Science Saturdays #2 Science Saturdays #2 Earth’s Sky Earth’s Sky Hurricane Warning – Should You Hurricane Warning – Should You Evacuate? Evacuate? Lynne M. Bailey Lynne M. Bailey CSD 9 Title IIB STEM Grant CSD 9 Title IIB STEM Grant [email protected][email protected]
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Science Saturdays #2Science Saturdays #2
Earth’s SkyEarth’s SkyHurricane Warning – Should You Hurricane Warning – Should You
Evacuate?Evacuate?Lynne M. BaileyLynne M. Bailey
CSD 9 Title IIB STEM GrantCSD 9 Title IIB STEM [email protected]@nyit.edu
IntroductionsIntroductions• Paperwork done?Paperwork done?• How do you learn? How do you learn?
http://www.educationplanner.com/http://www.educationplanner.com/ Earthquake preparedness quiz online atEarthquake preparedness quiz online at
http://www.tvfr.com/http://www.tvfr.com/ click on “April is click on “April is Earthquake Awareness Month” and click Earthquake Awareness Month” and click on quizon quiz
• Protocols – leave no tracks!Protocols – leave no tracks!• Expectations?Expectations?
• Is there an hurricane in your future? Is there an hurricane in your future? Do you need an umbrella today?Do you need an umbrella today? Can we predict hurricanes or weather in Can we predict hurricanes or weather in
general general How does weather shape geography?How does weather shape geography? How does weather relate to basic earth How does weather relate to basic earth
systems? systems? How do hurricanes and other How do hurricanes and other
• Feeder /rain bands - long zones Feeder /rain bands - long zones of clouds, showers and thunder of clouds, showers and thunder storm activity that get their storm activity that get their moisture over warm water and moisture over warm water and drive energy into the storm drive energy into the storm
• Storm surge - mound of water Storm surge - mound of water that is pushed landward by the that is pushed landward by the winds of a hurricanewinds of a hurricane
• Four conditionsFour conditions Low pressure (reinforced by the Low pressure (reinforced by the
hurricane)hurricane) Warm temperatures (often in summer)Warm temperatures (often in summer) Moist area (over the ocean)Moist area (over the ocean) Tropical wind patterns (close to the Tropical wind patterns (close to the
EquatorEquator
Hurricane GrowthHurricane Growth• Begin when raindrops condense out of warm, moist Begin when raindrops condense out of warm, moist
airair
• Heat is released, which then makes the air Heat is released, which then makes the air convectconvect
• In a low pressure zone near the equator, this can In a low pressure zone near the equator, this can create an organized system of clouds and storms create an organized system of clouds and storms called a tropical depression (low pressure)called a tropical depression (low pressure)
• As more moist air is swept up and more rain As more moist air is swept up and more rain condenses out, the depression gets stronger, condenses out, the depression gets stronger, creating a tropical stormcreating a tropical storm
• If enough heat is added to the system, it becomes a If enough heat is added to the system, it becomes a hurricane with strong winds, an eye, and storm hurricane with strong winds, an eye, and storm surgesurge
Air MassesAir Masses• Large body of air that takes on the Large body of air that takes on the
characteristics of the area over which it formscharacteristics of the area over which it forms Classified according to their source areasClassified according to their source areas
• Fronts are narrow regions that separates two Fronts are narrow regions that separates two air masses of different densitiesair masses of different densities
• In the northern hemisphere, in a surface high-In the northern hemisphere, in a surface high-pressure system, air sinks and rotates in a pressure system, air sinks and rotates in a clockwise directionclockwise direction
• Cold air is heavier and sinks, pushing warm air Cold air is heavier and sinks, pushing warm air up and awayup and away
FrontsFronts• Cold front - Warm air Cold front - Warm air
lifted up over cold airlifted up over cold air• Warm front - Warm air Warm front - Warm air
displaces cold air and displaces cold air and it develops a gradual it develops a gradual frontal slopefrontal slope
• Occluded - Warm air is Occluded - Warm air is squeezed upward squeezed upward between two cold air between two cold air massesmasses
• Stationary-neither cold Stationary-neither cold or warm air advancesor warm air advances
• How fast or slow molecules are How fast or slow molecules are movingmoving Faster = warmerFaster = warmer Slower = colderSlower = colder
Humidity: Water Vapor in Humidity: Water Vapor in AirAir• Ratio of water vapor in a volume of Ratio of water vapor in a volume of
air relative to how much water vapor air relative to how much water vapor that volume of air is capable of that volume of air is capable of holding is called relative humidityholding is called relative humidity
• Troposphere layer of the Troposphere layer of the atmosphere contains most atmosphere contains most of the water vapor in of the water vapor in Earth's atmosphereEarth's atmosphere
• When air is cooled to its dewpoint or When air is cooled to its dewpoint or the temperature, if the air is cooled, the temperature, if the air is cooled, it reaches saturation. it reaches saturation.
• Air can reach saturation in a Air can reach saturation in a number of ways, most commonlynumber of ways, most commonlythrough lifting through lifting
AnemometerAnemometerProcedure (click image)Procedure (click image)• Blow on the anemometer or turn an Blow on the anemometer or turn an
electric fan on low to make sure that electric fan on low to make sure that it spins easilyit spins easily
• How many times the anemometer How many times the anemometer will spin in one minute? will spin in one minute?
• Can you make a statement Can you make a statement connecting the number of spins of connecting the number of spins of your anemometer and the speed of your anemometer and the speed of the wind? the wind?
How it WorksHow it Works• Four cups catch the Four cups catch the
wind and cause the wind and cause the anemometer to spin anemometer to spin
• Cups inward curve Cups inward curve receives most of the receives most of the force of the windforce of the wind
• That's what makes the That's what makes the cups movecups move
• More spins per minute, More spins per minute, the greater the wind the greater the wind velocityvelocity
• NOTE: When using this NOTE: When using this anemometer, 10 turns anemometer, 10 turns per minute means the per minute means the wind speed is about wind speed is about one mile per hour. one mile per hour.
• Very useful to use a Very useful to use a commercial commercial anemometer to anemometer to calculate a better calculate a better determination determination For example, "when our For example, "when our
anemometer read 20 anemometer read 20 spins a minute, the spins a minute, the commercial commercial anemometer read 2 anemometer read 2 miles per hour." miles per hour."
Beaufort Wind ScaleBeaufort Wind Scale
•Wind speed measured on a scale of 0-12 based on visual clues originally developed in 1806 by Sir Francis Beaufort
•Developed rating system to make accurate recording of wind speed
•Developed for sailors, but modified by the National Weather Service for use on land
• Relative humidity is the amount of Relative humidity is the amount of moisture in the air/divided by the moisture in the air/divided by the maximum amount the air can hold. maximum amount the air can hold.
• The higher the relative humidity is, The higher the relative humidity is, the more likely it is to rain. the more likely it is to rain.
• For secondary gradesFor secondary grades http://www.glencoe.com/sites/common_assets/http://www.glencoe.com/sites/common_assets/
science/virtual_labs/ES14/ES14.htmlscience/virtual_labs/ES14/ES14.html (have to create your own chart); see (have to create your own chart); see webquests, toowebquests, too
• National GeograhicNational Geograhichttp://video.nationalgeographic.com/http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/environment/video/player/environment/environment-natural-disasters/environment-natural-disasters/hurricanes/hurricane-ivan-hurricanes/hurricane-ivan-charlie.html charlie.html
ClosingClosing
• QuestionsQuestions
• EvaluationsEvaluations
• Check the Check the blogblog for these and more for these and more resources resources