8): S1–13.

R.M. Malina, 1974. Adolescent changes in

size, build, composition, and performance.

Human Biology 46:117-131

Gharib Nadia M. and Rasheed P. 2009.

Anthropometry and body composition of

school children in Bahrain. Ann Saudi Med.

29(4): 258–269.

Parizkova J. 1977 Body fat and physical

fitness. The Hague, Martinus Nijhiff, B V

Med. Div.

Sinha R and Kapoor S. 2006 Parent-Child

Correlation for Various Indices of Adiposity

in an Endogamous Indian Population. Coll.

Antrop. 30: 291-296.

Sinha R and Kapoor S 2009 Gender

difference in fat indices as evident in two

generations. Anthrop. Anz. 67: 153-163.

Tanner J M. 1962. Growth at adolescence,

2nd edition Blackwell Scientific Publication,

Oxford.

Tyagi R, Kapoor S, Kapoor A K. 2005.

Body composition and fat distribution

pattern of elderly females, Delhi, India. Coll.

Anthropol..29(2):493-498.



CORRESPONDENCE

*Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India.



Exploration of the History of Physiotherapy

Krishna Nand Sharma* BPT, MPT (Neuro)

INTRODUCTION

Physiotherapy or Physical Therapy

or PT, is a conservative science of the

treatment and management after the

clinical examination, assessment and

diagnosis of the diseases for restoration of

the neuro-musculo-skeletal and Cardio-

pulmonary efficiencies, managing pain and

certain integumentary disorders with the

help of physical means like radiation, heat,

cold, exercise, current, waves,

manipulation, mobilization etc.

Various organizations have defines

the Physiotherapy in their own words. Few

definitions of them are given below:

The APTA defines the physiotherapy as:

“clinical applications in the restoration,

maintenance, and promotion of optimal

physical function. ” 1

The Maharashtra OT PT Council defines

the physiotherapy as: “ a branch of

medical science which includes

examination, assessment, interpretation,

physical diagnosis, planning and execution

of treatment and advice to any person for

the purpose of the preventing correcting,

alleviating and limiting dysfunction, acute

and chronic bodily malfunction including

life saving measures via chest

physiotherapy in the intensive care unites,

curing physical disorders or disability

promoting physical fitness, facilitating

healing and pain relief and treatment of

physical and psychosomatic disorders

through modulating physiological and

physical response using physical agents,

activities and devices including exercises,

mobilization, manipulation, therapeutic

Abstract: Physiotherapy or Physical Therapy or PT, is a conservative science of the treatment

and management after the clinical examination, assessment and diagnosis of the diseases for

restoration of the neuro-musculo-skeletal and Cardio-pulmonary efficiencies, managing pain

and certain integumentary disorders with the help of physical means like radiation, heat, cold,

exercise, current, waves, manipulation, mobilization etc. Many organizations describe

physiotherapy in their ways. This paper explores the historical roots of physiotherapy.



ultrasound, electrical and thermal agents

and electrotherapy for diagnosis, treatment

and prevention. ” 2

Physiotherapists use the patient’s

history and physical examination to make

the diagnosis and establish a management

plan and in necessity they incorporate the

results of laboratory, imaging studies and

Electrodiagnostic testing.

Physiotherapy is concerned with

identifying and maximizing the quality of

life and movement potential within the

spheres of promotion, prevention,

treatment or intervention, habilitation and

rehabilitation which encompasses the

physical, psychological, emotional, and

social well being.

The texts reveals that the

physiotherapy was rooted in 460 B.C.

when the physicians like Hippocrates and

later Galenus who may be believed to have

been the first practitioners of physical

therapy used to advocate massage, manual

therapy techniques and hydrotherapy to

treat people.3

In the 18th century, after the

development of orthopedics, machines like

the Gymnasticon were developed for the

treatment of gout and similar diseases by

systematic exercise of the joints, similar to

later developments in physical therapy.4

The earliest documented origin of

the actual physiotherapy is found to be in

Sweden. The Swedish word for physical

therapist is “sjukgymnast” (sick-gymnast).

Per Henrik Ling who is called he Father of

Swedish Gymnastics founded the Royal

Central Institute of Gymnastics (RCIG) in

1813 for massage, manipulation, and

exercise.

The first use of the word

physiotherapy is found in German

Language as the word “Physiotherapie” in

1851 by a military physician Dr.Lorenz

Gleich.5

Physiotherapists were given

official registration by Sweden’s National

Board of Health and Welfare in 1887

which was then followed by other

countries. The word “Physiotherapy” was

coined by an English physician Dr.Edward

Playter in the Montreal Medical Journal in

1894 after 43 years of the German term

“Physiotherapie”. In his words- “The

application of these natural remedies, the

essentials of life, as above named, may be

termed natural therapeutics. Or, if I may be

permitted to coin from the Greek a new

term, for I have never observed it in print,

a term more in accordance with medical

nomenclature than the word hygienic

treatment commonly used, I would suggest

the term, Physiotherapy” .6

In the same year four nurses Lucy

Marianne Robinson, Rosalind Paget,

Elizabeth Anne Manley and Margaret



Dora Palmerin in Great Britain formed the

Chartered Society of Physiotherapy.7

The first documented professional

institution for Physio- therapy training was

School of Physiotherapy at the University

of Otago in New Zealand which run an

entry level program in physiotherapy.8

After this the next year or in 1914

in United States, Reed College in Portland,

Oregon, graduated “reconstruction aides”.9

The establishment of the modern

physical therapy is thought to be in Britain

towards the end of the 19th century. The

American orthopedic surgeons started

treating the disable children and started

employing women trained in physical

education, massage, and remedial exercise.

It was promoted further during the Polio

outbreak of 1916 and during the First

World War when the women were

working with the injured soldiers.

The first physical therapy research

was published in the United States in

March 1921 in “The PT Review”. In the

same year, Mary McMillan organized the

physiotherapy association named the

American Women’s Physical Therapeutic

Association which is currently known as

the American Physical Therapy

Association (APTA).

Primarily in the 1940s the

treatment consisted of exercise, massage,

and traction but later in the early 1950s the

Manipulative procedures to the spine and

extremity joints began to be practiced

especially in the British Commonwealth

countries, in the early 1950s.10, 11

REFERENCES

1. http:/ / www. apta. org/ / AM/ Template.

cfm?Section=& WebsiteKey=

2. Maharashtra Act No. II of 2004.

Mharashtra Govern- ment Gazzet. 12 Jan

2994. Part 8:5-29

3. Wharton MA. Health Care Systems I;

Slippery Rock University. 1991

4. American Physical Therapy

Association. “ Discovering Physical

Therapy. What is physical therapy ”

(http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?S

ection= Consumers1& Template=/ CM/

HTMLDisplay. cfm& ContentID=39568).

American Physical Therapy Asso- ciation.

. Retrieved 2008-05-29.



5. Tertouw TJA. Letter to editor-the origin

of the term “ Physiotherapy ” . Physiother

Res Int. 2006; 11:56-57

6. Playter E. Physiotherapy First: Nature’s

medicaments before drug remedies;

particularly relating to hydrotherapy.

Montreal Medical Journal. 1894;xxii:811-

827

7. Chartered Society of Physiotherapy

(n.d.). “ History of the Chartered Society

of Physiotherapy ” (http:/ / www. csp. org.

uk/ director/ about/thecsp/ history. cfm).

Char- tered Society of Physiotherapy. .

Retrieved 2008-05- 29

8. Knox, Bruce (2007-01-29). “ History of

the School of Physiotherapy ” (http:/ /

web. archive. org/ web/ 20071224020426/

http:/ / physio.otago. ac. nz/ about/ history.

asp). School of Physiotherapy Centre for

Phys- iotherapy Research. University of

Otago. Archived from the original (http:/ /

physio. otago. ac. nz/ about/ history. asp)

on 2007-12-24. . Retrieved 2008-05-29.

9. Reed College (n.d.). “ Mission and

History ” (http:/ / www. reed. edu/

about_reed/ history. html). About Reed.

Reed College. . Retrieved 2008-05-29.

10. McKenzie, R A (1998). The cervical

and thoracic spine: mechanical diagnosis

and therapy. New Zealand: Spinal

Publications Ltd..pp. 16–20. ISBN 978-

0959774672.

11. McKenzie, R (2002). “ Patient Heal

Thyself ” . World- wide Spine &

Rehabilitation 2 (1): 16–20.

CORRESPONDENCE

*Academic Chairman: Institute for Health & Wellness

Address: Institute for Health & Wellness, Dr.L.Sharma Campus, Muhammadabad Gohana, Mau, U.P., India.

Pin-276403. Email: [email protected] Cont: +91-9320699167

.



Effectiveness of Proprioceptive Training over Strength Training in

Improving the Balance of Cerebral Palsy Children with Impaired Balance

Kuki Bordoloi* MPT (Neuro), Nidhi Sharma** MPT (Neuro)

INTRODUCTION

Cerebral palsy is an umbrella term

encompassing a group of non-progressive [1], non-contagious motor conditions that

cause physical disability in human

development, chiefly in the various areas

of body movement.[2] It is a non-

progressive disorder of motor function.[3]

It is caused by damage to the motor

control centers of the developing brain and

can occur during pregnancy, during

childbirth or after birth up to about age

three.[4] The motor disorders of cerebral

palsy are often accompanied by

disturbances of sensation, perception,

Abstract: This is an experimental study with same subject design. Proprioceptive training and

strengthening exercises is a promising therapy to improve the balance in CP subjects with

impaired balance.The study intended to find out the effectiveness of Proprioceptive training

and strength training exercises on balance of the CP subjects and which of them is more

effective. 30 male or/and female patient of CP with impaired balance will be taken and

randomly divided in to two groups. Group A will be treated with by proprioceptive training

and group B will be treated with strength training for 12 week. Both group will assess with

Timed-Up and Go (TUG) scale and Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) in starting and at the end of

12 weeks. The result will be statically analyzed using t-test for significance between the two

groups. After a 13-week training period, the ‘t’ test and ‘p’ values were found significant with

values 4.747 & 0.003 for TUG&PBS score respectively stating that there is significant effect

when using Proprioceptive training than giving strength training for improving balance in

geriatric subject with impaired balance. The result states that there is a significant effect when

using Proprioceptive Training than giving Strength Training for improving balance in the C.P.

subjects. So the proprioceptive training should be emphasized in the daily exercise regime of

C.P. subjects to improve their balance.

Key words: Balance, fall prevention, Strength training, Proprioceptive training.



cognition, communication, and behaviour,

by epilepsy, and by secondary

musculoskeletal problems.[5] It used to

describe diverse group of disorders of

movement, posture and tone due to central

nervous system insult.[4] In developed

countries, the overall estimated prevalence

of CP is 2-2.5 cases per 1000 live births.[34] The prevalence of CP among preterm

and very preterm infants is substantially

higher.[6]

Balance can be defined as a

complex process revolving the reception

and integration of sensory input, and the

planning and execution of movement, to

achieve a goal required in upright

posture.[7] The control of balance requires

the integration of information from

multiple sensory and motor systems by the

central nervous system (CNS).[8] Balance

receptors in the inner ear (vestibular

system) provide information to CNS about

the head and body movements.[9] The eye

(visual system) provides input regarding

the body’s orientation and motion within

the environment.[7] The position and

motion sensory of the muscle and joints,

and the touch receptors of the extremities

(proprioceptive system) send signals

regarding bodily position particularly in

relation to the supporting surface.[7]

The balance disorder of cerebral

palsy (CP) is expressed in a variety of

ways and to varying degrees in each

individual. Impairments present in children

with CP as a direct result of the brain

injury or occurring indirectly to

compensate for underlying problems

include abnormal muscle tone; weakness

and lack of fitness; limited variety of

muscle synergies; contracture and altered

biomechanics, the net result being limited

functional ability.[10] Other contributors to

the motor disorder include sensory,

cognitive and perceptual impairments.[10]

Proprioception is a sense produced

by the sensory receptors that are sensitive

to pressure in the tissues that surround

them.[11] They are also present in the bones

of the legs, arms or other parts of the body

and these receptors response to stretches of

the muscle surrounding them and send

impulse through the sensory nerve fibers

to the brain.[11] Decline in dynamic

position sense is associated with decrease

in the balance of C.P. children and this

decline in proprioception can be prevented

or improved by Proprioceptive training.[12]

In a study Edward R Laskowski et al

(1997) shown that proprioception based

rehabilitation programs improved

objectives measurements of functional

status, independent of changes in joint

laxity and proprioception can be improved

through Proprioceptive training.[12]



Muscle strength is another factor

that plays an important role in balance and

mobility.[7] Muscle weakness can be major

problem for many young people with

cerebral palsy.[7] Training of muscle

strength and coordination has been

recommended to improve motor function.[13] Bobath considered spasticity to be the

main problem in spastic C.P. and

suggested that resistance training should

be avoided, but Carr stated that it is not the

presence of spasticity but the negative

feature of weakness and loss of skills

which are the major barriers to improve

function. Many studies have reported

positive result in strength training in

spastic children.[14] Possible factors

interfering with normal gait pattern in

cerebral child includes spasticity, muscle

contracture, bony deformities loss of

selective motor and muscle weakness.[15]

Recent research has focused on muscle

weakness. ‘Wiley and Damino’ and Ross

and Engsberg’ described muscle is more

pronounced distally and found imbalance

across joints. Balance control is important

for competence in the performance of most

functional skills, helping a child to recover

from unexpected balance disturbances,

either due to slips and trips or to self

induced instability when walking a

movement that brings them towards edge

of their limit of stability.[16]

Many studies have been conducted

to show the individual effect of

Proprioceptive training and strength

training to improve the balance of C.P.

subjects. Hence this studies aims to

analyze the effectiveness of both treatment

technique and prove the better

effectiveness by comparing Proprioceptive

training and Strength training.

METHODOLOGY

Sample selection

The selection criteria are listed below.

Inclusion Criteria: CP subjects with age

group of 8-14 years, With normal I.Q.

(assessed by psychologist), Can follow

commands, Both boys and girls subjects,

CP subjects who had fall at least twice a

day, Subject who scored greater than 20

second in TUG test. Exclusion Criteria:

Children below 8 years and above 14

years, Children with any other

neurological impairment, Children with

audio visual impairment, Non ambulatory

patients.

Measurement tools

Timed up and go scale



Timed up and go scale provides a reliable

quick screening measure. Many researches

indicate that most adult can complete the

test in 10 seconds. A score of 11 to 20

seconds are considered within normal limit

for frail elderly or individual with a

disability whereas score over 20 seconds

are indicative of impaired functional

mobility. To perform this, the subject is in

sitting position and a visible object is

placed 3 meter away from the patient. The

subject is instructed to get up and walk

down till the object and return to the seat.

During this task timing is maintained with

a stopwatch and the time taken for it is

recorded. A score greater than 20 seconds

is associated with high risk in community

dwelling older adults.

Berg Balance Scale

The Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS), a

modification of Berg's Balance Scale, was

developed as a balance measure for

school-age children with mild to moderate

motor impairments.It is used to assess

balance and mobility which has 14

functional tasks commonly performed in

everyday life with scores ranging from 0-

4, with a maximum score of 56.

Procedure

Patients were selected on the assessment

and diagnosis of their condition and put on

the inclusion and exclusion criteria after

they were referred to physiotherapy

department by neurologist.

Method

The children were randomly divided in

two groups of 15 children each. All the

subjects were measured for functional

balance using Timed Up & Go Test and

Pediatric Balance Scale before start the

training period and at the end of thirteen

weeks of training.

Group A was trained with the

Proprioceptive training whereas the Group

B was trained with the Strength training.

Protocol

Strength training

All the subjects were treated with lower

extremity strengthening exercises using

weight cuff. A standardized weight of one

repetition maximum (1RM) was

considered for the subjects. 1RM was

determined before the training for all the

subjects.

A repetition of 8 to 15 times were

done for all the strengthening exercises for

duration of 30 minutes per session; with 5

minutes rest period in between for five

days a week and were continued for 13

weeks.

The following exercises were then

given and it was ensured that the position



of subjects in all form of exercises were

comfortable.

1. Side leg rising

Subjects were made to lie in side lying

position and instructed to abduct the upper

leg tied with weight cuffs slightly about 6-

12 inches. This position was held for

sometime and then the leg was lowered.

Same exercise was repeated with the other

leg.

2. Knee flexion exercise

Subjects were made to sit on high chair or

table, the knee was bent slowly as far as

possible, so that the foot with the weight

cuff was bent behind. The subject was

asked to hold the position and then the foot

was lowered slowly all the way back

down. The same procedure was repeated

with the other leg.

3. Hip Extension Exercise

Subjects were made to lie on prone

position and one leg with weight cuff was

lifted slowly straight upwards. The subject

was asked to hold the position and then the

leg was lowered. The same procedure was

repeated with the other leg.

4. Knee Extension Exercise

Sitting on the chair with back support, the

subject was asked to rest the balls of the

feet & toes on the floor. The hands were

kept on the thigh or on the side of the

chair, and then the right leg with the

weight cuff was extended slowly in front,

parallel to the floor for a period of 3

seconds. With right leg in that position, the

foot was flexed so that the toes were

pointing towards head; the foot was held in

that position for 1-2 seconds. Duration of 3

seconds was taken to lower the leg back to

the starting position, so that the balls of the

foot rested on the floor again. The same

procedure was repeated with the other leg.

5. Ankle Dorsiflexion

Sitting on the chair with back support, the

subject was asked to lift the foot tied with

a weight cuff so that the toes were pointing

towards the head. Then the subject was

asked to hold and slowly return to the

original position. The same procedure was

repeated with the other leg.

Proprioceptive Training

Subjects in Group A were given proper

warm up for 5-10 minutes before starting

the treatment in the form of simple

stretching (Quadriceps and hamstring

stretch) and free exercises (knee flexion

and extension in side lying and high

sitting).[63]

All the proprioceptive exercises

were performed for duration of 30 minutes

per session; with 5 minutes rest period in



between for three days a week and were

continued for 13 weeks.

The Proprioceptive training included the

following exercises

1. Stair climbing up and down (a

regular 3 steps staircase).

2. Standing with feet approximately

shoulder-width apart and arms

extended out slightly forward

lower than the shoulder, then

lifting both heel off the floor and to

hold the position for 10 seconds,

followed by climbing regular steps

staircase. This procedure was

performed with eyes closed also.

3. Standing with feet side by side &

holding the arms in same position

as described above, one foot is

placed on the inside of the

opposing ankle and to hold the

position for 10 seconds. Followed

by climbing regular steps staircase.

This procedure was performed with

eyes closed also.

4. To perform one leg standing with

one foot raised to the back and to

maintain the position for minimum

3 seconds. This procedure was

performed with eyes closed also.

5. Same exercise as above performed

but with one foot raised to the

front. This procedure was then

performed with eyes closed.

6. Walking heel to toes.

7. Rising from a standard chair (4

times) without arm support.

Data analysis

Data analysis was performed using the

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences

(SPSS) for windows version 17 (SPSS

Inc., Chicago, U.S.A.). The data were

analyzed using parametric (dependent‘t’

test and independent‘t’ test) and

nonparametric (Wilcoxon Signed Ranks

and Mann-Whitney Test) test to find the

significance of the interventions used

within and between the group A and B.

The significant level set for this study was

95% (p<0.05).

RESULTS & INTERPRETATION:



Thirty Cerebral Palsy patients were part of

the study. Both the groups (A and B)

included 15 patients each, with 11 male

and 4 females in group A and 12 male and

3 females in group B. Age group taken

was between 8-14 yrs with mean age of

12.33 yrs (SD=1.85).

In Group A, 15 subjects with an

average age of 12.4 yrs (SD=1.96) and in

Group B, 15 subjects with an average age

of 12.1 yrs (SD=1.79) completed the

study.

Table 1.1: Comparison of Gender of patients in both groups

Male Female

Group A 11 4

Group B 12 3

Total 23 7

Table 1.2: Comparison of Mean and SD of Age of Patients in both groups

Mean SD

Group A

Male 12.8 1.25

Female 11.3 3.20

Group B

Male 11.8 1.80

Female 13 1.73

Total

Group A 12.4 1.96

Group B 12.1 1.79



Table 1.3 Descriptive statistics of TUG Tests prior to and post study

Mean N Std. Deviation

TUGAPR 23.667 15 1.799

TUGAPS 19.933 15 1.534

TUGBPR 23.333 15 1.676

TUGBPS 21.000 15 1.414

Table 1.4 Descriptive statistics of PBS Tests prior to and post study

Mean N Std. Deviation

PBSAPR 42.1 15 1.792

PBSAPS 47.3 15 2.086

PBSBPR 43.1 15 1.685

PBSBPS 45.9 15 1.995

Interpretation

The table 1.1 states that total 30 patients

including 7 females were kept in two

groups A and B. The group A included 11

males and 4 females whereas the group B

included 12 males and 3 females. Stating

that the mean age of total patients was 12.4

in group A and 12.1 in group B the table

1.2 shows the mean age of male and

female in group A and the male and

female in group B as 12.8, 11.3, 11.8, and

13 respectively. The table 1.3 shows the

pre and post test means values for TUG

test It clearly shows that individually both

Proprioceptive training and Strength

training produced improvement in

Cerebral palsy patients with respect to

TUG test but the improvement in the A

which had had the Proprioceptive training

showed more improvement. This is again

confirmed with the findings of PBS test in

table 1.4 which states that although both

the groups showed improvement, the

group A had better findings than group B.

.Timed Up and Go Test:



Table 2.1 Dependent ‘t’ test performed with the pre & post values of TUG test for

significance within the groups

Within Group

Paired Differences

T Df P

95% Confidence

Interval of the

Difference`

Mean SD

Std.

Error

Mean

Lower Upper

TUG A Pre – TUG A Post 3.73333 .88372 .22817 3.24395 4.22272 16.362 14 0.003*

TUG B Pre – TUG B Post 2.33333 .72375 .18687 1.93254 2.73413 12.486 14 0.002*

*-Significant

Table 2.2: Independent ‘t’ test performed with the pre & post values of TUG test for

significance between the groups

Independent Samples Test

Between Group

Levene's Test for

Equality of

Variances

t-test for Equality of Means

95% Confidence

Interval of the

Difference

F Sig. T Df PMean

Diff.

Std.

Error

Diff.

Lower Upper

TUG A-

TUG B

Equal

variances

assumed

.429 .518 4.747 28 0.003* 1.4000 .29493 .79586 2.004

*-Significant

Interpretation

The table 2.1 shows that the value of ‘t’ as

16.362 and 12.486 for TUG Test in Group

A and Group B respectively in dependent

‘t’ test. The ‘t’ value is significant at

p<0.5. Graph 4 representing the mean

values of Pre and Post values of Timed Up

& Go test show improvement within the

group A and B respectively. Hence

individually both Proprioceptive training

and Strength training produced significant

improvement in Cerebral palsy patients

within their group with respect to TUG

test.

The table 2.2 shows that the value

of ‘t’ as 4.747 in independent ‘t’ test. The

value of ‘t’ is greater even at p<0.05,

which is significant. Hence there was

significant difference in improvement

between Proprioceptive training and

Strength training in Cerebral Palsy

patients with respect to TUG test.



Pediatric Balance Scale test:

Table 3.1: Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test

Within Group PBSAPR - PBSAPS PBSBPR – PBSBPS

Z -3.442 -3.432

P 0.002* 0.002*

*-Significant

Table 3.2: Mann-Whitney Test

*-Significant

Table 3.3: Mann-Whitney and Wilicoxon test performed with the pre & post values of

PBS test for significance between the group

Between Group PBS

Mann-Whitney U 15.500

Wilcoxon W 135.500

Z -4.083

P 0.003*

*-Significant

Interpretation:

The table 3.1 shows that the value of ‘p’

as 0.002 for Group A and Group B

when compared within the group

respectively. Graph 5 representing the

mean values of Pre and Post values of

PBS show improvement within the

group A and B respectively. Thus there

is significant improvement on PBS in

Cerebral palsy patients after

Proprioceptive training and Strength

training within their group respectively.

GROUP N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks

PBS

A 15 21.97 329.50

B 15 9.03 135.50

Total 30

Vol.1 ● No.1 ● 2012


of ‘p’ as 0.003 and hence significant.

Hence we can state that there was


Table – 4.1 Mean of improvement in all the parameters between group a & Group B

Parameters

Interpretation:

The above table 4.1 and the graph 6,

clearly indicates that the Proprioceptive

training produced more improvement in

the selected parameters (TUG, PBS)

when compared with Strength training in

Cerebral palsy patients.

Graph 1: Comparison of both the

groups and the total on the basis of

gender of Patients

Scientific Research Journal of India



of ‘p’ as 0.003 and hence significant.

Hence we can state that there was




patients with respect to PBS test.

4.1 Mean of improvement in all the parameters between group a & Group B

Parameters Group A Group B

TUG 3.73 2.33

PBS 5.19 2.73

The above table 4.1 and the graph 6,

clearly indicates that the Proprioceptive

produced more improvement in

the selected parameters (TUG, PBS)

when compared with Strength training in

Graph 1: Comparison of both the

groups and the total on the basis of

Graph 2: Comparison of Mean and SD

of Age of Patients between both groups

and total.


of pre study values of both groups

21




patients with respect to PBS test.

4.1 Mean of improvement in all the parameters between group a & Group B


of Age of Patients between both groups


pre study values of both groups

Vol.1 ● No.1 ● 2012


of Pre and Post values of Timed Up &

Go test


of Pre and Post values of Pediatric

Balance Scale

DISCUSSION:

In this study, better improvements in

balance outcome were analyzed using

proprioceptive training and strength

training. This study was done on 30 CP

children with impaired balance who were

divided in to experimental Group

treated with Proprioceptive training and

Group-B with Strength training.

The balance was taken as the

dependant variable which was measured

using Timed Up & Go test (TUG) and

Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS). Both this

Scientific Research Journal of India



of Pre and Post values of Timed Up &


t values of Pediatric

Graph 6: Comparison of ‘Mean of

Improvement’ in all the parameters

between Group A and Group B.

In this study, better improvements in

balance outcome were analyzed using

proprioceptive training and strength

training. This study was done on 30 CP

children with impaired balance who were

divided in to experimental Group-A

treated with Proprioceptive training and

The balance was taken as the

endant variable which was measured

using Timed Up & Go test (TUG) and

Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS). Both this

tool are standard tools to analyze balance.

Proprioceptive training exercises were

given to improve the balance by improving

the decreased sense of proprioception in

older age group where as Strength training

was given to improve the balance by

improving the strength of lower extremity

muscles.

The improvements in functional

balance due to Proprioceptive training may

be attributed to the improvemen

mechanoreceptor activation. Structural

22


Graph 6: Comparison of ‘Mean of

Improvement’ in all the parameters

between Group A and Group B.

tool are standard tools to analyze balance.

Proprioceptive training exercises were

given to improve the balance by improving

of proprioception in

older age group where as Strength training

was given to improve the balance by

improving the strength of lower extremity

The improvements in functional

balance due to Proprioceptive training may

be attributed to the improvement of

mechanoreceptor activation. Structural



changes in the muscle, bone and joints

during old age accounts for the decreased

efficiency of the proprioceptors.

Researchers reason that proprioceptive

training can improve the joint and

kinesthetic sensation to a greater extent

that the falls and risk of fall can be reduced

among the subjects.

Edward R Laskowski et al also

stated that the decline in dynamic position

sense is associated with decrease in the

balance of C.P. children and this decline in

proprioception can be prevented or

improved by Proprioceptive training.My

study confirms the study by Edward R

Laskowski et al (1997) which showed that

proprioception based rehabilitation

programs improved objectives

measurements of functional status,

independent of changes in joint laxity and

proprioception can be improved through

proprioceptive training. [68]

These results were in accord with

Gauchard GC et al (1999) to improve

balance by proprioceptive training. Studies

done by Pierre Gangloff et al (2003) also

supports our results, which prove that

proprioceptive training exercises, improve

balance in subjects with impaired balance.

This supports the experimental hypothesis

hence the null hypothesis was rejected.

The result of the present study

indicates that effect of proprioceptive

training had a proven effect over strength

training. All participants in the

proprioceptive training group declared that

their balance had improved and most of

them were motivated to continue with the

training. Hence proprioceptive training

should be emphasized in the daily exercise

regime of CP subjects to improve their

mobility and functional status.

REFERENCES:

1. Cerebral Palsy. National Center on

Birth Defects and Developmental

Disabilities, October 3, 2002

2. Beukelman, David R.; Mirenda

(1999). Augmentative and

Alternative Communication:

Management of severe

communication disorders in

children and adults. Pat (2 ed.).

Baltimore: Paul H Brookes

Publishing Co. pp. 246–249.

3. Davis DW. Review of cerebral

palsy, part I: Description,

incidence, and etiology. Neoratel

Netw 1997; 16(3): 7-12.

4. “Cerebral Palsy – Topic

Overview”.

http://children.webmd.com/tc/cereb



ral-palsy-topic-overview. Retrieved

2008-02-06.

5. Anonymus (2007). “Definition and

classification of cerebral palsy, Feb

2007”. Developmental medicine

and child neurology 49 (8): 8.

6. Vincer MJ, Allen AC, Joseph KS,

et al. Increasing prevalence of

cerebral palsy among very preterm

infants: a population-based

study. Pediatrics. Dec 2006;118(6):

e1621-6.

7. Darcy A Umphred. Neurological

Rehabilitation. Mosby

Publications. Fourth edition. 2001.

8. Balance Procedures Manual,

National Health and Nutrition

Examination Survey, Inhanes, May

2001

9. Textbook of Medical Physiology.

Arthur C. Guyton, John E. Hall.

10th Edition. ISBN: 0721602401

10. Margaret J. Mayston. People With

Cerebral Palsy: Effects of and

Perspectives for Therapy. Neural

Plasticity. Volume 8, No. 1-2, 2001

11. Vestibular Disorders Association.

Official Website. Retriebed on

10/6/2011

12. Edward R.Laskowski, MD; Karen

newcomer-Aney, MD; Jaysmith,

MD.Refining rehabilitation

withproprioceptive training:

expecting return to play; The

physician and sports medicine;

1997 Oct;Vol.25, No. 10.

13. C Andersson et al. Adults with

cerebral palsy: walking ability after

progressive strength training.

segunda-feira, 10 de maio de 2010

14. Kramer JF, MacPhail HEA.

Relationships among measures of

walking efficiency, gross motor

ability, and isokinetic strength in

adolescents with cerebral palsy.

Pediatr Phys Ther 1994; 6:3 Á/8.

15. Phil Page.Knee osteoarthritis:

strength training for pain relief and

functional improvement; ICAA

Publication, Vol.1 No.6, September

2003.

16. Mutch LW, Alberman E, Hagberg B,

Kodama K, Velickovic MV. (1992).

Cerebral palsy epidemiology: where

are we now and where are we going?

Developmental Medicine and Child

Neurology 34: 547-555.

CORRESPONDENCE:

*Neuro-Physiotherapist, GNRC, Guwahati, Assam. Email: [email protected] Cont: +91-8822485959.

**HOD, Dept of Physiotherapy, AIER, Ghaziabad, U.P., India



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