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Observational Research Program: M. Phil Psychology Course: Qualitative & Quantitative Research Teacher: Ms. Afsheen Yahya Khan Presentation by: Ali Mujahid Chaudary & Sarfaraz Ahmad Khan
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Page 1: Sarfraz group.......presentation observation

Observational Research

Program: M. Phil Psychology

Course: Qualitative & Quantitative

Research

Teacher: Ms. Afsheen Yahya Khan

Presentation by:

Ali Mujahid Chaudary & Sarfaraz

Ahmad Khan

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Observational Research

A method of data collection in

which the situation or

individual of interest is

watched and the relevant

facts, actions and behaviors

are recorded.

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Observational Research

The researcher observes the behavior without influencing it. Goals:

1. to describe behavior as it naturally occurs

2. to assess relationships among variables

present

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How Observations are conducted?

Observations can be conducted with the help of fi ve senses

In recent research, Observations are conducted with the help of scientifi c equipment.

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Psychologists who practiced Observation

1. Sigmund Freud2. Jean Piaget3. Ion Pavlov4. Lev Vygotsky5. John Watson6. Albert Bandura7. B.F Skinner

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Seven approaches to observation

1. Naturalistic observation (non-participant)2. Participant-observation 3. Structured observation4. Unstructured observation 5. Covert observation6. Overt observation 7. Field experiments/Controlled

Observations

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Naturalistic Observation

Observing a phenomena that cannot be created in lab, for practical or ethical reasons Method is expensive Effects can only be observed when such events occur naturally

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Naturalistic Observation

Researcher is passive recorderFor example:

A psychologist observes the confrontation between two rival neighborhood gangs from the window of an abandoned building.

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Naturalistic Observation

Example: effect of early childhood isolation on later psychological development.

We can’t isolate children to study them But we can use naturalistic observation when we discover such cases. For example Genie

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Naturalistic Observation

Candland (1993) – descriptions of feral children (raised outside human cultures)

Curtiss (1977) case studies of children subjected to unusual isolation by parents (e.g., Genie)

Spitz (1965) – observation of institutionalized children, Showed effects of deprivation of stimulation during infancy and early childhood

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Participant Observation

Observer joins a group for the purpose of studying group members

Researcher is insider and intervene in situations

Researcher can be biasedTwo questions: 1. How is it different from ethnography?2. Potential cost to objectivity= Stockholm

syndrome

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Structured Observation

Usually “Check Lists” focus on predetermined categories study only the factors of interest easy to analyze data saves time Replication depends upon following exactly

the same procedures

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Structured ObservationFor example Piaget’s studiesWatson experiemnts

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Unstructured Observation

Categories are not predetermined Focus on new emergent issues Researcher do not predict anything in advance Observer can be biased Difficult to analyze Time and sources consuming

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Covert Observation

Also called disguised observation Researcher do not identifyhimself and mixes in situation Researcher easley understands the participants Purpose is to achieve access to behaviors

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Overt Observation

Also called undisguised observation Researcher identifies himself and explains the purpose of observation Participants knew that they are being observed and can change their behavior

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Field Experiments

Researcher manipulates one or more variables in a natural setting to determine effect on behavior

One end of the intervention – non-intervention continuum

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Field Experiments

For example Crusco & Wetzel (1984)

Eff ect of touching on restaurant customers waitresses worked as allies, tip amount was dependent variable Compared No Touch condition with Shoulder Touch

conditions Men tipped more than women Both men and women tipped more after being

touched at some point during their meal.

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Advantages of Observation

Phenomena can be studied in real context Data collected is very accurate in nature and also

very reliable. Best to study human nature

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Disadvantages of Observation

Problems of the past cannot be studied Participant feel uncomfortable being watched Time consuming method and hence expensive Requires specific skills Researcher has to wait until the appropriate event

occurs

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Questions??? Thank youQuestions are

welcome