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RUMINANTINDUSTRY
RUMINANTINDUSTRY
MD RUHUL AMIN
nive iti ala ia Kelantan
copy niversiti Malay ia Kelantan 2012
All rights re erved No pan of [hi publi arion may be reprodu ed opied ioredin any re t r ie al system or tran rn it t e d in an orm or b an meanelectronic mechanical photo op ing re ording or other w i e withoutprior permission in riting from the niver iti Mala ia Kelanran Pre
Cover de ign TypefaceTypesize
Visual Print Sdn BhdAdobe Garamond ProHelvetica1114
Printed in Malay ia by VISual Print do BhdA-I-7A 02 Jalan I I44ATaman Bukit CberasS6000 Kuala Lumpur
Contents
PREFACE xi
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to ruminant and non-ruminant industry 1 - 811 Ruminant vs non-ruminants
12 Domestication 2
13 Zoological classification (taxonomy) of ruminant 3
14 Contribution of ruminants in 4human livelihood
15 Ruminant industry in Malaysia
16 riliry of ruminants
1 cientific name and chromosome number
18 Body parts
4
6
6
7
CHAPTER 2 Breeds of cattle buffalo sheep and goat
21 Dairy cattle breeds
22 Beef cattle breeds
23 Goats
231 Dairy goats
232 Mohair goat
233 Tropical Asian goats
234 Modern impro ed breed
2 heep
9 - 38
9
15
21
22
24252931
CHAPTER 3 Breeding of ruminants
31 Traits
32 ating (breeding) system
33 Causes of genetic variation in animals
and rransrni rtab ili
3 ithin-breed genetic improvement programme 53
3 1 Breeding alue and Heritability 53
39 - 68
3943
51
3 2 election and prediction of response 57
vi RUMINANT I OUSTRY
35 Concept of repearabiliry
36 Application 0 m lecular generic
rechnologi in animal breeding
3 Carrie breeding in third world countries with ahighlighr on alaysia
CHAPTER 4 Reproduction and reproductive bioreclwology
41 ale reproduction
42 Female reproduction3 Estrous cycle4 ource and functions of some
reproductive hormones45 Puberry
6 Artihcial Insemination
ultiple ovulation and embryotransfer ( OEn
8 Pregnancy diagno is
9 easuring reproductive efficiency410 Reproductive managemem
CHAPTER 5 Nutrition feeds and feeding
51 Digestive sy em of ruminants
52 Rumen microflora and microbial digestion
53 utnents
54 Indicated classification of animal feed stuff
55 Composition and nutritive value of somecommon feed ruff on OM basis
56 Role and deficiency syrnproms of some
important minerals anditamin
57 Common terminologies relating toanimal nutrition
CHAPTER 6 Dairy carde husbandry
61 FaciJjrjes of a dairy farm
62 Points to be considered before erring
up a dairy enterprize (site selection)
60
129 - 160
129
1 0
CHAPTER
RUMINANT I DUSTRY I vii
G3 Types of dairy housing 131
G4 Feeding dairy cattle 132
65 Identification of dairy cattle 136
GG Raising dairy calf 139
67 Dairy cow production cycle 141
G8 Dairy record keeping 143
G9 Cow mammary gland milk synthesis 145and milk ejection
610 Composition of milk and the nature 147of the constituents
Gll On farm hygienic milk production 150
G12 Judging dairy cow 151
G13 Routine works on dairy farm 158
614 Health care of animals in the dairy farm 158
615 Duties and responsibilities of dairy 159farm manager
Beef cattle husbandry 161 - 182
1 Development of beef breeds 161
2 Beef production system 161
3 Beef calf management 162
4 Feedbunk managemenr 164
5 Feeding and management of replacement heifers 165
6 Feeding and management of breeding bulls 166
Castration dehorning and identification 16
8 Beef whole sale (or prime) cuts 167
9 election and judging of beef cartle 1
10 ex classes of beef cattle 5
11 Tpes of carrie used for beef production 175
12 Beef carcass e aluarion and grading 6
13 Factors affecting palatability of beef 1 8
1 Beef iruarion in Mala La 180
viii I RUMINANT I DUSTRY
CHAPTER 8 Small ruminant hu bandry
81 Dentition and aging
82 Handling and acilirie
83 Management of lamb and kids
84 Practical eeding 0 goar
85 Breeding managemenr 0 rambuck
86 Breeding management of e edoe
8 Determinacion of body eight in goat
88 ormal physiological arrributes insmall ruminants
- 196
89 Wool and its harvesting in sheep
6
19019119195
195
19 - 0
209-210
RlIminant glossary
References
Preface
J eulogize my lord Allah swt the omnipotent the omnipresent and the omniscient at the beginingwho enabled me to accomplish writing the documentation and concomitant prevention fromostentation as well
Livestock production particularly of mall holder type has attained a focal position in theagriculrure tem of me current developing world 1his has been in place because of fast growingdemand or livestock products its crucial role in eradicating poverty and generation of massemploymenr and magnificenr contribution in CDP Animal breeding and other technologicaladvances achieved so fur during the last five decades have revolutionized livestock productivitymanifold There has been a cornmensurared parallel growth of livestock education either asanimal agriculrure or veterinary science
lorwithstanding the crying need there are nor tOOmany books on animal production asa study material Hear-til I beleive this book will be of some use to teachers students livestockentrepreneurs and allied professionals 1his book does not contain in depth materials of differentbranches of animal science rather is only directed towards basic undemanding and practices ofanimal agriculrure the book has been wrinen primarily [Q satisfy learners need in Malaysiatherefore Malaysian perspectives appeared in this book very often
I do nor claim that this is an empirical output from my own 1 have no reservation [Q admitthat the facts and figures pur in this book have largely been borrowed from other sources likebooks of different authors journals bulletins and plentiful literature in the internet Ihave triedto grarefull refer the sourcels) of information whatever or wherever might be Despite urmosrcarefulness it is not unlikel that some of them might till remain incomplete or escaped frommentioning for which I deeply regret During my Stay in niversiry alaysia Kelantan (UMK)Mala ia Ihave had to prepare the manuscript for this book within a couple of months only Soit is quite likely to find unwillful mistakes in various forms in this book
I will be irnrnensl r benefited if someone from the respected readers community can pointour anything to modify omit or incorporate in this book uggestions in order to emend thisbook for subsequent editions will fortify my endeavour and will be cordially welcomed
Pro ound grarirudes are due to whom I am rruelv blessed from Professor Dr Ibrahimbin Che Omar orrner Dean Faculty 0 Agro Industry and larural Resources niversiti Malaysia
Kelantan or hi inspiration and generous assistance during the completion of this book
The Author
The Author
fllnd verily In tile cattle there iJ a leJJonfor you We give you to drinkof that wJLchiJ in their bodleraquo from between the undiguted food andbLoodpure milk palatable to the drinker Al-Quran 1666
Dedicated to my beLoledJon
Engg JfJ Tanoir Ebsan Amil1
Chapter 1Introduction to
Ruminant and Ruminant Industry
11 RUMINANT VS NON-RUMINANT
Ruminants (pol -gasrric) and non-ruminants (mono-gastric) are basically twodivisions of domestic animals based on their structure and function of the stomachRuminants belong (0 the suborder Ruminan ria of the order Artiodactyla characterizedby ha ing stomach divided into either three or four compartmets Ruminants
regurgitate and masticate ingested feed (called card) they swallowed before inresring rime The animals of ruminant group again subdivided into a) Tylopodaand b) Pecora Tylopoda have 3-chambered stomach and includes camels llamasand alpacas On the other hand animals belonging to the subdivision Pecora have
4-chambered sromach Acrually Pecora represents the true ruminants and includescattle buffalo bison sheep goat anrilope giraffe and deer Rumen reticulum
omasum and abomasum are the chronological names of 4 chambers in the ruminantstomach Rumen is the first and largest of the compartments that contain numerous
kinds of rumen rnicroliora Rumen microBora are the microorganisms capable ofdigesting many kinds of fibrous feed and because of the absence of them in non-
ruminants (simple romached animals) non-ruminants can not digest the same
T lopoda tomach consists of 3 chambers viz rumen reticulum and abomasum
but does not have omasum Each and e ery ruminant individual (particularly true
ruminant me pecora) is an industry in the sense that it has gOt the unique capability
to con err low quality roughages into high quali food for human consumption
Fig 1 Ruminan Oeft) and non-ruminant (right) stomach(Source hrrpllwwwgooglccommysearchtbm= )
RUMINANT INDUSTRY I 3
development of elore carrie (from India as Ongole to Brazil as elore) Brahmancarrie (from India to A) Etawah goat (from India as Jamnapari to Indonesia asErawah) Hoi rein (from Holland to U A) Boer goat (from south Africa to U AAustralia ewzealand alaysia)
Cattle (Bos mums Bos indicus) It i believed that carde were first domesticated in [heeolirhic Age (10 00-9 00 B ) which occurred 18000 years ago At least 4000
years ago carrie were starred to take place in records Bovine animals that can be seentoday have d cended from Bos taurus and Bos indicus Bos taurus are humplesscarrie originated in ear and Middle East and orth East Africa while Bos indicus
are humped and originated in Tropical Asia (FAO 2007 Gillespie and Flanders2010)
Sheep (Bovis am) heep are considered to be the fust domesticated species and
their domestication began in the eolethic Age Literature suppOrt that sheep andgoats were first domesticated by 8000 Be (Damron 2009) Archeological evidenceshows that me Bah lonians used wool for clothing around 4000 Be Most of the
presem day sheep perhaps are descendents of MoufHons (wild sheep) and Asiaticrial (Gillespie and Flanders 2010) ear and Middle East Turkey are considered
to be the place of origin of the species (FAO 2007)
Goats (Capra hircus Age of goats as domesticated animal is similar to that ofsheep (Damron 2009middot FAO 200 ) Of the present day species of domestic animals
sheep and goats are thought to he the first two started domestication about 10000ears ago (Sirnm 000) Western Asia is supposed to be the original site of goat
domestication ccording to hat is tared in the The state of the world s Animal
Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (FAO 200 ) goat was originated from
3 subspecies of tid ancestor capra aegragus in ear and Middle East and in northern
Indian subcontinent They are aid to be descended from the Pasang or Grecian ibex
Wild species arkhor and Tahrs might be the ancestors of ome modern breeds of
goa in the world (Devendra and Burns 1981 Gillespie and Flanders 2010) The
mountains of outhv est and Central Asia are the original home tract of goats Wild
Bezor and arkhor are still available there ourh Asia possesses over 20 million
goats one fourth of the orlds population (FAO 200 )
13 ZOOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION (TAXONOMY) OF RUMINANTS
Phylum hordata (ha e back bone)
ubphylum ertebrara (have vertebral column)Class arnrnalia ives milk hai
Order Artiodac La (divided hoo
2 I RUMINANT I OUSTR
Comparison of mouth and teethbetween a cow and a horse
No tooth in upper jaw Both Jaws have teeth
Fig 12 Difference in mouth parts be(source hrrpIywgoogccommYscarchhl=cnampblw
on-ruminant stomach is of one unit called imple or monogastric tornach I iandog pig cat primate avian species all are the examples a non-ruminants Ruminantsdo not have teeth in the upper ja but non-ruminan do have (Fig I )
12 DOMESTICATION
Domestication refers ro the adaprion 0 the behaviour of animal in order to cishuman needs During pre-historic period human depended on wild animals or oodand clothing materials Later on they tarred taming 0 some 0 me hunted anirnco use afterwards Gradually man learnt how ro rear eed behave and reproduce theanimals under his care for his livelihood Man po essed the experience 0 iden i ingbetter performing animal in hi herd or Bock uperior individuals were u d coproduce progeny to have more and more ourpu in hrrure generation In thi wafoundation for animal breeding was laid out By the vayrhousands 0 years 0 naturaland induced election genetic drift inbreeding and cro breedin have conributed toAnimal Genetic Resource (AnGR) diversity and have allowed liv oc kee ing to
be practiced in a variety of environrnen and produ ion bull tern Tha is he easonof why camels are being rai ed mainly in countries like fiddle rica and otherarid region of the world why Uarna and paca inhabi only In uth ericancountries and why zebu cattle are only available in ro ical countries vhy here i nobuffalo in the Middle East and why temperate world i the homeland 0
and 0 on Later on domestic animal began to mo e r m one egionbecause of human preference It explains the (fan undary m emen and
RUMINANTINDUSTRY
MD RUHUL AMIN
nive iti ala ia Kelantan
copy niversiti Malay ia Kelantan 2012
All rights re erved No pan of [hi publi arion may be reprodu ed opied ioredin any re t r ie al system or tran rn it t e d in an orm or b an meanelectronic mechanical photo op ing re ording or other w i e withoutprior permission in riting from the niver iti Mala ia Kelanran Pre
Cover de ign TypefaceTypesize
Visual Print Sdn BhdAdobe Garamond ProHelvetica1114
Printed in Malay ia by VISual Print do BhdA-I-7A 02 Jalan I I44ATaman Bukit CberasS6000 Kuala Lumpur
Contents
PREFACE xi
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to ruminant and non-ruminant industry 1 - 811 Ruminant vs non-ruminants
12 Domestication 2
13 Zoological classification (taxonomy) of ruminant 3
14 Contribution of ruminants in 4human livelihood
15 Ruminant industry in Malaysia
16 riliry of ruminants
1 cientific name and chromosome number
18 Body parts
4
6
6
7
CHAPTER 2 Breeds of cattle buffalo sheep and goat
21 Dairy cattle breeds
22 Beef cattle breeds
23 Goats
231 Dairy goats
232 Mohair goat
233 Tropical Asian goats
234 Modern impro ed breed
2 heep
9 - 38
9
15
21
22
24252931
CHAPTER 3 Breeding of ruminants
31 Traits
32 ating (breeding) system
33 Causes of genetic variation in animals
and rransrni rtab ili
3 ithin-breed genetic improvement programme 53
3 1 Breeding alue and Heritability 53
39 - 68
3943
51
3 2 election and prediction of response 57
vi RUMINANT I OUSTRY
35 Concept of repearabiliry
36 Application 0 m lecular generic
rechnologi in animal breeding
3 Carrie breeding in third world countries with ahighlighr on alaysia
CHAPTER 4 Reproduction and reproductive bioreclwology
41 ale reproduction
42 Female reproduction3 Estrous cycle4 ource and functions of some
reproductive hormones45 Puberry
6 Artihcial Insemination
ultiple ovulation and embryotransfer ( OEn
8 Pregnancy diagno is
9 easuring reproductive efficiency410 Reproductive managemem
CHAPTER 5 Nutrition feeds and feeding
51 Digestive sy em of ruminants
52 Rumen microflora and microbial digestion
53 utnents
54 Indicated classification of animal feed stuff
55 Composition and nutritive value of somecommon feed ruff on OM basis
56 Role and deficiency syrnproms of some
important minerals anditamin
57 Common terminologies relating toanimal nutrition
CHAPTER 6 Dairy carde husbandry
61 FaciJjrjes of a dairy farm
62 Points to be considered before erring
up a dairy enterprize (site selection)
60
129 - 160
129
1 0
CHAPTER
RUMINANT I DUSTRY I vii
G3 Types of dairy housing 131
G4 Feeding dairy cattle 132
65 Identification of dairy cattle 136
GG Raising dairy calf 139
67 Dairy cow production cycle 141
G8 Dairy record keeping 143
G9 Cow mammary gland milk synthesis 145and milk ejection
610 Composition of milk and the nature 147of the constituents
Gll On farm hygienic milk production 150
G12 Judging dairy cow 151
G13 Routine works on dairy farm 158
614 Health care of animals in the dairy farm 158
615 Duties and responsibilities of dairy 159farm manager
Beef cattle husbandry 161 - 182
1 Development of beef breeds 161
2 Beef production system 161
3 Beef calf management 162
4 Feedbunk managemenr 164
5 Feeding and management of replacement heifers 165
6 Feeding and management of breeding bulls 166
Castration dehorning and identification 16
8 Beef whole sale (or prime) cuts 167
9 election and judging of beef cartle 1
10 ex classes of beef cattle 5
11 Tpes of carrie used for beef production 175
12 Beef carcass e aluarion and grading 6
13 Factors affecting palatability of beef 1 8
1 Beef iruarion in Mala La 180
viii I RUMINANT I DUSTRY
CHAPTER 8 Small ruminant hu bandry
81 Dentition and aging
82 Handling and acilirie
83 Management of lamb and kids
84 Practical eeding 0 goar
85 Breeding managemenr 0 rambuck
86 Breeding management of e edoe
8 Determinacion of body eight in goat
88 ormal physiological arrributes insmall ruminants
- 196
89 Wool and its harvesting in sheep
6
19019119195
195
19 - 0
209-210
RlIminant glossary
References
Preface
J eulogize my lord Allah swt the omnipotent the omnipresent and the omniscient at the beginingwho enabled me to accomplish writing the documentation and concomitant prevention fromostentation as well
Livestock production particularly of mall holder type has attained a focal position in theagriculrure tem of me current developing world 1his has been in place because of fast growingdemand or livestock products its crucial role in eradicating poverty and generation of massemploymenr and magnificenr contribution in CDP Animal breeding and other technologicaladvances achieved so fur during the last five decades have revolutionized livestock productivitymanifold There has been a cornmensurared parallel growth of livestock education either asanimal agriculrure or veterinary science
lorwithstanding the crying need there are nor tOOmany books on animal production asa study material Hear-til I beleive this book will be of some use to teachers students livestockentrepreneurs and allied professionals 1his book does not contain in depth materials of differentbranches of animal science rather is only directed towards basic undemanding and practices ofanimal agriculrure the book has been wrinen primarily [Q satisfy learners need in Malaysiatherefore Malaysian perspectives appeared in this book very often
I do nor claim that this is an empirical output from my own 1 have no reservation [Q admitthat the facts and figures pur in this book have largely been borrowed from other sources likebooks of different authors journals bulletins and plentiful literature in the internet Ihave triedto grarefull refer the sourcels) of information whatever or wherever might be Despite urmosrcarefulness it is not unlikel that some of them might till remain incomplete or escaped frommentioning for which I deeply regret During my Stay in niversiry alaysia Kelantan (UMK)Mala ia Ihave had to prepare the manuscript for this book within a couple of months only Soit is quite likely to find unwillful mistakes in various forms in this book
I will be irnrnensl r benefited if someone from the respected readers community can pointour anything to modify omit or incorporate in this book uggestions in order to emend thisbook for subsequent editions will fortify my endeavour and will be cordially welcomed
Pro ound grarirudes are due to whom I am rruelv blessed from Professor Dr Ibrahimbin Che Omar orrner Dean Faculty 0 Agro Industry and larural Resources niversiti Malaysia
Kelantan or hi inspiration and generous assistance during the completion of this book
The Author
The Author
fllnd verily In tile cattle there iJ a leJJonfor you We give you to drinkof that wJLchiJ in their bodleraquo from between the undiguted food andbLoodpure milk palatable to the drinker Al-Quran 1666
Dedicated to my beLoledJon
Engg JfJ Tanoir Ebsan Amil1
Chapter 1Introduction to
Ruminant and Ruminant Industry
11 RUMINANT VS NON-RUMINANT
Ruminants (pol -gasrric) and non-ruminants (mono-gastric) are basically twodivisions of domestic animals based on their structure and function of the stomachRuminants belong (0 the suborder Ruminan ria of the order Artiodactyla characterizedby ha ing stomach divided into either three or four compartmets Ruminants
regurgitate and masticate ingested feed (called card) they swallowed before inresring rime The animals of ruminant group again subdivided into a) Tylopodaand b) Pecora Tylopoda have 3-chambered stomach and includes camels llamasand alpacas On the other hand animals belonging to the subdivision Pecora have
4-chambered sromach Acrually Pecora represents the true ruminants and includescattle buffalo bison sheep goat anrilope giraffe and deer Rumen reticulum
omasum and abomasum are the chronological names of 4 chambers in the ruminantstomach Rumen is the first and largest of the compartments that contain numerous
kinds of rumen rnicroliora Rumen microBora are the microorganisms capable ofdigesting many kinds of fibrous feed and because of the absence of them in non-
ruminants (simple romached animals) non-ruminants can not digest the same
T lopoda tomach consists of 3 chambers viz rumen reticulum and abomasum
but does not have omasum Each and e ery ruminant individual (particularly true
ruminant me pecora) is an industry in the sense that it has gOt the unique capability
to con err low quality roughages into high quali food for human consumption
Fig 1 Ruminan Oeft) and non-ruminant (right) stomach(Source hrrpllwwwgooglccommysearchtbm= )
RUMINANT INDUSTRY I 3
development of elore carrie (from India as Ongole to Brazil as elore) Brahmancarrie (from India to A) Etawah goat (from India as Jamnapari to Indonesia asErawah) Hoi rein (from Holland to U A) Boer goat (from south Africa to U AAustralia ewzealand alaysia)
Cattle (Bos mums Bos indicus) It i believed that carde were first domesticated in [heeolirhic Age (10 00-9 00 B ) which occurred 18000 years ago At least 4000
years ago carrie were starred to take place in records Bovine animals that can be seentoday have d cended from Bos taurus and Bos indicus Bos taurus are humplesscarrie originated in ear and Middle East and orth East Africa while Bos indicus
are humped and originated in Tropical Asia (FAO 2007 Gillespie and Flanders2010)
Sheep (Bovis am) heep are considered to be the fust domesticated species and
their domestication began in the eolethic Age Literature suppOrt that sheep andgoats were first domesticated by 8000 Be (Damron 2009) Archeological evidenceshows that me Bah lonians used wool for clothing around 4000 Be Most of the
presem day sheep perhaps are descendents of MoufHons (wild sheep) and Asiaticrial (Gillespie and Flanders 2010) ear and Middle East Turkey are considered
to be the place of origin of the species (FAO 2007)
Goats (Capra hircus Age of goats as domesticated animal is similar to that ofsheep (Damron 2009middot FAO 200 ) Of the present day species of domestic animals
sheep and goats are thought to he the first two started domestication about 10000ears ago (Sirnm 000) Western Asia is supposed to be the original site of goat
domestication ccording to hat is tared in the The state of the world s Animal
Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (FAO 200 ) goat was originated from
3 subspecies of tid ancestor capra aegragus in ear and Middle East and in northern
Indian subcontinent They are aid to be descended from the Pasang or Grecian ibex
Wild species arkhor and Tahrs might be the ancestors of ome modern breeds of
goa in the world (Devendra and Burns 1981 Gillespie and Flanders 2010) The
mountains of outhv est and Central Asia are the original home tract of goats Wild
Bezor and arkhor are still available there ourh Asia possesses over 20 million
goats one fourth of the orlds population (FAO 200 )
13 ZOOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION (TAXONOMY) OF RUMINANTS
Phylum hordata (ha e back bone)
ubphylum ertebrara (have vertebral column)Class arnrnalia ives milk hai
Order Artiodac La (divided hoo
2 I RUMINANT I OUSTR
Comparison of mouth and teethbetween a cow and a horse
No tooth in upper jaw Both Jaws have teeth
Fig 12 Difference in mouth parts be(source hrrpIywgoogccommYscarchhl=cnampblw
on-ruminant stomach is of one unit called imple or monogastric tornach I iandog pig cat primate avian species all are the examples a non-ruminants Ruminantsdo not have teeth in the upper ja but non-ruminan do have (Fig I )
12 DOMESTICATION
Domestication refers ro the adaprion 0 the behaviour of animal in order to cishuman needs During pre-historic period human depended on wild animals or oodand clothing materials Later on they tarred taming 0 some 0 me hunted anirnco use afterwards Gradually man learnt how ro rear eed behave and reproduce theanimals under his care for his livelihood Man po essed the experience 0 iden i ingbetter performing animal in hi herd or Bock uperior individuals were u d coproduce progeny to have more and more ourpu in hrrure generation In thi wafoundation for animal breeding was laid out By the vayrhousands 0 years 0 naturaland induced election genetic drift inbreeding and cro breedin have conributed toAnimal Genetic Resource (AnGR) diversity and have allowed liv oc kee ing to
be practiced in a variety of environrnen and produ ion bull tern Tha is he easonof why camels are being rai ed mainly in countries like fiddle rica and otherarid region of the world why Uarna and paca inhabi only In uth ericancountries and why zebu cattle are only available in ro ical countries vhy here i nobuffalo in the Middle East and why temperate world i the homeland 0
and 0 on Later on domestic animal began to mo e r m one egionbecause of human preference It explains the (fan undary m emen and
copy niversiti Malay ia Kelantan 2012
All rights re erved No pan of [hi publi arion may be reprodu ed opied ioredin any re t r ie al system or tran rn it t e d in an orm or b an meanelectronic mechanical photo op ing re ording or other w i e withoutprior permission in riting from the niver iti Mala ia Kelanran Pre
Cover de ign TypefaceTypesize
Visual Print Sdn BhdAdobe Garamond ProHelvetica1114
Printed in Malay ia by VISual Print do BhdA-I-7A 02 Jalan I I44ATaman Bukit CberasS6000 Kuala Lumpur
Contents
PREFACE xi
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to ruminant and non-ruminant industry 1 - 811 Ruminant vs non-ruminants
12 Domestication 2
13 Zoological classification (taxonomy) of ruminant 3
14 Contribution of ruminants in 4human livelihood
15 Ruminant industry in Malaysia
16 riliry of ruminants
1 cientific name and chromosome number
18 Body parts
4
6
6
7
CHAPTER 2 Breeds of cattle buffalo sheep and goat
21 Dairy cattle breeds
22 Beef cattle breeds
23 Goats
231 Dairy goats
232 Mohair goat
233 Tropical Asian goats
234 Modern impro ed breed
2 heep
9 - 38
9
15
21
22
24252931
CHAPTER 3 Breeding of ruminants
31 Traits
32 ating (breeding) system
33 Causes of genetic variation in animals
and rransrni rtab ili
3 ithin-breed genetic improvement programme 53
3 1 Breeding alue and Heritability 53
39 - 68
3943
51
3 2 election and prediction of response 57
vi RUMINANT I OUSTRY
35 Concept of repearabiliry
36 Application 0 m lecular generic
rechnologi in animal breeding
3 Carrie breeding in third world countries with ahighlighr on alaysia
CHAPTER 4 Reproduction and reproductive bioreclwology
41 ale reproduction
42 Female reproduction3 Estrous cycle4 ource and functions of some
reproductive hormones45 Puberry
6 Artihcial Insemination
ultiple ovulation and embryotransfer ( OEn
8 Pregnancy diagno is
9 easuring reproductive efficiency410 Reproductive managemem
CHAPTER 5 Nutrition feeds and feeding
51 Digestive sy em of ruminants
52 Rumen microflora and microbial digestion
53 utnents
54 Indicated classification of animal feed stuff
55 Composition and nutritive value of somecommon feed ruff on OM basis
56 Role and deficiency syrnproms of some
important minerals anditamin
57 Common terminologies relating toanimal nutrition
CHAPTER 6 Dairy carde husbandry
61 FaciJjrjes of a dairy farm
62 Points to be considered before erring
up a dairy enterprize (site selection)
60
129 - 160
129
1 0
CHAPTER
RUMINANT I DUSTRY I vii
G3 Types of dairy housing 131
G4 Feeding dairy cattle 132
65 Identification of dairy cattle 136
GG Raising dairy calf 139
67 Dairy cow production cycle 141
G8 Dairy record keeping 143
G9 Cow mammary gland milk synthesis 145and milk ejection
610 Composition of milk and the nature 147of the constituents
Gll On farm hygienic milk production 150
G12 Judging dairy cow 151
G13 Routine works on dairy farm 158
614 Health care of animals in the dairy farm 158
615 Duties and responsibilities of dairy 159farm manager
Beef cattle husbandry 161 - 182
1 Development of beef breeds 161
2 Beef production system 161
3 Beef calf management 162
4 Feedbunk managemenr 164
5 Feeding and management of replacement heifers 165
6 Feeding and management of breeding bulls 166
Castration dehorning and identification 16
8 Beef whole sale (or prime) cuts 167
9 election and judging of beef cartle 1
10 ex classes of beef cattle 5
11 Tpes of carrie used for beef production 175
12 Beef carcass e aluarion and grading 6
13 Factors affecting palatability of beef 1 8
1 Beef iruarion in Mala La 180
viii I RUMINANT I DUSTRY
CHAPTER 8 Small ruminant hu bandry
81 Dentition and aging
82 Handling and acilirie
83 Management of lamb and kids
84 Practical eeding 0 goar
85 Breeding managemenr 0 rambuck
86 Breeding management of e edoe
8 Determinacion of body eight in goat
88 ormal physiological arrributes insmall ruminants
- 196
89 Wool and its harvesting in sheep
6
19019119195
195
19 - 0
209-210
RlIminant glossary
References
Preface
J eulogize my lord Allah swt the omnipotent the omnipresent and the omniscient at the beginingwho enabled me to accomplish writing the documentation and concomitant prevention fromostentation as well
Livestock production particularly of mall holder type has attained a focal position in theagriculrure tem of me current developing world 1his has been in place because of fast growingdemand or livestock products its crucial role in eradicating poverty and generation of massemploymenr and magnificenr contribution in CDP Animal breeding and other technologicaladvances achieved so fur during the last five decades have revolutionized livestock productivitymanifold There has been a cornmensurared parallel growth of livestock education either asanimal agriculrure or veterinary science
lorwithstanding the crying need there are nor tOOmany books on animal production asa study material Hear-til I beleive this book will be of some use to teachers students livestockentrepreneurs and allied professionals 1his book does not contain in depth materials of differentbranches of animal science rather is only directed towards basic undemanding and practices ofanimal agriculrure the book has been wrinen primarily [Q satisfy learners need in Malaysiatherefore Malaysian perspectives appeared in this book very often
I do nor claim that this is an empirical output from my own 1 have no reservation [Q admitthat the facts and figures pur in this book have largely been borrowed from other sources likebooks of different authors journals bulletins and plentiful literature in the internet Ihave triedto grarefull refer the sourcels) of information whatever or wherever might be Despite urmosrcarefulness it is not unlikel that some of them might till remain incomplete or escaped frommentioning for which I deeply regret During my Stay in niversiry alaysia Kelantan (UMK)Mala ia Ihave had to prepare the manuscript for this book within a couple of months only Soit is quite likely to find unwillful mistakes in various forms in this book
I will be irnrnensl r benefited if someone from the respected readers community can pointour anything to modify omit or incorporate in this book uggestions in order to emend thisbook for subsequent editions will fortify my endeavour and will be cordially welcomed
Pro ound grarirudes are due to whom I am rruelv blessed from Professor Dr Ibrahimbin Che Omar orrner Dean Faculty 0 Agro Industry and larural Resources niversiti Malaysia
Kelantan or hi inspiration and generous assistance during the completion of this book
The Author
The Author
fllnd verily In tile cattle there iJ a leJJonfor you We give you to drinkof that wJLchiJ in their bodleraquo from between the undiguted food andbLoodpure milk palatable to the drinker Al-Quran 1666
Dedicated to my beLoledJon
Engg JfJ Tanoir Ebsan Amil1
Chapter 1Introduction to
Ruminant and Ruminant Industry
11 RUMINANT VS NON-RUMINANT
Ruminants (pol -gasrric) and non-ruminants (mono-gastric) are basically twodivisions of domestic animals based on their structure and function of the stomachRuminants belong (0 the suborder Ruminan ria of the order Artiodactyla characterizedby ha ing stomach divided into either three or four compartmets Ruminants
regurgitate and masticate ingested feed (called card) they swallowed before inresring rime The animals of ruminant group again subdivided into a) Tylopodaand b) Pecora Tylopoda have 3-chambered stomach and includes camels llamasand alpacas On the other hand animals belonging to the subdivision Pecora have
4-chambered sromach Acrually Pecora represents the true ruminants and includescattle buffalo bison sheep goat anrilope giraffe and deer Rumen reticulum
omasum and abomasum are the chronological names of 4 chambers in the ruminantstomach Rumen is the first and largest of the compartments that contain numerous
kinds of rumen rnicroliora Rumen microBora are the microorganisms capable ofdigesting many kinds of fibrous feed and because of the absence of them in non-
ruminants (simple romached animals) non-ruminants can not digest the same
T lopoda tomach consists of 3 chambers viz rumen reticulum and abomasum
but does not have omasum Each and e ery ruminant individual (particularly true
ruminant me pecora) is an industry in the sense that it has gOt the unique capability
to con err low quality roughages into high quali food for human consumption
Fig 1 Ruminan Oeft) and non-ruminant (right) stomach(Source hrrpllwwwgooglccommysearchtbm= )
RUMINANT INDUSTRY I 3
development of elore carrie (from India as Ongole to Brazil as elore) Brahmancarrie (from India to A) Etawah goat (from India as Jamnapari to Indonesia asErawah) Hoi rein (from Holland to U A) Boer goat (from south Africa to U AAustralia ewzealand alaysia)
Cattle (Bos mums Bos indicus) It i believed that carde were first domesticated in [heeolirhic Age (10 00-9 00 B ) which occurred 18000 years ago At least 4000
years ago carrie were starred to take place in records Bovine animals that can be seentoday have d cended from Bos taurus and Bos indicus Bos taurus are humplesscarrie originated in ear and Middle East and orth East Africa while Bos indicus
are humped and originated in Tropical Asia (FAO 2007 Gillespie and Flanders2010)
Sheep (Bovis am) heep are considered to be the fust domesticated species and
their domestication began in the eolethic Age Literature suppOrt that sheep andgoats were first domesticated by 8000 Be (Damron 2009) Archeological evidenceshows that me Bah lonians used wool for clothing around 4000 Be Most of the
presem day sheep perhaps are descendents of MoufHons (wild sheep) and Asiaticrial (Gillespie and Flanders 2010) ear and Middle East Turkey are considered
to be the place of origin of the species (FAO 2007)
Goats (Capra hircus Age of goats as domesticated animal is similar to that ofsheep (Damron 2009middot FAO 200 ) Of the present day species of domestic animals
sheep and goats are thought to he the first two started domestication about 10000ears ago (Sirnm 000) Western Asia is supposed to be the original site of goat
domestication ccording to hat is tared in the The state of the world s Animal
Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (FAO 200 ) goat was originated from
3 subspecies of tid ancestor capra aegragus in ear and Middle East and in northern
Indian subcontinent They are aid to be descended from the Pasang or Grecian ibex
Wild species arkhor and Tahrs might be the ancestors of ome modern breeds of
goa in the world (Devendra and Burns 1981 Gillespie and Flanders 2010) The
mountains of outhv est and Central Asia are the original home tract of goats Wild
Bezor and arkhor are still available there ourh Asia possesses over 20 million
goats one fourth of the orlds population (FAO 200 )
13 ZOOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION (TAXONOMY) OF RUMINANTS
Phylum hordata (ha e back bone)
ubphylum ertebrara (have vertebral column)Class arnrnalia ives milk hai
Order Artiodac La (divided hoo
2 I RUMINANT I OUSTR
Comparison of mouth and teethbetween a cow and a horse
No tooth in upper jaw Both Jaws have teeth
Fig 12 Difference in mouth parts be(source hrrpIywgoogccommYscarchhl=cnampblw
on-ruminant stomach is of one unit called imple or monogastric tornach I iandog pig cat primate avian species all are the examples a non-ruminants Ruminantsdo not have teeth in the upper ja but non-ruminan do have (Fig I )
12 DOMESTICATION
Domestication refers ro the adaprion 0 the behaviour of animal in order to cishuman needs During pre-historic period human depended on wild animals or oodand clothing materials Later on they tarred taming 0 some 0 me hunted anirnco use afterwards Gradually man learnt how ro rear eed behave and reproduce theanimals under his care for his livelihood Man po essed the experience 0 iden i ingbetter performing animal in hi herd or Bock uperior individuals were u d coproduce progeny to have more and more ourpu in hrrure generation In thi wafoundation for animal breeding was laid out By the vayrhousands 0 years 0 naturaland induced election genetic drift inbreeding and cro breedin have conributed toAnimal Genetic Resource (AnGR) diversity and have allowed liv oc kee ing to
be practiced in a variety of environrnen and produ ion bull tern Tha is he easonof why camels are being rai ed mainly in countries like fiddle rica and otherarid region of the world why Uarna and paca inhabi only In uth ericancountries and why zebu cattle are only available in ro ical countries vhy here i nobuffalo in the Middle East and why temperate world i the homeland 0
and 0 on Later on domestic animal began to mo e r m one egionbecause of human preference It explains the (fan undary m emen and
Contents
PREFACE xi
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to ruminant and non-ruminant industry 1 - 811 Ruminant vs non-ruminants
12 Domestication 2
13 Zoological classification (taxonomy) of ruminant 3
14 Contribution of ruminants in 4human livelihood
15 Ruminant industry in Malaysia
16 riliry of ruminants
1 cientific name and chromosome number
18 Body parts
4
6
6
7
CHAPTER 2 Breeds of cattle buffalo sheep and goat
21 Dairy cattle breeds
22 Beef cattle breeds
23 Goats
231 Dairy goats
232 Mohair goat
233 Tropical Asian goats
234 Modern impro ed breed
2 heep
9 - 38
9
15
21
22
24252931
CHAPTER 3 Breeding of ruminants
31 Traits
32 ating (breeding) system
33 Causes of genetic variation in animals
and rransrni rtab ili
3 ithin-breed genetic improvement programme 53
3 1 Breeding alue and Heritability 53
39 - 68
3943
51
3 2 election and prediction of response 57
vi RUMINANT I OUSTRY
35 Concept of repearabiliry
36 Application 0 m lecular generic
rechnologi in animal breeding
3 Carrie breeding in third world countries with ahighlighr on alaysia
CHAPTER 4 Reproduction and reproductive bioreclwology
41 ale reproduction
42 Female reproduction3 Estrous cycle4 ource and functions of some
reproductive hormones45 Puberry
6 Artihcial Insemination
ultiple ovulation and embryotransfer ( OEn
8 Pregnancy diagno is
9 easuring reproductive efficiency410 Reproductive managemem
CHAPTER 5 Nutrition feeds and feeding
51 Digestive sy em of ruminants
52 Rumen microflora and microbial digestion
53 utnents
54 Indicated classification of animal feed stuff
55 Composition and nutritive value of somecommon feed ruff on OM basis
56 Role and deficiency syrnproms of some
important minerals anditamin
57 Common terminologies relating toanimal nutrition
CHAPTER 6 Dairy carde husbandry
61 FaciJjrjes of a dairy farm
62 Points to be considered before erring
up a dairy enterprize (site selection)
60
129 - 160
129
1 0
CHAPTER
RUMINANT I DUSTRY I vii
G3 Types of dairy housing 131
G4 Feeding dairy cattle 132
65 Identification of dairy cattle 136
GG Raising dairy calf 139
67 Dairy cow production cycle 141
G8 Dairy record keeping 143
G9 Cow mammary gland milk synthesis 145and milk ejection
610 Composition of milk and the nature 147of the constituents
Gll On farm hygienic milk production 150
G12 Judging dairy cow 151
G13 Routine works on dairy farm 158
614 Health care of animals in the dairy farm 158
615 Duties and responsibilities of dairy 159farm manager
Beef cattle husbandry 161 - 182
1 Development of beef breeds 161
2 Beef production system 161
3 Beef calf management 162
4 Feedbunk managemenr 164
5 Feeding and management of replacement heifers 165
6 Feeding and management of breeding bulls 166
Castration dehorning and identification 16
8 Beef whole sale (or prime) cuts 167
9 election and judging of beef cartle 1
10 ex classes of beef cattle 5
11 Tpes of carrie used for beef production 175
12 Beef carcass e aluarion and grading 6
13 Factors affecting palatability of beef 1 8
1 Beef iruarion in Mala La 180
viii I RUMINANT I DUSTRY
CHAPTER 8 Small ruminant hu bandry
81 Dentition and aging
82 Handling and acilirie
83 Management of lamb and kids
84 Practical eeding 0 goar
85 Breeding managemenr 0 rambuck
86 Breeding management of e edoe
8 Determinacion of body eight in goat
88 ormal physiological arrributes insmall ruminants
- 196
89 Wool and its harvesting in sheep
6
19019119195
195
19 - 0
209-210
RlIminant glossary
References
Preface
J eulogize my lord Allah swt the omnipotent the omnipresent and the omniscient at the beginingwho enabled me to accomplish writing the documentation and concomitant prevention fromostentation as well
Livestock production particularly of mall holder type has attained a focal position in theagriculrure tem of me current developing world 1his has been in place because of fast growingdemand or livestock products its crucial role in eradicating poverty and generation of massemploymenr and magnificenr contribution in CDP Animal breeding and other technologicaladvances achieved so fur during the last five decades have revolutionized livestock productivitymanifold There has been a cornmensurared parallel growth of livestock education either asanimal agriculrure or veterinary science
lorwithstanding the crying need there are nor tOOmany books on animal production asa study material Hear-til I beleive this book will be of some use to teachers students livestockentrepreneurs and allied professionals 1his book does not contain in depth materials of differentbranches of animal science rather is only directed towards basic undemanding and practices ofanimal agriculrure the book has been wrinen primarily [Q satisfy learners need in Malaysiatherefore Malaysian perspectives appeared in this book very often
I do nor claim that this is an empirical output from my own 1 have no reservation [Q admitthat the facts and figures pur in this book have largely been borrowed from other sources likebooks of different authors journals bulletins and plentiful literature in the internet Ihave triedto grarefull refer the sourcels) of information whatever or wherever might be Despite urmosrcarefulness it is not unlikel that some of them might till remain incomplete or escaped frommentioning for which I deeply regret During my Stay in niversiry alaysia Kelantan (UMK)Mala ia Ihave had to prepare the manuscript for this book within a couple of months only Soit is quite likely to find unwillful mistakes in various forms in this book
I will be irnrnensl r benefited if someone from the respected readers community can pointour anything to modify omit or incorporate in this book uggestions in order to emend thisbook for subsequent editions will fortify my endeavour and will be cordially welcomed
Pro ound grarirudes are due to whom I am rruelv blessed from Professor Dr Ibrahimbin Che Omar orrner Dean Faculty 0 Agro Industry and larural Resources niversiti Malaysia
Kelantan or hi inspiration and generous assistance during the completion of this book
The Author
The Author
fllnd verily In tile cattle there iJ a leJJonfor you We give you to drinkof that wJLchiJ in their bodleraquo from between the undiguted food andbLoodpure milk palatable to the drinker Al-Quran 1666
Dedicated to my beLoledJon
Engg JfJ Tanoir Ebsan Amil1
Chapter 1Introduction to
Ruminant and Ruminant Industry
11 RUMINANT VS NON-RUMINANT
Ruminants (pol -gasrric) and non-ruminants (mono-gastric) are basically twodivisions of domestic animals based on their structure and function of the stomachRuminants belong (0 the suborder Ruminan ria of the order Artiodactyla characterizedby ha ing stomach divided into either three or four compartmets Ruminants
regurgitate and masticate ingested feed (called card) they swallowed before inresring rime The animals of ruminant group again subdivided into a) Tylopodaand b) Pecora Tylopoda have 3-chambered stomach and includes camels llamasand alpacas On the other hand animals belonging to the subdivision Pecora have
4-chambered sromach Acrually Pecora represents the true ruminants and includescattle buffalo bison sheep goat anrilope giraffe and deer Rumen reticulum
omasum and abomasum are the chronological names of 4 chambers in the ruminantstomach Rumen is the first and largest of the compartments that contain numerous
kinds of rumen rnicroliora Rumen microBora are the microorganisms capable ofdigesting many kinds of fibrous feed and because of the absence of them in non-
ruminants (simple romached animals) non-ruminants can not digest the same
T lopoda tomach consists of 3 chambers viz rumen reticulum and abomasum
but does not have omasum Each and e ery ruminant individual (particularly true
ruminant me pecora) is an industry in the sense that it has gOt the unique capability
to con err low quality roughages into high quali food for human consumption
Fig 1 Ruminan Oeft) and non-ruminant (right) stomach(Source hrrpllwwwgooglccommysearchtbm= )
RUMINANT INDUSTRY I 3
development of elore carrie (from India as Ongole to Brazil as elore) Brahmancarrie (from India to A) Etawah goat (from India as Jamnapari to Indonesia asErawah) Hoi rein (from Holland to U A) Boer goat (from south Africa to U AAustralia ewzealand alaysia)
Cattle (Bos mums Bos indicus) It i believed that carde were first domesticated in [heeolirhic Age (10 00-9 00 B ) which occurred 18000 years ago At least 4000
years ago carrie were starred to take place in records Bovine animals that can be seentoday have d cended from Bos taurus and Bos indicus Bos taurus are humplesscarrie originated in ear and Middle East and orth East Africa while Bos indicus
are humped and originated in Tropical Asia (FAO 2007 Gillespie and Flanders2010)
Sheep (Bovis am) heep are considered to be the fust domesticated species and
their domestication began in the eolethic Age Literature suppOrt that sheep andgoats were first domesticated by 8000 Be (Damron 2009) Archeological evidenceshows that me Bah lonians used wool for clothing around 4000 Be Most of the
presem day sheep perhaps are descendents of MoufHons (wild sheep) and Asiaticrial (Gillespie and Flanders 2010) ear and Middle East Turkey are considered
to be the place of origin of the species (FAO 2007)
Goats (Capra hircus Age of goats as domesticated animal is similar to that ofsheep (Damron 2009middot FAO 200 ) Of the present day species of domestic animals
sheep and goats are thought to he the first two started domestication about 10000ears ago (Sirnm 000) Western Asia is supposed to be the original site of goat
domestication ccording to hat is tared in the The state of the world s Animal
Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (FAO 200 ) goat was originated from
3 subspecies of tid ancestor capra aegragus in ear and Middle East and in northern
Indian subcontinent They are aid to be descended from the Pasang or Grecian ibex
Wild species arkhor and Tahrs might be the ancestors of ome modern breeds of
goa in the world (Devendra and Burns 1981 Gillespie and Flanders 2010) The
mountains of outhv est and Central Asia are the original home tract of goats Wild
Bezor and arkhor are still available there ourh Asia possesses over 20 million
goats one fourth of the orlds population (FAO 200 )
13 ZOOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION (TAXONOMY) OF RUMINANTS
Phylum hordata (ha e back bone)
ubphylum ertebrara (have vertebral column)Class arnrnalia ives milk hai
Order Artiodac La (divided hoo
2 I RUMINANT I OUSTR
Comparison of mouth and teethbetween a cow and a horse
No tooth in upper jaw Both Jaws have teeth
Fig 12 Difference in mouth parts be(source hrrpIywgoogccommYscarchhl=cnampblw
on-ruminant stomach is of one unit called imple or monogastric tornach I iandog pig cat primate avian species all are the examples a non-ruminants Ruminantsdo not have teeth in the upper ja but non-ruminan do have (Fig I )
12 DOMESTICATION
Domestication refers ro the adaprion 0 the behaviour of animal in order to cishuman needs During pre-historic period human depended on wild animals or oodand clothing materials Later on they tarred taming 0 some 0 me hunted anirnco use afterwards Gradually man learnt how ro rear eed behave and reproduce theanimals under his care for his livelihood Man po essed the experience 0 iden i ingbetter performing animal in hi herd or Bock uperior individuals were u d coproduce progeny to have more and more ourpu in hrrure generation In thi wafoundation for animal breeding was laid out By the vayrhousands 0 years 0 naturaland induced election genetic drift inbreeding and cro breedin have conributed toAnimal Genetic Resource (AnGR) diversity and have allowed liv oc kee ing to
be practiced in a variety of environrnen and produ ion bull tern Tha is he easonof why camels are being rai ed mainly in countries like fiddle rica and otherarid region of the world why Uarna and paca inhabi only In uth ericancountries and why zebu cattle are only available in ro ical countries vhy here i nobuffalo in the Middle East and why temperate world i the homeland 0
and 0 on Later on domestic animal began to mo e r m one egionbecause of human preference It explains the (fan undary m emen and
vi RUMINANT I OUSTRY
35 Concept of repearabiliry
36 Application 0 m lecular generic
rechnologi in animal breeding
3 Carrie breeding in third world countries with ahighlighr on alaysia
CHAPTER 4 Reproduction and reproductive bioreclwology
41 ale reproduction
42 Female reproduction3 Estrous cycle4 ource and functions of some
reproductive hormones45 Puberry
6 Artihcial Insemination
ultiple ovulation and embryotransfer ( OEn
8 Pregnancy diagno is
9 easuring reproductive efficiency410 Reproductive managemem
CHAPTER 5 Nutrition feeds and feeding
51 Digestive sy em of ruminants
52 Rumen microflora and microbial digestion
53 utnents
54 Indicated classification of animal feed stuff
55 Composition and nutritive value of somecommon feed ruff on OM basis
56 Role and deficiency syrnproms of some
important minerals anditamin
57 Common terminologies relating toanimal nutrition
CHAPTER 6 Dairy carde husbandry
61 FaciJjrjes of a dairy farm
62 Points to be considered before erring
up a dairy enterprize (site selection)
60
129 - 160
129
1 0
CHAPTER
RUMINANT I DUSTRY I vii
G3 Types of dairy housing 131
G4 Feeding dairy cattle 132
65 Identification of dairy cattle 136
GG Raising dairy calf 139
67 Dairy cow production cycle 141
G8 Dairy record keeping 143
G9 Cow mammary gland milk synthesis 145and milk ejection
610 Composition of milk and the nature 147of the constituents
Gll On farm hygienic milk production 150
G12 Judging dairy cow 151
G13 Routine works on dairy farm 158
614 Health care of animals in the dairy farm 158
615 Duties and responsibilities of dairy 159farm manager
Beef cattle husbandry 161 - 182
1 Development of beef breeds 161
2 Beef production system 161
3 Beef calf management 162
4 Feedbunk managemenr 164
5 Feeding and management of replacement heifers 165
6 Feeding and management of breeding bulls 166
Castration dehorning and identification 16
8 Beef whole sale (or prime) cuts 167
9 election and judging of beef cartle 1
10 ex classes of beef cattle 5
11 Tpes of carrie used for beef production 175
12 Beef carcass e aluarion and grading 6
13 Factors affecting palatability of beef 1 8
1 Beef iruarion in Mala La 180
viii I RUMINANT I DUSTRY
CHAPTER 8 Small ruminant hu bandry
81 Dentition and aging
82 Handling and acilirie
83 Management of lamb and kids
84 Practical eeding 0 goar
85 Breeding managemenr 0 rambuck
86 Breeding management of e edoe
8 Determinacion of body eight in goat
88 ormal physiological arrributes insmall ruminants
- 196
89 Wool and its harvesting in sheep
6
19019119195
195
19 - 0
209-210
RlIminant glossary
References
Preface
J eulogize my lord Allah swt the omnipotent the omnipresent and the omniscient at the beginingwho enabled me to accomplish writing the documentation and concomitant prevention fromostentation as well
Livestock production particularly of mall holder type has attained a focal position in theagriculrure tem of me current developing world 1his has been in place because of fast growingdemand or livestock products its crucial role in eradicating poverty and generation of massemploymenr and magnificenr contribution in CDP Animal breeding and other technologicaladvances achieved so fur during the last five decades have revolutionized livestock productivitymanifold There has been a cornmensurared parallel growth of livestock education either asanimal agriculrure or veterinary science
lorwithstanding the crying need there are nor tOOmany books on animal production asa study material Hear-til I beleive this book will be of some use to teachers students livestockentrepreneurs and allied professionals 1his book does not contain in depth materials of differentbranches of animal science rather is only directed towards basic undemanding and practices ofanimal agriculrure the book has been wrinen primarily [Q satisfy learners need in Malaysiatherefore Malaysian perspectives appeared in this book very often
I do nor claim that this is an empirical output from my own 1 have no reservation [Q admitthat the facts and figures pur in this book have largely been borrowed from other sources likebooks of different authors journals bulletins and plentiful literature in the internet Ihave triedto grarefull refer the sourcels) of information whatever or wherever might be Despite urmosrcarefulness it is not unlikel that some of them might till remain incomplete or escaped frommentioning for which I deeply regret During my Stay in niversiry alaysia Kelantan (UMK)Mala ia Ihave had to prepare the manuscript for this book within a couple of months only Soit is quite likely to find unwillful mistakes in various forms in this book
I will be irnrnensl r benefited if someone from the respected readers community can pointour anything to modify omit or incorporate in this book uggestions in order to emend thisbook for subsequent editions will fortify my endeavour and will be cordially welcomed
Pro ound grarirudes are due to whom I am rruelv blessed from Professor Dr Ibrahimbin Che Omar orrner Dean Faculty 0 Agro Industry and larural Resources niversiti Malaysia
Kelantan or hi inspiration and generous assistance during the completion of this book
The Author
The Author
fllnd verily In tile cattle there iJ a leJJonfor you We give you to drinkof that wJLchiJ in their bodleraquo from between the undiguted food andbLoodpure milk palatable to the drinker Al-Quran 1666
Dedicated to my beLoledJon
Engg JfJ Tanoir Ebsan Amil1
Chapter 1Introduction to
Ruminant and Ruminant Industry
11 RUMINANT VS NON-RUMINANT
Ruminants (pol -gasrric) and non-ruminants (mono-gastric) are basically twodivisions of domestic animals based on their structure and function of the stomachRuminants belong (0 the suborder Ruminan ria of the order Artiodactyla characterizedby ha ing stomach divided into either three or four compartmets Ruminants
regurgitate and masticate ingested feed (called card) they swallowed before inresring rime The animals of ruminant group again subdivided into a) Tylopodaand b) Pecora Tylopoda have 3-chambered stomach and includes camels llamasand alpacas On the other hand animals belonging to the subdivision Pecora have
4-chambered sromach Acrually Pecora represents the true ruminants and includescattle buffalo bison sheep goat anrilope giraffe and deer Rumen reticulum
omasum and abomasum are the chronological names of 4 chambers in the ruminantstomach Rumen is the first and largest of the compartments that contain numerous
kinds of rumen rnicroliora Rumen microBora are the microorganisms capable ofdigesting many kinds of fibrous feed and because of the absence of them in non-
ruminants (simple romached animals) non-ruminants can not digest the same
T lopoda tomach consists of 3 chambers viz rumen reticulum and abomasum
but does not have omasum Each and e ery ruminant individual (particularly true
ruminant me pecora) is an industry in the sense that it has gOt the unique capability
to con err low quality roughages into high quali food for human consumption
Fig 1 Ruminan Oeft) and non-ruminant (right) stomach(Source hrrpllwwwgooglccommysearchtbm= )
RUMINANT INDUSTRY I 3
development of elore carrie (from India as Ongole to Brazil as elore) Brahmancarrie (from India to A) Etawah goat (from India as Jamnapari to Indonesia asErawah) Hoi rein (from Holland to U A) Boer goat (from south Africa to U AAustralia ewzealand alaysia)
Cattle (Bos mums Bos indicus) It i believed that carde were first domesticated in [heeolirhic Age (10 00-9 00 B ) which occurred 18000 years ago At least 4000
years ago carrie were starred to take place in records Bovine animals that can be seentoday have d cended from Bos taurus and Bos indicus Bos taurus are humplesscarrie originated in ear and Middle East and orth East Africa while Bos indicus
are humped and originated in Tropical Asia (FAO 2007 Gillespie and Flanders2010)
Sheep (Bovis am) heep are considered to be the fust domesticated species and
their domestication began in the eolethic Age Literature suppOrt that sheep andgoats were first domesticated by 8000 Be (Damron 2009) Archeological evidenceshows that me Bah lonians used wool for clothing around 4000 Be Most of the
presem day sheep perhaps are descendents of MoufHons (wild sheep) and Asiaticrial (Gillespie and Flanders 2010) ear and Middle East Turkey are considered
to be the place of origin of the species (FAO 2007)
Goats (Capra hircus Age of goats as domesticated animal is similar to that ofsheep (Damron 2009middot FAO 200 ) Of the present day species of domestic animals
sheep and goats are thought to he the first two started domestication about 10000ears ago (Sirnm 000) Western Asia is supposed to be the original site of goat
domestication ccording to hat is tared in the The state of the world s Animal
Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (FAO 200 ) goat was originated from
3 subspecies of tid ancestor capra aegragus in ear and Middle East and in northern
Indian subcontinent They are aid to be descended from the Pasang or Grecian ibex
Wild species arkhor and Tahrs might be the ancestors of ome modern breeds of
goa in the world (Devendra and Burns 1981 Gillespie and Flanders 2010) The
mountains of outhv est and Central Asia are the original home tract of goats Wild
Bezor and arkhor are still available there ourh Asia possesses over 20 million
goats one fourth of the orlds population (FAO 200 )
13 ZOOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION (TAXONOMY) OF RUMINANTS
Phylum hordata (ha e back bone)
ubphylum ertebrara (have vertebral column)Class arnrnalia ives milk hai
Order Artiodac La (divided hoo
2 I RUMINANT I OUSTR
Comparison of mouth and teethbetween a cow and a horse
No tooth in upper jaw Both Jaws have teeth
Fig 12 Difference in mouth parts be(source hrrpIywgoogccommYscarchhl=cnampblw
on-ruminant stomach is of one unit called imple or monogastric tornach I iandog pig cat primate avian species all are the examples a non-ruminants Ruminantsdo not have teeth in the upper ja but non-ruminan do have (Fig I )
12 DOMESTICATION
Domestication refers ro the adaprion 0 the behaviour of animal in order to cishuman needs During pre-historic period human depended on wild animals or oodand clothing materials Later on they tarred taming 0 some 0 me hunted anirnco use afterwards Gradually man learnt how ro rear eed behave and reproduce theanimals under his care for his livelihood Man po essed the experience 0 iden i ingbetter performing animal in hi herd or Bock uperior individuals were u d coproduce progeny to have more and more ourpu in hrrure generation In thi wafoundation for animal breeding was laid out By the vayrhousands 0 years 0 naturaland induced election genetic drift inbreeding and cro breedin have conributed toAnimal Genetic Resource (AnGR) diversity and have allowed liv oc kee ing to
be practiced in a variety of environrnen and produ ion bull tern Tha is he easonof why camels are being rai ed mainly in countries like fiddle rica and otherarid region of the world why Uarna and paca inhabi only In uth ericancountries and why zebu cattle are only available in ro ical countries vhy here i nobuffalo in the Middle East and why temperate world i the homeland 0
and 0 on Later on domestic animal began to mo e r m one egionbecause of human preference It explains the (fan undary m emen and
CHAPTER
RUMINANT I DUSTRY I vii
G3 Types of dairy housing 131
G4 Feeding dairy cattle 132
65 Identification of dairy cattle 136
GG Raising dairy calf 139
67 Dairy cow production cycle 141
G8 Dairy record keeping 143
G9 Cow mammary gland milk synthesis 145and milk ejection
610 Composition of milk and the nature 147of the constituents
Gll On farm hygienic milk production 150
G12 Judging dairy cow 151
G13 Routine works on dairy farm 158
614 Health care of animals in the dairy farm 158
615 Duties and responsibilities of dairy 159farm manager
Beef cattle husbandry 161 - 182
1 Development of beef breeds 161
2 Beef production system 161
3 Beef calf management 162
4 Feedbunk managemenr 164
5 Feeding and management of replacement heifers 165
6 Feeding and management of breeding bulls 166
Castration dehorning and identification 16
8 Beef whole sale (or prime) cuts 167
9 election and judging of beef cartle 1
10 ex classes of beef cattle 5
11 Tpes of carrie used for beef production 175
12 Beef carcass e aluarion and grading 6
13 Factors affecting palatability of beef 1 8
1 Beef iruarion in Mala La 180
viii I RUMINANT I DUSTRY
CHAPTER 8 Small ruminant hu bandry
81 Dentition and aging
82 Handling and acilirie
83 Management of lamb and kids
84 Practical eeding 0 goar
85 Breeding managemenr 0 rambuck
86 Breeding management of e edoe
8 Determinacion of body eight in goat
88 ormal physiological arrributes insmall ruminants
- 196
89 Wool and its harvesting in sheep
6
19019119195
195
19 - 0
209-210
RlIminant glossary
References
Preface
J eulogize my lord Allah swt the omnipotent the omnipresent and the omniscient at the beginingwho enabled me to accomplish writing the documentation and concomitant prevention fromostentation as well
Livestock production particularly of mall holder type has attained a focal position in theagriculrure tem of me current developing world 1his has been in place because of fast growingdemand or livestock products its crucial role in eradicating poverty and generation of massemploymenr and magnificenr contribution in CDP Animal breeding and other technologicaladvances achieved so fur during the last five decades have revolutionized livestock productivitymanifold There has been a cornmensurared parallel growth of livestock education either asanimal agriculrure or veterinary science
lorwithstanding the crying need there are nor tOOmany books on animal production asa study material Hear-til I beleive this book will be of some use to teachers students livestockentrepreneurs and allied professionals 1his book does not contain in depth materials of differentbranches of animal science rather is only directed towards basic undemanding and practices ofanimal agriculrure the book has been wrinen primarily [Q satisfy learners need in Malaysiatherefore Malaysian perspectives appeared in this book very often
I do nor claim that this is an empirical output from my own 1 have no reservation [Q admitthat the facts and figures pur in this book have largely been borrowed from other sources likebooks of different authors journals bulletins and plentiful literature in the internet Ihave triedto grarefull refer the sourcels) of information whatever or wherever might be Despite urmosrcarefulness it is not unlikel that some of them might till remain incomplete or escaped frommentioning for which I deeply regret During my Stay in niversiry alaysia Kelantan (UMK)Mala ia Ihave had to prepare the manuscript for this book within a couple of months only Soit is quite likely to find unwillful mistakes in various forms in this book
I will be irnrnensl r benefited if someone from the respected readers community can pointour anything to modify omit or incorporate in this book uggestions in order to emend thisbook for subsequent editions will fortify my endeavour and will be cordially welcomed
Pro ound grarirudes are due to whom I am rruelv blessed from Professor Dr Ibrahimbin Che Omar orrner Dean Faculty 0 Agro Industry and larural Resources niversiti Malaysia
Kelantan or hi inspiration and generous assistance during the completion of this book
The Author
The Author
fllnd verily In tile cattle there iJ a leJJonfor you We give you to drinkof that wJLchiJ in their bodleraquo from between the undiguted food andbLoodpure milk palatable to the drinker Al-Quran 1666
Dedicated to my beLoledJon
Engg JfJ Tanoir Ebsan Amil1
Chapter 1Introduction to
Ruminant and Ruminant Industry
11 RUMINANT VS NON-RUMINANT
Ruminants (pol -gasrric) and non-ruminants (mono-gastric) are basically twodivisions of domestic animals based on their structure and function of the stomachRuminants belong (0 the suborder Ruminan ria of the order Artiodactyla characterizedby ha ing stomach divided into either three or four compartmets Ruminants
regurgitate and masticate ingested feed (called card) they swallowed before inresring rime The animals of ruminant group again subdivided into a) Tylopodaand b) Pecora Tylopoda have 3-chambered stomach and includes camels llamasand alpacas On the other hand animals belonging to the subdivision Pecora have
4-chambered sromach Acrually Pecora represents the true ruminants and includescattle buffalo bison sheep goat anrilope giraffe and deer Rumen reticulum
omasum and abomasum are the chronological names of 4 chambers in the ruminantstomach Rumen is the first and largest of the compartments that contain numerous
kinds of rumen rnicroliora Rumen microBora are the microorganisms capable ofdigesting many kinds of fibrous feed and because of the absence of them in non-
ruminants (simple romached animals) non-ruminants can not digest the same
T lopoda tomach consists of 3 chambers viz rumen reticulum and abomasum
but does not have omasum Each and e ery ruminant individual (particularly true
ruminant me pecora) is an industry in the sense that it has gOt the unique capability
to con err low quality roughages into high quali food for human consumption
Fig 1 Ruminan Oeft) and non-ruminant (right) stomach(Source hrrpllwwwgooglccommysearchtbm= )
RUMINANT INDUSTRY I 3
development of elore carrie (from India as Ongole to Brazil as elore) Brahmancarrie (from India to A) Etawah goat (from India as Jamnapari to Indonesia asErawah) Hoi rein (from Holland to U A) Boer goat (from south Africa to U AAustralia ewzealand alaysia)
Cattle (Bos mums Bos indicus) It i believed that carde were first domesticated in [heeolirhic Age (10 00-9 00 B ) which occurred 18000 years ago At least 4000
years ago carrie were starred to take place in records Bovine animals that can be seentoday have d cended from Bos taurus and Bos indicus Bos taurus are humplesscarrie originated in ear and Middle East and orth East Africa while Bos indicus
are humped and originated in Tropical Asia (FAO 2007 Gillespie and Flanders2010)
Sheep (Bovis am) heep are considered to be the fust domesticated species and
their domestication began in the eolethic Age Literature suppOrt that sheep andgoats were first domesticated by 8000 Be (Damron 2009) Archeological evidenceshows that me Bah lonians used wool for clothing around 4000 Be Most of the
presem day sheep perhaps are descendents of MoufHons (wild sheep) and Asiaticrial (Gillespie and Flanders 2010) ear and Middle East Turkey are considered
to be the place of origin of the species (FAO 2007)
Goats (Capra hircus Age of goats as domesticated animal is similar to that ofsheep (Damron 2009middot FAO 200 ) Of the present day species of domestic animals
sheep and goats are thought to he the first two started domestication about 10000ears ago (Sirnm 000) Western Asia is supposed to be the original site of goat
domestication ccording to hat is tared in the The state of the world s Animal
Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (FAO 200 ) goat was originated from
3 subspecies of tid ancestor capra aegragus in ear and Middle East and in northern
Indian subcontinent They are aid to be descended from the Pasang or Grecian ibex
Wild species arkhor and Tahrs might be the ancestors of ome modern breeds of
goa in the world (Devendra and Burns 1981 Gillespie and Flanders 2010) The
mountains of outhv est and Central Asia are the original home tract of goats Wild
Bezor and arkhor are still available there ourh Asia possesses over 20 million
goats one fourth of the orlds population (FAO 200 )
13 ZOOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION (TAXONOMY) OF RUMINANTS
Phylum hordata (ha e back bone)
ubphylum ertebrara (have vertebral column)Class arnrnalia ives milk hai
Order Artiodac La (divided hoo
2 I RUMINANT I OUSTR
Comparison of mouth and teethbetween a cow and a horse
No tooth in upper jaw Both Jaws have teeth
Fig 12 Difference in mouth parts be(source hrrpIywgoogccommYscarchhl=cnampblw
on-ruminant stomach is of one unit called imple or monogastric tornach I iandog pig cat primate avian species all are the examples a non-ruminants Ruminantsdo not have teeth in the upper ja but non-ruminan do have (Fig I )
12 DOMESTICATION
Domestication refers ro the adaprion 0 the behaviour of animal in order to cishuman needs During pre-historic period human depended on wild animals or oodand clothing materials Later on they tarred taming 0 some 0 me hunted anirnco use afterwards Gradually man learnt how ro rear eed behave and reproduce theanimals under his care for his livelihood Man po essed the experience 0 iden i ingbetter performing animal in hi herd or Bock uperior individuals were u d coproduce progeny to have more and more ourpu in hrrure generation In thi wafoundation for animal breeding was laid out By the vayrhousands 0 years 0 naturaland induced election genetic drift inbreeding and cro breedin have conributed toAnimal Genetic Resource (AnGR) diversity and have allowed liv oc kee ing to
be practiced in a variety of environrnen and produ ion bull tern Tha is he easonof why camels are being rai ed mainly in countries like fiddle rica and otherarid region of the world why Uarna and paca inhabi only In uth ericancountries and why zebu cattle are only available in ro ical countries vhy here i nobuffalo in the Middle East and why temperate world i the homeland 0
and 0 on Later on domestic animal began to mo e r m one egionbecause of human preference It explains the (fan undary m emen and
viii I RUMINANT I DUSTRY
CHAPTER 8 Small ruminant hu bandry
81 Dentition and aging
82 Handling and acilirie
83 Management of lamb and kids
84 Practical eeding 0 goar
85 Breeding managemenr 0 rambuck
86 Breeding management of e edoe
8 Determinacion of body eight in goat
88 ormal physiological arrributes insmall ruminants
- 196
89 Wool and its harvesting in sheep
6
19019119195
195
19 - 0
209-210
RlIminant glossary
References
Preface
J eulogize my lord Allah swt the omnipotent the omnipresent and the omniscient at the beginingwho enabled me to accomplish writing the documentation and concomitant prevention fromostentation as well
Livestock production particularly of mall holder type has attained a focal position in theagriculrure tem of me current developing world 1his has been in place because of fast growingdemand or livestock products its crucial role in eradicating poverty and generation of massemploymenr and magnificenr contribution in CDP Animal breeding and other technologicaladvances achieved so fur during the last five decades have revolutionized livestock productivitymanifold There has been a cornmensurared parallel growth of livestock education either asanimal agriculrure or veterinary science
lorwithstanding the crying need there are nor tOOmany books on animal production asa study material Hear-til I beleive this book will be of some use to teachers students livestockentrepreneurs and allied professionals 1his book does not contain in depth materials of differentbranches of animal science rather is only directed towards basic undemanding and practices ofanimal agriculrure the book has been wrinen primarily [Q satisfy learners need in Malaysiatherefore Malaysian perspectives appeared in this book very often
I do nor claim that this is an empirical output from my own 1 have no reservation [Q admitthat the facts and figures pur in this book have largely been borrowed from other sources likebooks of different authors journals bulletins and plentiful literature in the internet Ihave triedto grarefull refer the sourcels) of information whatever or wherever might be Despite urmosrcarefulness it is not unlikel that some of them might till remain incomplete or escaped frommentioning for which I deeply regret During my Stay in niversiry alaysia Kelantan (UMK)Mala ia Ihave had to prepare the manuscript for this book within a couple of months only Soit is quite likely to find unwillful mistakes in various forms in this book
I will be irnrnensl r benefited if someone from the respected readers community can pointour anything to modify omit or incorporate in this book uggestions in order to emend thisbook for subsequent editions will fortify my endeavour and will be cordially welcomed
Pro ound grarirudes are due to whom I am rruelv blessed from Professor Dr Ibrahimbin Che Omar orrner Dean Faculty 0 Agro Industry and larural Resources niversiti Malaysia
Kelantan or hi inspiration and generous assistance during the completion of this book
The Author
The Author
fllnd verily In tile cattle there iJ a leJJonfor you We give you to drinkof that wJLchiJ in their bodleraquo from between the undiguted food andbLoodpure milk palatable to the drinker Al-Quran 1666
Dedicated to my beLoledJon
Engg JfJ Tanoir Ebsan Amil1
Chapter 1Introduction to
Ruminant and Ruminant Industry
11 RUMINANT VS NON-RUMINANT
Ruminants (pol -gasrric) and non-ruminants (mono-gastric) are basically twodivisions of domestic animals based on their structure and function of the stomachRuminants belong (0 the suborder Ruminan ria of the order Artiodactyla characterizedby ha ing stomach divided into either three or four compartmets Ruminants
regurgitate and masticate ingested feed (called card) they swallowed before inresring rime The animals of ruminant group again subdivided into a) Tylopodaand b) Pecora Tylopoda have 3-chambered stomach and includes camels llamasand alpacas On the other hand animals belonging to the subdivision Pecora have
4-chambered sromach Acrually Pecora represents the true ruminants and includescattle buffalo bison sheep goat anrilope giraffe and deer Rumen reticulum
omasum and abomasum are the chronological names of 4 chambers in the ruminantstomach Rumen is the first and largest of the compartments that contain numerous
kinds of rumen rnicroliora Rumen microBora are the microorganisms capable ofdigesting many kinds of fibrous feed and because of the absence of them in non-
ruminants (simple romached animals) non-ruminants can not digest the same
T lopoda tomach consists of 3 chambers viz rumen reticulum and abomasum
but does not have omasum Each and e ery ruminant individual (particularly true
ruminant me pecora) is an industry in the sense that it has gOt the unique capability
to con err low quality roughages into high quali food for human consumption
Fig 1 Ruminan Oeft) and non-ruminant (right) stomach(Source hrrpllwwwgooglccommysearchtbm= )
RUMINANT INDUSTRY I 3
development of elore carrie (from India as Ongole to Brazil as elore) Brahmancarrie (from India to A) Etawah goat (from India as Jamnapari to Indonesia asErawah) Hoi rein (from Holland to U A) Boer goat (from south Africa to U AAustralia ewzealand alaysia)
Cattle (Bos mums Bos indicus) It i believed that carde were first domesticated in [heeolirhic Age (10 00-9 00 B ) which occurred 18000 years ago At least 4000
years ago carrie were starred to take place in records Bovine animals that can be seentoday have d cended from Bos taurus and Bos indicus Bos taurus are humplesscarrie originated in ear and Middle East and orth East Africa while Bos indicus
are humped and originated in Tropical Asia (FAO 2007 Gillespie and Flanders2010)
Sheep (Bovis am) heep are considered to be the fust domesticated species and
their domestication began in the eolethic Age Literature suppOrt that sheep andgoats were first domesticated by 8000 Be (Damron 2009) Archeological evidenceshows that me Bah lonians used wool for clothing around 4000 Be Most of the
presem day sheep perhaps are descendents of MoufHons (wild sheep) and Asiaticrial (Gillespie and Flanders 2010) ear and Middle East Turkey are considered
to be the place of origin of the species (FAO 2007)
Goats (Capra hircus Age of goats as domesticated animal is similar to that ofsheep (Damron 2009middot FAO 200 ) Of the present day species of domestic animals
sheep and goats are thought to he the first two started domestication about 10000ears ago (Sirnm 000) Western Asia is supposed to be the original site of goat
domestication ccording to hat is tared in the The state of the world s Animal
Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (FAO 200 ) goat was originated from
3 subspecies of tid ancestor capra aegragus in ear and Middle East and in northern
Indian subcontinent They are aid to be descended from the Pasang or Grecian ibex
Wild species arkhor and Tahrs might be the ancestors of ome modern breeds of
goa in the world (Devendra and Burns 1981 Gillespie and Flanders 2010) The
mountains of outhv est and Central Asia are the original home tract of goats Wild
Bezor and arkhor are still available there ourh Asia possesses over 20 million
goats one fourth of the orlds population (FAO 200 )
13 ZOOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION (TAXONOMY) OF RUMINANTS
Phylum hordata (ha e back bone)
ubphylum ertebrara (have vertebral column)Class arnrnalia ives milk hai
Order Artiodac La (divided hoo
2 I RUMINANT I OUSTR
Comparison of mouth and teethbetween a cow and a horse
No tooth in upper jaw Both Jaws have teeth
Fig 12 Difference in mouth parts be(source hrrpIywgoogccommYscarchhl=cnampblw
on-ruminant stomach is of one unit called imple or monogastric tornach I iandog pig cat primate avian species all are the examples a non-ruminants Ruminantsdo not have teeth in the upper ja but non-ruminan do have (Fig I )
12 DOMESTICATION
Domestication refers ro the adaprion 0 the behaviour of animal in order to cishuman needs During pre-historic period human depended on wild animals or oodand clothing materials Later on they tarred taming 0 some 0 me hunted anirnco use afterwards Gradually man learnt how ro rear eed behave and reproduce theanimals under his care for his livelihood Man po essed the experience 0 iden i ingbetter performing animal in hi herd or Bock uperior individuals were u d coproduce progeny to have more and more ourpu in hrrure generation In thi wafoundation for animal breeding was laid out By the vayrhousands 0 years 0 naturaland induced election genetic drift inbreeding and cro breedin have conributed toAnimal Genetic Resource (AnGR) diversity and have allowed liv oc kee ing to
be practiced in a variety of environrnen and produ ion bull tern Tha is he easonof why camels are being rai ed mainly in countries like fiddle rica and otherarid region of the world why Uarna and paca inhabi only In uth ericancountries and why zebu cattle are only available in ro ical countries vhy here i nobuffalo in the Middle East and why temperate world i the homeland 0
and 0 on Later on domestic animal began to mo e r m one egionbecause of human preference It explains the (fan undary m emen and
Preface
J eulogize my lord Allah swt the omnipotent the omnipresent and the omniscient at the beginingwho enabled me to accomplish writing the documentation and concomitant prevention fromostentation as well
Livestock production particularly of mall holder type has attained a focal position in theagriculrure tem of me current developing world 1his has been in place because of fast growingdemand or livestock products its crucial role in eradicating poverty and generation of massemploymenr and magnificenr contribution in CDP Animal breeding and other technologicaladvances achieved so fur during the last five decades have revolutionized livestock productivitymanifold There has been a cornmensurared parallel growth of livestock education either asanimal agriculrure or veterinary science
lorwithstanding the crying need there are nor tOOmany books on animal production asa study material Hear-til I beleive this book will be of some use to teachers students livestockentrepreneurs and allied professionals 1his book does not contain in depth materials of differentbranches of animal science rather is only directed towards basic undemanding and practices ofanimal agriculrure the book has been wrinen primarily [Q satisfy learners need in Malaysiatherefore Malaysian perspectives appeared in this book very often
I do nor claim that this is an empirical output from my own 1 have no reservation [Q admitthat the facts and figures pur in this book have largely been borrowed from other sources likebooks of different authors journals bulletins and plentiful literature in the internet Ihave triedto grarefull refer the sourcels) of information whatever or wherever might be Despite urmosrcarefulness it is not unlikel that some of them might till remain incomplete or escaped frommentioning for which I deeply regret During my Stay in niversiry alaysia Kelantan (UMK)Mala ia Ihave had to prepare the manuscript for this book within a couple of months only Soit is quite likely to find unwillful mistakes in various forms in this book
I will be irnrnensl r benefited if someone from the respected readers community can pointour anything to modify omit or incorporate in this book uggestions in order to emend thisbook for subsequent editions will fortify my endeavour and will be cordially welcomed
Pro ound grarirudes are due to whom I am rruelv blessed from Professor Dr Ibrahimbin Che Omar orrner Dean Faculty 0 Agro Industry and larural Resources niversiti Malaysia
Kelantan or hi inspiration and generous assistance during the completion of this book
The Author
The Author
fllnd verily In tile cattle there iJ a leJJonfor you We give you to drinkof that wJLchiJ in their bodleraquo from between the undiguted food andbLoodpure milk palatable to the drinker Al-Quran 1666
Dedicated to my beLoledJon
Engg JfJ Tanoir Ebsan Amil1
Chapter 1Introduction to
Ruminant and Ruminant Industry
11 RUMINANT VS NON-RUMINANT
Ruminants (pol -gasrric) and non-ruminants (mono-gastric) are basically twodivisions of domestic animals based on their structure and function of the stomachRuminants belong (0 the suborder Ruminan ria of the order Artiodactyla characterizedby ha ing stomach divided into either three or four compartmets Ruminants
regurgitate and masticate ingested feed (called card) they swallowed before inresring rime The animals of ruminant group again subdivided into a) Tylopodaand b) Pecora Tylopoda have 3-chambered stomach and includes camels llamasand alpacas On the other hand animals belonging to the subdivision Pecora have
4-chambered sromach Acrually Pecora represents the true ruminants and includescattle buffalo bison sheep goat anrilope giraffe and deer Rumen reticulum
omasum and abomasum are the chronological names of 4 chambers in the ruminantstomach Rumen is the first and largest of the compartments that contain numerous
kinds of rumen rnicroliora Rumen microBora are the microorganisms capable ofdigesting many kinds of fibrous feed and because of the absence of them in non-
ruminants (simple romached animals) non-ruminants can not digest the same
T lopoda tomach consists of 3 chambers viz rumen reticulum and abomasum
but does not have omasum Each and e ery ruminant individual (particularly true
ruminant me pecora) is an industry in the sense that it has gOt the unique capability
to con err low quality roughages into high quali food for human consumption
Fig 1 Ruminan Oeft) and non-ruminant (right) stomach(Source hrrpllwwwgooglccommysearchtbm= )
RUMINANT INDUSTRY I 3
development of elore carrie (from India as Ongole to Brazil as elore) Brahmancarrie (from India to A) Etawah goat (from India as Jamnapari to Indonesia asErawah) Hoi rein (from Holland to U A) Boer goat (from south Africa to U AAustralia ewzealand alaysia)
Cattle (Bos mums Bos indicus) It i believed that carde were first domesticated in [heeolirhic Age (10 00-9 00 B ) which occurred 18000 years ago At least 4000
years ago carrie were starred to take place in records Bovine animals that can be seentoday have d cended from Bos taurus and Bos indicus Bos taurus are humplesscarrie originated in ear and Middle East and orth East Africa while Bos indicus
are humped and originated in Tropical Asia (FAO 2007 Gillespie and Flanders2010)
Sheep (Bovis am) heep are considered to be the fust domesticated species and
their domestication began in the eolethic Age Literature suppOrt that sheep andgoats were first domesticated by 8000 Be (Damron 2009) Archeological evidenceshows that me Bah lonians used wool for clothing around 4000 Be Most of the
presem day sheep perhaps are descendents of MoufHons (wild sheep) and Asiaticrial (Gillespie and Flanders 2010) ear and Middle East Turkey are considered
to be the place of origin of the species (FAO 2007)
Goats (Capra hircus Age of goats as domesticated animal is similar to that ofsheep (Damron 2009middot FAO 200 ) Of the present day species of domestic animals
sheep and goats are thought to he the first two started domestication about 10000ears ago (Sirnm 000) Western Asia is supposed to be the original site of goat
domestication ccording to hat is tared in the The state of the world s Animal
Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (FAO 200 ) goat was originated from
3 subspecies of tid ancestor capra aegragus in ear and Middle East and in northern
Indian subcontinent They are aid to be descended from the Pasang or Grecian ibex
Wild species arkhor and Tahrs might be the ancestors of ome modern breeds of
goa in the world (Devendra and Burns 1981 Gillespie and Flanders 2010) The
mountains of outhv est and Central Asia are the original home tract of goats Wild
Bezor and arkhor are still available there ourh Asia possesses over 20 million
goats one fourth of the orlds population (FAO 200 )
13 ZOOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION (TAXONOMY) OF RUMINANTS
Phylum hordata (ha e back bone)
ubphylum ertebrara (have vertebral column)Class arnrnalia ives milk hai
Order Artiodac La (divided hoo
2 I RUMINANT I OUSTR
Comparison of mouth and teethbetween a cow and a horse
No tooth in upper jaw Both Jaws have teeth
Fig 12 Difference in mouth parts be(source hrrpIywgoogccommYscarchhl=cnampblw
on-ruminant stomach is of one unit called imple or monogastric tornach I iandog pig cat primate avian species all are the examples a non-ruminants Ruminantsdo not have teeth in the upper ja but non-ruminan do have (Fig I )
12 DOMESTICATION
Domestication refers ro the adaprion 0 the behaviour of animal in order to cishuman needs During pre-historic period human depended on wild animals or oodand clothing materials Later on they tarred taming 0 some 0 me hunted anirnco use afterwards Gradually man learnt how ro rear eed behave and reproduce theanimals under his care for his livelihood Man po essed the experience 0 iden i ingbetter performing animal in hi herd or Bock uperior individuals were u d coproduce progeny to have more and more ourpu in hrrure generation In thi wafoundation for animal breeding was laid out By the vayrhousands 0 years 0 naturaland induced election genetic drift inbreeding and cro breedin have conributed toAnimal Genetic Resource (AnGR) diversity and have allowed liv oc kee ing to
be practiced in a variety of environrnen and produ ion bull tern Tha is he easonof why camels are being rai ed mainly in countries like fiddle rica and otherarid region of the world why Uarna and paca inhabi only In uth ericancountries and why zebu cattle are only available in ro ical countries vhy here i nobuffalo in the Middle East and why temperate world i the homeland 0
and 0 on Later on domestic animal began to mo e r m one egionbecause of human preference It explains the (fan undary m emen and
The Author
fllnd verily In tile cattle there iJ a leJJonfor you We give you to drinkof that wJLchiJ in their bodleraquo from between the undiguted food andbLoodpure milk palatable to the drinker Al-Quran 1666
Dedicated to my beLoledJon
Engg JfJ Tanoir Ebsan Amil1
Chapter 1Introduction to
Ruminant and Ruminant Industry
11 RUMINANT VS NON-RUMINANT
Ruminants (pol -gasrric) and non-ruminants (mono-gastric) are basically twodivisions of domestic animals based on their structure and function of the stomachRuminants belong (0 the suborder Ruminan ria of the order Artiodactyla characterizedby ha ing stomach divided into either three or four compartmets Ruminants
regurgitate and masticate ingested feed (called card) they swallowed before inresring rime The animals of ruminant group again subdivided into a) Tylopodaand b) Pecora Tylopoda have 3-chambered stomach and includes camels llamasand alpacas On the other hand animals belonging to the subdivision Pecora have
4-chambered sromach Acrually Pecora represents the true ruminants and includescattle buffalo bison sheep goat anrilope giraffe and deer Rumen reticulum
omasum and abomasum are the chronological names of 4 chambers in the ruminantstomach Rumen is the first and largest of the compartments that contain numerous
kinds of rumen rnicroliora Rumen microBora are the microorganisms capable ofdigesting many kinds of fibrous feed and because of the absence of them in non-
ruminants (simple romached animals) non-ruminants can not digest the same
T lopoda tomach consists of 3 chambers viz rumen reticulum and abomasum
but does not have omasum Each and e ery ruminant individual (particularly true
ruminant me pecora) is an industry in the sense that it has gOt the unique capability
to con err low quality roughages into high quali food for human consumption
Fig 1 Ruminan Oeft) and non-ruminant (right) stomach(Source hrrpllwwwgooglccommysearchtbm= )
RUMINANT INDUSTRY I 3
development of elore carrie (from India as Ongole to Brazil as elore) Brahmancarrie (from India to A) Etawah goat (from India as Jamnapari to Indonesia asErawah) Hoi rein (from Holland to U A) Boer goat (from south Africa to U AAustralia ewzealand alaysia)
Cattle (Bos mums Bos indicus) It i believed that carde were first domesticated in [heeolirhic Age (10 00-9 00 B ) which occurred 18000 years ago At least 4000
years ago carrie were starred to take place in records Bovine animals that can be seentoday have d cended from Bos taurus and Bos indicus Bos taurus are humplesscarrie originated in ear and Middle East and orth East Africa while Bos indicus
are humped and originated in Tropical Asia (FAO 2007 Gillespie and Flanders2010)
Sheep (Bovis am) heep are considered to be the fust domesticated species and
their domestication began in the eolethic Age Literature suppOrt that sheep andgoats were first domesticated by 8000 Be (Damron 2009) Archeological evidenceshows that me Bah lonians used wool for clothing around 4000 Be Most of the
presem day sheep perhaps are descendents of MoufHons (wild sheep) and Asiaticrial (Gillespie and Flanders 2010) ear and Middle East Turkey are considered
to be the place of origin of the species (FAO 2007)
Goats (Capra hircus Age of goats as domesticated animal is similar to that ofsheep (Damron 2009middot FAO 200 ) Of the present day species of domestic animals
sheep and goats are thought to he the first two started domestication about 10000ears ago (Sirnm 000) Western Asia is supposed to be the original site of goat
domestication ccording to hat is tared in the The state of the world s Animal
Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (FAO 200 ) goat was originated from
3 subspecies of tid ancestor capra aegragus in ear and Middle East and in northern
Indian subcontinent They are aid to be descended from the Pasang or Grecian ibex
Wild species arkhor and Tahrs might be the ancestors of ome modern breeds of
goa in the world (Devendra and Burns 1981 Gillespie and Flanders 2010) The
mountains of outhv est and Central Asia are the original home tract of goats Wild
Bezor and arkhor are still available there ourh Asia possesses over 20 million
goats one fourth of the orlds population (FAO 200 )
13 ZOOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION (TAXONOMY) OF RUMINANTS
Phylum hordata (ha e back bone)
ubphylum ertebrara (have vertebral column)Class arnrnalia ives milk hai
Order Artiodac La (divided hoo
2 I RUMINANT I OUSTR
Comparison of mouth and teethbetween a cow and a horse
No tooth in upper jaw Both Jaws have teeth
Fig 12 Difference in mouth parts be(source hrrpIywgoogccommYscarchhl=cnampblw
on-ruminant stomach is of one unit called imple or monogastric tornach I iandog pig cat primate avian species all are the examples a non-ruminants Ruminantsdo not have teeth in the upper ja but non-ruminan do have (Fig I )
12 DOMESTICATION
Domestication refers ro the adaprion 0 the behaviour of animal in order to cishuman needs During pre-historic period human depended on wild animals or oodand clothing materials Later on they tarred taming 0 some 0 me hunted anirnco use afterwards Gradually man learnt how ro rear eed behave and reproduce theanimals under his care for his livelihood Man po essed the experience 0 iden i ingbetter performing animal in hi herd or Bock uperior individuals were u d coproduce progeny to have more and more ourpu in hrrure generation In thi wafoundation for animal breeding was laid out By the vayrhousands 0 years 0 naturaland induced election genetic drift inbreeding and cro breedin have conributed toAnimal Genetic Resource (AnGR) diversity and have allowed liv oc kee ing to
be practiced in a variety of environrnen and produ ion bull tern Tha is he easonof why camels are being rai ed mainly in countries like fiddle rica and otherarid region of the world why Uarna and paca inhabi only In uth ericancountries and why zebu cattle are only available in ro ical countries vhy here i nobuffalo in the Middle East and why temperate world i the homeland 0
and 0 on Later on domestic animal began to mo e r m one egionbecause of human preference It explains the (fan undary m emen and
Chapter 1Introduction to
Ruminant and Ruminant Industry
11 RUMINANT VS NON-RUMINANT
Ruminants (pol -gasrric) and non-ruminants (mono-gastric) are basically twodivisions of domestic animals based on their structure and function of the stomachRuminants belong (0 the suborder Ruminan ria of the order Artiodactyla characterizedby ha ing stomach divided into either three or four compartmets Ruminants
regurgitate and masticate ingested feed (called card) they swallowed before inresring rime The animals of ruminant group again subdivided into a) Tylopodaand b) Pecora Tylopoda have 3-chambered stomach and includes camels llamasand alpacas On the other hand animals belonging to the subdivision Pecora have
4-chambered sromach Acrually Pecora represents the true ruminants and includescattle buffalo bison sheep goat anrilope giraffe and deer Rumen reticulum
omasum and abomasum are the chronological names of 4 chambers in the ruminantstomach Rumen is the first and largest of the compartments that contain numerous
kinds of rumen rnicroliora Rumen microBora are the microorganisms capable ofdigesting many kinds of fibrous feed and because of the absence of them in non-
ruminants (simple romached animals) non-ruminants can not digest the same
T lopoda tomach consists of 3 chambers viz rumen reticulum and abomasum
but does not have omasum Each and e ery ruminant individual (particularly true
ruminant me pecora) is an industry in the sense that it has gOt the unique capability
to con err low quality roughages into high quali food for human consumption
Fig 1 Ruminan Oeft) and non-ruminant (right) stomach(Source hrrpllwwwgooglccommysearchtbm= )
RUMINANT INDUSTRY I 3
development of elore carrie (from India as Ongole to Brazil as elore) Brahmancarrie (from India to A) Etawah goat (from India as Jamnapari to Indonesia asErawah) Hoi rein (from Holland to U A) Boer goat (from south Africa to U AAustralia ewzealand alaysia)
Cattle (Bos mums Bos indicus) It i believed that carde were first domesticated in [heeolirhic Age (10 00-9 00 B ) which occurred 18000 years ago At least 4000
years ago carrie were starred to take place in records Bovine animals that can be seentoday have d cended from Bos taurus and Bos indicus Bos taurus are humplesscarrie originated in ear and Middle East and orth East Africa while Bos indicus
are humped and originated in Tropical Asia (FAO 2007 Gillespie and Flanders2010)
Sheep (Bovis am) heep are considered to be the fust domesticated species and
their domestication began in the eolethic Age Literature suppOrt that sheep andgoats were first domesticated by 8000 Be (Damron 2009) Archeological evidenceshows that me Bah lonians used wool for clothing around 4000 Be Most of the
presem day sheep perhaps are descendents of MoufHons (wild sheep) and Asiaticrial (Gillespie and Flanders 2010) ear and Middle East Turkey are considered
to be the place of origin of the species (FAO 2007)
Goats (Capra hircus Age of goats as domesticated animal is similar to that ofsheep (Damron 2009middot FAO 200 ) Of the present day species of domestic animals
sheep and goats are thought to he the first two started domestication about 10000ears ago (Sirnm 000) Western Asia is supposed to be the original site of goat
domestication ccording to hat is tared in the The state of the world s Animal
Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (FAO 200 ) goat was originated from
3 subspecies of tid ancestor capra aegragus in ear and Middle East and in northern
Indian subcontinent They are aid to be descended from the Pasang or Grecian ibex
Wild species arkhor and Tahrs might be the ancestors of ome modern breeds of
goa in the world (Devendra and Burns 1981 Gillespie and Flanders 2010) The
mountains of outhv est and Central Asia are the original home tract of goats Wild
Bezor and arkhor are still available there ourh Asia possesses over 20 million
goats one fourth of the orlds population (FAO 200 )
13 ZOOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION (TAXONOMY) OF RUMINANTS
Phylum hordata (ha e back bone)
ubphylum ertebrara (have vertebral column)Class arnrnalia ives milk hai
Order Artiodac La (divided hoo
2 I RUMINANT I OUSTR
Comparison of mouth and teethbetween a cow and a horse
No tooth in upper jaw Both Jaws have teeth
Fig 12 Difference in mouth parts be(source hrrpIywgoogccommYscarchhl=cnampblw
on-ruminant stomach is of one unit called imple or monogastric tornach I iandog pig cat primate avian species all are the examples a non-ruminants Ruminantsdo not have teeth in the upper ja but non-ruminan do have (Fig I )
12 DOMESTICATION
Domestication refers ro the adaprion 0 the behaviour of animal in order to cishuman needs During pre-historic period human depended on wild animals or oodand clothing materials Later on they tarred taming 0 some 0 me hunted anirnco use afterwards Gradually man learnt how ro rear eed behave and reproduce theanimals under his care for his livelihood Man po essed the experience 0 iden i ingbetter performing animal in hi herd or Bock uperior individuals were u d coproduce progeny to have more and more ourpu in hrrure generation In thi wafoundation for animal breeding was laid out By the vayrhousands 0 years 0 naturaland induced election genetic drift inbreeding and cro breedin have conributed toAnimal Genetic Resource (AnGR) diversity and have allowed liv oc kee ing to
be practiced in a variety of environrnen and produ ion bull tern Tha is he easonof why camels are being rai ed mainly in countries like fiddle rica and otherarid region of the world why Uarna and paca inhabi only In uth ericancountries and why zebu cattle are only available in ro ical countries vhy here i nobuffalo in the Middle East and why temperate world i the homeland 0
and 0 on Later on domestic animal began to mo e r m one egionbecause of human preference It explains the (fan undary m emen and
RUMINANT INDUSTRY I 3
development of elore carrie (from India as Ongole to Brazil as elore) Brahmancarrie (from India to A) Etawah goat (from India as Jamnapari to Indonesia asErawah) Hoi rein (from Holland to U A) Boer goat (from south Africa to U AAustralia ewzealand alaysia)
Cattle (Bos mums Bos indicus) It i believed that carde were first domesticated in [heeolirhic Age (10 00-9 00 B ) which occurred 18000 years ago At least 4000
years ago carrie were starred to take place in records Bovine animals that can be seentoday have d cended from Bos taurus and Bos indicus Bos taurus are humplesscarrie originated in ear and Middle East and orth East Africa while Bos indicus
are humped and originated in Tropical Asia (FAO 2007 Gillespie and Flanders2010)
Sheep (Bovis am) heep are considered to be the fust domesticated species and
their domestication began in the eolethic Age Literature suppOrt that sheep andgoats were first domesticated by 8000 Be (Damron 2009) Archeological evidenceshows that me Bah lonians used wool for clothing around 4000 Be Most of the
presem day sheep perhaps are descendents of MoufHons (wild sheep) and Asiaticrial (Gillespie and Flanders 2010) ear and Middle East Turkey are considered
to be the place of origin of the species (FAO 2007)
Goats (Capra hircus Age of goats as domesticated animal is similar to that ofsheep (Damron 2009middot FAO 200 ) Of the present day species of domestic animals
sheep and goats are thought to he the first two started domestication about 10000ears ago (Sirnm 000) Western Asia is supposed to be the original site of goat
domestication ccording to hat is tared in the The state of the world s Animal
Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (FAO 200 ) goat was originated from
3 subspecies of tid ancestor capra aegragus in ear and Middle East and in northern
Indian subcontinent They are aid to be descended from the Pasang or Grecian ibex
Wild species arkhor and Tahrs might be the ancestors of ome modern breeds of
goa in the world (Devendra and Burns 1981 Gillespie and Flanders 2010) The
mountains of outhv est and Central Asia are the original home tract of goats Wild
Bezor and arkhor are still available there ourh Asia possesses over 20 million
goats one fourth of the orlds population (FAO 200 )
13 ZOOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION (TAXONOMY) OF RUMINANTS
Phylum hordata (ha e back bone)
ubphylum ertebrara (have vertebral column)Class arnrnalia ives milk hai
Order Artiodac La (divided hoo
2 I RUMINANT I OUSTR
Comparison of mouth and teethbetween a cow and a horse
No tooth in upper jaw Both Jaws have teeth
Fig 12 Difference in mouth parts be(source hrrpIywgoogccommYscarchhl=cnampblw
on-ruminant stomach is of one unit called imple or monogastric tornach I iandog pig cat primate avian species all are the examples a non-ruminants Ruminantsdo not have teeth in the upper ja but non-ruminan do have (Fig I )
12 DOMESTICATION
Domestication refers ro the adaprion 0 the behaviour of animal in order to cishuman needs During pre-historic period human depended on wild animals or oodand clothing materials Later on they tarred taming 0 some 0 me hunted anirnco use afterwards Gradually man learnt how ro rear eed behave and reproduce theanimals under his care for his livelihood Man po essed the experience 0 iden i ingbetter performing animal in hi herd or Bock uperior individuals were u d coproduce progeny to have more and more ourpu in hrrure generation In thi wafoundation for animal breeding was laid out By the vayrhousands 0 years 0 naturaland induced election genetic drift inbreeding and cro breedin have conributed toAnimal Genetic Resource (AnGR) diversity and have allowed liv oc kee ing to
be practiced in a variety of environrnen and produ ion bull tern Tha is he easonof why camels are being rai ed mainly in countries like fiddle rica and otherarid region of the world why Uarna and paca inhabi only In uth ericancountries and why zebu cattle are only available in ro ical countries vhy here i nobuffalo in the Middle East and why temperate world i the homeland 0
and 0 on Later on domestic animal began to mo e r m one egionbecause of human preference It explains the (fan undary m emen and
2 I RUMINANT I OUSTR
Comparison of mouth and teethbetween a cow and a horse
No tooth in upper jaw Both Jaws have teeth
Fig 12 Difference in mouth parts be(source hrrpIywgoogccommYscarchhl=cnampblw
on-ruminant stomach is of one unit called imple or monogastric tornach I iandog pig cat primate avian species all are the examples a non-ruminants Ruminantsdo not have teeth in the upper ja but non-ruminan do have (Fig I )
12 DOMESTICATION
Domestication refers ro the adaprion 0 the behaviour of animal in order to cishuman needs During pre-historic period human depended on wild animals or oodand clothing materials Later on they tarred taming 0 some 0 me hunted anirnco use afterwards Gradually man learnt how ro rear eed behave and reproduce theanimals under his care for his livelihood Man po essed the experience 0 iden i ingbetter performing animal in hi herd or Bock uperior individuals were u d coproduce progeny to have more and more ourpu in hrrure generation In thi wafoundation for animal breeding was laid out By the vayrhousands 0 years 0 naturaland induced election genetic drift inbreeding and cro breedin have conributed toAnimal Genetic Resource (AnGR) diversity and have allowed liv oc kee ing to
be practiced in a variety of environrnen and produ ion bull tern Tha is he easonof why camels are being rai ed mainly in countries like fiddle rica and otherarid region of the world why Uarna and paca inhabi only In uth ericancountries and why zebu cattle are only available in ro ical countries vhy here i nobuffalo in the Middle East and why temperate world i the homeland 0
and 0 on Later on domestic animal began to mo e r m one egionbecause of human preference It explains the (fan undary m emen and
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