Science Teaching Modules Physics - LD Didactic · Science Teaching Modules The System Apparatus ... Pupil’s worksheet for experiment evaluation ... 4.1 Basic Electronic

Science Teaching Modules Physics

2 LD DIDACTIC · CATALOGUE PHYSICS

Science Teaching ModulesThe System

Appa

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and

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Stor

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� Stackable cases for space-saving and well-organized storage

� Apparatus are handed out and put away in little time

� Completeness can be checked quickly after theexperiments because the cases fit the shape of the apparatus

� Different fields are distinguished by the colour of the labels

� Easy-to-understand worksheets forstudents

� Objects of the experiments,preparation, carrying out theexperiments and evaluation arepresented in a clear structure

� Comprehensive information withexperiment results for teachers

� Prepared tables for entering themeasuring results

� Suitable for copying for use at schools

� Ease of use

� Clear, functional design

� Robust, stable and durable

� Many experiments with few apparatus

� Ideal combination of sets of apparatus inaccordance with curricula

� Minimal preparation set-up time for teachers

� Extendable up to the level of secondary education,e.g., wave optics, mechanical oscillations andwaves, electric fields.

1 system, 5 branchesSTM:

441 experimentsScience Teaching Modules (STM) is a modular experiment system for thesubjects of physics, chemistry, and biology. Each subject is subdivided intotopics, e.g., mechanics, which are further subdivided into groups of items suchas forces/simple machines. For every item, an STM module is supplied.

An STM module consists of several components:

� Specific apparatus for the experiments

� Storage cases fitting the shape of the apparatus in sets or blocks dependingon your choice

� Experimental descriptions

� General accessories which are independent of the system

This system concept allows adaptation to a wide range of requirements to bemet in accordance with regional and national curricula, text books, andstudents’ age or level of education.

3 LD DIDACTIC ·CATALOGUE PHYSICS

Science Teaching ModulesStorage

INTRODUCTION

Storage in setsIn every case all apparatus

needed by one group of studentsare contained.

2 Storage possibilities

STM

set

of a

ppar

atus

STM

app

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us

STM

blo

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f app

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us

Storage in blocksIn the cases apparatus needed by several groups of

students (e.g. 5) are contained.

Storage of the casesIn Leybold cupboards (801 026 or 801 045)or standard cupboards.


Experiment descriptions and manuals

STM Experiment descriptionand manual

Pupil’s worksheet for experiment evaluationPrepared tables of results and coordination diagrams

Pupil’s worksheet

Required equipment

items

Experiment descriptions and manuals are available inEnglish, German, French andSpanish

Step-by-step instruction

Questions for evaluationand spaces for answers

Detailed set-up instruction


Experiment descriptions and manuals

MANUALS

� Teacher’s guide and

� pupil’s worksheet (to be photocopied) together in a ring folder

� easy-to understand worksheets for the pupils

� clearly structured documentation, giving experiment objectives, preparatorytasks, experiment procedures, analysis of results, and safety instructions

� detailed background and support information for the teacher, together withexperiment result

Teacher’s worksheet

Teacher’s evaluation sheetExperiment results and their interpretation


Science Teaching ModulesHow to order

An overview of thetopics is given onpage 8/9.

The groups of topicsare compiled on pages10 to 23.

For example, group oftopics 1.2 forces,simple machines withthe experiment “Two-sided lever”.

On pages 10/11, therequired apparatusand manuals are alsolisted:Manual 588 022Basis 1 588 801Mechanics 1 588 811

? !!

?!!!The list of content of

the equipment sets aredepicted on pages 24to 28.

from the topic to the orderSTM:

From which fields canexperiments been carriedout?

?Which experiments withina group of topics can becarried out?

Which apparatus andwhich book are needed?

Properties of Bodies/LiquidsForces, Simple MachinesMechanical Oscillations and Waves

1.1Basic 1

MechanicsBasic 2

Mechanics Mechanics 1

TOPIC GROUP MANUAL REQUIRED EQUIPMENT

Mass a d weig t

Pressure in liquidsInterconnected vesselsHydrostatic pressureThe effects of air pressure

Capillary action

Mechanics of solid bodiesTypes of friction on solid bodiesSliding friction (quantitative)Center of gravityStability

Deformation due to forceElongation of a helical spring (Hooke's law)Elongation of a rubber ringDeflection of a leaf spring

LeverTwo-sided leverTwo-sides lever with several forces acPair of scalesOne-sided leverShaft-mounted wheel (Maxwell's wheBelt-driven gearing

Pulleys and inclined planeFixed pulley

1.2 Forces, Simple Machines

1.1Properties of Bodies/Liquids

1.2Forces, Simple Machines

1.3Mechanical Oscillations and Waves

Mechanics

588 801

Mechanics

588 802 588 811588 012

Basic 1Mechanics

588 801

Mechanics 1

588 811588 022

Basic 1Mechanics

588 801

Mechanics 1

588 811588 032

?!?


Science Teaching ModulesHow to order

INTRODUCTION

? ?

8x

How much material isneeded for a class?

If, for example,24 students are divided

into groups of 3 studentseach, material for

8 groups is needed.

ORDER

1 Manual: Forces/Simple machines 588 0228 Basis 1 588 801 S8 Mechanik 1 588 811 S

QUANTITY DESIGNATION CAT. NO.

Are the apparatus to bestored in sets or blocks?

(See page 3)

Accessories (measuringinstruments and powersupplies) and consumablematerial are shown onpage 28.

storage in sets…

We propose two orthree students forone group.

The students always get all apparatus related to one field (e.g. mechanics) at their workplace. Place the following order,while setting a »S« behind the Cat. No.:

ORDER

1 Manual: Forces/Simple machines 588 0221 Basis 1 588 801 B 81 Mechanics 1 588 811 B 8

QUANTITY DESIGNATION CAT. NO.

or storage in blocks

The teacher gives the students only those apparatus they need for a particular experiment. If the apparatus are stored in blocks,less space in the cupboard is needed. Place the following order, while setting a »B« and the number of groups behind the cat. no.:

Summary of topic groupsMechanics · Heat · ElectrostaticsElectricity


1.1Properties of Bodies/Liquids . . . . . . 10

1.2Forces, Simple Machines . . . . 10

1.3Mechanical Oscillations and Waves. . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.4Linear Motion. . . . . . . 12

2.1Thermal Expansion, HeatPropagation and Energy,States of Matter . . . . . 13

3.1Electrostatics . . . . . . 14

3.2Electic Fields. . . . . . . 14

3.3Magnetic Forces and Fields . . . . . . . . . 14

3.4Basic Electric Circuits. . . . . . . . . . . 16

3.5Electromagnetism and Induction. . . . . . . . . . 16

3.6Generators and Motors . . . . . . . . 16

Basic 1Mechanics

588 801 588 802

Mechanics 1

588 811588 012

Basic 1Mechanics

588 801

Mechanics 1

588 811588 022

Basic 1Mechanics

588 801

Mechanics 1

588 811

Mechanics 2

588 812588 032

Mechanics 3

588 813589 042

Basic 1Mechanics

588 801

Basic 1Mechanics

588 802

Heat 1

588 831588 152

Electrostatics 1

588 73589 162

Electrostatics 1

588 73

Electrostatics 2

588 74589 172

Magnetism 1

588 860588 302

BasicElectricity

588 871

Electricity 1

588 875588 332

588 871

Electricity 1

588 875

Electricity 2

588 876588 342

BasicElectricity

588 871

Electricity 2

588 876

Electricity 3

588 877588 352

TOPIC GROUP MANUAL REQUIRED EQUIPMENTPAGE

BasicElectricity

Basic 2Mechanics

Summary of topic groupsElectricity · Electronics · Opto Electronics

Optics · Radioactivity

TOPICS


3.7Electrochemistry . . . . 16

Electrochemistry

588 873588 402

4.1Basic Electronic Circuits. . . . . . . . . . . 18

BasicElectrics

588 871

Electronics 1

588 881588 422

4.2Transistor Applications . . . . . . . 18

BasicElectrics

588 871

Electrics 2

588 876

Electronics 1

588 881

Electronics 2

588 882588 432

4.3Opto Electronics 18

BasicElectrics

588 871

Electronics 1

588 881

Electronics 2

588 882

Electronics 3

588 883588 442

5.1Geometrical Optics with the Raybox . . . . . 20

Optics Raybox

588 845588 202

5.2Geometrical Optics on the Precision Metal Rail . . . . . . . . . 20 588 212

5.3Colour Mixing. . . . . . . 20 588 222

5.4Diffraction. . . . . . . . . 22

589 252589 262

5.5Polarization . . . . . . . . 22 589 272

6.1Radioactivity . . . . . . . 23

Radioactivity

588 855588 482

Basic Optics

588 840

Basic Optics

588 840

Basic Optics

588 840

Basic Optics

588 840

Optics 1

588 841

Optics 2

588 842

Optics 3

588 843

Optics 4

588 844

TOPIC GROUP MANUAL REQUIRED EQUIPMENTPAGE


Properties of Bodies/LiquidsForces, Simple MachinesMechanical Oscillations and Waves

1.1Properties of Bodies/Liquids

1.2Forces, Simple Machines

1.3Mechanical Oscillations and Waves

Basic 1Mechanics

588 801

Basic 2Mechanics

588 802

Mechanics 1

588 811588 012


Basic 1Mechanics

588 801

Mechanics 1

588 811588 022

Basic 1Mechanics

588 801

Mechanics 1

588 811588 032

Mechanics 2

588 812

Block an tackle

Pair of scales

Inclined plane


MECHANICS

Measuring of length and timeMeasuring lengthsPlanemetryCalculating the volume of regularly shaped bodiesCalculating the volume of solid bodies by the amount of liquid displacedCalculating the volume of gaseous bodiesMeasuring time (chronometry)

Measurement of mass and densityCalculating massDetermination of the density of regularly shaped bodiesDetermination of the density of irregularly shaped bodiesDetermination of the density of liquidsMass and weight

Pressure in liquidsInterconnected vesselsHydrostatic pressureThe effects of air pressure

Forces acting on bodies in liquidsThe weight of bodies in waterBuoyancy force as a function of depth of immersion and body massBuoyancy force as a function of the density of a fluidBuoyancy force as a function of the volume of a bodyArchimedes' principleSinking - floating suspended in a liquid - floating on a liquid

Density of liquidsCalculating density from volume and massThe areometer

Forces at the surface of liquidsSurface tensionCapillary action

TOPICS

Mechanics of solid bodiesTypes of friction on solid bodiesSliding friction (quantitative)Center of gravityStability

Deformation due to forceElongation of a helical spring (Hooke's law)Elongation of a rubber ringDeflection of a leaf spring

Combining and breaking down forcesCombining forces in the same or opposing directionsCombining forces in specified amountsBreaking forces down into force components

OscillationsString pendulumBar pendulumSpring pendulumLeaf spring oscillations

LeverTwo-sided leverTwo-sides lever with several forces acting upon itPair of scalesOne-sided leverShaft-mounted wheel (Maxwell's wheel)Belt-driven gearing

Pulleys and inclined planeFixed pulleyMovable pulleyHoist with two pulleysBlock and tackle 1 (open type)Block and tackle 2 (compacte version)Forces acting on a inclined planeWork performed on a inclined planeEnergy conversion

Pendulum with harmonic oscillationsThread pendulumRod pendulumHelical spring pendulumTorsion pendulumLeaf spring pendulum

Time dependence of pendulum oscillationsOscillation damping by body friction

Evaluation of registered leaf spring oscillationsDistance/time and speed/time diagrams of harmonic oscillationsForced oscillationsForced oscillations of pendulumsForced oscillations of rod pendulum with amplitude recording

Linear superposition of oscillationsLinear superposition of oscillations, amplitude, phase and

frequency dependencesOscillations of mechanically coupled rod pendulumsOscillations of magnetically coupled leaf spring pendulums

with oscillation recording

Formation of waves (wave machine)Energy transport in longitudinal and transversal wavesStanding transversal waves and longitudinal waves with

loose and fixed ends

Standing wavesFrequencies of standing cord wavesPhase velocity of cord wavesPhase velocity of helical spring wavesStanding helical spring waves

Oscillation nodes and antinodes as a function of the excitation frequency

Superpositioning of cord wavesSuperposition of cord waves of identical frequencySuperposition of cord waves with a slight frequency

1.1 Properties of Bodies/Liquids

1.2 Forces, Simple Machines

1.3 Mechanical Oscillations and Waves


Linear Motion

1.4Linear Motion 589 042


Mechanics 3

588 813

MECHANICS

Regular motionMomentary velocityFrictionRectolinear and regular motionSpacer/time and velocity diagram Accelerated motionUniformly accelerated motionVelocity change with acceleration

Accelerated motion: position/time and velocity/time diagramDetermining final velocity IDetermining final velocity IIQuantitative relationships of an accelerated motionFree fallNewton's fundamental equationNewton's dynamic definition

TOPICS

1.4 Linear Motion

Accelerated motion


HEAT

Thermal Expansion, Heat Propagation and Energy, States of Matter

2.1Thermal Expansion, Heat Propagation andEnergy, States of Matter

Basic 1Mechanics

588 801

Basic 2Mechanics

588 802

Heat 1

588 831588 152


Thermal expansionThermal properties of waterCalibration a thermometerLinear expansion of solid bodiesThermal properties of a bimetalHeating air (at a constant pressure)Heating air (at constant volume)

Heat transferTermal conduction in solid bodiesHeat transfer in liquidsHeat transfer in gasesChanges in temperature causes by thermal radiation

Themal insulationCooling down water

Heat capacitiesHeating up different volumes of waterHeating of different liquidsMixtire temperatureSpecific heat capacity of waterSpecific heat capacity of solid bodiesHeat capacity of a calorimeter

States of aggregation and transitionTemperature changes during heatingFusion heat of iceCondensation of water vaporTemperatures in water-salt mixturesDistillation

TOPICS

2.1 Thermal Expansion, Heat Propagation and Energy, States of Matter

Linear expansion of solid bodies

ElectrostaticsElectric FieldsMagnetic Forces and Fields

14 LD DIDACTIC · CATALOGUE

3.1Electrostatics

3.2Electic Fields

3.3Magnetic Forces and Fields

Electrostatics 1

588 73588 162


Electrostatics 1

588 73

Electrostatics 2

588 74588 172

588 302

Magnetism 2

588 860

Charges on a Faraday Cup

Recording equipotential lines

Model of the earth’s magnetic field

ELECTRICITY


Contact electricityProof of charge types on friction rods with a glow lampProof of charge types on foils and sheets with a glow lampContact electricity between electricity clear adhesive tape and metalContact electricity generation by friction

Forces acting between chargesForces acting between charges on friction rodsForces acting on a charged pendulum pairModel of an electroscopePrinciple of electroscope operation

Electric induction - Effect of charges on neutral bodiesInduction phenimena with conductors and non-conductorsElectrostatic charging of hairForces caused by inductionInduction phenomena on a pointerElectric induction on a pendulum pairElectric induction in a water stream

Electric induction - Effect of charges on a close electroscopeInduction phenomena on an electroscope caused by friction rodsDischarge of an induced charge on an electroscopeInduction phenomena on an electroscope caused by a foil

Charge stores, faraday cupConductive bodies as charges storesLocation of charges on a Faraday cupProof of charges on a Faraday cupElectrostatic forces on a Faraday cup

Electrostatic interactionElectrostatic forces between a friction rod and pendulumCharge transport by a pendulum

Insulators and conductorsCharges on insulatorsProof of conductivity with a glow lampProof of conductivity with an electroscopeInfluence of a flame on electrically charged bodiesInfluencing the electroscope charge by means of a flamePoint discharge

TOPICS

Electrical chargesSeparation of charge(contact and friction electricity)Charge distribution on electrostatically charged bodies

Electric fieldsRecording equipotential linesElectric inductionField investigations on a Faraday cupTransfer of electrical charges on Faraday cups

CapacitorsVoltage change during charging of a Faraday cup with water dropsCapacitances of capacitors (relative determination)Laws of the plate capacitorCapacitance of bodies with respect to the environment (Conductor balls

and other bodies)

Further experiments on charge transportCharge transport by a pendulumCharge transport by poor conductors

Effects of magnetic forcesMagnetic and non-magnetic materialsPositions of the magnetic poles of bar magnetsPolarity of magnets

Magnetic inductionMagnetizationDisassembling magnetsPutting magnets together

Magnetic fieldsDemonstration a magnetic field with iron filingsLines of force of a bar magnetExperiments on a model of the earth's magnetic fieldLines of force of a horseshoe magnetLines of force of attracting magnetic polesLines of force of repelling magnetic poles

3.1 Electrostatics

3.2 Electric Fields

3.3 Magnetic Forces and Fields

Basic Electric CircuitsElectromagnetism and InductionGenerators and Motors · Electrochemistry


3.4Basic Electric Circuits

3.5Electromagnetism andInduction

3.6Generators and Motors

BasicElectrics

588 871

Electricity 1

588 875588 332


BasicElectrics

588 871

Electricity 1

588 875

Electricity 2

588 876588 342

BasicElectrics

588 871

Electricity 2

588 876588 352

Electricity 3

588 877

DC motor

3.7Electrochemistry 588 402

Electro-chemistry

588 873

Relay

Switching over

ELECTRICITY


Circit and switchesThe simple circuitConductors and non-conductors (insulators)Switching overTwo-way circuitAND gate, OR gate

Electrical measuring methodsMeasuring current - current in a simple circuitMeasuring voltage - voltages in a simple circuit

Ohmic resistorOhm's lawHow a wire's resistance depends on ist material, length and cross-sectionVoltage distribution in a current-carrying wire (potentiometer)Connecting resistors in seriesConnecting resistors in parallel

Voltage sourcesConnecting monocells in series and in parallelTerminal voltage and internal resistance of a voltage source

Electrical application circuitsSelf-heating and temperature sensitivity in wire-wound resistorsModel of a fuseBimetallic-element switches (model of a fire alarm)Model of a thermostatPower of and work done by an electrical current

TOPICS

ElectromagnetismMagnetic effect of electric currentCurrent carrying conductor in a magnetic fieldMagnetic field of a coil

Electromagnetic applicationsElectromagnetModel of a magnetic circuit breakerModel of a moving-iron instrumentModel of an electromagnetic relayModel of a buzzer (doorbell)Model of a loudspeaker

InductionElectromagnetic induction with bar magnet an a coilElectromagnetic induction with two coils

TransformerVoltage transformationCurrent transformation

Technical applications of inductionSelf-induction of a coil (model of an induction coil)Model of an AC generatorModel of a synchronous motor

Coil and capacitorDC and AC resistance of a coil I (observation experiment)DC and AC resistance of a coil II (measuring experiment)Capacitor in a DC circuitCapacitor in an AC circuit

Basic experimentsMagnetic field of the statorMagnetic field of the rotorRotors in the magnetic field of the statorElectromagnetic induction with bar magnet and coil

GeneratorsDynamoPrinciple of the universal generatorOperating characteristics of the universal generatorPower plant generatorAC/DC generator with electromagnetic stator

Electric motorsWorking principle of the DC motorPower consumption of the DC motorDC motor with electromagnetic statorUniversal shunt-wound motorPrinciple of the universal series-wound motorPower consumption of the universal series-wound motorSynchronous motorElectronic motor

3.4 Basic Electric Circuits

3.5 Electromagnetism and Induction

3.6 Generators and Motors

Basic experimentsConductivity of aqueous solutions (electrolytes)Observing a liquid conducting a current (electrolysis)Relationship between current and voltage in an electrolyteHow an electrolyte's resistance depends on the electrode gapElectroplatingVoltaic cellsLead storage battery (accumulator)

3.7 Electrochemistry

Basic Electronic CircuitsTransistor ApplicationsOpto Electronics


4.1Basic Electronic Circuits

4.2Transistor Applications

4.3Opto Electronics

Basic Electrics

588 871

Electronics 1

588 881588 422


Basic Electrics

588 871

Electrics 2

588 876

Electronics 1

588 881588 022

Electronics 2

588 882

Basic Electrics

588 871

Electronics 1

588 881588 032

Electronics 2

588 882

Electronics 3

588 883

Characteristics of solar cells

Delay switch

Rectification

ELECTRONICS


Special resistorsTemperature-dependent resistor NTC Light-dependent resistor LDR (photoresistor)Light controlled relay

DiodesCharacteristic of a diodeHalf-wave rectificationFull-wave rectificationMeasuring peak voltages, voltage doublingLight emitting diodesPolarity tester with diodesSeries connection of diodesCharacteristic of a Z-diodeOverload protection using a Z diode

TransistorsDiode paths with transistors, testing circuit with light emitting diodes Transfer characteristic of a transistorTransistor circuit I: voltage controlBase voltage divisionTransistor circuit II: current controlLight controlled transistor I: light barrierLight controlled transistor II: twilight switchDelay switchTesting for hum

TOPICS

Diode circuitsZero-point suppression with a Z-diodeUsing diodes to protect against overvoltage and reverse polaritySuppressing induction voltages with a diode (free-wheeling diode)Smoothing pulsating DC voltages with capacitorsConstant current source - charging capacitors with a constant current

Voltage stabilizer circuitSeries voltage regulationVoltage stabilizer circuitBasic experiments with flip-flopsBistable flip-flop as a memory elementMonostable flip-flop as a time-delay swichAstable flip-flop (astable multivibrator)Generating sounds with an astable multivibrator (police siren, birdsong)Miniature organ I - musical scale on a pencil line

Extra experiment: miniature organ II - making and tuning a small elec-tronic keyboard

Amplifying circuitsAmplifying a voltage pulseSetting and stabilizing the working-point of a single-stage

microphone amplifierTwo-stage microphone amplifierMedium-wave receiver, single-stage and two-stageBasic experiment: amplifier for voltage differential (difference amplifier)Sensitive light meter with a difference amplifierDetermining the DC voltage gain (push-pull gain) of a difference ampifierTouch-contact switch, moisture and filling-level indicatorCurrent gain factors

Feedback and oscillatorsElectronic motorAcoustic feedbackMeissner circuitThree-point oscillatorPhase shift oscillatorWien oscillator

Experiments with light waveguidesDemonstration light conduction in light waveguidesAttenuation in the light waveguide

Light emitting diodesThe light emitting diode in the circuit:

reverse bias and forward bias behaviorCharacteristics of light emitting diodes

Voltage stabilizer circuitBasic circuit with a photodiode

Solar cellsForward and reverse direction of a solar cellInternal resistance of a solar cellOutput and power characteristics of a solar cellNo-load voltage of a solar cellShort-circuit current of a solar cellConnecting solar cells in seriesConnecting solar cells in parallelConversion light energy into motion

PhototransistorsPhoto transistor with base connection, basic experimentsPhoto transistor equivalent circuitCurrent gain of the photo transistor

Forked light barrierForked light barrier with following transistor

Light transmitters and receiversTransmitting sound with the light waveguideTransmitting music and speech with the light waveguide

4.1 Basic Electronic Circuits

4.2 Transistor Applications

4.3 Opto Electronics

Geometrical Optics with the RayboxGeometrical Optics on the Precision Metal RailColour Mixing


5.1Geometrical Optics with the Raybox

5.2Geometrical Optics on the Precision Metal Rail

5.3Colour Mixing

Optics Raybox

588 845588 202


Basic Optics

588 840

Optics 1

588 841588 212

Basic Optics

588 840

Optics 2

588 842588 222

Additive mixing of three light colours Ray paths through lenses

Slide projector

OPTICS


Beginning experiments on lightThe rayboxPropagation of lightCan light pass through all matter?Shadows

Reflection at mirrorsReflections at a plane morrorMirror image at a plane mirrorRay paths in a concave mirrorFocal length of a convex mirror

RefractionRefraction of light at a semicircular body IRefraction of light at a semicircular body IITotal reflectionRefraction at a plane-parallel Plate

Refraction in different media at a rectangular cellRefraction in different media at a semicircular cellDiviating prismInverting prismDispersion of white light with a prism

LensesRay paths through a convex lensRay construction with a biconvex lensSpherical aberration of a lensRay paths through a concave lensRay construction with a concave lensThe human eyeVisual error and eye correction

TOPICS

Basic experimentsPropagation of lightShadowsPinhole cameraIlluminanceLuminous intensityLight collectors

Light and shadow in natureDay and nightThe seasonsPhases of the moonLunar and solar eclipse

Reflection at mirrorsReflection at the plane mirrorLocations of images in a plane mirrorMirror images at the plane mirrorRay paths for different types of mirrorsProperties of a concave mirrorProperties of a convex mirrorFocal length law of a concave mirrorImages at the concave mirrorImages at the convex mirror

Refracion of lightRefraction of light at a semicircular body IRefraction of light at a semicircular body IITotal reflection Refraction at a plane-parallel plateRefraction in different media at a rectangular cell and a plane-parallel plateRefraction in different media for a semicircular cell and a semicircular bodyDeviating prismInverting prism

Dispersing and recombining of coloursDispersion of white light with a prismRecombining spectral colours with a lens

Lenses/lens aberrationRay path through a convex lensConstructional rays of a convex lensImages of convex lensesThe image formulaDetermining the focal length of a convex lens by means

of autocollimationRay path through a concave lensRay paths of lens combinationsSpherical aberration of lensesCushion and barrel distortion

Combinations of lensesFocal lengths of lens systems

Optical instruments for enlarging the field of viewMagnification with a magnifierThe microscopeChanging the magnification of a microscopeTelescope modelsMagnification in a terrestial telescopeMagnification in an astronomical telescope

Optical instruments and eyeThe cameraDepth of field of a cameraThe slide projectorThe human eyeVision errors and vision correctionOptical illusions

Investigation of light paths through a prismPath of light through a prismLight paths through a prism in different positionsDeflection in the prismMinimum and maximum deflection

Spectral coloursDispersion of white light with a prismChromatic aberrations of imagesInvestigating the spectrum coloursSpectra for different slitsColour fringing at edgesEdges spectra

Colour mixingRecombining a spectrumLight colours and object coloursAdditive mixing of two light coloursAdditive mixing of three light coloursSubractive colour mixing

5.1 Geometrical Optics with the Raybox

5.2 Geometrical Optics on the Precision Metal Rail

5.3 Colour Mixing


DiffractionPolarisation

5.4Diffraction

Basic Optics

588 840589 252589 262


Optics 3

588 843

OPTICS

Diffraction at diffraction objectsDiffraction at a half planeDiffraction at a slitDiffraction at double slits Diffraction at multiple slitsDiffraction at gratingsConditions for coherence with lamp light

Diffraction at complementary diaphragms (Babinet principle)Slit and wireHoles and objectsComplementary crossed gratings

Resolution capabilityResolution capability of the eye

Two-beam InterferenceFresnel's double mirror experimentFresnel's biprism experimentYoung's double slit experimentNewton's rings

TOPICS

5.4 Diffraction

Set-ups for diffraction experiments

5.5Polarization

Basic Optics

588 840589 272

Optics 4

588 844

Polarization filtersUsing polarization filters (introductory experiments)Malus' law

Strain optical double refraction (optical anisotropy)Chromatic polarizationDouble refraction in various materialsStrain double refraction on plexiglass models

Polarization resulting from reflection and refractionPolarization resulting from reflectionPolarization resulting from refractionBrewster's law

Polarization resulting from scatteringTyndall-Effekt in einer Emulsion

Optical activityPolarimetry (saccharimetry) and rotary dispersion

5.5 Polarization


ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

Radioactivity

6.1Radioactivity

Radioactivity 1

588 855588 482


Screening γradiation

Investigating the Geiger-Müller counter tubeDetecting the radiation emitted by a radioactive gas mantleBehavior of a Geiger-Müller counter tube with no radiation sourceInvestigating the radiotransparency or the end window and housing

of the end-window counterReducing the size of the end window of a counter tubeCounting losses in a end-window counter

Radioactive radiationRadiation from an unscreened sourceRadiation from a radiation source screened at the sidesUsing reflectors with an unscreened radiation sourceInvestigating the radiation beam of a radium preparation

Statistics of radioactive decayThe effect of the distance between the radiation source and the end-win-

dow counter on the pulse rateInvestigating the variations in pulse rate measurementsStatistical error of a single measurementStatistical investigation of background radiation

Investigating different sources of radiationPulse rate measurements for different masses of thoriumInvestigating potassium sulphateInvestigating Brazil nut ashInvestigating bricksRadioactivity decay of airborne dust

Distinguishing αα, ββ and γγ radiationsThe effect of paper on the pulse rate when placed between a mixed radia-

tion source and the end-window counterTesting for different radiation types using paper filters

ββ radiationTesting for different radiation types using a magnetic fieldDeflection β radiation with a magnetic fieldScattering of β radiationBackscattering of β particles

Screening γγ radioationScreening γ radiation with different materialsScreening γ rays with lead layers of different thicknesses

Technical applications of radioactive radiationMonitoring contents with β radiation (radiographic method)Measuring layer thicknesses with β rays (radiographic method)Monitoring filling levels with γ rays (radiographic method)Testing for cavities in a plastic-coated lead slide (radiographic methode)Measuring layer thicknesses with β rays (backscatter method)

TOPICS

6.1 Radioactivity

List of content


588 801 Basic Mechanics Heat 11 Double scale ..........................................340 82 1 Universal clamp ....................................666 555 1 Stand rod, 25 cm ...................................301 26 2 Stand rods ,50 cm .................................301 27 1 Double clamp .........................................301 09 1 Multi-clamp ..........................................666 615 1 Metal plate ......................................200 65 559 3 Support clips, for plugging in..................314 04 2 Stand bases, MF....................................301 21 2 Support blocks.......................................301 25 1 Pair of pointers .......................................301 29 1 Universal pencil ......................................309 45 1 SET of 6 leads, 50 g ea..........................340 85 1 Aluminum block......................................362 32 1 Tape measure 1.5 m...............................311 78 1 Cord 20 m.......................................200 70 322

588 811 Mechanics 11 Vernier calliper ........................................311 521 Plastic tube, 250 x 25 mm ...................665 2401 Inclined plane S....................................341 2211 Leaf spring ...........................................352 0512 Pulleys d=100 mm ...............................340 9212 Pulley bridge.........................................340 9302 Balance pans with stirrup .......................342 471 Dynamometer 1.5 N ...............................314 011 Dynamometer 3.0 N ...............................314 021 Helical spring 0.25 N/cm........................352 081 Helical spring 0.1 N/cm..........................352 071 Set of wheights 1-50 g...........................590 271 Lever with pointer.................................340 8312 Pulleys d=50 mm .................................340 9111 O-rings, rubber 10 pcs. ..........................340 901 Coupling plug .........................................340 891 Plug-in axle...........................................340 8111 Load hook..............................................340 871 Pressure probe.....................................362 3011 Capillary apparatus.................................362 261 Lead shot 100 g...................................362 3511 Stopper without hole ............................667 257

588 813 Mechanics 31 Precision metal rail, 1 m .........................460 811 Set of acceleration masses.....................337 04 1 Additional mass 1, 100 g........................337 051 Trolley 1, 85 g.........................................337 001 Time recorder .........................................337 181 Single pulley on rider ..............................337 141 Stepped support block...........................337 06

588 812 Mechanics 21 Pair of bar pendulums with axles............346 031 Torsion wire with bar...............................346 021 Perlon Yarn......................................118 05 1031 Rubber cord....................................200 66 6291 Clamping block ......................................346 051 STE Motor with rocker............................579 42

588 831 Heat1 Immersion heater, 12 V/11W ..................597 481 Erlenmeyer-flask, 50 ml ........................664 2481 Pointer for linear expansion ..................381 3311 Stirring thermometer, -30 to +110°C ......382 21 1 Stirring thermometer, ungraduated .........382 201 Blade wheel............................................387 791 Pair of radiation probes ........................384 5311 Heat conducting rods, Fe/Cu ...............384 5011 Al-tube, 44 cm long..............................381 3321 Fe-Tube, 44 cm long ............................381 3331 Ascending tube, 40 cm ..........................381 101 Bimetallic strip ......................................381 311

588 802 Basic Mechanics Heat 21 Beaker, 250 ml .....................................664 130 1 Measuring cylinder, 100 ml .....................590 08 1 Plastic beaker, 250 ml ..........................664 123 1 Silicone tubing, 1 m..............................667 1942 Plastic tubes, 25 cm .......................200 69 6481 Round tin ........................................200 69 6471 Double pipe support........................200 69 3701 Connector ............................................665 2264 Cap .................................................200 69 6491 Mini-funnel..............................................309 831 Stopper with hole ............................200 69 3042 Test tube ......................................from 664 042

588 873 Electrochemistry 12 Copper electrodes, 76 x 40 mm ....from 591 531 Zinc electrode, 76 x 40 mm ...........from 591 541 Iron electrode, 76 x 40 mm ............from 591 551 Electrolysis cell .......................................591 51

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EQUIPMENT


588 73 Electrostatics 11 Set of dielectrics, 300 mm x 300 mm.....544 251 Tubular glow lamp 110 V................from 505 411 Pair of plastic clips ..........................200 67 9421 Pair of electrostatic pendulums .......200 67 9411 Induction plate, 40 x 80 mm...................542 512 Polyethylene friction foils..................200 70 7502 Pairs of friction rods,

acrylic glass/PVC....................................541 001 Faraday's cup ........................................546 121 Electroskope S .......................................540 08

588 74 Elektrostatics 21 Faraday's cup ........................................546 121 Pair of metal plates,

290 x 290 mm each, with 4-mm plug connections each and spacers...............544 24

1 Electrolytic tank, with 2 rod-, 2 disc- and 1 ring-form electrodes ............................545 09

1 Set of 3 metal spheres, 25/30/35 mm dia., with attachable insulating handle ............543 00

1 Crocodile clip, polished ................from 501 8612 Plugs with 4-mm side and

top connections ...........................from 501 5641 Coupling plugs 4 mm .............................340 891 Two-way adapter 4 mm ...............from 501 6411 Knitting needle ...............................from 510 321 Metal plate, 40 mm x 40 mm,

with insulating handle .............................542 521 Induction plate, 40 mm x 80 mm ...........542 511 Metal coated hollow sphere....................543 01

588 860 Magnetism 11 Hemisphere for earth's magnetism.........510 562 Bar magnets...........................................510 501 Shaker for iron fillings .............................514 721 Storage bottle with iron fillings ................514 731 Direction-finding compass ......................510 551 Pair of plotting compasses .....................510 531 Set of 4 magnetizable rods.....................510 541 Pair of iron yokes....................................510 60

588 871 Basic Electricity/Electronics1 Plug-in board A4 ....................................576 741 Board holders.........................................576 771 Set of 10 bridging plugs .........................501 482 Coupling plugs .......................................340 892 Croc-clips, polished......................from 501 8611 STE Resistor, 47 W ...............................577 282 STE Resistors, 100 W ...........................577 322 STE Lamp holders, E10 .........................579 051 STE Toggle switch..................................579 132 STE Monocell holders.............................576 86

588 877 Electricity 31 STE Stator with pole shoes ....................579 451 STE Coil rotor.........................................579 461 STE Brush yoke .....................................579 471 STE Magneto inductor............................579 48

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588 876 Electricity 21 Bar magnet ............................................510 501 U-core, demountable..............................593 211 Coil, 500 turns........................................590 831 Coil, 1000 turns......................................590 841 Set of 4 magneticeable rods...................510 541 Glow lamp, 115 V...................................505 361 Rotary support for bar magnet ...............510 511 Plotting compass ...........................from 510 53

588 881 Electronics 11 STE Potentiometer , 220 W....................577 901 Earphone................................................579 29 1 STE Transistor BD 137 ...........................578 67 1 STE Transistor BD 138 ...........................578 68 2 STE Si-diodes 1 N4007..........................578 51 1 STE Z-diode ZPD 6,2 .............................578 55 1 STE Capacitor 100 m F..........................578 39 1 STE Capacitor 470 m F..........................578 40 1 STE Light-emitting diodes LED green.....578 57 1 STE Light-emitting diodes LED red.........578 48 1 STE NTC-Resistor 2,2 kW .....................578 05 1 STE Photoresistor LDR 05......................578 021 STE Resistor, 470 W ..............................577 401 STE Resistor, 1 kW.................................577 441 STE Resistor, 4,7 kW..............................577 521 STE Resistor, 10 kW...............................577 561 STE Resistor, 47 kW...............................577 64

588 883 Electronics 31 STE photo-transistors for OWG............578 613 1 STE Forked light barrier........................578 835 2 STE Solar cells .....................................578 622 1 Pair of optical waveguides......................579 44 1 STE infrared diode for OWG.................578 482 1 STE photodiode for OWG ....................578 6121 STE light ermitting diode for OWG........578 481

588 882 Electronics 21 board section .........................................576 71 1 Set of 10 bridging plugs .........................510 48 1 STE Microphone.....................................579 27 2 STE Capacitors, 1 µF .............................578 35 1 STE Capacitor, 470 µF ...........................578 40 1 STE Medium-wave LC oscillating circuit...578 94 1 STE Contact (NO)...................................579 10 2 STE Capacitors, 0,1 µF ..........................578 31 1 STE Capacitor, 100 µF ...........................578 39 1 STE Ge-diode AA 118............................578 50 1 STE Variable resistor, 100 kW ................577 83 1 STE Variable resistor, 47 kW ..................577 82 1 STE Variable resistor, 10 kW ..................577 80 1 STE Transistor BD 137 ...........................578 67 1 STE Transistor BC 550 ...........................578 69

588 875 Electricity 12 STE Changeover switches, single-pole...582 811 Wire wrapping plate ...............................567 181 Set of conductors/insulators...................567 061 Bimetallic strip ......................................381 3111 Leaf spring with contact strip ...............579 3322 Plug-in holders .....................................579 331

588 840 Basic Optics 1 Set of 2 slit diaphragms..........................461 621 Measuring tape, 1.5 m ...........................311 781 Optics table............................................459 151 Extension pin...................................309 00 4412 Candle holders .......................................459 315 Clamp riders...........................................460 951 Lens A, f = +50 mm ...............................459 601 Lens B, f = +100 mm.............................459 621 Lens H, f = +300 mm.............................459 641 Halogen optical lamp, 12V/20W...........459 0311 Diaphragm and slide holder....................459 331 Precision metal rail .................................460 82

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EQUIPMENT


588 845 Optics with the raybox1 Raybox 12 V, 20 W ..............................459 0911 Combined mirror model.........................459 411 Plano-concave lens ................................459 501 Plano-convex lens ..................................459 481 Semicircular body...................................459 451 Right-angled prism .................................459 461 Trapezoidal body ....................................459 441 Semicircular cell......................................459 521 Rectangular cell......................................459 511 Disk with angular scale...........................459 40

588 841 Optics 11 Set of 12 Transparencies

»Optical illusions«....................................461 681 Set 4 different diaphragms .....................461 631 Rectangular cell......................................459 511 Semicircular cell......................................459 521 Lens model, plan-convex .......................459 481 Lens model, plan-concave .....................459 501 Rectangular prism ..................................459 461 Earth-moon model .................................459 391 Trapezoidal body ....................................459 441 Plane mirror............................................459 381 Semicircular body...................................459 451 Convex-concave mirror ..........................459 711 Plate holder ............................................459 301 Transparent screen.................................459 241 Lens E, f = -100 mm ..............................459 681 Combined mirror model..........................459 411 Set of 2 transparencies ..........................461 661 Set of 4 hole diaphragms .......................461 64

588 842 Optics 21 Lamp, threefold ....................................459 0451 Filter, threefold, red/green/blue ...............467 971 Colour filter set, red/green/blue ..............467 951 Colour filter set, magenta/cyan/yellow ....467 961 Acrylic glass prism..................................465 20

588 843 Optics 31 Magazine box for 30 slides.....................442 891 Diaphragm with 3 single slits ..................469 911 Diaphragm with 4 double slits ................469 841 Diaphragm with 3 double slits ................469 851 Diaphragm with multiple slits ..................469 861 Diaphragm with 3 gratings......................469 871 Diaphragm with 2 wire-mesh gratings ....469 881 Diaphragm with 3 hole-object pairs ........469 891 Diaphragm with slit and wire...................469 901 Colour filter, red ...............................200 25 2651 Precision metal rail .................................460 821 Mirror box...............................................459 171 Measuring magnifier ...............................459 191 Adjustable slit .........................................471 71

588 844 Optics 42 Polarization filters....................................472 38 1 Set of object frames .............................662 093 1 Glass tank ..............................................477 021 Photo-elastic object................................471 941 Acrylic glass screen................................459 23

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588 855 Radioactivity1 Counter tube holder1 Preparation holder1 Magazine box

for absorbers and diaphragms; dimensions: 50 mm x 50 mm8 Lead slides3 Lead diaphragm4 Aluminium slides2 Steel slides1 Tin slide2 Plastic slides1 Lacquered lead slide with two different lacquer thicknesses

1 Acetate film, 300 x 300 mm1 RAD plug-in board3 Clamps

2 Round magnets in holders1 Plastic tube, 150 mm long1 Aluminium frame, 70 mm x 70 mm1 Incandescent gas hood2 Ballons1 Can with Brazil nut ash1 Bottle with potassium sulphate, 50 g2 Metal plates1 Bottle with lead shot, 100 g1 Set of 10 plastic bags1 Preparation mock-up2 Magnet holding pins, 80 mm long2 Tube holders

Accessories and cnsumable materialsTopic group 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6. 3.7 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 6.1 completely

Description Cat. No. minima

Single pan balance 315 07 1* 1* 1Electronic balance 667 794 1* 1*Stop-clock 313 07 1 1 1 1 1 1Scissors 667 017 1 1 1 1 1 1Colouring soluble 309 42 1 1 1

Overflow fressel 362 04 (1) (1)Writing pin 309 05 060 (1) (1)Roll metallizid paper 346 06 (1) (1)Crocodile clips, polish 200 72 828 (2) (2)Pair magnets 510 48 (2) (2)Burners and accessories, e.g.:Bunsen burner 666 695 1* 1* 1Safety gas hose 666 729 1* 1* 1Cartridge burner 666 714 1* 1*Cartridges 666 715 1* 1*Wire gauze 666 685 1 1Stand ring with stem 302 68 1 1Electric tourch 450 651 1 1Candle from 459 32 1 2 2Precision metal rail 0,5 m 460 82 1 1 1 1 1Fresnel's mirror 471 04 (1) (1)Apparatus for Newton's rings 471 08 (1) (1)Fresnels Biprism 471 09 (1) (1)Monocells from 503 11 2 1 2 2Transformer 6V/12V 521 210 (1)* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1*Low-voltage power supply 521 230 (1)* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1*AC/DC power supply 521 49 (1)* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1AC/DC power supply 0..12 V 521 48 (1)* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1*Power supply 450 V 522 27 1 1Function generator 522 621 1 1 1 1Metramax 2 531 100 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2Moving coil galvanometer 531 67 (1) (1) (1)Electrometer amplifier 532 14 1 1STE Capacitor 1 nF 578 25 1 1STE Capacitor 10 nF 578 10 1 1Connecting rod 532 16 1 1Cabel x x x x x x x x x x x x x xInsulated twin wire 501 47 (1) (1)Aerial amplifier 578 99 (1) (1)Loudspeaker with transformer 579 28 (1) (1)Micromotor 579 37 (1) (1)Incandescent lamps E 10:2,5 V / 0,25 W from 505 11 2 24 V / 0,16 W from 505 07 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 212 V / 3 W from 505 08 2 1 2 1 23,7 V / 1,1 W from 505 06 1 16 V / 5 W 505 13 1 1Resistance wire:Constantan 0,35 mm 550 42 x x xChrom-nickel 0,25 mm 550 46 x xChrom-nickel 0,35 mm 550 47 x xIron 0,20 mm 550 51 x xEnd-window counter 559 01 1 1Counter S 575 471 1 1Ra 226 preparation 559 430 1 1

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