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Rome was a Republic For about 500 years…
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Rome was a Republic For about 500 years…. Outstanding soldier & political maverick Unprecedented 6 terms Army reforms (poor) volunteers long-term veterans.

Mar 26, 2015

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Chase Marsh
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Page 1: Rome was a Republic For about 500 years…. Outstanding soldier & political maverick Unprecedented 6 terms Army reforms (poor) volunteers long-term veterans.

Rome was a Republic

For about 500 years…

Page 2: Rome was a Republic For about 500 years…. Outstanding soldier & political maverick Unprecedented 6 terms Army reforms (poor) volunteers long-term veterans.

Outstanding soldier & political maverick

Unprecedented 6 terms

Army reforms

• (poor) volunteers

• long-term

• veteran’s bonus

Marius

Page 3: Rome was a Republic For about 500 years…. Outstanding soldier & political maverick Unprecedented 6 terms Army reforms (poor) volunteers long-term veterans.

State supplied equipment (it had to)

Soldiers devote all their time to training

Soldiers get land for own farms at the end

Reluctant & inefficient peasant draftees > more efficient professional army

Army loyal to its general, not the state

Army Reforms

Page 4: Rome was a Republic For about 500 years…. Outstanding soldier & political maverick Unprecedented 6 terms Army reforms (poor) volunteers long-term veterans.

Sulla

Distinguished self in Social War

Sulla vs Marius

• army used against fellow citizens

• long civil war

• massacre opponents

Takes absolute power

Page 5: Rome was a Republic For about 500 years…. Outstanding soldier & political maverick Unprecedented 6 terms Army reforms (poor) volunteers long-term veterans.

Restored (& increased) Senate’s power

• restored right to veto acts of the Assembly

• limited power of tribunes & Assembly

• reduced military power of provincial governors

• increased Senate membership to 600

Sulla’s Dictatorship

Page 6: Rome was a Republic For about 500 years…. Outstanding soldier & political maverick Unprecedented 6 terms Army reforms (poor) volunteers long-term veterans.

Pompey -- powerful, popular general

Crassus -- rich, ambitious senator

Julius Caesar -- skilled young politician

Senate standing in the way of what each wants

The First Triumvirate

The First Triumvirate

Page 7: Rome was a Republic For about 500 years…. Outstanding soldier & political maverick Unprecedented 6 terms Army reforms (poor) volunteers long-term veterans.

Pompey

Crassus

Caesar

Senate standing in the way of what each wants

Together, they’re able to get these things

The First TriumvirateGot elected by promising to:

•restore power of tribunes•restore equestrians to courts

Repealed Sulla’s reforms

Work together for military commands to earn reputation, support, & army to rival Pompey

Page 8: Rome was a Republic For about 500 years…. Outstanding soldier & political maverick Unprecedented 6 terms Army reforms (poor) volunteers long-term veterans.

Caesar’s conquest of Gaul (59 - 51 BCE)

wealth, fame, military power

worries Senate, Pompey

51-ish BCE Pompey made sole consol

49 BCE Caesar ordered to return

Civil war…

Caesar’s Rise to Power

Victory for Caesar!

Page 9: Rome was a Republic For about 500 years…. Outstanding soldier & political maverick Unprecedented 6 terms Army reforms (poor) volunteers long-term veterans.

Appointed dictator for 10 years; then, for life

Reforms:

• give land in provinces to peasants, veterans

• grant citizenship to many

• tax reforms

• deal with debt situation

Government Under Caesar

Page 10: Rome was a Republic For about 500 years…. Outstanding soldier & political maverick Unprecedented 6 terms Army reforms (poor) volunteers long-term veterans.

Reforms:

• stronger regulation of free grain

• public works projects

• fixed the calendar

• increased Senate to 900

Government Under Caesar

increases the control he has

over them

Page 11: Rome was a Republic For about 500 years…. Outstanding soldier & political maverick Unprecedented 6 terms Army reforms (poor) volunteers long-term veterans.
Page 12: Rome was a Republic For about 500 years…. Outstanding soldier & political maverick Unprecedented 6 terms Army reforms (poor) volunteers long-term veterans.
Page 13: Rome was a Republic For about 500 years…. Outstanding soldier & political maverick Unprecedented 6 terms Army reforms (poor) volunteers long-term veterans.

Lifelong dictatorship is the last straw

March 15, 44 BCE (‘the Ides of March’)

Group of 60-ish senators, led by Cassius and Brutus (‘Et tu, Brute?’)

Stabbed 23 times

Death of Caesar

More civil war

Page 14: Rome was a Republic For about 500 years…. Outstanding soldier & political maverick Unprecedented 6 terms Army reforms (poor) volunteers long-term veterans.

Cicero:“Our tyrant deserves his death, [for his]

was the blackest crime of all. [Caesar was] a man who was ambitious to be king of the Roman people and master of the whole world…. The man who maintains that such an ambition is morally right is a madman, for he justifies the destruction of law and liberty.”

Death of Caesar

Page 15: Rome was a Republic For about 500 years…. Outstanding soldier & political maverick Unprecedented 6 terms Army reforms (poor) volunteers long-term veterans.

Mark Antony Octavian Lepidus

The three triumvirs split up theEmpire between them

Brutus Cassius

West

Africa

East

In 42 BCE, the triumviral armydefeats Brutus & Cassius

Page 16: Rome was a Republic For about 500 years…. Outstanding soldier & political maverick Unprecedented 6 terms Army reforms (poor) volunteers long-term veterans.

Mark Antony Octavian Lepidus

Not long afterwards, Lepidusis taken out of the picture

Mark Antony & Octavianstruggle for power;by 32 BCE, all pretense at cooperation dropsCleopatra

Page 17: Rome was a Republic For about 500 years…. Outstanding soldier & political maverick Unprecedented 6 terms Army reforms (poor) volunteers long-term veterans.

OctavianMark Antony

Conflict of East vs West,Rome vs Alexandria

Intrigues and propaganda

In 31 BCE, Octavian’s general,Agrippa, wins a decisive victoryagainst Antony & Cleopatra

CleopatraThey flee to Egypt, but are hunted down;they commit suicide in Alexandria

Page 18: Rome was a Republic For about 500 years…. Outstanding soldier & political maverick Unprecedented 6 terms Army reforms (poor) volunteers long-term veterans.

Octavian

Octavian emerges asmaster of the Roman world!

He has enormous power,but an enormous task ahead of him

Page 19: Rome was a Republic For about 500 years…. Outstanding soldier & political maverick Unprecedented 6 terms Army reforms (poor) volunteers long-term veterans.

Pompey’s Conquests

Page 20: Rome was a Republic For about 500 years…. Outstanding soldier & political maverick Unprecedented 6 terms Army reforms (poor) volunteers long-term veterans.

Crassus killed (53 BCE) in military campaign

Julia (Caesar’s daughter, Pompey’s wife) dies

Triumvirate Falls Apart