126 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2.3.1 Science and technology is a vital tool for stimulating and strengthening the economic and social development of the country. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan, the science and technology (S&T) sector has focused on generating relevant innovative technologies; preserving, protecting and adding value to indigenous resources; adopting an appropriate mix of traditional, conventional and modern technologies; developing and nurturing human resource; strengthening basic research in areas of frontline science and; promoting S&T interventions in major socio-economic ministries and states so as to make them real stakeholders of S&T. FINANCIAL PROGRESS 2.3.2 The Tenth Plan outlay for the Central S&T departments/agencies is 6.2 per cent of the total Central sector budgetary support of the Plan. The progress of outlays/expenditure is given in Table 2.3.1. In terms of expenditure, progress in the first four years is broadly in line with the Plan. 2.3.3 The progress made by some of the major sectoral agencies towards achieving the Tenth Plan objectives and thrust, as well as the way forward required during the remaining Plan period, are briefly indicated below: NUCLEAR SCIENCE 2.3.4 Efforts are being continued under the power sector programmes of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) for large-scale deployment of nuclear power in the country. The first stage of Indian nuclear power programme using pressurised heavy water reactor (PHWR) technology has already reached a mature state. The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) is committed to providing R&D support to the nuclear power programme in terms of repair and life extension technologies, reactor control and regulating systems, etc. Improved project management techniques have helped to reduce the gestation period for PHWRs. From 8-10 years in the early 1990s, it now takes five years from the first pour of concrete to commercial operation. This has brought down the interest component during the construction period. The present Table 2.3.1 Progress of Plan outlays/expenditure of Central S&T departments/ agencies during the Tenth Five-Year Plan (Rs crore at 2001-02 prices) S. S&T departments/ Ninth Five-Year Tenth 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 Total % age No. agencies Plan 1997-2002 Plan (Actual (Actual (RE) (BE) of four of outlay Exp.) Exp.) years in Col.(10) Outlay Reali- (2002- Tenth to sation 07) Plan Col.(5) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 Department of Atomic 1935.73 1631.17 3443.00 391.09 383.20 520.43 732.96 2027.68 58.89 Energy (R&D sector) 2 Deptt. of Ocean 658.95 489.97 1125.00 134.60 137.76 176.37 285.55 734.28 65.27 Development 3 Deptt. of Science and 1932.31 1622.88 3400.00 517.91 563.07 851.94 1049.80 2982.72 87.73 Technology 4 Deptt. of Biotechnology 871.08 666.96 1450.00 197.47 232.59 282.19 373.73 1085.98 74.89 5 Deptt. of Scientific & 1713.10 1463.01 2575.00 342.46 411.90 529.10 710.51 1993.97 77.44 Industrial Research 6 Department of Space 8403.30 7107.36 13250.00 1782.91 1816.15 1940.04 2351.56 7890.66 59.55 Grand Total 15514.47 12981.35 25243.00 3366.44 3544.67 4300.07 5504.11 16715.29 66.22
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126
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
2.3.1 Science and technology is a vital toolfor stimulating and strengthening the economicand social development of the country. Duringthe Tenth Five-Year Plan, the science andtechnology (S&T) sector has focused ongenerating relevant innovative technologies;preserving, protecting and adding value toindigenous resources; adopting an appropriatemix of traditional, conventional and moderntechnologies; developing and nurturing humanresource; strengthening basic research in areasof frontline science and; promoting S&Tinterventions in major socio-economicministries and states so as to make them realstakeholders of S&T.
FINANCIAL PROGRESS
2.3.2 The Tenth Plan outlay for the CentralS&T departments/agencies is 6.2 per cent ofthe total Central sector budgetary support ofthe Plan. The progress of outlays/expenditureis given in Table 2.3.1. In terms of expenditure,progress in the first four years is broadly inline with the Plan.
2.3.3 The progress made by some of themajor sectoral agencies towards achieving theTenth Plan objectives and thrust, as well as theway forward required during the remainingPlan period, are briefly indicated below:
NUCLEAR SCIENCE
2.3.4 Efforts are being continued under thepower sector programmes of the Departmentof Atomic Energy (DAE) for large-scaledeployment of nuclear power in the country.The first stage of Indian nuclear powerprogramme using pressurised heavy waterreactor (PHWR) technology has already reacheda mature state. The Bhabha Atomic ResearchCentre (BARC) is committed to providingR&D support to the nuclear power programmein terms of repair and life extensiontechnologies, reactor control and regulatingsystems, etc. Improved project managementtechniques have helped to reduce the gestationperiod for PHWRs. From 8-10 years in theearly 1990s, it now takes five years from thefirst pour of concrete to commercial operation.This has brought down the interest componentduring the construction period. The present
Table 2.3.1Progress of Plan outlays/expenditure of Central S&T departments/
agencies during the Tenth Five-Year Plan(Rs crore at 2001-02 prices)
S. S&T departments/ Ninth Five-Year Tenth 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 Total % ageNo. agencies Plan 1997-2002 Plan (Actual (Actual (RE) (BE) of four of
outlay Exp.) Exp.) years in Col.(10)Outlay Reali- (2002- Tenth to
sation 07) Plan Col.(5)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1 Department of Atomic 1935.73 1631.17 3443.00 391.09 383.20 520.43 732.96 2027.68 58.89Energy (R&D sector)
2 Deptt. of Ocean 658.95 489.97 1125.00 134.60 137.76 176.37 285.55 734.28 65.27Development
3 Deptt. of Science and 1932.31 1622.88 3400.00 517.91 563.07 851.94 1049.80 2982.72 87.73Technology
4 Deptt. of Biotechnology 871.08 666.96 1450.00 197.47 232.59 282.19 373.73 1085.98 74.89
5 Deptt. of Scientific & 1713.10 1463.01 2575.00 342.46 411.90 529.10 710.51 1993.97 77.44Industrial Research
6 Department of Space 8403.30 7107.36 13250.00 1782.91 1816.15 1940.04 2351.56 7890.66 59.55
Grand Total 15514.47 12981.35 25243.00 3366.44 3544.67 4300.07 5504.11 16715.29 66.22
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Human Development
time taken for completion of a 540-MWePHWR nuclear power plant is comparablewith international standards. In addition, the540-MWe unit design has been up-scaled to 700MWe, which would lead to about 20 per centreduction in the capital cost per MWe.Construction of the first commercial 500-MWefast breeder reactor (FBR) under the secondstage of the nuclear power programme is inprogress at Kalpakkam.
2.3.5 Significant developments have takenplace for utilisation of thorium on a commercialscale, particularly in view of the proliferation-resistant potential of the thorium fuel cycle.These include: Completion of engineeringdevelopment for various systems of theadvanced heavy water reactor (AHWR), whichderives much of its power from thorium; settingup a critical facility for experimentation andvalidating reactor physics aspects of AHWRdesign and; completion of structured peerreview of project report of AHWR. Pre-licensing design safety appraisal by the AtomicEnergy Regulatory Board (AERB) is beinginitiated. Site selection and pre-project activitiesfor the first commercial reactor � AHWR �utilizing thorium, including the detailedengineering and design validation, would becompleted by the end of the Tenth Plan.Construction is likely to start in the EleventhFive-Year Plan. Construction of the firstdemonstration AHWR utilising thorium asfuel under the third stage of the nuclear powerprogramme will commence in the EleventhPlan. During construction of the fast breederreactor (FBR), project management conceptssimilar to those used for the construction ofPHWRs are being deployed to reduce thegestation period.
2.3.6 Several experiments have been initiatedfor developing AHWR to attain higher levelsof safety through utilisation of inherent andpassive safety features. These include tests onadvanced accumulator and passive containmentcoolers and establishment of two-phase naturalcirculation related characteristics under highpressure and high temperature. Several advancedsafety features of AHWR arise out of passivecomponents and systems. The design of apassive valve which will automatically divert
Box 2.3.1Major achievements in nuclear science
R&D units of the Department of AtomicEnergy (DAE) are committed to providingR&D support to the nuclear powerprogramme for peaceful applications ofnuclear energy and societal applications inthe country. Some of the significantachievements during the during the TenthPlan period are:
� Engineering development of varioussystems of advanced heavy waterreactor, which derives much of itspower from thorium.
� Up-scaling the 540-MWe unit design to700 MWe, which would lead to about20 per cent reduction in capital costper MWe.
� Setting up of an 1800-cubic metre/daycapacity reverse osmosis (RO) waterdesalination plant at Kalpakkam.
� Setting up of Positron EmissionTomography (PET)-CT Fusionmachine at Tata Memorial Hospital.
� Development of Hydrogel for burninjuries and wounds.
� Development of cobalt-60 tele-therapymachine at half the cost of equivalentimported machine for cancer treatment.
� Development of a digital medicalimaging system to replace conventionalX-ray machines.
� Completion of phase I of tele-medicinelink for cancer, connecting TataMemorial Hospital to Dr. B. BarooahCancer Institute (BBCI), Guwahati andWalawalkar Hospital, Dervan,Maharashtra.
� Setting up of a high-dose irradiation-plant for spices at Vashi and a low-doseirradiation plant for onion processingat Lasalgaon (KRUSHAK).
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steam to isolation condenser following a reactortrip has been completed. A number ofinstruments with associated software were alsodeveloped to measure void fraction in a two-phase flow. Besides the AHWR technology forusing thorium for power generation,accelerator-driven system technology is beingpursued in stages and is expected to meet theTenth Plan targets.
2.3.7 �High-temperature reactor� is the coretechnology for adapting nuclear power to non-electrical applications particularly, desalinationand high temperature applications, includingthose for generating non-fossil fluid fuels. Thecompact high-temperature reactor beingdeveloped at BARC would be designed tooperate at a temperature of about 1000ºC.Development of fuel and structural materialssuitable for operating at such high temperatureswill be of primary concern for this work.Design of a test set-up for a passive powerregulation system has been completed and theengineering R&D for high-temperature reactorsystems will be completed during the TenthPlan.
2.3.8 Significant progress has also been madein respect of the Mission Mode programmes.During the Tenth Plan period, several newwater desalination technologies have been takenup for development and demonstration. Areverse osmosis (RO) water desalination plantwith 1800 cubic metres per day (cmpd) capacityis operational at Kalpakkam. It generatespotable water at a running cost of 5-6 paisa perlitre. A multi-stage flash distillation waterdesalination plant with a capacity of 4500 cmpd,which uses nuclear heat, is currently underconstruction and is likely to be completed andcommissioned during the Tenth Plan period.A desalination plant based on the low-temperature vacuum evaporation process hasbeen integrated with the CIRUS reactor todemonstrate utilisation of low temperaturewaste heat for desalination of sea water.Development of a barge-mounted RO plantfor deployment in remote areas is also inprogress.
2.3.9 Some of the major developments innuclear medicine include: setting up of the
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)-CTFusion machine at the Tata Memorial Hospital(TMH), Mumbai; Advanced Centre forTreatment, Research and Education in Cancer(ACTREC), Navi Mumbai; medical cyclotronto produce isotopes for PET applications atthe Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC),Kolkata; development of Hydrogel for burninjuries and wounds by BARC; cobalt-60 tele-therapy machine at half the cost of an equivalentimported machine for cancer treatment byBARC and; a digital medical imaging systemto replace conventional X-ray machines by theBARC hospital.
2.3.10 In addition, a country-wide service incancer through telemedicine is planned tonetwork 19 regional cancer centres (RCCs)with TMH through satellite-based tele-medicinelinks in three phases. Phase I, which involvesconnecting TMH to Dr. B. Barooah CancerInstitute (BBCI), Guwahati, and WalawalkarHospital, Dervan, Maharashtra, has beencompleted. Phase II will link TMH to thecentres in Nagpur, Ahmedabad, Gwalior andHyderabad and all the remaining RCCs will belinked in phase III in a four-year time frame.
2.3.11 A new variety of oilseed viz. TG37A(groundnut) has been released under the MissionMode programme on application of irradiationtechnology for farm products. Work ondeveloping pest- resistant and saline-resistantvarieties of crops is also under way. A high-dose irradiation plant for spices at Vashi and alow-dose irradiation plant for onion processingat Lasalgaon (KRUSHAK) are functioning.Thirteen entrepreneurs have signed MoUs forsetting up irradiation plants for both food andmedical use. One of the plants, set up by aprivate company, OGFL, Kolkata, is alreadyoperational and two plants are in an advancedstage of construction. The remaining plants areat various stages of planning/construction. Anaccelerator-based food processing unit is alsobeing set up at the Centre for AdvancedTechnology (CAT), Indore.
SPACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
2.3.12 The first three years of the Tenth Planhave witnessed significant progress in the Indian
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Human Development
space programme. With a view to acquiringnew capabilities for space communications, theINSAT system capability was augmented withthe launch of INSAT-3A, 3E, GSAT-2 andGSAT-3 (EDUSAT) satellites during the firstthree years of the Tenth Plan. The INSATsystem now has 140 transponders on board,being used extensively for telecommunications,broadcasting, developmental communications,tele-health, tele-education and mobile satelliteservices. INSAT-4A, carrying high-powertransponders capable of enabling direct-to-home(DTH) services, is in the final stages of testingand would be launched in May/June 2005. TheGRAMSAT developmental communicationnetwork was established and operationalised inseveral states, including remote/tribal areas ofMadhya Pradesh, Orissa and the North-East.The INSAT system would be furtheraugmented with the launch of INSAT-4B, 4Cand 4D in the next two years, thereby increasingthe number of transponders in the INSATsystem to more than 200, exceeding the TenthPlan target of 175 transponders.
2.3.13 The Department of Space has continuedto maintain its leadership position in the fieldof earth observation infrastructure and hasbeen satisfactorily meeting the national imagingdemands for supporting the National NaturalResources Management System (NNRMS). Itis also providing the necessary disastermanagement support. The launch andoperationalisation of remote sensing satelliteResourcesat-1 (IRS-P6) onboard India�s PSLVC5 on 17th October 2003 has been an importantachievement in enhancing the earth observationinfrastructure of the country. The data fromRESOURCESAT-1 and other IRS satellites inorbit have been extensively used for naturalresource management applications in thecountry by various user ministries/departmentsand other agencies; monitoring the formationof the artificial lake in the Tibetan region;planning relief and rehabilitation activities inthe Andaman and Nicobar Islands, severelyaffected by tsunami. To further consolidateleadership in this field, advanced high-resolutionsatellites � CARTOSAT-1 and 2 � forcartographic applications would be launchedduring the remaining Tenth Plan period.
Box 2.3.2Major achievements in space science
and technology
The space programme during the TenthPlan period has attempted to strengthenthe space infrastructure of the country in aself-reliant manner towards meeting thenational requirements in the areas of satellitecommunications, meteorology and naturalresource management information. Someof the significant milestones achieved inthe first three years of the Tenth Plan areas under:
� Successful launch of INSAT-3A, 3E,GSAT-2 and GSAT-3 (EDUSAT)satellites.
� The number of transponders in INSATsystem will be more than 200 by theend of Tenth Plan, exceeding the Plantarget of 175 transponders.
� Launch and operationalisation ofremote sensing satellite Resourcesat-1(IRS-P6) on board India�s PSLV C5 forenhancing the Earth ObservationInfrastructure of the country.
� Launch of METSAT-1 (redesignated asKalpana-1) for providing improvedweather forecasting.
� Operationalisation of thegeosynchronous launch vehicle (GSLV),with the first operational flight ofGSLV-F01 placing EDUSAT satellitein orbit.
� Establishment of a satellite-basededucational network connecting 100engineering colleges in Karnataka as ademonstration project.
� Establishment of a tele-health networkconnecting 89 hospitals on a pilot levelwith 24 super-specialty hospitals serving65 district/rural area hospitals.
� Setting up of four village resourcecentres (VRCs) jointly with the M.S.Swaminathan Research Foundation,Chennai, to provide space-enabledservices.
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2.3.14 The launch of METSAT-1 (redesignatedas Kalpana-1) on 12th September 2002 andINSAT-3A on 10th April 2003 carrying veryhigh resolution radiometer (VHRR) and chargecoupled detector (CCD)-based cameras havehelped provide significantly improved data forweather forecasting. Advanced meteorologicalinstruments such as imager and sounder arebeing developed to further improve capabilityin this field. These instruments would be placedon board the INSAT-3D satellite, slated forlaunch towards the end of the Tenth Planperiod. The Government is processing theproposal for the OCEANSAT-2 satellite,equipped with payloads for oceanographicstudies including ocean state forecasting, andpayload development has begun. METSAT-2,earlier planned for the Tenth Plan period, hasbeen rescheduled to the Eleventh Plan in viewof the extended life of METSAT-1.
2.3.15 As envisaged in the Tenth Plan, thepolar satellite launch vehicle (PSLV) has beenput into regular production after undergoingseven successive successful flights. Indiancompanies are producing more than 60 percent of the hardware for PSLV. The PSLV-C6launch is planned for March/April 2005 tolaunch CARTOSAT-1 satellite from therecently commissioned second launch pad. Thegeosynchronous launch vehicle (GSLV) hasalso been operationalised after completing twosuccessful development flights in 2001 and 2003.The first operational flight of GSLV-F01 tookplace on 20 September 2004, placing into orbitthe EDUSAT satellite, weighing 1950 kg. Thelaunch capabilities of both PSLV and GSLVhave been progressively upgraded [PSLV � from850 kg to 1400 kg for sun synchronous orbit;GSLV � from 1560 kg to 1950 kg forgeosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO)]. Anadvanced launch vehicle, GSLV Mk III, capableof launching 4T INSAT type of satellites intoGTO, is also being developed for furtherupgrading launch capabilities.
2.3.16 With a view to encouraging spacescience enterprise in the country, theDepartment of Space has taken up an importantplanetary mission, Chandrayaan-1, whichwould be launched in 2007 on board India�sPSLV. The main scientific objectives of the
planetary mission is to undertake high-resolution remote sensing of the moon invisible, near infrared, low-energy X-rays andhigh-energy X-ray regions. This will includepreparing a three-dimensional atlas of regionsof scientific interest on the moon and chemicalmapping of the entire lunar surface. In addition,a multi-wavelength dedicated X-ray astronomysatellite ASTROSAT is also under developmentand is planned for launch in 2007. Both thesemissions would provide valuable scientific dataand a challenging opportunity for space scienceresearch in the country involving severalscientific institutions of national andinternational repute.
2.3.17 The Mission Mode programmes of theDepartment of Space are being implemented asper the targets set out in the Tenth Plan.Several application projects of nationalimportance, such as the Natural ResourceCensus, natural resource database and large-scale mapping, have been initiated towardsoperationalisation of the NNRMS. IRS datahas also been extensively used for severaldevelopmental application projects such as theNational Drinking Water Mission, wastelandmapping, bio-diversity characterisation of bio-rich areas of the country and state watersheddevelopment/planning. In the area of future-generation launch vehicles, a Space CapsuleRecovery Experiment Mission is planned in2005-06 to validate the re-entry technologies ofrelevance for future generation re-usable launchvehicles. Further, a technology demonstrationinitiative on future reusable launch vehicle(RLV) has been taken up. Relevanttechnologies, such as air breathing propulsionfor RLV, are also being developed.
2.3.18 Development of a radar imaging satellite(RISAT) to provide all-weather remote sensingcapability for critical applications in the areasof disaster management support, agricultureand other areas, has been initiated and thelaunch of the satellite is expected in 2007-08.EDUSAT was successfully launched on20th September 2004 on board India�s GSLVF01. A satellite-based educational networkconnecting 100 engineering colleges has beenoperationalised in Karnataka. Establishment ofa network connecting 880 primary schools in
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Human Development
predominantly tribal districts of Karnataka isin an advanced stage of completion. A tele-health network has also been operationalisedin the country using INSAT satellites. On apilot level, 89 hospitals have been connected inthe network with 24 super-speciality hospitalsserving 65 district/rural area hospitals. Fourvillage resource centres (VRCs) were set upjointly with the M.S. Swaminathan ResearchFoundation, Chennai, to provide integratedspace-enabled services such as tele-education,tele-health, natural resource data, disastermanagement support, agricultural advisories andother allied services at the village level.
BIOTECHNOLOGY
2.3.19 The activities and programmes of theDepartment of Biotechnology (DBT) are beingpursued through the national laboratories andacademic institutions to fulfil the Tenth Plantargets. Biotechnological interventions,primarily by DBT and also other governmentagencies such as Department of Science andtechnology (DST), Council for Scientific andIndustrial Research (CSIR), Indian Council forAgricultural Research (ICAR) and IndianCouncil for Medical Research (ICMR), havehelped in promoting growth of this sector.During 2003-04, the biotech industry recordeda growth of 39 per cent with a market share ofUS $ 705 million. However, it still contributesvery little to the global industry. The majorimpact of the technology so far has been feltmainly through public sector-supportedresearch efforts. To further promote innovationand knowledge commercialisation, effectivepublic-private linkages are being fostered. Theimpact of this promising technology has beenfelt at the grassroot level as well, with low-cost, affordable technologies/products beingmade available in the agriculture, environmentand health sectors.
2.3.20 Keeping in view the main thrust areasof the Tenth Plan, biotechnological tools havebeen effectively used for agricultureimprovement. Genetically engineered Brassica(mustard) expressing transgenes has beendeveloped for high-yielding hybrids by theUniversity of Delhi South Campus (UDSC),Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI),
New Delhi, and the National Research Centrefor Weed Science (NRCWS), Jabalpur with thesupport of DBT. Transformation studies havealso been taken up in other important cropslike, cotton, pigeonpea, chickpea and sorghum.Transgenic cotton having insect and viralresistance, fibre strength and heterosis-breedingtraits has been developed jointly by UDSC,Delhi, the Central Institute for Cotton Research(CICR), Nagpur, and the University ofAgricultural Sciences (UAS), Dharwad. Inaddition, the National Centre for PlantGenomics Research (NCPGR), New Delhi,has successfully transferred a novel gene topotato for improving nutritional security. Fieldtrials have shown enhanced protein content.Studies are now being undertaken to transferthis gene to rice, cassava and sweet potato.
2.3.21 The Government, through the GeneticEngineering Approval Committee (GEAC), hadcleared for commercial cultivation in March2002 three hybrids of transgenic Bt. Cottonprotected against American bollworm,developed jointly by Monsanto (United States)and Mahyco, and commercialised by Mahyco-Monsanto Board, Jalna, as well as a hybrid byRasi Seeds, Attur, Tamil Nadu in March 2004for central and south India. These four hybridshave today been planted over 1.3 million acres.In addition, six more hybrids (two each fromRasi Seeds, Ankur Seeds and Mahyco) havebeen cleared by GEAC in March 2005 forcommercial plantation in north India. Aprogramme on bio-fortification of staple crops� rice, wheat and maize � is also being initiated.In the forestry sector, characterisation of geneticdiversity is being done for important species.Genetically superior material has been identifiedin eucalyptus, teak, populus and casuarina.Studies on transformation for desirable traitsrelated to improved productivity have alsobeen undertaken.
2.3.22 Several infrastructure facilities havebeen set up in public funded R&D laboratoriesand academic institutions and a number ofR&D projects have been taken up fordevelopment of molecular medicine and expandstem cell research in the country.Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have beencharacterised and, for the first time in the
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country, haploidentical stem cell transplantationhas been carried out on 2nd April 2003 fortreatment of cancer. It is proposed to establishstem cell city clusters at six locations in thecountry. Focused and targeted programmes arebeing considered for human stem cell researchwith the involvement of clinicians such asplastic surgeons, cardiologists, neurosurgeons,orthopaedicians and others.
2.3.23 Programmes have also been developedon clinical proteomics. Significant progress hasalso been made towards the development ofenvironmentally safe technologies for pollutionabatement and biodiversity conservation as aresult of the financial support provided byDBT. These include the oil zapper technology
Box 2.3.3Major achievements in biotechnology
The field of biotechnology the world over, as well as in India, has moved with spectacularspeed towards developing a better understanding and insight into life processes and addressingmany problems concerning mankind. Its impact in the health, agriculture, environment andindustrial sectors has given a new dimension to the development process. During the TenthPlan, there has been a paradigm shift in basic research in modern biology and technologydevelopment. Significant developments include:
� Development of genetically engineered Brassica expressing transgenes for high-yieldinghybrids.
� Successful transfer of a new gene to potato for increasing protein content and improvingnutritional security.
� Characterisation of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) for the first time in the country, andtransplantation of haploidentical stem cell for treatment of cancer.
� Development of environmentally safe technologies for pollution abatement and biodiversityconservation, viz. oil zapper technology for crude oil spill treatment and petroleum sludgedegradation and technology for microbial desulphurisation of fossil fuels and biogas.
� Development of new vaccines/constructs for cholera, anthrax, rabies and childhooddiarrhoea.
� Development of a diagnostic test for Japanese encephalitis and licensing to Xycton,Bangalore.
� Establishment of human skeleton muscle culture technique (HSMCs).
� Whole genome sequencing of a typical Indian isolate Mycobacterium and clinical trial ofthis strain as leprosy immunotherapeutic.
� Completion of biodiversity characterisation at landscape level through remote sensingtools for the two hotspots in the North-East and Western Ghats and also WesternHimalaya and Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
� Development of an efficient procedure for transesterification of jatropha oil to producemethyl esters.
for crude oil spill treatment and petroleumsludge degradation (The Energy ResearchInstitute � TERI) and microbialdesulphurisation of fossil fuels and biogas(National Environmental Engineering ResearchInstitute (NEERI), Nagpur). Eco-restorationtechnologies for restoration of freshwater bodiesare being standardised and attempts are beingmade to transfer to user industries thetechnologies for detection of pathogens indrinking water, removal of odour fromindustrial emissions and eco-restoration of minespoil dumps and degraded ecosystems.
2.3.24 In the area of bio-industrialdevelopment, new vaccines/constructs havebeen developed indigenously and are
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Human Development
undergoing trials. These include rotaviralvaccine for childhood diarrhoea (by the AllIndia Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS),New Delhi), the Centre for Disease Controland Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, United States,and Bharat Biotech International Ltd.,Hyderabad, along with financial assistancefrom the Bill-Melinda Gates Foundation);vaccines for cholera (by AIIMS, New Delhiand Indian Institute of Science (IISc),Bangalore); anthrax (by Jawaharlal NehruUniversity (JNU), New Delhi and PanaceaBiotech Ltd., New Delhi) and; rabies (by IISc,Bangalore, and Indian Immunologicals Ltd(IIL), Hyderabad). A diagnostic test forJapanese encephalitis was also developed andcommercialised. This technology has beenlicensed to Xycton, Bangalore, and the kitsare being marketed under the brand name�JEV-CHEX�. Vaccines and diagnostics foranimal and marine health have also beensuccessfully developed and commercialised andare being marketed by Mangalore BiotechLaboratories, Cochin. In addition, technologiesin the areas of biofertilisers, biopesticides andplant tissue culture have also beencommercialised, which include Bioprahar andEcorrhiza.
2.3.25 In order to further promote bio-industrial development in the country, theDepartment of Biotechnology has proposed aBiotechnology Innovation Fund to developand commercialise bioprocesses and productsby promoting entrepreneurship throughdevelopment of partnership with innovatorsfrom universities, national R&D institutions,academic institutions and industry. This willbe operationalised during the remaining periodof the Tenth Plan through public-privatepartnership.
2.3.26 Simplification of regulatory assessmentof biotech products has been achieved throughtwo committees, namely, the Task Force onApplications of Agricultural Biotechnology andthe Pharmaceutical Research and DevelopmentCommittee. The new regimen will beintroduced from April 2005. In addition, aproposal for a National BiotechnologyRegulatory Authority is being developed underthe auspices of an inter-ministerial group. A
single-window clearance committee is also beingproposed in consultation with the Ministry ofEnvironment and Forests and otheradministrative ministries/departments to dealwith applications related to various clearancesrequired for commercialising recombinantproducts.
2.3.27 Mission mode programmes in the areasof genomics, new drugs and molecules fromimportant medicinal plants, bioresourcecharacterisation and inventorisation anddocumentation of endangered eco-system,biofuels, vaccines, and food and nutritionalsecurity have been progressing well. Under thegenomics programme, polymorphism in geneshas been genotyped for identification of genesthat cause or predispose Type 2 diabetes. Ahuman skeleton muscle culture (HSMC)technique has been established. Whole genomesequencing of a typical Indian isolateMycobacterium has also been implemented. Thisstrain has been used as a leprosyimmunotherapeutic and clinical trial has beencarried out using this strain.
2.3.28 Under the programme for developmentof new drugs and molecules from importantmedicinal plants, several lead molecules �including 12 anti-cancerous, three anti-diabeticand 15 having immunomodulatory properties� have been identified. Biodiversitycharacterisation at landscape level throughremote sensing tools has been completed forthe two hotspots in the North-East, WesternGhats and also Western Himalaya andAndaman & Nicobar Islands. The first phaseof four inventories on medicinal, othereconomically important plant, microbial andmarine have been completed. As a part of theMission Mode programme on biofuels,bioenergy plantations have been set up in fivedifferent locations and cultivation anddemonstration of quality planting material ofjatropha has been initiated at 12 differentlocations covering a total area of 500 hectare.An efficient procedure for transesterificationof jatropha oil has been developed to producemethyl esters.
2.3.29 Vaccines for rotaviral diseases, rabies,HIV/AIDS, cholera and tuberculosis are in
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advanced stages of development. In the area offood and nutritional security, the thrust is ondevelopment of low-cost nutrient foodsupplements, health food/nutraceuticals, foodadditives, biofunctional foods and value-addedproducts from agricultural residues. Animportant area is development of zinc as animmunomodulator for prevention of diarrhoeaand pneumonia in children. Technology forstable, low-cost dispensable zinc formulation isbeing transferred to ORS manufacturingcompanies in partnership with the WorldHealth Organisation.
2.3.30 Under capacity-building, humanresource development has been strengthenedand M.Sc. (biotechnology) was supported innearly 60 universities with an annual intakeof approximately 900 students. Ph.D. and post-doctoral fellowships have been instituted inaddition to overseas associateships for in-servicescientists. An effective bioinformatics networkhas also been established across the countrywith five centres of excellence, 10 distributedinformation centres (DICs) and 49 sub-DICs.Ph.D, M.Tech. and post-graduate diplomacourses in bioinformatics have also beenstarted.
2.3.31 The societal development programmehas had a good impact on the Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes (SC/ST), rural and womentarget groups. Nearly 65,000 person including12,000 women have been benefited throughapplication of proven biotechnologies in thearea of medicinal plant, vermicompost,biofertiliser, biopesticide, etc.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
2.3.32 The Department of Science andTechnology (DST) has been playing a pivotalrole in the promotion of S&T in the country.Support to basic research, cutting acrossdisciplines and institutions, by DST hasenabled Indian scientists to perform at aglobally competitive level in several areas ofscience and engineering and contribute totechnology development of interest to Indianindustries. A large number of publications ininternationally and nationally referred journalsand IPR in the form of Patent Cooperative
Treaty (PCT) filings through the PatentFacilitating Cell have resulted from theseefforts. However, as the intellectual propertyprotection plays a key role in gaining anadvantageous position in the competitivetechnological game for achieving economicgrowth, there is a need to generate greaterawareness among scientists.
2.3.33 A number of Indian scientists havereceived international recognition by beingelected to international academies such as theThird World Academy of Sciences. A largenumber of scientists, including young scientists,were encouraged to participate in internationalS&T conferences abroad to enable them tointeract with the global scientific community.
2.3.34 In line with the objectives/targets laiddown in the Tenth Plan, DST is preparing aproposal for establishing National Science andEngineering Board/Foundation. In order tobuild strengths in areas like nanotechnologies,nine centres have been established in thecountry for carrying out R&D in the area ofnanoscience and technology. A proposal tolaunch a mission on nanoscience andtechnology has been prepared and is underconsideration for approval by the appropriateauthorities. Some of the facilities for buildingstrengths in molecular electronics have alsobeen established. The department is activelyconsidering proposals for establishing asynchrotron facility and a six-eight-metre opticaltelescope. Advance materials and composites,information and communication technologyand microelectronics are being tried for highervalue addition in various products, includingagriculture and agro-food processing.
2.3.35 The department has been able to sustaina steady flow of competent scientists to carryout the research programmes throughinnovative programmes like establishment ofcore groups/centres of excellence in technicaleducational institutions, creation of specialisedresearch facilities in universities and other R&Dinstitutions and systematic manpowerdevelopment schemes. Considering that a largenumber of young students today opt for careersother than scientific research in a highlycompetitive environment, these programmes
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Box 2.3.4Science and technology for women
The S&T programme for women, being implemented by DST and DBT is aimed atempowerment of women through application of S&T. Under this programme, support isprovided to projects aimed at identifying gap areas relating to technological needs of women,development and adaptation of technology or transferring the available ones for the benefit ofwomen. Some of the major initiatives taken up during the Tenth Plan include:
� Fellowships to women scientists to pursue research in frontier areas of science andengineering, societal problems requiring S&T intervention and for undergoing S&T-basedinternship leading to self-employment
� Establishment of women technology parks at Assam and Maharashtra and a womenbiotechnology park at Chennai.
� Training complexes established for women in the field of seritechnology (Mysore), foraquaculture practices (Mangalore), cultivation and processing of jute with pisciculture(West Bengal) and bioinformatics in organic cultivation of traditional and non-traditionalcrops (Uttaranchal).
� Demonstration and transfer of proven technology packages for skill upgradation andincome and employment-generation activities relating to value-added products frombioresources, aquaculture, floriculture, vermi-composting, poultry, medicinal and aromaticplants, mushroom cultivation and sericulture.
� Coordinated programmes on fodder management, development of prevention andintervention strategies for nutrition-related non-communicable disorders among women,vector control with community participation, post-harvest utilisation technology ofseaweed, diversified products from lac, pottery and ceramics.
have a major significance in maintainingnational S&T competence. A comprehensivescheme for training scientific manpowerworking in the Central scientific departmentshas also been initiated.
2.3.36 The Women Scientists Scheme of DSTprovides new opportunities to S&T-trainedwomen who wish to contribute to research orengage in other S&T-based employmentincluding self-employment. About 300 womenscientists have so far benefited through thisscheme. Active participation of industry andacademic institutions has been ensured underdrugs and pharmaceuticals research and invarious other technology development anddemonstration programmes of the TechnologyInformation, Forecasting and AssessmentCouncil (TIFAC). The department is also takingvarious initiatives with Indian diaspora to attractscientists and technologists of Indian origin(STIOs) to share their expertise and involvethem in Indian S&T initiatives.
2.3.37 Inter-disciplinary studies involvingmulti-disciplinary capabilities in research,instrument design and manufacture has led toseveral first-of-its-kind programmes in thecountry. The Squid-based MEG system forhuman brain studies, Indira Gandhi Centre forAtomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam;establishment of a linear accelerator withconformal radiotherapy and intensitymodulation radiotherapy at the Sanjay GandhiPost-Graduate Institute of Medical Science(SGPGIMS), Lucknow; the high-resolutionNMR facility for biomedical research at theAdvanced Centre for Biomedical Research(ACBR), Delhi, are unique examples of highS&T expertise being mobilised to address basichealth problems of the population. It has alsobeen possible to deploy cutting edge science ina number of frontline areas includingnanotechnology, materials technology andbiotechnology. These relate to new propertiesof carbon nano tubes, structural biology ofplant lectins, plasma enhanced chemical vapour
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deposition (PECVD) for photonic devices andspecific drug development. Through the Fundfor Infrastructure in Science & TechnologyInstitituions (FIST) initiative, a systematicstrengthening of research infrastructure in alarge number of university departments hastaken place, that not only raises the level ofresearch but also contributes to attracting freshyoung talent to the Indian research sector.
2.3.38 Among the various Mission Modeprogrammes identified during the Tenth Plan,the National Mission for Bamboo Application(NMBA) has been launched. It is multi-disciplinary and multi-dimensional in itsapproach and seeks to develop and promoteenvironment-friendly, value-added bamboo-based products, practices, technology andprocesses, including wood substitutes. A corpusof Rs.150 crore has also been created to pursuedrugs and pharmaceuticals research programmesin the country. The seismology mission hasbeen launched with a view to setting up multi-parametric geophysical observatories andupgradation of national strong motioninstrumentation network. A �NationalNanotechnology Mission� is also underconsideration of the Government, keeping inview the tremendous applications of thistechnology in the areas of drug delivery, surfacecoatings/engineering, sensor devices, nanoelectronics, etc. In addition, the department isaccording high priority to the instrumentdevelopment programme and technologybusiness incubator (TBI) programme and 12TBIs have already been established.
OCEAN SCIENCES
2.3.39 The Department of OceanDevelopment is actively engaged in exploratorysurveys for assessment of living and non-livingocean resources through a series of dedicatedcruises of the fisheries and oceanographicresearch vessel (FORV) during summermonsoons, winter monsoons and inter-monsoons. Dedicated cruises were alsoundertaken for summer monsoon and wintermonsoon coverage of the Bay of Bengal. TheAndaman Sea was also surveyed through fivededicated cruises. A centralised FORV Dataand Referral Centre has been set up at the
Box 2.3.5Major achievements of the Department
of Science and Technology
The Department of Science & Technology(DST) has been playing a pivotal role inthe promotion of science & technology inthe country. Support to basic researchcutting across disciplines and institutionshas enabled Indian scientists to perform ata globally competitive level in several areasof science and engineering and contributeto technology development of interest toIndian industries. Some of the importantinitiatives taken up by DST during thefirst three years of the Tenth Plan are:
� Establishment of a Centre for SoftComputing Research at the IndianStatistical Institute (ISI), Kolkata.
� Creation of major research facilities inR&D institutions for mobilisation ofhigh science and technology expertiseto address basic health problems of thepopulation and also national facilitiesin the areas of nano-materials scienceand technology.
� Launch of National Mission forBamboo Application (NMBA), whichseeks to develop and promoteenvironment-friendly, value-added,bamboo-based products, practices,technology and processes, includingwood substitutes.
� Cutting edge science in frontline areasrelating to carbon nano tubes, structuralbiology of plant lectins, plasmaenhanced chemical vapour deposition(PECVD) for photonic devices andspecific drug development.
� Launch of a Seismology Mission forsetting up of multi-parametricgeophysical observatories andupgradation of a strong national motioninstrumentation network.
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Centre for Marine Living Resources andEcology, Kochi. Survey and exploration forpolymetallic nodules (PMN) is also beingcarried out in 92 blocks (316 stations) out ofabout 500 retained blocks at a closer gridinterval of 6.25 km, to refine resourceestimation further and to identify first-generation mine sites. Sampling of 120 stationshas already been completed and the balancestations would be sampled within the TenthPlan period.
2.3.40 With a view to protecting andpreserving marine environment, the quality ofcoastal waters is being assessed continuously at82 locations along the coastline of the countryincluding areas of concern like Mumbai, Kochi,Veraval, Veli, Tuticorin, Cuddalore, Chennai,Kakinada and Visakhapatnam. The results haveindicated that the pollution levels have remainedconstant over the years. No decrease ofpollution has been found in the waters offMumbai except at Versova. Technologydevelopment activities have led to indigenousdevelopment of moored data buoys withINSAT communications at almost one-third ofthe cost of imported data buoys. Tide gaugeshave also been indigenously produced and theAmerican patent on tide gauge has beenreceived. Integrated coastal and marine areamanagement plans developed for Chennai, Goaand Gulf of Kachchh demonstrated the use ofGIS, remote sensing and mathematicalmodelling in developing integrated managementsolutions.
2.3.41 To establish ocean-related informationsystem, a dynamic website and ocean portalwas commissioned at the Indian NationalCentre for Ocean Information System(INCOIS) for ocean data mining andwarehousing of a variety of ocean-relatedcollection through various national andinternational efforts. The INCOIS website(www.incois.gov.in) matured as a prime vehiclefor delivery of ocean data, information andadvisories. A set of 10 information kiosks, oneeach in the coastal states of India, was installedin fishing harbours for dissemination ofpotential fishing zone (PFZ) information. TheOcean State Forecast Services was also launchedon an experimental basis for safe operations
and travel at sea. In addition, India hasestablished a regional alliance in the IndianOcean on Global Ocean Information andObservation System (IO-GOOS) at the IndianNational Centre for Ocean Information Services(INCOIS), Hyderabad, with 21 organisationsfrom different countries. As a part of thecommitment for deployment of 150 Argo floatsin the Indian Ocean under GOOS and toimprove the delivery of ocean information, 60Argo floats have been deployed for real-timedata acquisition in respect of conductivity andtemperature profiles around the place ofdeployment. In addition, three-current meterarray moorings have been deployed in theequatorial region.
2.3.42 As a part of technology developmentfor exploitation of nodules from deeper depthin phases, a shallow bed-mining system hasbeen thoroughly refurbished. Design anddevelopment of crusher and collector fornodules for greater depth is in progress and isexpected to be developed as envisaged by theyear 2007. In addition, the design of theunmanned submersible has been taken up bythe National Institute of Ocean Technology(NIOT), Chennai. Demonstration of the systemis scheduled during the year 2005. A semi-commercial pilot plant of 500 kg/day capacitywas commissioned at Hindustan Zinc Limited(HZL), Udaipur, for exploitation of nodules,and a shallow bed mining system at a depth of500 metres would be demonstrated in 2005.
2.3.43 In addition to the yearly scientificexpeditions to Antarctica, the National Centrefor Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR),Goa, has set up an ice core laboratory equippedwith state-of-the-art storage and processingfacilities maintained at �200 C and �150 C forstrengthening front-ranking research in polarsciences. A team of five scientists was speciallydeputed for conducting scientific experimentsduring the total solar eclipse that occurred onthe midnight of 23/24 November 2003, nearMaitri Station in Antarctica. A site has alsobeen identified for a new station at Antarcticain the central part of Larsenmann Hill on thebasis of a reconnaissance survey. Thedepartment has also decided to set up a Centreof Excellence in Ocean Science & Technology
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at the Ocean Science & Technology Cell inMarine Biology, Annamalai University, TamilNadu.
2.3.44 In the wake of the recent Indian Oceantsunami, which is considered to be one of thestrongest in the world in the past 40 years,resulting in extensive loss of life and propertyin several coastal areas of the Indian Ocean,the Department of Ocean Development hasbeen given with the responsibility of puttingin place a early warning system for tsunamiand storm surge in the Indian Ocean regionwith an ultimate objective of saving lives andproperty. The total cost of this system hasbeen estimated at Rs.125 crore and is expectedto be operationalised within a period of 30months.
2.3.45 The Mission Mode programme ondevelopment of drugs from sea has beeninitiated by the Department in phases. As apart of the programme, systematic collectionof identification of leads has been accomplishedand the focus is now on product developmentin seven major areas viz. anti-diabetic/anti-diarrhoeal; anti-hyperlipidaemic; anti-anxiety;anti-hyperglycaemic; anti-bacterial/anti-fungal;anti-tumour/anti-cancer and; larvicidal. Clinicaltrial of anti-diabetic compound has beencommissioned in two hospitals. Two patentshave been filed to protect the IPR. Thedepartment has also undertaken an initiativefor large-scale technology demonstration of anocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) plant(one MW capacity). Due to the logisticconstraints of deployment and rough seaconditions along with other unforeseen factorsthat developed during the two deploymentattempts made so far, the full deployment ofthe plant has not been achieved so far. Underthe technology development programme forgas hydrates, NIOT, Chennai, has alreadycompleted the design of the submersible andspecifications for sensors required for gashydrate studies and the same would be readyby May/June, 2005, for demonstration andsample collection. An Indo-Russian Centre forGas Hydrate studies has been set up at NIOTto carry out various studies related to gashydrates.
Box 2.3.6Major achievements in ocean sciences
The programmes/activities of theDepartment of Ocean Development havelong-term technological implications andare aimed at development of technologiesfor exploration and sustainable exploitationof vast marine resources both living andnon-living and management of the marineeco-system. Some of the importantachievements during the Tenth Planinclude:
� Setting up of a centralised FORV Dataand Referral Centre at the Centre forMarine Living Resources and Ecology,Kochi.
� Completion of sampling for survey andexploration for polymetallic nodules(PMN) in 120 stations at a closer gridinterval of 6.25 km to refine resourceestimation further and to identify first-generation mine sites.
� Continuous assessment of the qualityof coastal waters at 82 locations alongthe coastline of the country with aview to protecting and preserving themarine environment.
� Indigenous development of moored databuoys with INSAT communication atalmost one-third of the cost of importeddata buoys and deployment of a 20-buoy network in the Indian Ocean.
� Indigenous development of tide gaugesand patenting in the United States.
� Development of integrated coastal andmarine area management plans forChennai, Goa and the Gulf of Kachchh.
� Commissioning of a dynamic websiteand ocean portal at INCOIS for OceanData Mining and Warehousing.
� Establishment of a regional alliance inthe Indian Ocean on Global OceanInformation and Observation System(IO-GOOS).
� Deployment of 60 Argo floats for real-time data acquisition in respect ofconductivity and temperature profiles.
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SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH
2.3.46 The Department of Scientific andIndustrial Research (DSIR) has been primarilyengaged in promotion of industrial R&D;development of new technologies and processes;acquisition, management and export oftechnologies; and development of consultancycapabilities, under the Technology Promotion,Development and Utilisation (TPDU)Programme. This has resulted in establishmentof strong linkages between industries andnational research organisations. Thirty-seventechnology development and demonstrationprojects involving over 32 industrial units havebeen completed, resulting in commercialisationof a number of products and processes.
2.3.47 Significant developments have takenplace in the CSIR during the period. Thedevelopment of R&D projects and theirimplementation have undergone a sea change.CSIR developed synergistically linked largenetwork projects spanning across theorganisation. At the same time, through theNew Millennium Indian TechnologyLeadership Initiative (NMITLI), it has evolvedlarge projects in the public-private partnership(PPP) mode with external organisations,including industry. The effort under networkprojects is to organically link the vastcompetencies developed across laboratories andto draw upon the cumulative strength of CSIR.This paved the way for it to move away fromlaboratory-centric projects to large, impact-making, organisation-centric projects.
2.3.48 During the period, CSIR developedand put in place 55-networked projects coveringseveral S&T areas. Some of these projects are:Spearheading small civilian aircraft designdevelopment and manufacture; molecularbiology of selected pathogens for developingdrug targets; scientifically validated herbalpreparations for global positioning; traditionalknowledge digital documentation and library;environment-friendly leather processingtechnologies; exploration, assessment andmanagement of ground water; globallycompetitive chemical processes and products;cell and tissue engineering; developing greenprocesses for organic chemicals, etc. In the
process, it has also established a strategicpartnership with Indian industries for carryingout innovative R&D. Some of the majorindustries which partnered with CSIR areReliance, Atul, Chatterjee group companies,Tata group of companies, BHEL, Lupin, Cipla,Dabur, Nicholas Piramal, HindustanAeronautics, etc.
2.3.49 CSIR has achieved a commendable featby designing and developing a 14-seater lighttransport aircraft � SARAS � particularly usefulfor the difficult terrains of north-eastern statesand small towns across the country. Based onthe results of several test flights of SARAS,certain structural modifications are being made,including weight optimisation. Indian Air Forcehas shown interest in buying six aircraft fortraining programme. A traditional knowledge-based digital library (TKDL) has resulted increation of a Traditional Knowledge (TK) -Ayurveda database containing 36,000formulations in five international languages.Several environment-friendly leather-processingtechnologies have been standardised, whichinclude: Less salt curing methodologies, enzymeassisted de-hairing of goat skins, closed-looppickle-tanning system, pickle-less tanning, andwater-saving methodologies. The otherimportant application-oriented technologiesdeveloped by CSIR are: Disease-resistant ricevariety, biodiesel from jatropha, �Asmon�polyherbal medication that provides relief andsuccour in bronchial asthma, anti hypertensivedrug s-amlodipine, biorefining of rice bran oil,new rare earth based glass and glass-ceramicphosphors developed for compact fluorescentlamps and cathode ray tube display screens;brackish water desalination plant for ruralpopulation, ceramic membrane-basedtechnology for removal of arsenic and ironfrom contaminated ground water, etc.
2.3.50 The technology transfer to industryhas also kept the desired pace and as many as85 new knowhow/technologies have beenlicensed to various industries during the periodunder review. These include, naphtha andnatural gas to liquified petroleum gas (LPG)and high-octane gasoline, a 1500-tonnes perannum (tpa) plant for conversion of starch toD-gluconates, Sonalika tractor, etc. Continuing
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with its commitment to provide technologicalsupport for basic human needs through researchand development, CSIR developed RO plantsto enhance the potability of water. These plantsof diverse capacities were installed at variousplaces, including tsunami-affected areas. CSIRhas also developed an RO plant with a capacityof one million litres a day for generatingprocessed water from sewage water at theChennai Petroleum Corporation Limited(CPCL), Chennai. Two full-scale demonstrationcommon effluent treatment plants at Dindiguland Erode have been designed based on anintegrated approach of in-plant control andend-of-pipe treatment solution.
2.3.51 Significant scientific achievements havealso been made in respect of other programmesviz. gene silencing for a possible therapy forcancer and other related diseases; exploration andexploitation of the country�s microbial wealthfor novel compounds and bio-transformationprocesses; novel therapeutic strategies to tackleleishmaniasis; synthetic peptide-based nanotubesuseful for DNA material for gene therapy andalso for making biochemical sensors; a smartbiosensor based on ion-sensitive field effecttransistor (ISFET); biodegradable polymers fromsugarcane bagasse; study of mesozoic sedimentsfor hydrocarbon exploration; pollution controland monitoring devices for air, water and solid
Box 2.3.7Technological developments at CSIR
During the Tenth Plan, significant developments have taken place in CSIR. On the one hand,CSIR has developed synergistically linked large network projects spanning across theorganisations and on the other, it has evolved large projects in the public-private partnership(PPP) mode with external organisations including industry, through the New MillenniumIndian Technology Leadership Initiative (NMITLI). CSIR has also established strategicpartnership with Indian companies for carrying out innovative research and development.Some of the major industries which partnered with CSIR are Reliance, Atul, Chatterjee groupcompanies, Tata group companies, BHEL, Lupin, Cipla, Dabur, Nicholas Piramal, HindustanAeronautics, etc. During the first half of the Tenth Plan, it has filed 827 patents in India and1223 patents abroad, resulting in grant of 384 US patents. The number of US patents grantedin this period surpasses the cumulative figure of previous years, a remarkable achievementindeed. Its contribution to basic research over the years has also been increasing, and itsaverage impact factor per paper (AVIF) has gone up to 1.75 in 2003 from 1.55 in 2000. Someof the significant technological developments include:
� Design & development of a 14-seater light transport aircraft-SARAS.
� Creation of a traditional knowledge (Ayurveda) database containing 36,000 formulationsin five international languages.
� Environment-friendly leather processing technologies.
� Application-oriented technologies like disease resistant rice variety, biodiesel from jatropha,�Asmon�- polyherbal medication, an anti-hypertensive drug, biorefining of rice bran oil,new rare earth-based glass and glass-ceramic phosphors for compact fluorescent lamps andcathode ray tube display screens, brackish water desalination plant for rural population,ceramic membrane-based technology for removal of arsenic and iron from contaminatedground water, etc.
� A comprehensive, portable and versatile software package - �BioSuite� - for bio-informatics.
� A new therapeutic molecule for tuberculosis.
� An oral herbal formulation for the treatment of psoriasis.
� A novel catalyst for deep desulphurisation of diesel to reduce sulphur content to less than50 ppm.
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waste; development of microwave electron tubetechnology, etc.
2.3.52 The NMITLI has emerged as India�slargest and best managed public-privatepartnership scheme. Its basic objective is tocatalyse innovation-centred scientific andtechnological developments as a vehicle to attainfor Indian industry a global leadership positionin select niche areas in a true �Team India� spiritby synergising the best competencies of publiclyfunded R&D institutions, academia and privateindustry. It has catalysed 33 projects involving220 partners � 55 of them from the private sector� in setting new technological paradigms indiverse S&T areas such as liquid crystals, nanomaterials, fuel cells, industrial chemicals,catalysts, bio-informatics, drugs andpharmaceuticals, biotechnology, etc. The initialsuccesses under the scheme cover developmentof a comprehensive, portable and versatilesoftware package � �BioSuite� � for bio-informatics that was launched in the UnitedStates and India, discovery of a new therapeuticmolecule for TB and filing of an investigationalnew drug (IND) application, an oral herbalformulation for the treatment of psoriasis andfiling of IND, a novel catalyst for deepdesulphurisation of diesel to reduce sulphurcontent to less than 50 ppm, systematic scientificvalidation of different chemotypes ofashwagandha, development of new varieties ofmentha, etc.
2.3.53 CSIR continued its efforts ininnovation-driven R&D pursuits to nurtureand develop patentable new ideas and concepts.During the first half of the Tenth Plan, it hasfiled 827 patents in India and 1223 patentsabroad, resulting in grant of 384 US patents.The number of US patents granted in thisperiod surpasses the cumulative figure ofprevious years, a remarkable achievementindeed. Further, CSIR not only stayed aheadas filer of the highest number of internationalpatents from India but also achieved thedistinction of occupying the first position infiling of Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)applications among developing nations in 2002.
2.3.54 The steady emphasis on excellence inresearch in frontier areas has enabled CSIR to
publish research papers in high-impact factorjournals. Its average impact factor (AVIF) perpaper has gone up to 1.75 in 2003 from 1.55 in2000. CSIR continued to be one of thesignificant contributors of research papersemanating from India. During this period, CSIRhas also trained a large number of researchersand thus contributed to the human resourcedevelopment effort of the nation.
GENERIC ISSUES RELATING TO THE S&TSECTOR: AN ASSESSMENT
2.3.55 The Indian S&T system has progressedwell in several sectors during the last few yearsand has established global competitiveness.Significant progress has also been made in theimplementation of various S&T programmes/activities and a number of technologies havebeen developed and transferred to the users.There has also been significant improvementin establishing linkages between the industryand research institutions/laboratories for thedevelopment and marketing of technologies. Anumber of S&T programmes are beingimplemented in mission mode, not only forknowledge generation but also for improvingthe quality of life of the common man.However, several areas of concern have alsoemerged. For the country to derive full benefitfrom its S&T capabilities, it would be necessaryto take appropriate steps to strengthen theS&T system for overall economic and socialdevelopment. This may require additionalallocation of resources and revamping of thesystem. Some of the major issues are discussedin the following paragraphs.
Apex Level Policy Guidelines Mechanism
2.3.56 With the constitution of ScienceAdvisory Council to the Prime Minister (SAC-PM), the existing S&T mechanisms like theCabinet Committee on Science and Technology(CCST), the Science Advisory Committee tothe Cabinet (SAC-C) and the ConsultativeGroup of Government Departments/Agencieson Science and Technology (CGDST) need tobe activated for providing policy directives,defining priorities and reorienting the S&Tsystem to suit changing needs. Effectiveprogramme implementation will become keyto making rapid progress.
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Giving Impetus to Basic Research
2.3.57 There is need for setting up a NationalLevel mechanism on the lines similar to those ofNational Science Foundation (NSF) of USA withnecessary administrative and financial powers toact as an apex body for evolving an overall policyframework and for promoting and supportingbasic research, building strengths in chosenemerging areas of S&T, coordinating withvarious scientific departments/ agencies to evolvea focused approach that avoids overlapping inareas of research and funding and ensures agreater degree of integration and focus to nationallevel priorities. The proposed mechanism couldbe in the form of �Indian Science Foundation(ISF)� and tasked with supporting all fields offundamental science and engineering, identifyingrelevant new initiatives and the leading Indianscientists in the field and providing necessaryguidance and for enabling them to excel. Inaddition to funding basic research in thetraditional areas, the proposed ISF may identifyand support �high risk, high pay off� ideas.
Encourage Investments by Industry inR&D
2.3.58 Experience across the world has shownthat a strong linkage between R&D laboratoriesand the industry and an enabling environmentto commercialize laboratory knowledge arenecessary to exploit the Science and Technologycapabilities for economic development. In India,this linkage has traditionally been weak. Since1990s there has been increasing awareness amongindustries that a knowledge portfolio is anecessity for attaining competitiveness in themarketplace. As a result, sizable investment inR&D has taken place in sectors such as,pharmaceutical research, biotechnology andmore recently in manufacturing (Automobile)sector. However, this is yet to percolate intoother sectors in a big way. Consequently, whilethe Government has been trying to increaseinvestments in R&D per capita over the lastseveral years, the contribution of industry is stillless than 30 per cent of the total R&Dinvestments. Considering that in most ofindustrially advanced countries, the non-governmental contribution exceeds 70 to 80 percent , there is need for more concerted efforts toattract investments by industry in R&D. One
way of doing this could be through creation of afund from R&D cess on sales turn over, whichcould be used by the industry itself forundertaking R&D in its areas of operation.Several initiatives taken by Science Departmentslike the Department of Science and Technology(DST), Council of Scientific and IndustrialResearch (CSIR) in building public-privatepartnership in R&D also need to be strengthenedand expanded.
Strengthening of University Research
2.3.59 The Universities are the cradles of basicresearch. However, over the years, there has beensignificant decline in the R&D activities beingundertaken by universities due to erosion of theresearch base. It is therefore necessary to remedythis situation by strengthening of researchinfrastructure in the university system. Thiswould require a policy framework thatincentivises those among the faculty thatundertake research. Faculty positions in theUniversities and colleges will also needaugmentation so that teachers can devotesufficient time to research. Additionally, theconcept of research project as a part of the degreerequirement may be introduced in Post Graduatecourses.
Greater Autonomy and Flexibility
2.3.60 A stagnation of scientific output in India,in terms of number of scientific publications andcitations, has been a major concern. Increasingbureaucratization of the scientific establishmentsand weakening of the university system has likelycontributed to this stagnation. Experience acrossthe world has shown that, to increase theknowledge portfolio of a country, it is necessaryto increase investment per scientist for researchand also increase the number of scientists perunit population. There is reason to believe thatwe may be slipping in relative terms. While thenumber of scientists per unit population in Chinahas grown ten fold in last one decade, in India ithas stagnated and the value is much below thecorresponding number for industrially advancednations. Further, bracketing scientists as yetanother category of Government employees hasbrought in several distortions in the system.Research in futuristic areas involves a great dealof risk taking. Funding decisions for research
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cannot, therefore, be subjected to the same setof audit guidelines as other routine Governmentactivities and this practice has weakened thedecision making process in the scientific system.Keeping this in view, the S&T Departments,especially the autonomous scientific institutions,need much greater autonomy and flexibility intheir operations and removal of all hurdles inthe recruitment of scientists i.e. greater financialpowers, freedom in appointment and placementof scientists and technologists without the usualgovernment ban on recruitments, assuring careerprospects for young scientists etc.
Ensuring S&T inputs in all majorprogramme of DevelopmentDepartments
2.3.61 Among the thrust areas of S&T duringthe Tenth Five Year Plan is the identification oftechnological choices, investment decisions andthe S&T interventions necessary for theindividual sectors, so as to make all socio-economic ministries and states the realstakeholders of S&T. Science and TechnologyAdvisory Committees (STACs) have been set upin 24 development departments/socio-economicministries like Agriculture & Cooperation,Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Chemicals &Petrochemicals, Civil Aviation, Commerce,Fertilizers, Heavy Industry, Information &Broadcasting, Labour, Power, Railways,Telecommunication, Shipping & WaterTransport, Steel, Coal, Petroleum and NaturalGas, Water Resources etc. for providing S&Tinputs in the implementation of variousdevelopmental programmes. Majority of theseSTACs have become non-functional. There is aneed to activate the Science and TechnologyAdvisory Committees (STACs) and the Inter-Sectoral-STAC mechanism of DST for ensuringspecific S&T component in their developmentalprogrammes to improve effectiveness.
Support for Technology Developmentand Demonstration Programmes
2.3.62 It would be prudent to evolve atechnology development and demonstrationmechanism at the National level, which wouldensure that only relevant technologydevelopment programmes are pursued withparticipation from user agencies and industries.
In addition, it is necessary to strengthen theIndustry-academia interface for smooth transferof technology and protection of intellectualproperty rights, addressing not only the issueof filing of patents but also their commercialexploitation for resource generation. The TenthFive Year Plan envisaged establishment ofIndustry S&T Interface Institutions (ISTI), withtechnology management centers manned byqualified personnel. This would need to bepursued expeditiously.
Promoting Human Resourcedevelopment and Excellence in Science
2.3.63 The world today is witnessing, notonly globalization of trade and commerce butalso globalization of education andemployment. Consequently, the job marketfor skilled hands and knowledge workers hasalso been globalised. This has resulted in alarge number of Indian students migrating toother countries and also into careers otherthan scientific research. While migration ofbright students to other countries might sometimes reverse and lead to brain circulation andbenefit the country in the long run. Migrationof bright students to non-science career optionsis irreversible and permanently weakens thescience streams. The problem is furthercomplicated because of the weakening ofUniversity and other educational system wherequantity overtake quality. The number ofscientists and engineers in R&D per thousandpopulation in India is about 0.10 as comparedto 3 to 5 in the developed countries. There isneed for pro-active steps to strengthen theeducational system, particularly the highereducation, where the future scientists aretrained. The present policy of many universitieson freezing faculty appointments and StateGovernments not having adequate funds forsupporting the activities of the universities areresulting in untold damage to the educationalsystem. This situation need to be remedied andthe education system, in particular highereducation needs to address this problem. Theexisting HRD programmes pursued by variousdepartments/ agencies also need to bestrengthened. We need to launch specialinitiatives of creating world class R&D facilitiesand providing competitive compensation toscientists to arrest flight of human capital.
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Bright young students need to be picked up at10+ stage itself and groomed, assuring themreasonable assured career opportunities bycreating positions at different levels includingsupernumerary positions.
Energizing the State S&T Councils andmaking them effective vehicle fordissemination and transfer of technology
2.3.64 With a view to using Science andTechnology as an effective tool for economicdevelopment and to utilize the vast scientific
and technological potential existing in the Statesand Union Territories, an apex level body(The State Science and Technology Council)has been set up in almost every State. However,most of these State S&T Councils have becomedormant and the activities are getting restrictedto science popularization. In order to providenew dynamism to the application of S&T fordevelopment, the State S&T Councils needs tobe activated so that they can serve as effectivevehicles for dissemination and transfer oftechnology at the State/UT level.
THE WAY FORWARD
� Activate all the existing apex-level S&Tmechanisms for providing policydirectives, defining priorities andreorienting the S&T system to suitchanging needs as well as for effectiveprogramme implementation.
� Set up a national-level mechanism � viz.an Indian Science Foundation � similarto the National Science Foundation(NSF) of the United States for supportingbasic research in all fields of science andengineering.
� Make concerted efforts to attractinvestments in R&D from industrythrough a mechanism such as thecreation of a fund from R&D cess onsales turnover.
� Strengthen research in universitiessignificantly by adopting a multi-prongedapproach. Provide incentives to facultyfor undertaking research, augmentfaculty positions so that teachers candevote sufficient time to research andintroduce the concept of researchprojects at the post-graduate level.
� Provide S&T departments andinstitutions with greater autonomy andflexibility in their operations, especiallygreater financial powers, freedom inappointment and placement of scientistsand technologists without the usualgovernment ban on recruitments,assuring career prospects for youngscientists, etc.
� Activate the science and technologyadvisory committees (STACs) of variousdevelopment departments and the inter-sectoral STAC mechanism of DST inorder to ensure specific S&T componentsin terms of technological inputs toimprove the effectivness of variousdevelopmental programmes.
� Strengthen the industry-academiainterface for smooth transfer oftechnology and protection of intellectualproperty rights. Pursue the proposedestablishment of industry-S&T interfaceinstitutions with technologymanagement centres.
� Strengthen the existing HRDprogrammes pursued by variousdepartments/agencies. Launch initiativesfor creating world-class R&D facilitiesand providing competitive compensationto the scientists to arrest flight of humancapital. Identify and groom bright youngstudents at the 10+ stage itself, ensuringthem reasonable, assured careeropportunities by creating positions atdifferent levels including supernumerarypositions.
� Activate the states� S&T councils so thatthey can act as an effective vehicle fordissemination and transfer of technologyat the state/Union Territory level. Thiswill provide a new dynamism to theapplication of S&T for development.
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Human Development
Annexure 2.1.1Review of financial progress in the Tenth Plan
(Rs Crore)
S. Name of the Sector Tenth Plan Annual Plan Annual Plan Annual PlanNo (2002-2007) 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
Approved Actual Expdr. Actual Expdr. RevisedOutlay Outlay
A Department of Elementary Education & Literacy
1. Elementary Education 28750.00 4259.29 5203.40 *8982.00
2. Adult Education 1250.00 216.33 232.50 250.00
Total A 30000.00 4475.62 5435.90 9232.00
B Department of Secondary & Higher Education
1. Secondary Education 4325.00 578.14 639.08 693.00
2 University & Higher Edn. 4176.50 619.14 560.44 640.00
3 Language Development 434.00 103.57 104.11 121.29
4 Scholarships 52.00 0.28 0.16 7.00
5 Book Promotion 67.00 6.26 6.53 6.71
6 Planning & Administration 70.50 4.40 4.65 7.00
7 Technical Education 4700.00 600.47 626.34 750.00
Total B 13825.00 1912.26 1941.31 2225.00
Total A + B 43825.00 6387.88 7377.21 11457.00
C Ministry of Youth 1825.00 275.92 302.82 375.00Affairs and Sports
D Ministry of Culture 1720.00 254.07 243.25 336.00
* Includes additional allocation of Rs 1232 Cr in the State sector for Mid Day Meal Scheme and Rs 2000Cr for Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
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Annexure 2.2.1Millennium Development Goals
Premature mortality and chronic morbidity on a huge scale across the developing world became a matterof serious concern and prompted the international community to put health firmly at the centre of theMillennium Development Goals (MDGs) at the Millennium Summit in September 2000. India is a signatoryto the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. Among the eight Millennium Development Goalsat least six goals and targets, refer directly to health care and one (rural sanitation) is a �non-healthdeterminant� of health care.
India is not on track on many of the health related parameters. Efforts towards realising these goals clearlyneed to be accelerated.
Table on MDGsProgress towards achieving the MDGs in India
Indicator Year Value Year Value On Linearly MDG Statustrack projected target
value* 2015 valuevalue
Proportion of population below 1990 37.5 1999-2000 26.1 30 9 18.75 On trackpoverty line (%)
Undernourished people as % of 1990 62.2 1999-2000 53 49.8 39.2 31.1 Off tracktotal population
Proportion of under-nourished 1990 54.8 1998 47 46.1 29.6 27.4 Off trackchildren
Literacy rate of 15-24 year olds 1990 64.3 2001 73.3 N.A. 84.7 None N.A.
Ratio of girls to boys in primary education 1990 0-71 2000 0.77 0.83 .86 1 Off track
Ratio of girls to boys in secondary education 1991 0.64 2001 0.68 .79 .73 1 Off track
Under five mortality rate (per 1000 1990 123 2001 93 .87 54.8 41 Off tracklive births)
Infant Mortality rate (per 1000 1990 80 2001 66 56.7 48.1 27 Off tracklive births)
Maternal mortality ratio 1991 437 1998 407 332 405 109 Off track(per 100,000 live births)
Population with sustainable access to 1990 61 2000 79 69 100 80.5 On trackan improved water source, rural (%)
Population with sustainable access to an 1990 88 2000 95 90 100 94 On trackimproved water source, urban (%)
Population with access to sanitation urban 1990 44 2000 61 55 86.5 72 On track(%)
Population with access to sanitation 1991 9.46 2001 21.91 39.3 55 72 Off trackrural (%)
Deaths due to malaria per 100,000 1994 0.13 2003 0.10 - - -
Deaths due to TB per 100,000 1998 0.75 2001 1.50 - � -
Deaths due to HIV/AIDS 2000 471 2004 1114 - - -
* The on track value is a linear projection that reflects where the country should have been, for the lastyear of available data, in order to meet the MDG target value.
Source: Human Development Report, 2003; World Development Indicators, 2003; Economic Survey of India,2002-03; The World Bank 2004, IIM Ahemdabad (did a previous version in collaboration with the MillenniumProject Secretariat, UNDP)
ANNEXURES ON HEALTH SECTOR
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Human Development
Annexure 2.2.2Comparison of Central Plan Outlays and Expenditure Under Major Sectors/Heads of
Development During Ninth and Tenth Five Year Plans Periods
(Rs in crore at 2001-02 prices)
Sectors / Ninth Tenth Plan 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 Total of %age ofHeads of Plan Outlay (Actual (Actual (RE) (BE) four years Col. (9)Department (1997-2002) (2002-07) Expenditure) Expenditure) in Tenth to
Plan Col. (4)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Plan Outlay Realization
Health 5118.19 3912.61 10252.00 1311.31 1239.30 1733.87 2442.26 6726.74 65.61
Family 15120.00 11386.99 26126.00 3776.89 4121.58 4673.72 5395.15 17967.34 68.77Welfare
AYUSH 266.35 229.69 775.00 86.58 125.23 176.37 293.94 682.12 88.02
Total 20504.54 15529.30 37153.00 5174.77 5486.11 6583.96 8131.35 25376.19 68.30
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Annexure-2.2.3Comparison of Plan Outlays and Expenditure Under Health Sector During
Ninth and Tenth Plan Periods in States/UT PlansRs in crore at 2001-02 prices
State/UT Ninth Plan Tenth Plan 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 Total of %age of(1997-2002) Outlay 3 years Col.(8)
Plan Realisation (2002-07) (Actual (RE) (BE) of Tenth toOutlay (Expenditure) Exp.) Plan Col.(4)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Andhra Pradesh 630.52 1124.97 1330.24 212.23 360.96 361.51 1552.32 116.69Arunachal Pradesh 335.02 98.65 231.29 21.03 20.57 24.53 107.74 46.58
Assam 384.10 450.11 570.69 79.02 73.68 57.57 365.47 64.04Bihar 832.00 380.82 1079.20 103.48 102.76 125.06 591.50 54.81Chattisgarh 49.36 434.18 53.52 75.56 132.95 404.45 93.15Goa 81.22 69.29 131.35 18.21 24.53 31.05 121.75 92.69
Gujarat 832.25 993.17 1166.16 146.50 207.71 223.05 1019.26 87.40Haryana 351.34 236.67 960.62 21.54 55.15 62.82 272.98 28.42Himachal Pradesh 317.65 557.81 787.72 124.45 188.79 161.34 786.36 99.83
J & K 1100.29 549.44 796.66 124.02 146.72 144.01 679.05 85.24Jharkhand 64.98 650.00 62.66 70.11 123.81 458.87 70.60Karnataka 1100.00 1230.65 1530.52 170.83 157.83 158.83 803.72 52.51Kerala 309.40 320.15 408.40 76.34 79.31 89.33 404.91 99.15
Madhya Pradesh 567.87 614.14 715.33 140.03 122.34 179.00 745.76 104.25Maharashtra 918.23 953.50 1106.66 208.61 580.16 179.00 2075.11 187.51Manipur 36.00 40.70 81.73 2.93 21.31 16.90 76.10 93.11
Meghalaya 140.00 146.54 180.00 31.05 35.52 35.64 164.52 91.40Mizoram 112.01 116.73 123.70 26.29 38.38 26.46 146.51 118.44Nagaland 106.31 105.56 79.65 15.06 22.28 19.46 94.01 118.02Orissa 416.06 424.97 521.39 70.23 125.72 103.52 625.47 119.96
Punjab 511.59 467.29 530.81 62.52 113.97 66.22 430.05 81.02Rajasthan 770.60 605.10 568.92 38.90 69.72 95.34 404.17 71.04Sikkim 80.00 66.20 80.00 13.58 15.20 19.49 78.71 98.38
Tamil Nadu 780.52 637.01 700.00 137.76 151.10 171.08 713.11 101.87Tripura 85.59 79.53 250.72 13.57 29.90 22.36 98.92 39.45Uttar Pradesh 1185.00 770.35 2405.43 250.24 211.25 299.18 1346.14 55.96
Uttaranchal 48.12 387.67 55.63 68.78 77.24 311.77 80.42West Bengal 978.64 754.18 1036.18 136.33 249.73 209.35 1062.54 102.54A & N Islands 77.41 109.53 114.00 20.44 20.19 21.08 101.57 89.10Chandigarh 170.65 192.92 224.26 38.04 29.08 30.66 163.54 72.93
D & N Haveli 5.14 11.40 12.25 2.60 2.49 3.02 12.89 105.24Daman & Diu 8.87 9.74 17.50 2.10 2.12 2.56 10.78 61.61Delhi 1101.40 1095.22 2381.50 318.64 394.28 474.21 1961.99 82.38
Lakshadweep 8.17 13.76 9.01 2.24 2.20 1.98 11.20 124.23Pondicherry 100.00 131.87 163.60 28.93 30.51 36.68 157.64 96.36Total 14433.85 13520.41 21767.34 2829.57 3899.90 3786.28 18360.87 84.35
1 Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttaranchal, and Chhattisgarh and Orissa
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