s300p s300v Design

Last Updated: Thu May 10 14:14:17 UTC 2012

Design of the S-300P and S-300V Surface-to-Air Missile Systems

March, 2009

David K BartonCaptions and foreword by Dr Carlo Kopp

Images by Miroslav GyűrösiExcerpted with permission from the Microwave Journal, May 1994

© 1994, Microwave Journal; © 2009 David K Barton; © 2009 Carlo Kopp

Foreword

David K Barton is one of the United States' most experienced and accomplished innovatorsin radar design and engineering, and has authored many important radar theory texts. In1994 the Microwave Journal published his technical report covering a range of Russian radardesigns, based largely on interviews with the original lead designers and architects of thesesystems. This valuable work remains to date the most exact, accurate and concise technicalsummary of the design rationale for these systems ever published in the unclassifieddomain. By arrangement with the Microwave Journal and David Barton, APA is pleased toprovide this HTML excerpt and the original 1994 work to a contemporary audience.

David K. Barton, The 1993 Moscow Airshow, Special Report, Microwave Journal, May, 1994 [PDF 11.4 MB]

MWJ Editor's note [1994]: This special report is the result of a visit by the author to theMoscow 1993 Air Show, which was held from August 31 to September 5, 1993. The showwas held at the military airfield near Ramenskoye, 50 km east of Moscow. The author wasaccompanied by Drs. Alexander Leonov and Sergey Leonov and by Prof. Alexander A.Lemansky, scientific director of Scientific lndustrial Corp., ALMAZ, a manufacturer of radarequipment based in Moscow. His invitation was issued on behalf of the Airshow OrganizingCommittee by A. Systzov, vice president of AO AVIAPROM, a joint stock companyheadquartered in Moscow. The material contained in this special report is similar to photosand descriptions in classified documents, but this is the first time such photos anddescriptions have been available to a general audience. The four-color photos of equipmentdescribed in the report appear as a three-page photo exposition

S-300PMU1 (SA-10/20) System64N6 Big Bird Three-Dimensional Surveillance Radar

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54K6E1 Command Post30N6E1 Fire Control Radar S-300PMU1 (Flap Lid / Tomb Stone)5N63S/30N6E1 Flap Lid / Tomb Stone Antennas and FeedsSA-10/20 (Grumble/Gargoyle) 48N6E/E1/E2 Missile S-300PMU1 48N6E1 Missile and 5P85SU/DU TEL

S-300V/VM (SA-12/23) System9S15/9S15M/MT Obzor 1/2/3 Bill Board Three-Dimensional SurveillanceRadar9S15 Obzor 3 / Bill Board 3D Radar9S32/32M Grill Pan Fire Control Radar9S32 Grill Pan Antennas and Feeds9A82 Giant TELAR9A83 Gladiator TELAR9A82 and 9A83 TELAR Antennas

EndnotesThe Author

S-300PMU1 (SA-10/20) System

At the equipment display, the SA-10 equipment was toured. The fire control radar (NATOdesignation Flap Lid) and the operating positions in the command post vehicle wereexhibited. Data from the three-dimensional surveillance radar [5N64/64N6E] (Big Bird) weredisplayed in the vehicle. The horizon search radar [5N66/76N6] (Clam Shell) was not ondisplay.

64N6 Big Bird Three-Dimensional Surveillance Radar

The mobile Big Bird on display, is mounted on an eight-wheeled trailer pulled by a large[MAZ79100] prime mover. The antenna is an S-band space fed transmission lens array , fedfrom both sides by feed horns mounted on a beam passing across the top of the array. Thearray contains 3400 elements and appears to fold for transport along vertical lines parrallelto the sides of the equipment shelter.

The elements are matched to space with what appear to be elongated dielectric bars thatare tilted upwards to optimize performance at angles above the horizontal.

The search beams, scanning electronically in elevation, lead the array broadside by 30° inazimuth.

When a target is detected in a search beam, after a further 29° rotation of the antenna, abackscan is initiated in azimuth to place a validation beam on the elevation and azimuth ofthe initial detection.

lf the detection is repeated in this validation beam, another backscan occurs 180° later inthe scan, using the feed horn on the opposite side of the array. Thus, within 210° of rotationfollowing the initial detection, a validation and a second track point are obtained to initiatethe track file.

From this point on, the track data rate is two points per antenna rotation. The cost of thistwo-coordinate scanning array may be higher than most Western systems, but theadvantages in rapid track initiation and doubled data rate are significant.




A late model 64N6E2 Big Bird 3D surveillance radar on display. Below, note the booms andhorns feeding the transmissive array (Wikipedia images).




64N6E2 Bid Bird antenna in stowed position. The outer panels fold inward, the boomscarrying the feed horns fold down flush with the array, and the whole assembly foldsforward and level w ith the roof of the cabin. Note the waveguides and rotational couplersfeeding the booms. Deploy/stow images here [1], [2] (Russian internet images).

54K6E1 Command Post

Within the Command Post (CP) were five display positions plus positions for communicationspersonnel. The commander's console was the center of the five consoles, which were almostidentical. Each console had a large plan positioner indicator (PPI) displaying synthetic videofrom the Big Bird and from external sources, as shown in Figures 4 and 5. To the left of thePPI is an alphanumeric display on which appear the data for up to 36 targets. They areassigned (six each) to the six Flap Lids that may be controlled by the CP.

To the commander's left, the two positions are occupied by officers who actually fire themissiles. To the right are officers who coordinate with higher headquarters or adjacent CPs,who accept assignments of targets to be passed by the commander to the Flap Lids inpriority order, and who evaluate targets detected locally by Big Bird.

The small displays at these positions can be set to provide azimuth-elevation (BE) displaysof Big Bird video, intensity modulated to show target elevation. The Big Bird data appear onthe PPI display as an intensified sweep, leaving behind target markers with alphanumeric tags, which are refreshed at a high rate.


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54K6E1 S-300PMU1 Command Post (Russian MoD).

Late model 30N6E1 Tomb Stone in deployed configuration with elevated datalink mast(Chinese internet image).

30N6E1 Fire Control Radar S-300PMU1 (Flap Lid / Tomb Stone)

The Flap Lid radar tracks up to six targets that have been assigned by the CP forengagement. The array is an X-band space-fed lens of 10,000 elements, tilted 30° from thevertical, as shown in the images. The active portion of the array is circular, and smallsidelobe canceler arrays are within the plastic cover at the bottom of the main array.




The array is mounted on a rotatable turret behind the cab of the [MAZ7910] vehicle and infront of the fixed equipment shelter.

The RF and lF equipment is mounted within the turret, eliminating rotary joints and longruns of waveguide or coaxial cable for receiver signals.

Flap Lid antenna feed arrangement by David K Barton, original artwork as used in MicrowaveJournal, May 1994, provided by author (Image © 1994, 2009 David K Barton).




Early model 5N63 Flap Lid towed variant on display at the Moscow District PVO Museum atZarya, near Moscow. Note the exposed polarisation screen in the space feed (Image ©Miroslav Gyűrösi).

The feed, shown in the above image, consists of two linearly polarized horns, a polarisation-sensitive reflector, and a circular polarizing grid.

The receive horn cluster is on the axis of the array and vertically polarized. The receivedsignal polarisation, which is circular (for example, right-hand) as it passes through the mainarray, is converted to vertical by the polarizing grid, which is a curved element immediatelywithin the plastic enclosure.

The transmit horn is horizontally polarized and is located near the bottom of the plasticenclosure. It illuminates the polarization-sensitive reflector. the plane of which is oriented atabout 45- relative to the array axis and which is invisible to the received wave.

The polarizing grid transforms the transmitted wave into circular polarization with senseopposite to that of the received wave (for example, left-hand).

This transformation provides reciprocal operation of the Faraday rotator phase shifters. Theorthogonal polarizations of the transmitted and received waves provide the duplexerisolation normally supplied by a circulator, reducing the round-trip RF loss by 1 dB. Reciprocal operation is an important feature of this array, since the waveform used for targettracking uses bursts at high PRF (100 kHz) to overcome clutter. The clutter attenuation ofthe system is 100 dB. making possible long range target detection in competition withground clutter or rain from within the 1500 m unambiguous range of the waveform. As a





result of this operating mode, the radar can reject moving clutter from rain, chaff and birdsusing unambiguous Doppler filtering, as do the continuous wave radars in US systems, suchas Hawk.

The monopulse receive feed uses six horns. The two center horns are each excited in twomodes, one for the sum channel and one for the azimuth difference. Thus, the feed is theequivalent ot the 12-horn feed described by P.W. Hannan in his 1961 paper. Since thereceived signal is linearly polarized at this feed, multimode operation is possible, and theillumination function can be controlled to minimize sidelobes and spillover.[1]

5N63S/30N6E1 Flap Lid / Tomb Stone Antennas and Feeds

A late model 30N6E1 Tomb Stone series engagement radar in deployed position. The spacefeed comprises a complex monopulse arrangement, concealed under a dielectric lens (Images © Miroslav Gyűrösi).








30N6E series space feed dielectric lens and collapsible shroud (Images © MiroslavGyűrösi).





30N6-1 series space feed dielectric lens and collapsible shroud (images © MiroslavGyűrösi).





Early model 5N63S Flap Lid B operated by the ByeloRussian air defence forces (images ©Miroslav Gyűrösi).

Note the smaller octagonal array superceded by the rectangular design in the later 30N6series.








Early model 30N6-1 Flap Lid B/C deployed in an operational environment. Camouflagenetting is used typically to conceal all fixed components of the installation.







This image shows the antennas stowed, and the generator ports open for operation.

SA-10/20 (Grumble/Gargoyle) 48N6E/E1/E2 Missile

The SA-10 TEL shown in the images, mounts four missiles in canisters that are raised to thevertical position after transport to the site. The image shows a cut-away canister that wasdisplayed. The missile is ejected from the canister by gas pressure on two pistons that runthe length of the canister on each side of the missile.

Movies of the launch operation show the vertically ejected missile at a height of some 30 mbeing oriented to the desired azimuth and elevation with thrusters at the tail of the missile,after which the main motor fires.

Mid-course guidance is provided by the Flap Lid, which tracks a beacon in the missile, andterminal guidance may be either a continuation of the command midcourse or homingguidance using a semiactive seeker, for which illumination is provided by Flap Lid.

S-300PMU1 48N6E1 Missile and 5P85SU/DU TEL

The cutaway display 48N6E2 canister is in the background, in the forground are the9M96E1/E2 interceptor missiles developed for the S-300PMU2 Favorit and S-400 (Chineseinternet images).




S-300PMU1 5P85SU TEL of the PLA stowed and deploying. Early model TELs used anarrangement with a 'smart' TEL each controlling a pair of 'dumb' TELs. In more recentconfigurations all TELs are 'smart' and autonomous (Chinese internet images).




The 9S32 Grill Pan engagement radar used with the S-300V/VM / SA-12/23 employs muchthe same feed arrangement as the 5N63/63S/30N6E Flap Lid engagement radar used withthe S-300P/PS/PM/PMU/PMU1/2 / SA-10/20 systems (via Smotr).

S-300V/VM (SA-12/23) System

The SA-12 equipment on display included the Grill Pan and Bill Board radars, and the missilecanisters and TELARS, shown in images. The High Screen sector search radar for detection oftactical ballistic missiles (TBM), demonstrated at Naro-Fominsk July 1993, was not displayedat this show.

9S15/9S15M/MT Obzor 3 / Bill Board Three-Dimensional SurveillanceRadar

Images show the Bill Board, which is an S-band scanning-beam three-dimensional radarusing a phase-scanned planar array of slotted waveguide radiators.

A remarkable feature of this radar is the arrangement for stowing the array for transport.The top of the radar array first folds forward about the hinge at its center to produce a half-height unit. The IFF array folds upwards across the lower front of thi s unit .The entirestructure is then folded forward to a 45o angle from the vertical. At this point, the array unitrotates 90o in its aperture plane, reducing the width across the vehicle to match the vehiclewidth, and the structure continues to fold onto the roof of the vehicle. ln this way, theerected array width can be twice the vehicle width, and the unfolded height can besomewhat greater than the array width. The entire process takes one minute and is carriedout by hydraulic pistons with a push button control.

9S15 Obzor 3 / Bill Board 3D Radar




Above 9S15MT Bill Board (image © Miroslav Gyűrösi) . Additional images [1], [2]. Belowstow operation (via Smotr).



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9S32/32M Grill Pan Fire Control Radar

Enclosed images show the Grill Pan, which is a multiple-target X-band tracking and guidanceradar using a 10,000-element space fed transmission lens. Above the radar array is an IFF planara array, and below it are three sidelobe canceller antennas, which are mechanicallysteered to cover the main array sidelobe structure on up to three selected targets.

There are two monopulse feeds on the top of the rotating radar turret. The upper feed iscovered by a white, Teflon-like shell and is used when the array is set to 30° tilt for aircrafttargets. The lower feed is further forward on the roof of the turret and is in line with thecenter axis of the array when it is tilted to approximately 45° for TBM intercepts.

The emphasized features of the SA-12 system, including the Grill Pan array, are low RF lossand low cost. The phase shifters are Faraday rotators, having two sections in series,controlled by separate coils, with a total phase of 720°.

In each phase shifter, the first coil is connected in series with coils of other phase shifters inthat row and driven by the row command. The second coil is connected in series with coils ofthe other phase shifters in that column and drlven by the corresponding column command.Thus, a 10,000-element array, 100x 100 elements, requires only 100 row drivers and 100column drivers. There are no electronic components on the phase shifter.

The radar transmits right circular polarization and receives left circular (the predominanttarget echo polarization), and hence the Faraday rotator uses the same control field forreception as for transmission.

The control field is changed only when the beam position is changed. During a dwell ofseveralmilliseconds, several hundred pulses are transmitted and received.

The phase shifter loss is less than 1 dB in each direction.

Since the transmission and reception are performed with orthogonal polarizations, isolationis obtained with an orthomode feed horn, eliminating the duplexer loss.

The low noise receiver (noise factor 3 dB) uses an electrostatic amplifier tube that can




withstand leakage powers of several hundred Watts without damage and with near-instantaneous recovery to full gain and sensitivity when the transmitted pulse ends.

Thus, the loss attributed to solid-state protective devices commonly required in Westernradars is also absent.

The total round trip RF loss from transmitter tube to low noise receiver (excludingpropagation loss in the atmosphere) is held to 3 dB, in contrast to the 7 to 12 dB found incomparable Western systems.

The reduced cost and loss, and the ability to transmit and process (with high clutterattenuation) high-PRF waveforms over long dwells, are made possible by the assignment tothe radar of a limited number of tracks and very limited search capability in, contrast to theWestern preference for multifunction array radars. The cost of separate search radars mustbe accepted in such a system. lt is perhaps the reduced emphasis placed by the Russianmilitary on life-cycle costs of vehicles and personnel that permits them to use this approach.Another possible explanation is the Russian military's insistence on high performance againsttargets of low cross section in environments containing rain, chaff and other sources ofclutter, an almost insoluble problem when the multifunction approach is adopted.

9S32 Grill Pan Antennas and Feeds




9S32 Grill Pan PESA deployed (images © Miroslav Gyűrösi).





Auxiliary antennas on the Grill Pan.




Grill Pan PESA deployed aft view.




The Grill Pan antenna folds aft when stowed.

9S32 Grill Pan circular polarised antenna feeds, the upper is for aircraft targets, the lowerfor TBM targets.







9A83 and 9A82 TELARs deployed (images © Miroslav Gyűrösi).

9A82 Giant TELAR

The enclosed images show the TELAR antenna for the Giant missile. The antenna ismounted on a mast structure that is fixed in a horizontal position. As a result, the first axisis a roll axis and the second axis, which permits the antenna to move in elevation, can bean azimuth axis when the first has rolled through 90°. In effect, the pedestal is of the x-ytype, which can track targets through zenith without excessive angular accelerations.

9A83 Gladiator TELAR

The TELAR for the smaller (Gladiator) missile has an antenna mast that is erected vertically,a s shown in exclosed images. The antenna pedestal is the conventional elevation over azimuth type. There are four missile canisters at the rear of the TELAR, and the bottoms ofthese c anisters rest on the ground when the canisters are raised to the vertical launchposition.

9A82 and 9A83 TELAR Antennas





9P82 CW I lluminator antenna in detail.







9P83 CW I lluminator antenna in detail.







Endnotes

[1] P.W.Hanna, "Optimum Feeds for All Three Modes of a Monopulse Antenna," IRE Trans.Ant. Propagation,AP-9, No.5 , Sept.1961, pp.444-461.

The AuthorDavid K. Barton received his AB degree in physics from Harvard College in 1949. From 1949to 1984, he held positions in both government and industry, including Signal Corps.assignments to White Sands Missile Range and Evans Signal Laboratory, and positions atRCA and Raytheon Co. Since 1984, Barton has been vice president for engineering withANRO Engineering Inc. His work has included studies of foreign radar technology, as well asconsulting in areas of radar for several major aerospace companies.




In addition, he lectured in radar for the Continuing Engineering Education Program at GeorgeWashington University. ln 1958, he was the first recipient of RCA's David W. Sarnoff Awardfor Outstanding Achievement in Engineering.

ln 1961, Barton received the M. Barry Carlton Award of the IRE Professional Group onmilitary electronics. He received the IEEE Centennial Medal in 1984, and during 1987 to 1988was the distinguished microwave lecturer for the IEEE MTT-9.

From 1979 to 1982, he also served on the Air Force Studies Board of the National Academyof Sciences. From 1989 to 1993, Barton was a member of the Air Force Scientific AdvisoryBoard. At present, he is a member of the review board for the Army Research Laboratorv.

Imagery sources: Miroslav Gyűrösi, Rosoboronexport, RuMoD, Russian Internet

Artwork, graphic design, layout and text © 2004 - 2012 Carlo Kopp; Text © 2004 - 2012 Peter Goon; All rightsreserved. Recommended browsers. Contact webmaster. Site navigation hints. Current hot topics.

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