Rumen manupilation

• 1. Recent advances in rumen manipulationtechniques with particular reference to ruminant productionBy : Tetemke Kidane

2. INTRODUCTION Why do we need to manipulate the rumen? 15 to 20% of GEI is lost in the form of methaneand heat due to rumen fermentation 8 -10 % of dietary ME lost as methane -methanogenic bacteria Amino acids are hydrolyzed and their constituentamino acids deaminated by microbes manipulate the microbial population to minimizethe degradation of feed protein 3. Contd use of chemicals inhibit the activity ofmicrobial proteases or deaminasestreatment of feedstuffs inhibit ruminal proteolysisvarious drying procedures, heat Formaldehyde-treated feeds - increasesefficiency of growth use of some proteins to coat and protect fat To enhance yields of milk and to increase amounts of USFA in milk or animal fat. 4. The digestive tract of a health adult ruminant(Source: Russell, 2000) 5. The rumen microbes Bacteria- gram-positive and gram-negative most numerous group of microbes in the rumen Substrates are fermented to form volatile fatty acids (Acetate, Propionate, Butyrate and others) and C02 and CH4 Protozoa Generally larger than bacteria but present in small no. Fibre digestion Negatively influence protein utilization predation and reduce outflow of microbial protein Ruminants can survive with out protozoa Fungi recently discovered ruminal MOs Degrade the lignin-containing tissues than bacteria 6. livestock agricultures role in greenhouse gases CH4% of million metric% of anthropogenicSourcestons/yrtotal sourcesNatural Wetland 11524.4 - Oceans 15 3.2 - Termites 20 4.2 - Burning10 2.1 -Industrial Gas and oil 5010.6 16.1 Coal40 8.4 12.8 Charcoal10 2.13.2 Landfills 30 6.49.6 Waste water treatment 25 5.38.0Agricultural Rice60 12.8 19.3 Livestock 80 17.025.8 Manure 10-252.1 3.2-7.7 Burning Anon, 2006 Source:5 1.01.6 7. Mitigation of methane from livestock Ruminal fermentation time Alternate hydrogen acceptors Use of feed additives Improvement in production efficiency Any practice that increases productivity peranimal reduces methane emissions Enhancing ruminal acetogens Acetogens are a group of rumen microbesthat produce acetic acid from hydrogen andcarbon dioxide rather than methane Modification of bacteria in the rumen 8. Fig. Brief outline of the pathways of carbohydrate fermentation in the rumen (Source: Preston and Leng, 1986) 9. Effect of improving the efficiency of rumen fermentative activity inmethane productionEffect of supplementation on methane production Effect of bypass protein and other supplements on ruminalmethane production20 No supplemen tation 120015% DE fermented to methane Urea/miner No supplementation al supplemen 80010 tsMethane production (Kg/ton Lwt.Urea/mineral +gain)bypass protein 5 400supplements 0011( Source: Leng, 1991) 10. Effect of improving rumen fermentative activity in methane production( Source: Leng, 1991) 11. Manipulation of R F with Organic Acids Supplementation through treatment of roughage, concentrate andstrategic supplementation with organic acids improve rumen efficiency by maintaining higherpH, optimum ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), thusCH4 and increasing microbial protein synthesisand essential VFAs Recently, there has been increased public scrutinyabout use of antibiotic feed additives in foodanimal production, especially in Europe Use of organic acids, non-antibiotic feed additivesmay alleviate public skepticism 12. Contd Organic acids (OAs) have effects onruminal fermentation analogous toionophores (CH4 , lactate, and propionate) However, the mode of action for the organicacids is different than ionophores Organic acids stimulate rather than inhibitsome specific ruminal bacterial populations Organic acids that are currently beingevaluated as feed additives are Malic acid,Fumaric acid, and Aspartic acid 13. Contd Recent research showed that a combination oforganic acids ( malate) and monensin more effective at reducing lactateconcentrations and increasing pH in mixed ruminalmicroorganism fermentation than theaddition of organic acid or monensinalone 14. in vitro studies - response to supplemental malic acidResponse to supplementation CultureTreat system PHTVFA AcPrBu LacCH NH3-4 N Batch (steer)a 0,4,8,12 NENE NE NEmM RUSTIEC0,5.62 NENE NE- (sheep)b mmol Batch (sheep)c 0,4,7,10--mM RUSTIEC0,6.55 NENE -NE- (sheep)d mM Continuous 0,50,100 NENENE NENE NE NE(dairyg/h/dcows)e Up arrow = significant (P