Revolution Questions 1760-1785

Revolution

01. During the period 1765-1770, the Patriots who opposed British policy (A) denied the authority of King George III over the colonists (B) denied the right of Parliament to regulate colonial trade (C) demanded that the colonists be granted direct representation in Parliament (D) argued that power to tax the colonies should remain with the colonial legislatures (E) called for a renewal of war with the French in Canada.

“Small islands not capable of protecting themselves are the proper objects for government to take under their care; but there is something absurd, in supposing a Continent to be perpetually governed by an island.”

02. This quotation is from (A) The Declaration of Resolves of the First Continental Congress (B) Thomas Paine’s Common Sense (C) Thomas Jefferson’s A Summary of the Rights of British America (D) The Declaration of Independence (E) Benjamin Franklin’s testimony before the House of Commons.

03. The American Revolution had all of the following effects except (A) It contributed to the immediate or gradual abolition of slavery in all of the northern and middle states before 1830 (B) It led to the total separation of church and state in America (C) It opened up the trans-Appalachian West for settlement (D) It provided American women with expanded political and civil rights.

04. All of the following were results of the French and Indian War except (A) the removal of the French from the North American continent (B) a large increase in the British debt (C) the acquisition of Florida by the British (D) an increase in suspicion and mistrust between the colonists and the British government (E) the beginnings of British efforts to promote colonial settlements in the Ohio River valley.

06. In the Treaty of Paris of 1783, the United States obtained all of the following except (A) the acquisition of West Florida (B) independence from Great Britain (C) the right to fish along the coast of Canada (D) the acquisition of the land between the Appalachian mountains and the Mississippi River (E) the right of navigation on the Mississippi River.

07. In response to the Coercive Acts, the First Continental Congress (A) approved the Declaration of Independence (B) approved the use of force against British troops (C) rejected all further allegiance to the King of England (D) approved only a non importation, non-consumption, and non exportation agreements against Great Britain.

08. Between 1778 and 1781 the British strategy in the Revolutionary War concentrated on the (A) capture of Boston and New York City (B) seizure and control of the Hudson River Valley (C) capture of Philadelphia (D) capture of southern cities and the control of the southern states (E) destruction of George Washington’s army.

09. When the British Parliament passed the Townshend Acts, it (A) resumed the policy of internal taxation that it had inaugurated with the Stamp Act (B) exempted the New England colonies from the new taxes (C) levied new colonial import taxes on tea and

several other products (D) levied a new colonial import tax on tea only (E) closed the port of Boston.

10. The main goals of the Albany Congress of 1754 were to promote colonial unity and (A) secure the allegiance of the Iroquois Confederation (B) prepare for an expected attack by the Iroquois Confederation (C) protest new taxes levied by Parliament (D) plan for an attack on Spanish colonies (E) protest against the Navigation Acts.

11. Which of the following statements best summarizes British policy toward the trans Appalachian west between 1763 and 1775? (A) Promotion of colonial settlement during the 1760s followed by restrictions on western expansion in the 1770s (B) Restrictions on colonial settlement during the 1760s followed by promotion of colonial expansion during the 1770s (C) Restrictions on colonial settlement during the 1760s followed by the incorporation of the west into the province of Quebec in 1774 (D) The incorporation of the west into the province of Quebec beginning in 1763. (E) Promotion of colonial settlement throughout the period.

12. All of the following statements about the Declaration of Independence are true except (A) It was intended to gain foreign support and recognition of American independence. (B) It was a statement of American political ideals. (C) It begins with a reference to natural laws. (D) It included a detailed list of charges against both King George III and Parliament. (E) It was written by Thomas Jefferson.

13. Which of the following were important elements in George Washington’s military strategy during the Revolutionary War?

I the defense of major cities along with frequent retreats to evade British forces

II a heavy reliance upon irregular “guerrilla” attacks III a policy of giving priority to the defense of the South IV an emphasis on keeping to morale as high as possible in the Continental

Army V a greater reliance upon the Continental Army than upon state militias

(A) I, IV and V only (D) I, III, and IV only (B) I, II, and IV, only (E) I, III, IV, and V only(C) I, II, III, and IV only

14. The outcome of the American Revolution had an important impact on North American Indians before 1800 because it (A) removed the British as a possible ally against the rising power of the Americans (B) destroyed the power of the interior tribes (C) gave the Americans control over the settlement of the Trans-Appalachian west (D) accept a subordinate role in all areas of life in the new nation (E) forced most of the Indians to relocate west of the Mississippi.

15. According to the philosophy of “Republican Motherhood,” American women should (A) be educated and should play an important role in the politics of the new nation

(B) be educated and should raise virtuous citizens for the new nation (C) be educated and should demand equal rights with men (D) accept a subordinate role in all areas of life in the new nation (E) devote all of their attention to family and religious life.

16. Which of the following statements about the Loyalists is true? (A) Most were lawyers or office holders in the royal administration (B) They tended to be Anglican in religion in each region of the colonies (C) New York produced more of them than any other colony (D) Towns produced more of them than rural areas (E) Virtually all of them came from the highest ranks of colonial society.

17. The major result of England’s attempts to tighten the enforcement of its mercantilist policies in America after the French and Indian War was to (A) increase England’s prosperity (B) increase the amount of revenue collected in the colonies (C) increase England’s control of the colonial governments (D) encourage French colonization in North America (E) push the colonists toward open resistance to English rule.

18. A major theme of the American Enlightenment is a belief in (A) evolution (B) natural laws (C) predestination (D) moral relativism (E) intuition. 19. The Molasses Act was intended to enforce England’s mercantilist policies by (A) forcing the colonists to export solely to Great Britain (B) forcing the colonists to buy sugar from other British colonies rather than from foreign producers (C) forbidding the colonists to engage in manufacturing activity in competition with British industries (D) providing a favorable market for the products of the British East India Company (E) creating an economic situation in which gold tended to flow from the colonies to the mother country.

20. The British government imposed the Townshend Acts on the American colonies in the belief that (A) the American position regarding British taxation had changed (B) it was necessary to provoke a military confrontation in order to teach the colonists a lesson (C) its provisions were designed solely to enforce mercantilism (D) it had been approved by the colonial legislatures (E) the Americans would accept it as external rather than internal taxation.

21. One of the purposes for writing the Declaration of Independence was to (A) persuade the still undecided American populace to accept a permanent break with Great Britain (B) convince potential foreign allies of American determination to gain independence (C) convince the British government to accept American independence (D) protect captured American soldiers from possible treatment as traitors (E) rally all the states behind a common cause.

22. Congress’s most successful and effective method of financing the War of Independence was (A) printing large amounts of paper money (B) obtaining grants and loans from France and the Netherlands (C) levying heavy direct taxes (D) issuing paper securities backed by the promise of western land grants (E) appealing to the states for voluntary contributions.

23. American resistance to Parliament’s Townshend Acts led directly to the (A) Boston Massacre (B) Boston Tea Party (C) First Continental Congress (D) Declaratory Act (E) battles of Lexington and Concord.

24. Which of the following is true of the Stamp Act Congress? (A) It was the first unified government for all the American colonies (B) It provided an important opportunity for colonial stamp agents to discuss methods of enforcing the act (C) It was attended only by Georgia, Virginia, and the Carolinas (D) It provided an important opportunity for colonial leaders to meet and establish ties with one another (E) It rejected the assertion that the colonies ought to protest acts of Parliament deemed to be unconstitutional.

25. The primary American objection to the Stamp Act was that (A) it was an internal tax, whereas Americans were prepared to accept only external taxes (B) it was the first tax of any kind ever imposed by Britain on the colonies (C) its proposed tax rates were so high as to have crippled the colonial economy (D) it was a measure for raising revenue from the colonies but it had not been approved by the colonists through their representatives (E) it constituted an unwarranted interference with the colonial economy in a manner that would have greatly restrained free trade.

26. In seeking diplomatic recognition from foreign powers during the War for Independence the American government found it necessary to (A) make large financial payments to the governments of France, Spain, and Holland (B) promise to cede large tracts of American territory to France upon a victorious conclusion of the war (C) demonstrate its financial stability and self-sufficiency (D) demonstrate a determination and potential to win independence (E) agree to grant France a specially favored trading status.

27. The immediate issue in dispute in Bacon’s Rebellion was (A) the jailing of individuals or seizure of their property for failure to pay taxes during a time of economic hardship (B) the under-representation of the backcountry in Virginia’s legislature (C) the refusal of large planters to honor the terms of their contracts with former indentured servants (D) the perceived failure of Virginia’s governor to protect the colony’s frontier area from the depredations of raiding Indians (E) the colonial governor’s manipulation of tobacco prices for the benefit of himself and a small clique of his friends.

28. During the 1760s and 1770s the most effective American tactic in gaining the repeal of the Stamp and Townshend Acts was (A) tarring and feathering British tax agents (B) sending petitions to the king and Parliament (C) boycotting British goods (D) destroying private property, such as tea, on which a tax was to be levied (E) using death threats to intimidate British tax agents.

29. One of the purposes of the 1773 Tea Act was to (A) prevent overconsumption of tea in America (B) lower the pace of tea in Great Britain by decreasing the demand for it in America (C) save the British East India Company from financial ruin (D) create a long-

term shift in wealth from Britain’s North American colonies to its colony in India (E) calm labor unrest in India.

30. During the American War of Independence, the battle of Saratoga was most significant because it (A) left the British with inadequate resources to carry on the war (B) prevented the British from ever mounting another successful invasion of American territory (C) allowed American forces to seize large portions of Canada (D) persuaded France to begin supporting the Americans openly (E) caused Holland to delay its decision to enter the war on the side of the British.

31. The major result of England’s attempts to tighten the enforcement of its mercantilist policies in America after the French and Indian War was to (A) increase England’s prosperity (B) increase the amount of revenue collected in the colonies (C) increase England’s control of the colonial governments (D) encourage French colonization in North America (E) push the colonists toward open resistance to English rule.

32. The Molasses Act was intended to enforce England’s mercantilist policies by (A) forcing the colonists to export solely to Great Britain (B) forcing the colonists to buy sugar from other British colonies rather than from foreign producers (C) forbidding the colonists to engage in manufacturing activity in competition with British industries (D) providing a favorable market for the products of the British East India Company (E) creating an economic situation in which gold tended to flow from the colonies to the mother country.

33. The British government imposed the Townshend Acts on the American colonies in the belief that (A) the American position regarding British taxation had changed (B) it was necessary to provoke a military confrontation in order to teach the colonists a lesson (C) its provisions were designed solely to enforce mercantilism (D) it had been approved by the colonial legislatures (E) the Americans would accept it as external rather than internal taxation.

34. One of the purposes for writing the Declaration of Independence was to (A) persuade the still undecided American populace to accept a permanent break with Great Britain (B) convince potential foreign allies of American determination to gain independence (C) convince the British government to accept American independence (D) protect captured American soldiers from possible treatment as traitors (E) rally all the states behind a common cause.

35. Congress’s most successful and effective method of financing the War of Independence was (A) printing large amounts of paper money (B) obtaining grants and loans from France and the Netherlands (C) levying heavy direct taxes (D) issuing paper securities backed by the promise of western land grants (E) appealing to the states for voluntary contributions.

36. American resistance to Parliament’s Townshend Acts led directly to the (A) Boston Massacre (B) Boston Tea Party (C) First Continental Congress (D) Declaratory Act (E) battles of Lexington and Concord.

37. All of the following were main principles of the Navigation Acts (A) trade in the colonies was limited to only British or colonial merchants (B) it prohibited the colonies from issuing their own paper currencies, greatly limiting their trading capabilities (C) all foreign goods bound for the colonies had to be shipped through England where they were taxed with British import duties (D) the colonists could not build or export products that directly competed with British export products (E) colonial enumerated goods could only be sold in England.

38. The reason slavery flourished in the Southern English colonies and not in New England is (A) most New England farms were too small for slaves to be economically necessary or viable, whereas in the South the cultivation of staple crops such as rice and tobacco on large plantations necessitated the use of large numbers of indentured servants or slaves (B) blacks from the tropical climate of Africa could not adapt to the harsh New England winters. Their high death rates made their use as slave laborers unprofitable (C) a shortage of females in the Southern English colonies led to many female black Africans being imported as slaves and as potential wives for white planters in the region (D) whereas New England religious groups such as the Puritans forbade slavery on moral grounds, the Anglican church which dominated the Southern English colonies encouraged the belief that blacks were inferior, thus, not deserving of equal status (E) the Stono uprising in 1739 convinced New Englanders that the cost of controlling slaves was not worth their marginal economic benefits.

39. Parliament claimed the right to tax and legislate for England’s American colonies whenever it desired, without direct American representation in Parliament, through passage of (A) the Declaratory Act (B) the Proclamation of 1763 (C) the Townshend Acts (D) the Intolerable Acts (E) the Currency Act.

40. A major impact of the French and Indian War on the attitudes of Americans was (A) it led many Americans to question the superiority of English colonial rule and to support French colonial rule (B) it convinced most Americans to avoid further exploration and settlement of the Ohio and Mississippi valleys until after the American Revolution (C) it bound the American colonists more tightly to England than ever before and made most of them realize they needed English protection from foreign powers such as the French (D) it led many colonists who had previously supported independence from England to call for moderation because they feared that the huge British military presence in the colonies brought over from England to fight the French could now be turned on rebellious colonists (E) with the threat of the French now gone from their borders, many colonists now felt that English protection was unnecessary and they felt free to take a more independent stand toward Britain than they had taken previously.

41. Which Revolutionary War battle is considered the “turning point” in the War because it led to direct French assistance for the Americans? (A) Trenton (B) Bunker Hill (C) Princeton (D) Yorktown (E) Saratoga.

42. By 1760, the biggest problem with the economy of the English colonies was (A) smuggling (B) a trade surplus so large that England was threatening to confiscate American assets to help balance the English economy (C) a lack of demand for the vast quantities of high quality American manufactured goods now being produced, leading to high unemployment in the American colonies (D) a huge balance-of-trade deficit that threatened the solvency of the colonial economy (E) a lack of adequate deep-water ports to provide loading and unloading facilities for the large number of ships now trying to bring goods to or carry goods from the colonies.

43. The key issue that prevented the American colonists from resolving their problems with England without open rebellion was (A) the sovereignty of King George III over the colonies (B) the sovereignty of Parliament’s edicts over the colonies (C) the stationing of British soldiers on American soil (D) American desire for total independence from Britain (E) the use of boycotts by American colonists to resist taxes passed by Parliament.

44. The battles of Lexington and Concord were significant because (A) they convinced the British that the colonists could not be defeated militarily and led to the British abandonment of the port of Boston (B) they proved the superiority of European military tactics as well as the superiority of British regulars to the ragtag American militias (C) they marked the first organized battles between British regulars and colonial militiamen and ended any hopes for a peaceful resolution to the disagreement between England and its colonies (D) they marked the turning point of the American Revolution. After Concord, the British were never again able to regain the offensive against the Americans (E) they led to Benedict Arnold’s betrayal of the American cause when he felt he wasn’t given enough recognition for his role in leading the Americans to victory.

45. Thomas Paine’s pamphlet, Common Sense was significant in that it (A) emotionally aroused thousands of colonists to the abuses of British rule, the oppressiveness of the monarchy, and the advantages of colonial independence (B) rallied American spirits during the bleak winter of 1776, when it appeared that Washington’s forces, freezing and starving at Valley Forge, had no hope of surviving the winter, much less defeating the British (C) called for a strong central government to rule the newly independent American states and foresaw the difficulties inherent within the Articles of Confederation (D) asserted to its British readers that they could not beat the American colonists militarily unless they could isolate New England from the rest of the American colonies (E) explained the urgent need for a “bill of rights” to expressly guarantee certain freedoms not specifically laid out in the newly adopted United States Constitution.

46. The Sugar Act and the Townshend Acts differed from the previously passed Navigation Acts in that (A) the Navigation Acts taxed goods imported to the colonies directly from Britain, whereas the Sugar Act and the Townshend Act taxed only goods

imported to the colonies from outside of Britain (B) the Navigation Acts taxed only the ships on which goods were transported to the colonies, not the merchandise carried by those ships. The Sugar Act and the Townshend Acts taxed specific merchandise carried by the ships to the colonies (C) the Navigation Acts taxed goods based on the distance the goods traveled to reach America, whereas the Sugar Act and the Townshend Acts taxed the goods themselves, regardless of how far they traveled to reach America (D) the Navigation Acts taxed only goods imported to the colonies from outside of Britain, whereas the Sugar Act and the Townshend Acts taxed goods imported to the colonies directly from Britain (E) the Sugar Act and the Townshend Acts put specific limits on which goods imported to the colonies could be taxed, whereas the Navigation Acts laid taxed virtually everything transported by ship from Britain to the Colonies.

47. The Coercive Acts were passed in reaction to (A) the Seven Years’ War (B) the Boston Massacre (C) the Declaration of Independence (D) the formation of the Sons of Liberty (E) the Boston Tea Party.

48. The primary reason for French aid to the American colonists was (A) French belief in the ideals for which the American revolution stood (B) English attacks against French naval vessels along the French coast (C) American promises to restore Louisiana and Quebec to French control in return for French aid (D) French desires for revenge against England and hopes to regain much of the territory lost to the British in the Seven Years’ War (E) French belief that aid to the Americans would force Britain to consider forming a confederation with France, allowing them to jointly dominate European affairs.

49. By 1760, the biggest problem with the economy of the English colonies was (A) smuggling (B) a trade surplus so large that England was threatening to confiscate American assets to help balance the English economy (C) a lack of demand for the vast quantities of high quality American manufactured goods now being produced, leading to high unemployment in the American colonies (D) a huge balance-of-trade deficit that threatened the solvency of the colonial economy (E) a lack of adequate deep-water ports to provide loading and unloading facilities for the large number of ships now trying to bring goods to or carry goods from the colonies.

50. The key issue that prevented the American colonists from resolving their problems with England without open rebellion was (A) the sovereignty of King George III over the colonies (B) the sovereignty of Parliament’s edicts over the colonies (C) the stationing of British soldiers on American soil (D) American desire for total independence from Britain (E) the use of boycotts by American colonists to resist taxes passed by Parliament.

51. The battles of Lexington and Concord were significant because (A) they convinced the British that the colonists could not be defeated militarily and led to the British abandonment of the port of Boston (B) they proved the superiority of European military tactics as well as the superiority of British regulars to the ragtag American militias (C) they marked the first organized battles between British regulars and colonial militiamen and ended any hopes for a peaceful resolution to the disagreement between England and

its colonies (D) they marked the turning point of the American Revolution. After Concord, the British were never again able to regain the offensive against the Americans (E) they led to Benedict Arnold’s betrayal of the American cause when he felt he wasn’t given enough recognition for his role in leading the Americans to victory.

52. The Sugar Act and the Townshend Acts differed from the previously passed Navigation Acts in that (A) the Navigation Acts taxed goods imported to the colonies directly from Britain, whereas the Sugar Act and the Townshend Act taxed only goods imported to the colonies from outside of Britain (B) the Navigation Acts taxed only the ships on which goods were transported to the colonies, not the merchandise carried by those ships. The Sugar Act and the Townshend Acts taxed specific merchandise carried by the ships to the colonies (C) the Navigation Acts taxed goods based on the distance the goods traveled to reach America, whereas the Sugar Act and the Townshend Acts taxed the goods themselves, regardless of how far they traveled to reach America (D) the Navigation Acts taxed only goods imported to the colonies from outside of Britain, whereas the Sugar Act and the Townshend Acts taxed goods imported to the colonies directly from Britain (E) the Sugar Act and the Townshend Acts put specific limits on which goods imported to the colonies could be taxed, whereas the Navigation Acts laid taxed virtually everything transported by ship from Britain to the Colonies.

53. The Coercive Acts were passed in reaction to (A) the Seven Years’ War (B) the Boston Massacre (C) the Declaration of Independence (D) the formation of the Sons of Liberty (E) the Boston Tea Party.

54. The primary reason for French aid to the American colonists was (A) French belief in the ideals for which the American revolution stood (B) English attacks against French naval vessels along the French coast (C) American promises to restore Louisiana and Quebec to French control in return for French aid (D) French desires for revenge against England and hopes to regain much of the territory lost to the British in the Seven Years’ War (E) French belief that aid to the Americans would force Britain to consider forming a confederation with France, allowing them to jointly dominate European affairs.

55. Thomas Paine’s pamphlet, Common Sense introduced a new element into, the debate with Britain by (A) calling for complete independence of the colonies and attacking not only King George III but also the idea of monarchy (B) emphasizing that both internal and external taxes could be levied on the colonies by the Parliament in London (C) rejecting John Locke’s contract theory of government (D) arguing that taxation for the purpose of paying the government debt contracted during the French and Indian War was acceptable (E) suggesting that the colonies reconcile their difference with the government in London.

56. Most of the slaves who came to the thirteen mainland colonies in British North America (A) were from the southern part of Africa in what is today South Africa (B) were granted their freedom after a specified period of service (C) never made up more than 5% of the population of any colony (D) were considered to be property and as such

could be used as collateral for loans (E) were protected from physical harm by the Roman Catholic Church’s Canon Law.

57. The Battle of Saratoga resulted in (A) Spain entering into a military alliance with the British in order to protect the Spanish colonies in the Americas (B) the French formally recognizing American independence and making an open treaty of alliance with the Americans (C) convincing the Indians to join the Americans in their struggle against the British (D) isolating New England from the other colonies (E) the Americans accepting British offers of reconciliation.

58. Identify the following: “all men are created equal ... and that, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed....” (A) Declaration of American Rights adopted by the First Continental Congress (B) Declaration of Rights and Grievances of the colonies adopted by the Stamp Act Congress (C) Declaration of Independence adopted by the Second Continental Congress (D) a passage from Common Sense written by Thomas Paine (E) a passage from Two Treatises of Government written by John Locke.

59. The principle of actual representation put forth by the American colonists in their resistance to the Stamp Act meant that (A) all laws passed by the colonial legislatures without the consent of Parliament were unconstitutional (B) representatives must be residents of the geographic districts they represented (C) any revenue raised by the stamp tax must be spent for the defense of the colonies (D) sovereignty was indivisible and ultimately rested with Parliament (E) each member of Parliament represented the interests of the whole empire.

60. On March 5, 1782, the House of Commons authorized King George III to make peace with the American colonies as a result of General Charles Cornwallis’ defeat at (A) Saratoga (B) Guilford Courthouse (C) Yorktown (D) King’s Mountain (E) Charleston.

61. Who wrote the pamphlet, Common Sense, that introduced a new element into the colonial debate with Britain by attacking not only King George III but also the idea of monarchy? (A) Thomas Paine (B) John Locke (C) Thomas Jefferson (D) Patrick Henry (E) Benjamin Franklin.

62. The Declaration of Independence as adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776 (A) criticized the king for encouraging the slave trade (B) reflected the belief that property owners, men and women, should be allowed to vote (C) shifted the burden of colonial criticisms from the king to Parliament (D) declared that the divine right of kings was the ultimate source of authority (E) maintained that the people could overthrow a government not based on the consent of the governed.

63. In countering the cry of the American colonists of “no taxation without representation,” the British developed the concept that every member of Parliament represented the interests of the entire empire. This was known as (A) actual

representation (B) direct representation (C) virtual representation (D) royal prerogative (E) popular sovereignty.

“All men are created equal ... and they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights ... among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government become destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it...”

64. The above passage from the Declaration of Independence reflects (A) the divine right monarchy theory of government (B) the principle of anarchism (C) John Locke’s contract theory of government (D) the impact of Thomas Paine’s essay, The Rights of Man, on Thomas Jefferson (E) Thomas Jefferson’s belief in Calvinism.

65. The French and Indian War weakened the ties that bound the English colonies in North America to the British Empire by (A) shattering the myth of British invincibility (B) bolstering colonial self-esteem (C) encouraging the colonists to think of themselves more as Americans than English or British (D) eliminating the Spanish from North America (E) (A), (B) and (C).

66. General Charles Cornwallis’ surrender at Yorktown resulted largely from the (A) failure of the British to capture and hold Charleston as a base of operations (B) French fleet winning control of the Chesapeake Bay (C) mass desertion of Hessians from the British army (D) arrival of fresh Spanish soldiers to reinforce Washington’s army (E) the defection of Benedict Arnold at West Point.

67. The French formally recognized American independence and made an open treaty of alliance with the Americans as a result of the (A) defection of Benedict Arnold to the British in 1780 (B) defeat of General Cornwallis at Cowpens and his turn northward (C) increasing strength of the Tories in the Southern colonies (D) defeat of the Hessians at Trenton (E) surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga.

68. The Pilgrims were also known as separatists because they (A) wanted to separate Plymouth from the Massachusetts Bay Colony (B) believed in the complete separation of Church and state (C) broke all ties with the Church of England (D) were the first to declare their independence from Great Britain (E) tried to isolate the Native Americans from White settlers.

69. According to the Proclamation of 1763, (A) colonial militiamen were required to put down Pontiac’s Rebellion (B) colonial paper money could not be printed (C) contact between colonials and Indians was strictly forbidden (D) settlers were prohibited from crossing the Appalachians (E) speculators were allowed to purchase certain lands from trans-Appalachian tribes.

70. The most important consequence of the Boston Tea Party was the (A) repeal of tax on tea (B) failure of other colonies to support Boston’s action (C) Opening of negotiations between Britain and Massachusetts (D) enactment by Parliament of the Coercive Acts (E) reopening of the Port of Boston to foreign trade.

71. Which of the following statements about colonial politics in the eighteenth century is true?(A) The right to vote for representatives to the colonial assemblies was severely restricted by high property qualifications (B) The colonial assemblies controlled taxes and expenditures (C) The colonial assemblies had the right to elect the governors (D) The governors had unlimited authority as agents of the king (E) The requirements for office holding were the same as those for voting.

72. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense (A) was a call for the abolition of slavery (B) insisted that the British allow the colonies to elect their own representatives to Parliament (C) criticized the weakness of the Articles of Confederation (D) blamed George III for the colonies’ problems and urged Americans to declare their independence (E) demanded that a strong executive be included in the Constitution.

73. The Battle of Saratoga resulted in (A) The embarrassing defeat for the colonial army (B) an unsuccessful peace overture from Lord North (C) France entering the war on the side of the colonies (D) renewed efforts of the loyalists to enlist colonial support (E) the treason of Benedict Arnold.

74. Which of the following is properly considered the main purpose of the Navigation Acts? (A) The promotion of trade among the colonies (B) The protection of American manufacturing from foreign competition (C) To guarantee that England alone would profit with the colonies (D) to raise revenue for maintaining the British Empire (E) The regulation of the slave trade in the colonies.

75. Which of the following statements is not true about the Coercive Acts? (A) They were directed against all of the colonies (B) They were called the Intolerable Acts by the colonists (C) They significantly strengthened colonial unity (D) They led to a boycott of British goods in the colonies (E) They were the British response to the Boston Tea Party.

76. The British response to the American claim of “No taxation without Representation” was that (A) Colonial assemblies would be permitted to vote on all new taxes (B) Money raised through Taxes would be used for improvements in the colonies (C) American approval was necessary for internal taxes (D) members of Parliament represented the interests of all people in the British empire (E) Parliament agreed it had no authority to impose taxes on the colonies.

77. In the negotiations that led to the Treaty of Paris and formally ended the Revolution, the Americans (A) were helped by the French in formulating diplomatic strategy and objectives (B) settled for much less than they might have gotten through shrewd diplomacy (C) won many concessions through separate bargaining with the British (D) found the British obstinate on the issue of the North west outposts (E) failed to gain a clear claim to the lands west to the Mississippi River.

78. As a consequence of the French and Indian war (A) American colonists began to distrust the actions of the British government (B) colonists feared yet another

involvement in a Franco-British conflict (C) Britain gave up Florida to Spain (D) Spain yielded Cuba to Great Britain (E) the Shawnee protested against British policy in the Ohio River valley.

79. During the American Revolution, the state that benefited the most from a demand for foodstuffs was (A) Alabama (B) Pennsylvania (C) Connecticut (D) Georgia (E) Massachusetts.

80. According to the Olive Branch Petition, the colonies (A) were ready to declare their independence from Great Britain (B) remained loyal to King George III (C) demanded that British troops immediately leave the colonies (D) agreed to raise a common army to defend themselves (E) accepted the Stamp Act if they were allowed to elect members of Parliament.

81. The Declaration of Independence was based on the political philosophy of (A) Edmund Burke (B) Thomas Paine (C) Thomas Hobbes (D) John Locke (E) Thomas Jefferson.

82. The most significant consequence of the French and Indian War was that (A) Spain received Florida as a prize of war (B) England and the colonies began to distrust one another (C) colonists feared being dragged into another European was (D) there were British attacks against the tribes that had sided with the French (E) French power in Canada was strengthened.

83. The French and Indian War was a pivotal point in America’s relationship to Great Britain because it led Great Britain to (A) encourage colonial manufactures (B) impose revenue taxes on the colonies (C) restrict emigration from England (D) ignore the colonies (E) grant increased colonial self-government.

85. By the time of the Revolution, the American colonists had generally come to believe that creation of a republic would solve the problems of monarchical rule because a republic would establish (A) a highly centralized government led by a social elite (B) a strong chief executive (C) a small, limited government responsible to the people (D) unlimited male suffrage (E) a society in which there were no differences of rank and status.

86. Which of the following was not an important cause of the French and Indian War? (A) formation of the Ohio Company (B) desire of Massachusetts colonists to clear the French out of Canada (C) Washington and Braddock’s attack on Fort Duquesne (D) trade limitations imposed by the Acts of Trade (E) French exploration in the Great Lakes region.

87. Which of the following had the least significance in providing experience and concepts that were used by the colonists in their arguments and fight for independence? (A) the French and Indian War (B) New England Town meetings (C) the use of the

“power of the purse” by the Virginia House of Burgesses (D) the Albany Plan (E) the development by the colonists of crops for export.

88. The following all dealt with relations between the thirteen English colonies and the English government except: (A) Acts of Trade and Navigation (B) Stamp Act (C) Quartering Act (D) Quebec Act (E) Olive Branch Petition.

89. What was the key frontier post held by the British in spite of the Treaty of 1783? (A) Tippecanoe (B) Detroit (C) Greenville (D) Genet (E) Erie.

“If the British Parliament has a legal authority to issues an order that we shall furnish a single article for the troops here, and to compel obedience to that order, they have the same right to issue an order for us to supply those troops with arms, clothes and every necessary; and to compel obedience to that order also: in short, to lay any burdens they please upon us. What is this but taxing us to a certain sum, and leaving us only manner of raising it?”

90. The argument presented by the author above could best be summarized as the (A) British Parliament has no authority to tax Americans (B) Stamp Act is intolerable (C) Americans should supply British troops with clothes, arms and all other necessities (D) Americans should determine the method by which they will be taxed by parliament (E) Americans should pay more taxes.

“...Whereas...[the colonies] have freely declared... that a most flourishing civil state may stand and best be maintained... with a full liberty in religious concernments and that true piety rightly grounded upon gospel principles will give the best and greatest security to sovereignty and will lay in the hearts of men the strongest obligations to true loyalty: ... we, being willing to... secure them [the people] in the free exercise and enjoyment of all their civil and religious rights... and to preserve unto them that liberty, in the true Christian faith and worship of God, which they have sought... to enjoy... do hereby publish, grant, ordain, and declare... that no person with the said colony, at any time hereafter, shall be any wise molested, punished, disquieted, or called in question for any differences in opinion in matters of religion.”

91. The above quotation is most likely taken from (A) the Mayflower Compact (B) the Rhode Island colonial charter (C) a speech to Parliament by King James I (D) the Albany Plan of Union (E) the transcript of the trial of Peter Zenger.

92. If an historian doing original research wished to analyze the changes made in Thomas Jefferson’s original draft of the Declaration of Independence by the Committee of Five and by the Continental Congress, the best way to begin would be to (A) call the Liberty of Congress and ask for advice (B) consult the final version signed by members of the Continental Congress and the letters they wrote about the Declaration (C) visit the National Archives to study the original draft and other early copies of the Declaration including the version signed by the members of the Congress (D) read a book on the writing of the Declaration of Independence and analyze the author’s conclusion (E) address the National Organization of American Historians and ask the historians present at the meeting what they believe the changes were.

93. Black slavery did not flourish in New England because (A) the church disapproved of it (B) blacks could not work in the cold climate (C) a large number of Indians were available as a labor source (D) it was too expensive to transport slaves so far north (E) it was too radical a move because of the racial and ethnic makeup of New England.

94. Which of the following correctly describes the relationship of the British colonies in America to Parliament? (A) The colonies elected members to Parliament at their own discretion (B) The colonies elected members to Parliament with the kings permission (C) The colonies elected members of Parliament by using the same procedure that was followed by Welsh and Scottish counties (D) The colonies each elected two members to Parliament as a result of the Declaratory Act (E) The colonies did not elect representatives to Parliament.

95. Which of the following describes the major grievance of American patriots from 1764 to the outbreak of the Revolution? (A) The Stamp Act taxes raised costs to a level that seriously weakened domestic commerce in the colonies (B) The Sugar Act prohibited the importation of sugar and thereby ruined the rum industry (C) High import duties made it very difficult for the average colonist to buy tea (D) English taxation policies were being used to undermine the independence of colonial legislatures (E) New taxes were destroying American wealth.

96. France signed an alliance with the United States and participated openly in the American War for Independence when (A) the United States declared its independence from Great Britain (B) the Americans demonstrated their strength by winning a major battle (C) the French government could afford increased expenditures (D) Spain concluded a treaty with the United States (E) opposition to the war developed in Great Britain.

“... be it enacted (that henceforth]... no goods or commodities whatsoever shall be imported into or exported out of any lands, islands, plantations or territories to his Majesty belonging ... but in such ships or vessels whereof the master and three fourths of the mariners at least are English.”

97. The passage above is from a series of enactments known as the (A) Townshend Acts (B) Coercive Acts (C) Navigation Acts (D) Embargo (E) American System.

98. American leaders during the Revolutionary period were profoundly influenced by British thinkers who stressed (A) direct democracy (B) the divine right of kings (C) the natural rights of man (D) the natural unity of the church and state (E) the organic concept of the state.

99. Which of the following statements concerning colonial legislative assemblies before 1763 is most accurate? (A) They were dominated by merchants, lawyers, and planter (B) They worked closely with one another to solve common problems (C) They worked consciously from the beginning of the Colonial period to secure independence from Great Britain (D) They worked closely with British officials to assist in the administration of the Empire (E) They enacted laws that royal governors could not veto.

100. Which of the following reflected the increasing conflict between Great Britain and her American colonies from the time of the Boston Tea Party in December 1773 to the end of 1775? (A) A bitter political debate over the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act (B) The securing of military and economic aid from France (C) The imposition of an embargo on the shipment of goods from the colonies to Great Britain (D) The forcible removal or

flight of most of the royal governors in the colonies and the execution of one of them (E) The formation of a network of local colonial committees to enforce anti-British measures and punish those sympathizing with Great Britain.

101. The primary aim of British mercantilism policies in the American colonies during the eighteenth century was to (A) encourage the British East India Company (B) make the colonies profitable to the mother country (C) hasten the development of industrialization (D) increase the production of gold and sliver bullion (E) counter Spanish capitalism in the New World.

102. The French and Indian War was a pivotal point in America’s relationship to Great Britain because it led Great Britain to (A) encourage colonial manufactures (B) impose revenue taxes on the colonies (C) restrict emigration from England (D) ignore the colonies (E) grant increased colonial self-government.

Questions 103-104 refer to the table below.

BRITISH AND AMERICAN TRADE 1763-1776

American Exports to England American Exports from England (in pounds sterling) (in pounds sterling)

1763 1,106,170 1,631,9971764 1,110,572 2,249,7101765 1,151,698 1,944,1441766 1,043,958 1,804,3331767 1,096,079 1,900,9231768 1,241,454 2,157,2181769 1,060,206 1,336,1221770 1,015,535 1,924,5711771 1,339,840 4,202,4721772 1,258,515 3,012,6351773 1,369,229 1,979,4121774 1,373,846 2,590,4371775 1,920,950 196,1921776 103,964 55,415

103. The data in the table above indicate that the most significant success of the colonists in damaging British trade followed the (A) actions of the Stamp Act Congress (B) passage of the Townshend Acts (C) Boston Massacre (D) Boston Tea Party (D) actions of the first Continental Congress.

104. Data in the table above illustrate that (A) American imports from England exceeded the value of American exports to England (B) the value of the pound sterling was tied to the price of

sugar (C) American exports to England were greater in 1776 than they were in 1763 (D) mercantilist policies were more effectively enforced after the French and Indian War than before it (E) British taxation was a major cause of the American Revolution.

Questions 105-106 refer to the following historical problem.

It is popularly believed that Patrick Henry, in his speech against the Stamp Act of 1765, implied that George III would be assassinated, and then concluded with the phrase, “If this be treason, make the most of it.” Four differing reports of this speech, two of which omit the concluding phrase, are found in the following sources: the diary of a Frenchman who was an eyewitness and described the event the same day; a letter printed in a London newspaper about six weeks later; a history of Virginia written in 1805; and a note written in 1817 by Thomas Jefferson, who also was an eyewitness.

105. The main issue raised for historians by the differing reports of Henry’s speech is the (A) formation of hypotheses about historical causation (B) validity of historical metaphor (C) credibility of historical evidence (D) use of anachronisms (E) form of historical citation.

106. Which of the following facts casts the greatest doubt on the accuracy of Jefferson’s note confirming the concluding phrase in Henry’s speech? (A) Jefferson and Henry had each served as governor of Virginia (B) Jefferson was only twenty-two in 1765 (C) Jefferson’s note was written to a man who was writing a biography of Henry (D) Jefferson was not actually a member of the House of Burgesses in 1765 (E) Jefferson’s note was written fifty-two years after the speech was delivered.

107. The majority of Europeans who settled in the British colonies of North America before 1776 are most accurately characterized as (A) younger sons and daughters of the upper classes who came seeking their fortunes (B) ambitious men and women of the lower middle classes (C) criminals and bankrupt debtors (D) religious dissidents seeking refuge from persecution (E) political refugees from resolutions on the continent.

108. All of the following statements about the trade of the English colonies in North America are correct except: (A) The New England and middle colonies had an unfavorable balance of trade with Great Britain (B) The New England and middle colonies depended on complex trade routes (C) The New England and middle colonies owned shipping from which they derived significant earnings (D) The southern colonies imported mostly slaves and run from Great Britain (E) The southern colonies specialized in the production of agricultural staples for export to Great Britain.

109. Which of the following statements about the French and Indian War contains the most significance for a history student? (A) The British navy proved that England was mistress of the seas. (B) Pitt was one of England’s war ministers. (C) The expulsion of the French from America set the stage for the American Revolution. (D) Tactics suitable for the wars in Europe were often unsuitable for battles in the American colonies. (E) As the British demonstrated at Quebec, trying

the impossible is sometimes the road to fame.

110. Which of the following statements best explain the reaction of the American colonies to the tax on tea that led to the Boston Tea Party? (A) Basically the colonials objected to paying taxes levied by Parliament. (B) Selling British tea only through agents of the East India Tea Company deprived local colonial merchants of business and led them to join the Sons of Liberty in angry protest against the tax. (C) Since the Boston Massacre, a continuous chain of violent outbreaks made the Tea Party an almost predictable occurrence. (D) England prevented foreign tea from getting into the colonies, and the tax made the British tea very costly. (E) Parliament was trying to rescue the British East India Company from bankruptcy at the expense of the colonial housewife.

111. Which of the following battles is considered the turning point of the Revolutionary War? (A) Bennington (B) Germantown (C) Princeton (D) Saratoga (E) Trenton. 112. According to historian Thomas Bailey, which statement most nearly describes how Americans supported the Revolutionary War? (A) Most city dwellers supported the revolution and most rural dwellers were indifferent. (B) Most rural dwellers supported the revolution and most city dwellers were indifferent. (C) A vast majority of Americans supported the revolution. (D) Somewhat more than one-third supported the revolution; somewhat less than one-third were loyal to England; the remainder were indifferent. (E) About 80 percent supported the revolution; theothers were either indifferent or loyal to England.

113. Which of these “residues” of the Revolutionary War was not repudiated later? (A) Treaty of Alliance with France (B) Continental currency (C) Foreign debt (D) Promises of compensation to Loyalists (E) Privilege of individual British subjects to recover prewar debts owed by American colonists.

114. Which of the following quotations is not associated with the period of the American Revolution? (A) “ I have not yet begun to fight.” (B) “I know not what course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty or give me death.” (C) “ I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.” (D) “I shall return.” (E) “We must all hang together, or assuredly we shall all hang separately.”

115. England justified her refusal to evacuate the military posts according to the Treaty of 1783 on the grounds that (A) the forts were ceded to defend Canada (B) Indian uprisings made the evacuation impossible (C) The United States had not paid the debts owed to the Loyalists (D) Napoleon threatened to develop an empire in North America (E) Spain threatened to extend her claims along the Mississippi.

116. A feature of the American political system not adopted from practice in England is (A) appeal of disputed court decisions to higher courts (B) legislative control of government finances (C) local government through town meetings (D) the bicameral legislative system (E) the office of sheriff for maintaining law and order.

117. The Stamp Act Congress was significant because it (A) demonstrated that the colonies were loyal to Parliament (B) repealed the Stamp Act (C) led directly to the First Continental Congress (D) failed to persuade Parliament of colonial discontent (E) marked an important step toward the unity of the colonies.

118. Which of the following occurred most recently? (A) Shay’s Rebellion (B) The ratification of the Article’s of Confederation (C)The publication of The Federalist (D) The Constitutional Convention (E) The Northwest Ordinance.

COLONIAL TRADE WITH ENGLAND, 1756-1759 (Value in pounds sterling) New England New York Pennsylvania

imports exports imports exports imports exports

1756 384,371 47,359 250,425 24,073 200,169 20,0951757 363,404 27,556 353,311 19,168 268,426 14,1901758 465,694 30,204 356,555 14,260 260,953 21,3831759 525,067 25,985 630,785 23,684 494,161 22,404

Virginia/Maryland Carolinas

imports exports imports exports1756 337,759 200,169 181,780 222,9151757 426,687 418,881 213,949 130,8891758 438,471 454,362 181,002 150,5111759 459,007 357,228 215,255 206,534

119. Based on the table above, the least valuable of England’s American colonies in terms of exports was (A) New England (B) New York (C) Pennsylvania (D) Virginia and Maryland (E) Carolina.

154. According to eighteenth-century theories of mercantilism, and in light of England’s pattern of trade with America as shown in the chart above, England’s most valuable colony or group of colonies was which of the following? (A) New England (B) New York (C) Pennsylvania (D) Virginia and Maryland (E) Carolina.

120. According to the Olive Branch Petition, the colonies (A) were ready to declare their independence from Great Britain (B) remained loyal to King George III (C) demanded that British troops immediately leave the colonies (D) agreed to raise a common army to defend themselves (E) accepted the Stamp Act if they were allowed to elect members to Parliament.

121. The most significant consequence of the French and Indian War was that (A) Spain received Florida as a prize of war (B) England and the colonies began to distrust one another (C) colonists feared being dragged into another European war (D) there were British attacks against the tribes that had sided with the French (E) French power in Canada was strengthened.

122. The Declaration of Independence was based on the political philosophy of (A) Edmund Burke (B) Thomas Paine (C) Thomas Hobbes (D) John Locke (E) Thomas Jefferson.

123. Which of the following was not a factor in the American decision to declare war on Great Britain in 1812? (A) British orders in Council (B) Impressment of American sailors (C) War Hawk demands for taking Canada (D) Boundary disputes between Vermont and Ontario (E) Frontier conflicts between Americans and the British.

124. An economic system in which a nation seeks to accumulate precious metals by maintaining a favorable balance of trade is most descriptive of (A) Capitalism (B) Socialism (C) Mercantilism (D) Feudalism (E) Fascism.

“ . . . Do you think, Sir, that Great Britain is like an old, wrinkled, withered, worn-out hag, whom every jackanapes that truants along the streets may insult with impunity? You will find her a vigorous matron, just approaching a green old age; and with spirit and strength sufficient to chastise her undutiful and rebellious children. Your measures have as yet produced none of the effects you looked for: Great Britain is not as yet intimidated; she has already a considerable fleet and army in America; more ships and troops are expected in the spring; every appearance indicates a design in her to support her claim with vigour...... Should the dreadful contest once begin — But God forbid! Save, heavenly Father! O save my country from perdition!”

125. Which of the following is most likely to have written the passage above? (A) American Loyalist (B) American Patriot (C) American Pessimist (D) English Whig (E) member of the Sons of Liberty.

126. All of the following are characteristics of the African slave trade in the 18th century except: (A) Kings of African nations along the coast sold slaves to white traders (B) during the “middle passage” slaves were chained and kept below deck most of the time (C) Degradation and psychological damage occurred to all those involved, according to scholars today (D) The colonists relied on the English traders to supply slaves (E) Most of the slaves sold in the Southern Colonies were imported directly from Africa

“The natural liberty of man is to be free from any superior power on earth, and not to be under the will or legislation of any other man, but only to have the law of nature as his rule. This is the liberty of independent states; this is the liberty of every man out in society, and who has the mind to live so; which liberty is only abridged in certain instances, not to lose to those who were born in or voluntarily enter society: this gift of God can not be annihilated.”

127. Which of the following documents most closely incorporates the idea expressed in the quotation? (A) Communist Manifesto (B) Declaration of independence (C) Emancipation Proclamation (D) The U.S. Constitution (E) Northwest Ordinance.

129. If an historian doing original research wished to analyze the changes made in Thomas Jefferson’s original draft of the Declaration of Independence by the Committee of Five and by the Continental Congress, the best way to begin would be to (A) call the

Liberty of Congress and ask for advice (B) consult the final version signed by members of the Continental Congress and the letters they wrote about the Declaration (C) visit the National Archives to study the original draft and other early copies of the Declaration including the version signed by the members of the Congress (D) read a book on the writing of the Declaration of Independence and analyze the author’s conclusion (E) address the National Organization of American Historians and ask the historians present at the meeting what they believe the changes were.

130. Black slavery did not flourish in New England because (A) the church disapproved of it (B) blacks could not work in the cold climate (C) a large number of Indians were available as a labor source (D) it was too expensive to transport slaves so far north (E) it was too radical a move because of the racial and ethnic makeup of New England.

131. Which of the following correctly describes the relationship of the British colonies in America to Parliament? (A) The colonies elected members to Parliament at their own discretion (B) The colonies elected members to Parliament with the kings permission (C) The colonies elected members of Parliament by using the same procedure that was followed by Welsh and Scottish counties (D) The colonies each elected two members to Parliament as a result of the Declaratory Act (E) The colonies did not elect representatives to Parliament.

132. Which of the following describes the major grievance of American patriots from 1764 to the outbreak of the Revolution? (A) The Stamp Act taxes raised costs to a level that seriously weakened domestic commerce in the colonies (B) The Sugar Act prohibited the importation of sugar and thereby ruined the rum industry (C) High import duties made it very difficult for the average colonist to buy tea (D) English taxation policies were being used to undermine the independence of colonial legislatures (E) New taxes were destroying American wealth.

133. France signed an alliance with the United States and participated openly in the American War for Independence when (A) the United States declared its independence from Great Britain (B) the Americans demonstrated their strength by winning a major battle (C) the French government could afford increased expenditures (D) Spain concluded a treaty with the United States (E) opposition to the war developed in Great Britain.

134. The mercantile system burdened the colonials with annoying liabilities. Which of the following is an example of the liabilities of the mercantile system? I Economic initiative was stifled because Americans were not at complete liberty to

buy, sell, ship, or manufacture under conditions that they found most profitable. II The southern colonies, were generally favored over the northern ones, chiefly because they grew non-English products like tobacco, sugar, and rice. III One-crop Virginians, who sold their tobacco in Europe, were able to circumvent British merchants.

IV Many of the fashionable Virginia planters were plunged into debt by the falling price of tobacco and were forced to buy their necessities in England by

mortgaging future crops.

(A) I and II (D) I, II and III(B) II and III (E) I, II, III, and IV(C) III and IV

135. Disestablishment of the Anglican church in Virginia in 1785 meant that (A) all lands held by the church were confiscated and sold (B) other Protestant sects were free, for the first time, to worship in public (C) oaths on the Bible could no longer be given in Virginia courts (D) tax money was no longer used to support the church (E) schools controlled by the church had to close.

136. American leaders during the Revolutionary period were profoundly influenced by British thinkers who stressed (A) direct democracy (B) the divine right of kings (C) the natural rights of man (D) the natural unity of the church and state (E) the organic concept of the state.

137. Which of the following statements concerning colonial legislative assemblies before 1763 is most accurate? (A) They were dominated by merchants, lawyers, and planter (B) They worked closely with one another to solve common problems (C) They worked consciously from the beginning of the Colonial period to secure independence from Great Britain (D) They worked closely with British officials to assist in the administration of the Empire (E) They enacted laws that royal governors could not veto.

138. During the Colonial period the term “freeman” generally came to mean any (A) white male over 21 who paid enough taxes to vote (B) male aged sixteen to sixty who served in the militia (C) freed slave (D) member of a Protestant church (E) member of a colony’s legislative body.

139. Which of the following reflected the increasing conflict between Great Britain and her American colonies from the time of the Boston Tea Party in December 1773 to the end of 1775? (A) A bitter political debate over the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act (B) The securing of military and economic aid from France (C) The imposition of an embargo on the shipment of goods from the colonies to Great Britain (D) The forcible removal or flight of most of the royal governors in the colonies and the execution of one of them (E) The formation of a network of local colonial committees to enforce anti-British measures and punish those sympathizing with Great Britain.

140. Cotton replaced tobacco as the main export crop of the South primarily because cotton (A) depleted the soil less rapidly (B) permitted more efficient use of slave labor (C) was easier to transport to market (D) was more valuable as a result of the industrial revolution in textiles (E) was better suited to the climate of the deep South.

141. American leaders during the Revolutionary period were profoundly influenced by British thinkers who stressed (A) direct primary (B) the divine right of kings (C) the natural rights of man (D) the natural unity of church and state (E) the organic concept of the state.

142. Which of the following was the major historical significance of the presidential election of 1800, from which Thomas Jefferson emerged as the winner? (A) Jefferson’s claim that a revolution had occurred (B) The peaceful transfer of power from the Federalists to the Democratic-Republicans (C) The fact that the House of Representatives had to choose the president (D) Jefferson’s near loss of the election to his running mate, Aaron Burr (E) The fact that John Adams’ political career was brought to an end.

143. The French and Indian War was a pivotal point in America’s relationship to Great Britain because it led Great Britain to (A) encourage colonial manufactures (B) impose revenue taxes on the colonies (C) restrict emigration from England (D) ignore the colonies (E) grant increased colonial self-government.

Questions 144-45 refer to the table below.

BRITISH AND AMERICAN TRADE 1763-1776

American Exports to England American Exports from England (in pounds sterling) (in pounds sterling)

1763 1,106,170 1,631,9971764 1,110,572 2,249,7101765 1,151,698 1,944,1441766 1,043,958 1,804,3331767 1,096,079 1,900,9231768 1,241,454 2,157,2181769 1,060,206 1,336,1221770 1,015,535 1,924,5711771 1,339,840 4,202,4721772 1,258,515 3,012,6351773 1,369,229 1,979,4121774 1,373,846 2,590,4371775 1,920,950 196,1921776 103,964 55,415

144. The data in the table above indicate that the most significant success of the colonists in damaging British trade followed the (A) actions of the Stamp Act Congress (B) passage of the Townshend Acts (C) Boston Massacre (D) Boston Tea Party (D) actions of the first Continental Congress.

145. Data in the table above illustrate that (A) American imports from England exceeded the value of American exports to England (B) the value of the pound sterling was tied to the price ofsugar (C) American exports to England were greater in 1776 than they were in 1763 (D) mercantilist policies were more effectively enforced after the French and Indian War than before it (E) British taxation was a major cause of the American Revolution.

“[September 21, 1775, to the President of Congress] It gives me great pain to be obliged to solicit the attention of the honorable Congress to the state of this army. . . . But my situation is inexpressibly distressing, to see the winter fast approaching upon a naked army, the time of their service within a few weeks of expiring, and no provision yet made for such important events. Added to this, the military chest is totally exhausted; the paymaster has not a single dollar in hand; the commissary-general assures me he has strained his credit to the utmost for the subsistence of the army.”

146. Which of the following is most likely to have written the passage above? (A) Adam Smith (B) Benjamin Franklin (C) Thomas Jefferson (D) Patrick Henry (E) George Washington.

147. Which of the following is not in correct chronological order? (A) First Navigation Laws to control colonial commerce, French and Indian War,Stamp Act, Boston Massacre(B) Board of Trade assumes governance of colonies, Declaratory Act, British troops occupy Boston, Boston Massacre(C) French and Indian War (Seven Years' War) ends, Sugar Act, Quartering Act, Committees of correspondence formed(D) Sugar Act, British troops occupy Boston, First Navigation Laws, "Intolerable Acts" (E) Quartering Act, Stamp Act, Townshend Acts passed, Boston Tea Party

148. The ideas of which of the following are mostly closely followed by contemporary practitioners of non-violent resistance to law? (A) Roger Williams (B) Thomas Jefferson (C) Thomas Paine (D) Henry David Thoreau (E) Ralph Waldo Emerson.

149. The Boston Tea Party was a demonstration of the opposition of colonial merchants to (A) the high tax on tea (B) the importation of tea from England (C) the high tariffs imposed by England on the colonists (D) high prices charged by the British East India Company (E) British restrictions on the sale of tea.

150. The British Navigation and Trade Laws permitted the American colonists which of the activities listed below? I They could use American-built ships to trade within the Empire. II They could ship fish from America to southern Europe. III They could import sugar and molasses from the British West Indies tax-free. IV They could manufacture certain products not manufactured in England.

(A) I only (D) IV only (B) II only (E) All of the above

(C) III only 151. During the period immediately following the American Revolution, a factor that played an important part in the decline of European immigration to the United States was the (A) instability of the government under the Articles of Confederation (B) breakdown of the indenture system (C) refusal of the British to transport Europeans to the United States (D) economic distress in the United States after the Revolution (E) Continental System of Napoleon Bonaparte.

152. Which factor was of greatest significance in bringing about the Albany Congress of 1754? defense under the Crown (B) The formal declaration of war with France by Britain (C) A desire to adopt Benjamin Franklin’s plan of union (D) A desire for an alliance between the colonies and the Indians (E) The surrender of Washington to the French at Fort Duquesne.

153. Between 1688 and 1763 which of the following was a consequence of Europe’s wars for empire? (A) Armed struggles spread to North America (B) The French made themselves the dominant power in North America (C) The British taxed their American colonies heavily to finance the wars (D) The Spanish lost all their territory in North America (E) The European powers relied on colonial recruits to staff their European forces.

“The present King of Great Britain.....has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws....”

155. The “constitution” referred to in the excerpt from the Declaration of Independence shown above was (A) the principles common to all of the colonial charters (B) the Articles of Confederation (C) a constitution for the colonies written by Sir William Blackstone (D) the laws passed concurrently by the several colonial legislatures (E) the principles the colonists believed had traditionally regulated English government.

156. The protest that the king had “combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution” referred to George III’s (A) alliance with the king of France (B) use of Hessian mercenaries (C) reliance on his representatives in the colonies (D) approval of parliamentary laws impinging on colonial self-government (E) intention to place a German prince on the throne of British America.

157. Prior to successfully colonizing the New World, England defeated a major rival, and just prior to losing many of its New World colonies, England defeated another major rival. The rivals were first (A) France, then the United States (B) Spain, then France (C) France, then Holland (D) France, then Spain (E) Portugal, then Spain.

158. Which of the following was true of the Continental Congress in drafting of the Articles of Confederation? (A) It was cautious about giving the new government powers it had just denied Parliament (B) It gave Congress the exclusive right to issue currency (C) It gave the national court system the power to review both national and state laws (D)

It gave Congress control of interstate commerce (E) It rejected the argument of men like Samuel Adams and Richard Henry Lee who feared strong governments.

159. Among the social effect of the Revolution were all the following except: A) property qualifications for voting were lowered (B) opportunities for higher education were greatly increased (C) legislative representation for the backcountry was increased (D) lands confiscated from the Tories were returned.

160. The effect of the Revolution on slavery included all of the following except: (A) the British army was the greatest instrument of emancipation (B) slaves who fought for the colonies were given their freedom (C) the Atlantic slave trade was discontinued (D) several Northern states forbade slavery.

161. The purpose of the British army’s march on Concord, Massachusetts, in April 1775 was to: (A) train the troops for what appeared to be inevitable war (B) force Massachusetts leaders to pay for the tea destroyed in the Boston Tea Party (C) track down the persons responsible for burning the Gaspee (D) seize the war supplies stored there.

162. France’s support for the United States during the American Revolutionary War was motivated primarily by (A) enthusiasm for the revolutionary principles espoused by the Americans (B) a desire to weaken its rival, Great Britain (C) a desire to regain Canada and the Florida (D) pressures from its ally, Spain (E) the hope of converting the United States into a French dependency.

164. “Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes” is a point advocated in (A) Washington’s Farewell Address (B) The Federalist Papers (C) The Mayflower Compact (D) The Declaration of Independence (E) Opinion of Marshall in McCulloch vs Maryland.

165. The term “Whig” in British politics meant (A) those persons who had supported James II on the throne (B) the champions of liberty and parliamentary supremacy (C) the English town leaders (D) the people in Parliament who wanted to give independence to Africa.

166. Letters to a Pennsylvania Farmer (A) was written by James Otis (B) argued that Parliament had no right to levy taxes for revenue (C) was a protest against Tea Act 1773 (D) was a major factor in the repeal of the Stamp Act

167. The Boston Massacre (A) developed in protest to the Boston Tea Party (B) involved the slaughter of slaves in Boston by the British (C) grew out of crow reaction and heckling of British soldiers. (D) was the unprovoked slaughter of dozens of Boston patriots.

168. The Battle of Bunker Hill (A) The British lost about half their troops (B) The colonist held their position at Breed’s Hill (C) British General Howe was killed (D) the Green Mountain Boys under Ethan Allen defeated the larger British army.

169. The victory at Saratoga was important for the Americans because it (A) made the British resolve to fight with greater determination (B) brought the French into the war against Britain (C) opened the way for the Americans to enter the Great Lakes (D) convinced the Indians to join the American side against the British.

170. In his tract, Common Sense,_____________boldly declared by attacking not only George III but the monarchy itself. (A) Thomas Paine (B) John Adams (C) Thomas Jefferson (D) George Washington.

171. An American advantage in the war of independence was: (A) the undivided loyalty of Americans to the patriotic cause (B) control of the seas through a large navy (C) a strong centralized government capable of organizing the war (D) the inefficiency and poor leadership of the British army.

172. A major British advantage in 1776 was: (A) control of both Boston and New York (B) reliable supplies and troops from loyal Americans (C) a population three times the size of the colonies (D) an efficient and well-directed army.

173. The British defeat at Yorktown resulted in large measure from (A) the inability of the British to persuade Tories to join them (B) the French fleet winning control of the Chesapeake Bay preventing Cornwallis’ escape by the sea (C) Washington’s outmaneuvering Cornwallis’ much larger army D) the failure of Cornwallis to receive Clinton’s orders to withdraw.

174. The Declaration of Independence (A) contained a lengthy list of abuses to perpetuate upon the colonies by Parliament (B) did not delineated the grievances against George III (C) was written by Jefferson and adopted without change (D) was adopted over southern protests with the clause condemning slavery (E) was a propaganda document of revolutionary rhetoric.

"Then," at last said Lawrence, "you are no longer subjects of the King of England, but of the King of France. You will be treated as such, and removed from the country." At this they were staggered, and most of them relenting, profest a willingness to take the oath. "No," said Lawrence; "you have had your opportunity and rejected it. Such an oath as you would now take, and such loyalty as mere fear extorts from you, is worthless. We shall now have regard solely to the king's interests, and the consequences must rest on your own heads."

175. The passage above refers to (A) the defeat of Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham (B) The Deportation of the Acadians of Nova Scotia (C) the driving of Loyalists, or Tories, from America (D) the defeat of Cornwalis at Yorktown (E) All of these.

“To prohibit a great people, however, from making all that they can of every part of their own produce, or from employing their stock and industry in the way that they judge most advantageous to themselves, is a manifest violation of the most sacred rights of mankind.....Unjust, however, as such prohibitions may be, they have not hitherto been very hurtful to the colonies. Land is still so cheap and, consequently, labor so dear among them that they can import from the Mother Country almost all the more refined or more advanced manufactures cheaper than they could make them for themselves. Though [even if] they had not, therefore, been prohibited from establishing such manufactures, yet in their

present state of improvement a regard to their own interest would probably have prevented them from doing so. In their present state of improvement these prohibitions, perhaps, without cramping their industry, or restraining it from any employment to which it would have gone of its own accord, are only impertinent badges of slavery imposed upon them, without any sufficient reason, by the groundless jealousy of the merchants and manufacturers of the Mother Country. In a more advanced state they might be really oppressive and insupportable.

176. Which of the following is most likely to have written the passage above? (A) Adam Smith (B) Benjamin Franklin (C) Thomas Jefferson (D) Patrick Henry (E) George Washington.

177. Between 1688 and 1763 which of the following was a consequence of Europe's wars for empire? (A) Armed struggles spread to North America. (B) The French made themselves the dominant' power in North America. (C) The British taxed their American colonies heavily to finance the wars. (D) The Spanish lost all their territory in North America. (E) The European powers relied on colonial recruits to staff their European forces.

178. As a result of the French and Indian War (A) all territory between the Mississippi and Allegheny Mountains went to France and all territory west of the Mississippi went to Spain (B) all territory between the Mississippi and the Allegheny Mountains went to England and all territory west of the Mississippi went to Spain (C) all territory between the Mississippi and Allegheny Mountains went to Spain and all territory west of the Mississippi went to England (D) all territory between the Mississippi and Allegheny Mountains went to Spain and all territory west of the Mississippi went to France (E) England gained all the land in North America.

179. Following the French and Indian War (A) the French controlled Florida (B) the British controlled Florida (C) the Spanish controlled Florida (D) the Dutch controlled Florida (E) the Swedes controlled Florida.

180. The Proclamation Line of 1763 angered many American colonists because (A) it forced the Indians to move westward (B) it made Catholicism the legal religion in the Ohio Valley (C) it barred colonial expansion beyond the watershed of the Appalachians (D) it established the Anglican Church east of the mountains (E) it separated New England from the Middle and Southern colonies.

By the rude bridge that arched the floodTheir flag to April's breeze unfurled,Here once the embattled farmers stood,And fired the shot heard round the world.

181. The words above were written by Ralph Waldo Emerson to describe the events at (A) Yorktown (B) Gettysburg (C) Concord (D) Bunker Hill (E) Saratoga.

182. As applied to the American colonial scene, which one of the following statements best explains the term salutary neglect? (A) Colonials neglected to pay taxes as required by law. (B) England neglected to support the war against the French and Indians until Pitt took over. (C) France neglected to put forth strenuous efforts to back up her settlers in America. (D) American settlers neglected to enter wholeheartedly into the French and

Indian War. (E) England did not enforce, either strictly or regularly, the trade and navigation acts.

183. An important immediate result of the American Revolution was that it (A) turned attention away from Europe to internal problems (B) strengthened the doctrine of nationalism over states' rights (C) further developed the American doctrine of isolationism (D) accelerated the trend toward the abolition of entail and the law of primogeniture (E) improved American commerce with foreign nations.

184. Which English tradition or practice was least acceptable to most of the thirteen English colonies? (A) local self-government (B) Feudal pattern of land ownership (C) Civil liberties (D) Importance of the common law (E) Merchant capitalism.

185. Which Statement was not used by the British to justify taxing the colonies after 1763? (A) The British debt had increased as a result of the French and Indian War. (B) There were heavy administrative expenses associated with maintaining the empire. (C) The colonies should contribute to the expenses involved in providing for their defense. (D) The colonies had representation in Parliament (E) Taxes were uniform throughout the empire.

186. Considered in its modern naming, there was no such thing as a labor problem in the American colonies because (A) there was no wage-earnmg class as such (B) wages were good (C) there were many skilled workers (D) a steady stream of cheap immigrant labor was available (E) slavery existed throughout the colonies.

187. The Boston Tea Party was a demonstration of the opposition of colonial merchants to (A) the high tax on tea (B) the importation of tea from England (C) the high tariffs imposed by England on the colonists (D) high prices charged by the British East India Company (E) British restrictions on the sale of tea.

188. The British Navigation and Trade Laws permitted the American colonists which of the following activities?

I. They could use American-built ships to trade within the empire. II. They could ship fish from America to southern Europe.

III. They could import sugar and molasses from the British West Indies tax-free.

IV. They could manufacture certain products not manufactured in England.

(A) I only (D) IV only (B) II only (E) All of the above (C) III only American Revolution, Constitution & Federalist Era 1750-1800

01. Which of the following events is considered by historians to be the morning star of the American Revolution? (A) The Trial of John Peter Zenger (B) Shay's Rebellion (C) Boston Massacre (D) Nat Turner's Revolt (E) Assassination of Alexander Hamilton.

02. The primary economic pursuit and interest of the early settlers in New France was (A) farming (B) fishing (C) mining (D) commerce (E) fur trapping.

03. The soldier, explorer, and colonist whose leadership earned him the title of "Father of New France" was ___________ (A) Baron Marquette (B) Robert de La Salle (C) Samuel de Champlain (D) Father Jolliet (E) Francisco Pizzaro.

04. Government in New France (Canada) was (A) almost completely autocratic (B) democratic (C) similar to that the English Colonies (D) noted for its "trial by jury" practice (E) control by the Catholic Church.

05. The French wanted to control Louisiana because they (A) liked its climate (B) wanted the rich and productive land for farming (C) wanted to keep the area unfortified (D) would then control the mouth of the Mississippi (E) feared the Dutch would expand into the territory.

06. Which event occurred in the United States during the critical period (1781-1789)? (A) Whiskey Rebellion (B) Shay's Rebellion (C) The Stono Rebellion (D) Hartford Convention (E) Meeting of the 2nd Continental Congress.

7. Which of the following colonial powers exercised the least amount of control over the commercial and political practices in the colonies? (A) Portugal (B) Holland (C) Great Britain (D) France (E) Spain.

8. George Washington once said, "There are combustibles in every state which a spark might set afire." What event in American History was he describing or referring to __________ (A) election of 1796 (B) Stamp Act (C) Shay's Rebellion (D) Nat Turner's Revolt (E) Whiskey Rebellion.

09. As a result of the Albany Congress 1754, (A) the Iroquois Confederacy entered into an alliance with the English (B) an intercolonial legislature was created (C) England angrily reacted to colonial claims by imposing harsh economic restrictions on the colonies (D) the colonies were granted limited tax power thereafter (E) an enduring symbol of union was established.

10. The English Prime Minister whose policies brought success in the Seven Years' War was (A) Lord North (B) Edmund Burke (C) George Grenville (D) William Pitt (E) Robert Walpole.

11. The British theory that Parliament represented all subjects within the British Empire was called ___________ (A) direct representation (B) virtual representation (C) proportional representation (D) equal representation (E) ethnic representation.

12. Blacks, lower-class whites, and women were brought into the vortex of imperial politics during the protests over (A) Stamp Act (B) Sugar Act (C) Townshend Acts (D) Coercive Acts (E) Quebec Act.

13. John Dickinson's Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, (A) avoided the question of colonial consent to parliamentary legislation (B) rejected Parliament's right to regulate imperial trade (C) objected to internal but not to external taxes (D) objected to external but not to internal taxes (E) dealt with the issues of future western settlement.

14. Among the Indian tribes, who supported the patriots at the beginning of the Revolution? (A) Algonquin (B) Cherokees (C) Narragansetts (D) Mohawks (E) Oniedas.

15. The Treaty of Paris (1763) gave Britain title to (A) all French claims west of the Mississippi, and Spanish Florida (B) all French claims east of the Mississippi, and Spanish Florida (C) all French claims in the Pacific Northwest, New Orleans, and Sugar Islands (D) all Spanish and Dutch claims in North America (E) all French claims in North America.

16. Who organized a combined uprising of the Western tribes in the aftermath of the French defeat? (A) the French fur traders (B) the Iroquois Indians (C) Pontiac (D) Chief Red Cloud (E) Geronimo.

17. What was the basic British policy after 1763? (A) to defeat the French (B) to centralize their empire (C) to deprive Americans of their liberties (D) to conspire to seize political power and influence (E) to withdraw from the western hemisphere.

18. The Sons of Liberty drew their members from the ranks of __________ (A) traders, lawyers, and prosperous artisans (B) the men who upheld the authority of Parliament to tax the colonies (C) the poorest people in American seaports (D) any male descendent of a delegate to the First Continental Congress.

19. In Common Sense, Thomas Paine argues all except: (A) Parliament had deliberately and wickedly brought about the America's misfortunes (B) Britain had dealt with the colonies out of self-interest rather than affection (C) monarchy was a foolish and dangerous form of 18th century government (D) nature had destined America for independence (E) George III was the author of America's misfortunes.

20. In contrast to women in New England, southern white women... (A) were relatively few in number (B) tended to marry at an early age (C) were more likely to remain unmarried (D) were held in lower esteem than northern women (E) were allowed to serve in political positions of influence.

21. The major interest of France in the conflict between Britain and the America revolutionaries was to... (A) gain trading concessions from the Americans (B) regain territory lost in the French and Indian War (C) support the ideals of the Declaration of Independence (D) keep England weakened by a protracted war (E) maintain an alliance with Holland against the Spanish.

22. The victory at Saratoga was important because it... (A) brought France into the war as formal American ally and partner (B) opened the port of Boston (C) led to an estrangement between British troops and their native American allies (D) brought George Washington to national political prominence (E) was a devastating defeat for the Americans at the hands of Canada.

23. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787... (A) was an idealistic but impractical plan for settling the areas north of the Ohio frontier. (B) had not lasting significance (C) established the process by which new states could enter the union (D) promised the Iroquois rights to their traditional hunting grounds. (E) provided for women's rights.

24. The Revolution brought some improvement in the status of women in the form of... (A) universal suffrage (B) "Republican motherhood" (C) enhanced legal rights in the individual states (D) the right to sue in the Courts (E) the economic dole.

25. Trapped between the French Navy and the American troops at Yorktown, Lord Cornwallis chose to... (A) retreat South to the Carolina's (B) fight to the last man standing (C) surrender his troops in order to save lives (D) swim to safety (E) dig in until the war was over.

26. The precedent-setting policy for the handling of public lands was contained in the... (A) Treaty of 1781 (B) Constitution (C) Alien and Sedition Acts (D) Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (E) Land Ordinance of 1785.

27. The Constitution of 1787 gave Congress all of the following powers except: (A) right to review constitutionality of immigration laws (B) taxation (C) the right to coin money (D) the power to regulate commerce (E) the power to raise & support armies & navies.

29. During the French and Indian War... (A) colonial troops strove to emulate the professionalism of the British regulars (B) British officers praised colonial troops for their courage under fire (C) colonial troops adapted well to the British system of military discipline (D) deep-seated difference in respect to military discipline emerged between the British officers and the colonial troops (E) Indians played a major role in disrupting the British military.

30. To pay for its share of the cost of the French and Indian War, the Virginia House of Burgesses: (A) increased taxes on tobacco (B) resorted to deficit financing, printing paper currency (C) sold lands to British speculators (D) increased the taxes of yeomen farmers (E) instituted the income tax.

31. Which of the following statements best characterizes the British governments attempts to meet the war debts? (A) Parliament raised the tax on land (B) Parliament raised the tax on cotton, rice, and tobacco (C) Parliament decreased the import duties on sugar and tobacco to encourage a greater volume of sales and thus to increase revenues (D) The government increased excise tax levies on salt, beer, and distilled spirits. (E) Britain followed the policy of salutary neglect.

32 Many New England traders, such as John Hancock, protested the Sugar Act because they: (A) had made money by importing French molasses without paying duty (B) believed it gave Pennsylvania merchants an unfair advantage (C) believed it gave Georgians a reason to oppose British trade monopoly (D) believed it gave New York merchants an unfair advantage (E) believed the tax on French molasses was too low to make British molasses profitable.

33. In contrast to women in New England, southern white women... (A) were relatively few in number (B) tended to marry at an older age (C) were more likely to remain unmarried (D) were held in lower esteem (E) tended to be indifferent to social elements of concern.

34. The influence and power of colonial assemblies in the eighteenth century derived mostly from (A) the support and cooperation of the British Parliament (B) their increasing control over taxation and spending (C) their ability to create government jobs for their supporter (D) their threats to secede from the empire (E) their influence upon fishing and commerce.

35. The English statesman who presided over the impressive British effort to defeat the French in the "Great War for Empire" was (A) Oliver Cromwell (B) James Montcalm (C) James Wolfe (D) George Washington (E) William Pitt.

36. Grenville's policy relating directly to the original thirteen North American colonies included all of the following except: (A) to find more efficient sources of revenue (B) to regulate colonial export trade more carefully (C) to control the internal commerce of the colonies more stringently (D) to allow the local assemblies more freedom to control local affairs (E) to have colonials pay more of England's cost of empire

37. A colonial patriot whose smuggling career meant that he served his own self-interest as well as principle when he opposed British customs policy was (A) Thomas Hutchinson (B) John Adams (C) John Hancock (D) Joseph Galloway (E) Benjamin Franklin.

38. Edmund Burke is a good example of a member of the English Parliament who (A) sympathized with the colonial protest movement (B) supported tougher policies on the colonies (C) advocated war with the colonies at a very early date (D) suggest to George Ill that he should reject the idea of giving the colonists representation in Parliament (E) called for a slave uprising in the colonies.

39. "On December 16,1773, some sixty men, thinly disguised as Mohawk Indians boarded...ships." This quotation describe the event known as the (A) Declaratory Act (B) Boston Massacre (C) Boston Tea Party (D) Battle of Lexington (E) Battle of Ticonderoga.

40. Joseph Galloway's Plan of Union (A) represented the moderate elements at the Continental Congress (B) called for colonial independence (C) was supported by the Sons of Liberty (D) alienated most delegates to the Continental Congress with its uncompromising rhetoric. (E) pled for annexation to France.

41. The language of the Olive Branch Petition is clear evidence that (A) very late in the conflict, many colonist still wanted a peaceful restitution of the empire (B) Sam Adams and other radicals had given up on violence as a resistance tactic (C) the Second continental Congress wanted complete independence, but without war. (D) king George III had peaceful intentions (E) was written by Alexander Hamilton.

42. The Great Awakening (A) featured a battle between conservative and liberal theology (B) undermined Calvinism (C) permanently check liberal theological doctrines (D) had but slight impact (E) was only felt in the South.

43. Colonial legislatures often dominated royal governors by (A) threatening armed rebellion (B) using the militia (C) withholding the governor's salary (D) appealing to London (E) making alliances with the Iroquois Indians.

44. The most serious American weakness in the Revolutionary War was (A) currency deflation (B) the absence of foreign aid (C) sectional jealousy (D) sagacity of manpower of military age (E) debt owed to Spain.

45. During the Revolution, slaves (A) massacred their masters (B) remained passive (C) became British subjects (D) fought creditably for America (E) were used only by the British.

46. Lawyers and other Americans used common-law arguments mainly to: (A) justify violent resistance to the Stamp Act (B) call for the overthrow of King George III (C) justify smuggling in violation of the Navigation Acts (D) assert that parliamentary statutes could not abridge the colonists essential rights as British subjects (E) draft the Articles of Confederation.

47. From the rationalist philosophies of the Enlightenment, American rebels derived (A) the belief that individuals had certain "natural rights" (B) the doctrine of a “lust war" (C) the idea that civil rights were natural rights (D) the idea that violence, being irrational, is not natural (E) the idea from French soldiers who inspired them Revolution.

48. By early 1766, Parliament responded to the protests in the colonies by: (A) urging withdrawal of troops from the American seaport cities (B) formulating a plan for the

election of colonial members of Parliament (C) expelling colonial diplomats from London (D) demanding that the Americans submit to Parliament (E) abandoning North American claims in the new world.

49. The new ministry of Lord North arranged a compromise in early 1770 by: (A) repealing all of the Townshend duties but leaving rest in North American ports (B) repealing all of the Town shend# duties but troops in Boston only (C) repealing the Townshend duties except for the tax on tea (D) removing all troops from North American seaports and cutting the Townshend duties in half.

50. Lord North's ministry reacted to the resolves of the First Continental Congress by: (A) adopting William Pitt's policy of conciliating the colonies by recognizing the Congress in exchange for acknowledgment of Parliament's supremacy (B) ordering a blockade of the ports of Boston and New York (C) sending commissioners to North America to negotiate a settlement (D) devising a bilateral policy with the Dutch to takeover English shipping (E) directing the military to suppress dissent in Massachusetts.

51. During the war, among the most demoralizing blow to Washington's personal morale came when (A) American forces lost the Battle of Cowpens (B) General Benedict Arnold defected to the British (C) the French commander Rochambeau insisted on a joint offensive in Virginia (D) the Continental dollar became worthless. (E) the failure of George Rogers Clark in the western part of Ohio.

52. The American revolution generation proved most universally sensitive to individual rights issues concerning (A) private property (B) free speech (C) slavery (D) voting (E) public education.

53. The concept of "republican motherhood" included all of the following except: (A) voting (B) political education of the young (C) participation in civic activities (D) protectors of virtue (E) protection of social and moral values.

54. "In every human breast God had implanted a principle, which we call love of freedom; it is impatient of Oppress, and pants for Deliverance..." These eloquent lines urging the emancipation of the slaves during the revolution were authored by (A) Patrick Henry (B) Philips Whitely (C) Mercy Otis Warren (D) Abigail Adams (E) Martha Jefferson.

61. The American Revolution (A) caused a revolutionary change in the entire social structure (B) brought about no significant economic changes (C) guaranteed equality for the new states (D) was accelerated evolution (E) brought about a complete political overturn.

64. The author of the radical pamphlet, Common Sense, (A) agitated for independence and republicanism (B) was Ben Franklin, writing under a psydonumym (C) urged patriots to carry out the revolution of the common people (D) urged patriotsto restore harmony to the British colonies (E) appealed to France to abandon its claims to Canada.

65. To finance the War, the American Congress took action to (A) issue paper money (B) levy taxes on colonial population (C) rely on the money from France and Holland (D) borrow money from wealthy American merchants and planters (E) sell western lands.

66. In civilian life during the Revolution and Confederation (A) most artisans submitted to government regulation of prices (B) most merchants accepted the "notion" of the just price (C) most farmers grumbled at laws of regulation (D) self-interest tended to triumph over republican virtue (E) most urban dwellers bore the brunt of taxation.

67. Which of the following men did not recommend a bicameral legislature to the Philadelphia Convention? (A) James Madison (B) Alexander Hamilton (C) William Patterson (D) John Adams (E) Charles Pi Pinckney.

99. During the Revolution it was customary from women to: (A) maintain their traditional roles (B) weave cloth for tailors to fashion clothing for the soldiers (C) assume the responsibility for farm production (D) look out for their own interests (E) make slow but significant gains that took a century longer to achieve.

17. Which of the following characterizes the way in which the colonists' reaction to the Stamp Act of 1764 differed from their reaction to the Sugar Act of 1763? (A) The colonists accepted the validity of the Sugar Act, but not the Stamp Act. (B) The colonists objected more strenuously to the Sugar Act because it included a prohibition against slavery. (C) Opponents of the Sugar Act included British troops and Native Americans; only settlers opposed the Stamp Act. (D) Opposition to the Stamp Act was better organized and more widely supported in the colonies. (E) Protests against the Sugar Act were often violent; Stamp Act protests adhered to the principle of non-violent civil disobedience.

37. Which of the following best characterizes the purpose of English mercantilist policy in the colonies? (A) develop the colonies' industrial base (B) exploit colonial resources for the benefit of England (C) foster democracy and self government in the New World (D) establish British military bases in the New World (E) create a new nation to which those who were persecuted at home, such as the Puritans, could be sent.

11. The Sugar Act of 1764 represented a major shift in British policy toward the colonies in that, for the first time, the British (A) allowed all proceeds from a tax to stay in the colonial economy (B) attempted to control colonial exports (C) offered the colonists the opportunity to address Parliament with grievances (D) required the colonies to import English goods exclusively (E) levied taxes aimed at raising revenue rather than regulating trade.

30. Which of the following states the principle of "virtual representation," as it was argued during the eighteenth century? (A) Paper money has value even though it is inherently worth very little. (B) Slave populations must be counted when figuring Congressional apportionment, even though slaves may not vote. (C) American property-

holding colonists may, if they so desire, join their state legislatures. (D) All English subjects, including those who are not allowed to vote, are represented in Parliament. (E) All English subjects are entitled to a trial before a jury of their peers.

60. Which of the following statements about the Stamp Act is not true? (A) Because it most affected lawyers and writers, the Stamp Act fostered a particularly eloquent opposition to the Crown. (B) Colonial legislatures sent letters of protest to Parliament threatening secession from England if the Stamp Act was not repealed. (C) Opposition to the Stamp Act built upon colonial resentment of the Sugar and Currency Acts. (D) Among the colonists' reactions to the Stamp Act was an effective boycott of British goods. (E) According to the Stamp Act, those who violated the law were not entitled to a jury trial.

149. The tribes of the Iroquois Confederation were distinctive in that they (A) were less militant than other Native American tribe (B) all allied themselves with the American colonists against Great Britain during the Revolutionary War (C) successfully resisted incorporation into the English fur-trading system (D) were converted to Anglicanis (E) comprised the most important Native American political organization to ever confront the colonists.

150. Of the following, which colony would place the highest priority upon public funding of education? (A) Pennsylvania (B) Massachuset (C) Virginia (D) Georgia (E) Rhode Island.

APUSH Test Colonial and Revolutionary Periods

1. Which of the following colonial powers exercised the LEAST amount of control over the commercial and political practices in their colonies? (A) Portugal (B) The Netherlands (C) Great Britain (D) France (E) Spain.

2. Most of the thirteen original colonies: (A) started as proprietary colonies and became royal colonies by the 1750's (B) were within their first twenty years successful in terms of their original plans (C) started as charter colonies and became royal colonies by the 1750's (D) were formed as royal colonies (E) purchased their charters from their proprietors.

3. Which of the following statements concerning the British colonial system prior to 1763 is NOT true. (A) The colonial system was a secondary concern to Great Britain. British political attention focused more on the many changes within the British government from 1603 to the 1760's (B) The struggle of the British House of Commons for increased power provided a model for the lower houses of the colonial assemblies (C) The emergence of a two-party system in British politics encouraged the acceptance of the concept of outspoken opposition to the government (D) Responsibility for governing and controlling the colonies rested clearly and completely in one part of the British government - the Board of Trade (E) India was considered to be a more valuable colony than all the North American colonies.

4. The historian investigating the origins of slavery in the colonial period encounters little documentary evidence to establish the dates when the two essentials of slavery - lifetime service and inherited status - first appeared. Even less information provides clues to why black slavery was established. Which of the following has NOT been advanced as an explanation for the development of slavery in colonial America? (A) Need for labor (B) inability of Indians to serve as a labor source (C) black slavery in Great Britain to serve as an example (D) prejudice towards blacks (E) heathen status of blacks.

5. The Quakers believed in: (A) the inner light (B) the peaceful settlement of issues (C) the equality of each person (D) endogamy (E) all of the above.

6. Which colony was begun as a buffer against Spain? (A) Maryland (B) Carolina (C) Nova Scotia (D) Plymouth (E) Georgia.

7. The high wages enjoyed by colonial workers were primarily caused by: (A) little competition from English craftsmen (B) monopolies granted by town councils (C) restrictions of the guild system (D) existence of so much land (E) laws against manufacturing.

8. The majority of people came to America in the colonial period for which of the following reasons? (A) to seek economic gain (B) to seek religious freedom (C) to avoid involvement in European wars (D) to gain political rights (E) to pursue the cultural arts.

9. In the 1790's Virginia exported 130,000,000 pounds per year. In 1775, 165,000 barrels of another product passed through Charleston and Savannah. New England exported 2,700,000 gallons of its chief product in 1775. These three exports are, respectively, (A) cotton, indigo, and fish (B) tobacco, naval stores, and fish (C) cotton, tobacco and rum (D) tobacco, rice and rum (E) tobacco, naval stores, and rum.

10. Mercantilism is best defined as a system which: (A) calls for direct trade between colonies and foreign countries (B) calls for the leasing of foreign vessels for trade (C) seeks to establish financial self sufficiency within the Empire (D) encourages foreign imports (E) encourages free trade.

11. The British considered the Sugar Act of 1764 to be an improvement over the Molasses Act of 1733 because: (A) the tax rate was reduced (B) a determined effort was made to collect the new tax (C) the price of molasses was reduced, stimulating the the rum trade (D) the earlier act was part of the mercantilist philosophy (E) colonial sugar was cheaper.

12. Their thinking was dominated by the word covenant, one a covenant between God and the church, and the other between the governed and the government. Who is described? (A) Maryland Catholics (B) Baptists in Rhode Island (C) Pilgrims in Plymouth (D) Puritans in Massachusetts (E) Quakers in Pennsylvania.

13. The British Parliament enacted which of the following to enforce mercantilist theories? (A) Half-Way Covenant, 1662; Woolens Act, 1699; Hat Act, 1732 (B) Navigation Act, 1651; Enumerated Commodities Act, 1660; Staple Act 1663 (C) The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, 1638; Act of Toleration, 1649; Navigation Act, 1651; (D) Iron Act, 1750; Sugar Act,1764; Stamp Act, 1765 (E) Stamp Act, 1765; Quebec Act, 1774; Olive Branch Petition, 1775.

14. ".... it is furth' ordered, yet where any towne shall increase ye number to 100 families or householders, they shall set up a grammar schoole..." were words found in the (A) Massachusetts School Law of 1647 (B) Virginia School Law of 1638 (C) Massachusetts School Law of 1642(D) Maryland School Law of 1649 (E) North Carolina School Law of 1685..15. In the colonial period, westward settlement in the Mohawk River valley was: (A) blocked by the Iroquois Confederacy (B) stopped by the Appalachian Mountains (C) stimulated by the Erie Canal (D) encouraged by the Northwest Ordinance (E) accomplished by the Scotch-Irish settlers.

16. The existence of the New World offered an opportunity of the Europeans to start a society free from the mistakes inherited from the past. One of the themes of colonial history is unfortunately the extent to which the American environment forced changes in careful European plans. Which of the following pairs of colonies most clearly exemplify the extent to which American conditions changed the original plans of the colony's founders? (A) Connecticut and New Jersey (B) Massachusetts and Connecticut (C) Pennsylvania and Massachusetts (D) Georgia and the Carolinas (E) Virginia and Pennsylvania.

17. There wasn't one but two colonial Souths: the Chesapeake society and the Carolina society. In four of the following respects these two Souths were alike. In which were they different?(A) the percentage of black slaves (B) the existence of towns as a focal point for social life (C) the existence of indentured servants (D) their fears of a slave revolt (E) their dependence on export crops.

18. Which of the following ideas is NOT found in the preamble to the Declaration of Independence? (A) Governments exist to protect their citizens inalienable rights (B) When a government is oppressive the people have a right to revolt (C) The government is the servant of the people, not their master (D) Governments are founded on the popular consent of the governed (E) Governments exist to give all people an equal opportunity to share in the wealth of the nation.

19. "Haste and escape for your lives, look not behind you, escape to the mountain, lest you be consumed" was an admonition delivered by (A) Jonathan Edwards (B) Thomas Jefferson (C) John Adams (D) William Bradford (E) Ben Franklin.

20. More than any other, this colony was the lengthened shadow of one man. He offered easy land terms of 50 free acres; laid out his principle city in checkerboard fashion to prevent a disaster similar to the Great Fire of London; and offered a sincere trust in humanity and religious freedom in his "Holy Experiment." Who is described?

(A) New York - Peter Stuyvesant (B) Georgia - James Oglethorpe(C) Pennsylvania - William Penn (D) Maryland - Lord Baltimore(E) Massachusetts Bay - John Winthrop

21. Established churches (tax-supported) existed in all of the colonies EXCEPT (A) New Jersey and Massachusetts (B) Pennsylvania and Rhode Island (C) Virginia and South Carolina (D) Maryland and Pennsylvania (E) New York and Rhode Island.

22. Which of the following statements concerning Mercantilism is accurate? (A) Laissez-faire was a basic concept in Mercantilism (B) Mercantilism seriously retarded the development of a wide range of colonial industries (C) Americans were economically hurt by the laws requiring all imperial trade to be carried in British ships manned by British sailors (D) The British government controlled and directed economic activities to benefit the national state more than the colonies or individual British citizens (E) A nation increased its national wealth by importing more goods than it exported.

23. The Mayflower Compact is significant in American political thought because: (A) in it the people regard themselves as the source of political power (B) in it the people agreed to be bound by the will of the majority (C) it was copied for the Massachusetts Bay Charter (D) in it the church and state are separated (E) in it were provisions guaranteeing civil rights for women.

24. A historian compared the tax lists for the years 1687 and 1771. What changes do you think he found in the Boston of 1771 compared to the Boston of 1687? (A) an increase in the number of indentured servants entering Boston (B) a decline in the number of people considered poor and propertyless (C) a more stratified social structure (D) an economy controlled by large landowners rather than by merchants (E) a stable population with little geographical, occupational, economic, or generational mobility.

25. The Intolerable Acts, also called the Repressive Acts, (A) closed all American ports until the tea from the Boston Tea Party was paid for (B) punished the colonists for the Stamp Act Congress (C) extended the Canadian border down to the Ohio River (D) led to the First Continental Congress (E) were in retaliation to the Boston Massacre

26. "Wonders of the Invisible World" reinforced: (A) theological inquiry (B) belief in witches (C) scientific study (D) religious revivalism

27. Quit rent is a (A) tax, not a rent (B) rent, not a tax (C) head tax (D) corollary to the Navigation Acts (E) method of determining eligible voters

28. Puritans believed in covenants between all of the following EXCEPT: (A) man and God (B) the church and the congregation (C) believers and nonbelievers (D) the church and the state (E) all of the above are covenants.

29. The Navigation Acts: (A) established the laws of the sea (B) were passed by the Massachusetts General Assembly (C) enforced the theory of Mercantilism (D) provided for the purchase of ships from foreign countries.

30. The most well-known triangle trade involved: (A) rum, slaves, molasses (B) rum, slaves, naval stores (C) naval stores, molasses, rum (D) slaves, tobacco, rum.

31. The Treaty of Paris of 1763 resulted in the: (A) drafting of the Articles of Confederation (B) French army's being removed from the West Indies (C) British making an alliance with France (D) French being driven out of North America (E) British giving up claims to Canada

32. The Navigation Acts did all of the following except: (A) offer the Dutch equality in trading tonnage with the colonies (B) introduce the entrepot principle (C) transport English goods on English ships (D) order the captain and a percentage of the crew to be English.

33. The Boston Tea Party led immediately to which of the following sequence of events: (A) the meeting of the Boston Tea Congress and the passage of the Coercive Acts (B) passage of the Intolerable Acts and the calling of the First Continental Congress (C) the meeting of the second Continental Congress and the writing of the Declaration of Independence (D) the passage of the East Indies Tea Act and the Intolerable Acts.

34. Americans were furious over the Proclamation Act of 1763 because they saw it as: (A) a means to give protection to the Indians (B) structuring the future legislatures of the colonies (C) a restriction of court sanctions in the colonies (D) a restriction of their expansion.

35. The east-west division in each colony centered around: (A) slavery (B) public support of education (C) regulation of firearms (D) protection against Indians and representation in the colonial assembly.

36. The Great Awakening in the 18th century was a(n): (A) movement for supporting public education (B) intellectual renaissance (C) industrial revolution (D) religious revival movement.

37. The basic genre (style) of colonial literature was: (A) sermons and religious tracts (B) literary criticism (C) novels and short stories (D)love poems and practical essays.

38. The Half-Way Covenant: (A) established a relationship with the Indians (B) provided for free trade with other countries (C) opened up membership in the Puritan Church (D) provided an outlet for sinners who professed their sins.

39. The two languages emphasized in colonial academic education were:(A) Latin and French (B) Latin and Greek (C) French and Greek (D) Latin and Spanish.

40. Parliament limited the manufacturing of all the following except: (A) hats (B) wool (C) iron (D) indigo (E) tobacco.

41. The first constitution in the colonies was the: (A) Mayflower Compact (B) Virginia Resolves (C) Toleration Act of 1649 (D) Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (E) Suffolk Resolves.

42. John Peter Zenger's trial established the principle that: (A) freedom of the press is unlimited (B) public officials are exempt from criticism (C) truth is a defense in a libel suit (D) first amendment rights are to be protected.

43. Though Jews were not numerous in colonial America, they were active in: (A) government affairs (B) fishing (C) trade and business (D) farming (E) hunting and furs.

44. Cotton Mather : (A) wrote an account of plant hybridization (B) explained Newtonian physics (C) collected specimens of bones and dried plants (D) did all of the above (E) did none of the above.

45. Since the governors' salaries were set by the colonial legislatures, they were usually: (A) generous (B) paid by the British exchequer (C) not paid at all (D) low and difficult to collect (E) paid only when the legislatures were forced by the King .

46. In the early colonial period a "Separatist" was defined as a person: (A) who left England to seek economic gain in the New World (B) who wished to break away from the impure Church of England (C) who left the Massachusetts Bay colony for religious freedom in Rhode Island (D) who earned his freedom after working for another person for four to seven years (E) who had served his apprenticeship.

47. French, English, and Spanish colonies in North America were most similar in that they all: (A) were founded and developed by private enterprise (B) were permitted representative legislative assemblies (C) were subject to mercantilist policies (D) provided a haven for victims of religious persecution (E) discouraged the introduction of feudalistic landholding systems.

48. He discovered that tobacco could be grown profitably. Who was he? (A) William Bradford (B) John Mason (C) John Rolfe (D) John Smith (E) Roger Williams.

49. Which of the following was NOT a reason for the settlement of Georgia: (A) as a buffer against Spanish Florida (B) as a way for debtors to be released from prison (C) as an experiment in social and political living; that is, planting certain crops and not allowing certain things to take place. (D) as a religious refuge for Quakers.

50. New York: (A) was the best advertised of all the colonies (B) was designed as a Quaker refuge (C) was originally founded by the Dutch (D) made major contributions to political democracy and religious tolerance.

51. How did the Puritans treat other groups who settled in the Massachusetts Bay colony? (A) although persecuted themselves, the Puritans accepted other Protestants, but not Roman Catholics or Quakers. (B) The Puritans did not accept other groups into the colony, even after being persecuted themselves in England. (C) The Puritans accepted and converted Native Americans who lived in the area. (D) The Puritans accepted French Huguenots at first, but later forced them to leave.

52. What major contribution did West Africans bring to South Carolina colonists? (A) tobacco cultivation (B) organized slave auctions (C) rice cultivation (D) Gullah language and culture (E) the use of vaccines for diseases.

53. Which cash crop did Native Americans teach the English to grow? (A) alfalfa (B) corn (C) cotton (D) tobacco (E) wheat.

54. Various racial, ethnic, and religious groups contributed to diversity in the development of American culture in all of the following ways EXCEPT which one? (A) The English brought the concept of social contract between those in power and the people they governed (B) Africans introduced new foodstuffs, traditional music, and rituals to the South (C) Native Americans contributed the concept of subduing the Earth and clearcutting the forest (D) The Quakers introduced the idea of religious freedom to the colonies.

55. Slave labor dominated the rice plantations of what colony to such a degree that by 1730 its population was mostly black? (A) Virginia (B) Maryland (C) South Carolina (D) North Carolina (E) Massachusetts.

56. Other than the search for religious freedom, colonists came to America PRIMARILY to do which of the following? (A) enhance Britain’s status as a colonial empire (B) establish new markets for Old World goods. (C) gain wealth through the sale of New World goods (D) provide support for merchant ships.

57. Quakers were Protestant reformers who believed which of the following? (A) that citizens had a duty to fight for their homeland (B) that men and women were equal in the eyes of God (C) that all colonist should pay taxes to Great Britain] (D) that church ceremonies should be conducted by ministers.

58. The population of Virginia and Maryland spread out on farms and plantations near rivers because of what occupation? (A) tobacco farming (B) shipbuilding (C) fishing (D) fur trading.

59. Which colonies would most likely have had staple crops and large plantations? (A) New York and Virginia (B) Maryland and South Carolina (C) New Jersey and North Carolina (D) Rhode Island and Georgia.

60. For which “condition of settlement” was the the Jamestown colony least successful? (A) settling upstream on a major river that flows from the northwest (B) not having an Indian settlement between it and the coast (C) having fertile soil (D) being healthful (E) being able to shoot a musket from riverbank to riverbank.

61. The term meaning a “written plan of government” is (A) charter (B) compact (C) constitution (D) proprietor.

62. The English colony farthest south is named for him. Who is he? (A) Charles II (B) George I (C) George II (D) James I (E) James II.

63. The “City of Brotherly Love” is (A) Boston (B) Jamestown (C) Philadelphia (D) Providence.

64. Religious freedom attracted Anne Hutchinson to this colony. Which was it? (A) Connecticut (B) Delaware (C) Georgia (D) Pennsylvania (E) Rhode Island.

65. This colony wrote the first “Toleration Act” for all Christians. Which was it?(A) Delaware (B) Maryland (C) Massachusetts (D) Rhode Island (E) Virginia.

66. This country sent colonists that brought over the log cabin. Which is it? (A) England (B) France (C) Holland (D) Portugal (E) Sweden.

67. Many of the early explorers were looking for a path through the New World. What was this path called? (A) Interstate 40 (B) the Southwest Corridor (C) the Erie Canal (D) The Orient Express (E) the Northwest Passage.

1. Which of the following is an accurate statement about colonial society in the mid-18th Century? (A) married women were responsible for managing the farms (B) the largest city at 1750 already had 50,000 people (C) married women normally owned businesses (D) the vast majority of families lived in rural areas (E) newspapers were not generally available to urban or rural populations.

2 An educational profile of the population of British North America in the 18th Century would reveal that (A) most colonists could read and write (B) most children under the age of 16 were educated in public schools (C) the vast majority of colonists could neither read nor write (D) most adult females could read and write (E) well over half of adult men could read and write.

3. In his late 18th Century book, Letters From An American Farmer, Hector St. John de Crevecoeur describes (A) the industrial innovations of Americans (B) the identity of

Americans (C) the military effects of the Revolutionary War (D) his negotiations with General Washington (E) his experiences as a French envoy to America.

4. In 1733, the government of New York imprisoned John Peter Zenger on charges that he (A) supported squatters who claimed the right to vacant land (B) publicly criticized the government of New York (C) participated in the activities of the Sons of Liberty (D) fomented Iroquois activity in upstate New York (E) encouraged the Stono Rebellion.

5. The Great Awakening which swept the colonies from the 1730's through the 1770's is best described as an example of (A) religious revivalism (B) political democracy (C) a crusade for public education (D) economic populism (E) a tax rebellion.

6. During the mid-I8th Century, all of the following crises challenged the political status of the colonies except (A) the Stono Rebellion in South Carolina (B) a slave revolt in New York City (C) land riots along the Hudson River (D) the Regulator Movement in the Carolinas (E) the Pequot War in New England.

7. During the 1760's, political friction increased between the colonies and the British government because the colonies generally believed that (A) Parliament had no right to tax them (B) the principle of virtual representation was valid (C) the British could tax the colonists only with their consent (D) only the king had the right to tax the colonies (E) the government of George III was illegitimate.

8. "Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise." The above quotation from the 18th Century reflects a contemporary attitude of (A) pragmatism (B) utopian socialism (C) mercantilism (D) Puritanism (E) evangelism.

9. In the decade following the end of the Seven Years War, one of the major challenges to political leaders in the British North American colonies was to (A) integrate Indians into the mainstream of colonial society (B) guarantee religious toleration (C) find ways to let the colonies control internal affairs while remaining subject to the British empire (D) find new ways to tax the colonies for local projects (E) integrate a growing population of freed blacks into colonial society.

10. To Britain's Parliament?, the Townshend Acts of 1767 appeared to be similar to the Navigation Acts. To many colonists, however, the Townshend Acts were unacceptable because they (A) affected all colonists equally (B) included a quartering act (C) were enacted by Parliament and not the king (D) contradicted the theory of mercantilism (E) raised money to pay for royal officials stationed in the colonies.

11. One of the most important long-term political activities of the Daughters of Liberty was (A) throwing chests of tea into Boston Harbor (B) spinning their own cloth (C) reading aloud at public houses and taverns (D) lobbying for women's right to vote (E) carrying weapons of self defense.

12. Parliament enacted the Tea Act of 1773 primarily to (A) promote a new product on the American market (B) raise large sums of money through taxes (C) sell tea only at government approved tea houses (D) save the East India Company from bankruptcy (E) reward American merchants.

13. "The Declaration of Rights and Grievances" enacted by the First Continental Congress was written in direct response to the (A) Stamp Act (B) Intolerable Acts (C) Navigation Acts (D) Declaration of Independence (E) Dominion of New England.

14. The American treaty with France in 1778 brought all of the following benefits to the American cause during the Revolutionary War except (A) France openly aided the Americans (B) France sent troops and naval vessels to America (C) the British had to fight the French in the West Indies (D) Spain entered the war as an ally of the United States (E) Spain was an ally of France.

15. Americans benefited greatly from the 1783 Treaty of Paris between the United States and Britain essentially because (A) trade disputes with Canada were resolved (B) the western border of the U.S. was the Rocky Mountains (C) Britain's Indian allies also signed the treaty (D) the United States was granted independence unconditionally (E) Florida became a U.S. territory.

16. In 1789, when Massachusetts required towns to offer their citizens free public education, the state also stipulated that (A) elementary schools had to be open to girls and boys (B) education had to be offered through the high school level (C) vocational education was offered along with classical languages (D) schools must teach classes in Latin (E) experiential education was to be part of the curriculum.

17. In 1776, when Abigail Adams implored her husband, John Adams, to "Remember the Ladies" as he created a new government, she argued that (A) women would not feel bound to support the laws of a government in which they had no actual representation (B) women and men should be equally represented at the Constitutional Convention (C) women should be allowed to hold public office (D) women should be given the right to vote (E) the Declaration of Independence should read "all men and women are created equal."

18. Which of the following is an accurate statement about the status of African-Americans in the United States during the two decades following the Revolutionary War? (A) no northern states abolished slavery (B) several southern state abolished slavery (C) most northern states emancipated slaves immediately (D) half of the black population was free (E) Boston and Philadelphia were considered the most hospitable cities by free blacks.

19. In the 1770's, the chief aim of those who wrote the new state constitutions was to (A) prevent state governments from becoming tyrannical (B) award governors sufficient power to control the legislatures (C) keep the states financially solvent (D) facilitate trade with Britain and France (E) deter republican reforms.

20. The United States under the Articles of Confederation was called a "firm league of friendship" because (A) relations among the states were truly harmonious (B) there were no outstanding disagreements among the states (C) the national government was not given the authority to demand that states act together (D) the Articles of Confederation Congress sought friendship with Britain (E) the United States joined an international coalition of states pledged to outlaw war.

22. All of the following were problems encountered by the government of the Articles of Confederation except (A) inflation (B) Spain's presence on the southern and western borders (C) Britain's closure of the West Indies to American trade (D) excessive centralization of power in the Congress (E) Britain's maintenance of forts along the Great Lakes.

23. The rebellion of Daniel Shays in 1786 grew out of a need to (A) prevent the collection of taxes (B) support the Constitution (C) promote the passage of the Bill of Rights (D) stop the collection of the stamp tax (E) criticize King George.

24. In 1795 the Treaty of Greenville between the United States and the Miami Confederacy established the principle that (A) citizens of the U.S. could settle anywhere in the Northwest Territory (B) the U.S. government should continue to acquire Indian lands (C) Indian tribes had sovereignty over lands not formally ceded to the U.S. (D) Indian tribes held sovereignty over the entire Northwest Territory (E) New York state would begin to purchase land from the Iroquois nation

25. The question whether to count slaves for the purpose of allocating representatives to each state under the Constitution was resolved with the decision that (A) three-fifths of the slaves would be counted (B) all of the slaves would be counted (C) no slaves would be counted (D) one-half of the slaves would be counted (E) two-thirds of the slaves would be counted.

1. The Great Awakening was a reaction to (A) the flood of immigrants (B) established churches in many of the colonies (C) churches' earlier failure to take account of people's emotional needs (D) guilt over the evils of slavery (E) the overly strict teachings of the Church of England.

2. Preachers of the Great Awakening focused on the importance of (A) the consequences of leading a sinful life (B) the sovereignty and power of God (C) repenting of one's sins in order to be saved from eternal damnation (D) looking to the Bible as the final source of authority (E) all of the above.

3. The Great Awakening had all of the following consequences except (A) reduced competition among Protestant sects (B) decline in the authority of Protestant ministers (C) a belief that common people could make their own decisions (D) increased emotionalism in church services (E) a feeling of shared experience among colonists in different regions and of different national origins.

4. Which of the following is true of immigration to the colonies during the first half of the 18th century? (A) Most immigrants settled in New England. (B) Most immigrants came from continental Europe. (C) A sizable minority of immigrants had no freedom of choice in coming to the colonies. (D) The English government tried to discourage immigration. (E) Most immigrants worked for low wages in cities along the eastern seaboard.

5. In the 18th century, all of the following were generally true about colonial society in America except (A) The English language and English traditions were dominant. (B) There were few poor people and no real aristocrats. (C) Voters played an active role in government. (D) It was impossible for individuals to better themselves economically or socially. (E) A degree of religious toleration could be found in each colony.

6. At his trial, John Peter Zenger won acquittal on the grounds that (A) the king had less authority in the colonies than in England (B) English law permitted the press almost total freedom (C) libel laws did not apply to government officials (D) New York's governor deserved to be criticized (E) truth could not be libel.

7. Which of the following did the colonies lack? (A) an adequate monetary system (B) good harbors and rivers for transportation (C) the ability to import goods from England (D) an adequate supply of slave labor (E) sufficient markets for colonial timber and naval stores.

8. Which of the following statements accurately describes the governments of all 13 colonies in the mid-l8th century? (A) The governor was appointed by the king. (B) Members of the governor's council were elected. (C) The government assisted an established church. (D) One house of the legislature was elected by eligible voters. (E) The governor had nearly dictatorial power.

9. "Benjamin Franklin was the epitome of the multitalented colonial American." Each of the following could be used to support this statement except (A) experiments with electricity (B) Poor Richard's Almanac (C) military leadership (D) invention of bifocal lenses (E) founding of a nonsectarian college.

10. Which of the following best represents the "new man" described by Jean de Crevecocur? (A) an indentured servant recently arrived from France (B) a native-born Pennsylvania merchant (C) an adult slave on a South Carolina plantation (D) a German-speaking farmer on the frontier (E) a royal governor of Virginia.

1. Which of the following does not express a British criticism of the colonies in 1763? (A) Samuel Adams and other colonial leaders organized opposition to British authority. (B) Many colonists showed disloyalty by failing to support the war effort. (C) The colonial militia was badly trained. (D) Although the colonies benefited from the British victory, they failed to pay their fair share of war costs. (E) The Virginians under George Washington disobeyed orders in attacking a French fort.

2. After the French and Indian War, the British government tried to make Americans pay for British protection in the colonies. Each of the following supports this statement except the (A) Stamp Act (B) Sugar Act (C) Quartering Act (D) Townshend Acts (E) Quebec Act.

3. Pontiac's Rebellion was a reaction to (A) the building of Fort Duquesne (B) the westward movement of English settlers (C) French control of the fur trade (D) the Proclamation of 1763 (E) the outbreak of the French and Indian War.

4. Which of the following was not a consequence of the Stamp Act? (A) Delegates from different colonies held a protest meeting in New York. (B) The Sons of Liberty threatened tax officials. (C) Colonial war debts were paid. (D) Colonists boycotted British goods. (E) London merchant(s suffered from a reduction in trade.

5. John Dickinson defended the idea of no taxation without representation by arguing that (A) colonists owed no loyalty to the king (B) Parliament could not regulate trade (C) colonists were too poor to be taxed (D) to tax people without their consent violated English law (E) colonists did not have to submit to British authority.

6. The Townshend Acts provoked all of the following colonial reactions except (A) the Massachusetts Circular Letter (B) John Dickinson's Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania (C) the Stamp Act Congress (D) colonial boycotts of British goods (E) the Gaspee incident.

7. The Boston Tea Party had which of the following causes? (A) the Boston Massacre (B) Parliament's efforts to improve the profits of the British East India Company (C) the Intolerable Acts (D) the arguments of the committees of correspondence (E) the imperial policies of Lord Grenville.

8. Which of the following sources would be most useful in studying the philosophical foundations of the American Revolution? (A) John Dickinson's Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania (B) Benjamin Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanac (C) John Locke's Two Treatises on Government (D) Jonathan Edwards' Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God (E) the Albany Plan of Union.

9. Enlightenment philosophers believed in all of the following ideas except (A) People have the right to revolt against tyranny. (B) People have rights simply because they are human. (C) Sovereignty resides with the people. (D) A fundamental purpose of government is to protect people's rights. (E) God is the primary authority for government.

10. Which of the following is a correct statement about the American colonies in the 1770s before the outbreak of the Revolutionary War? (A) Except for a few radicals, Americans generally accepted the policies of George III's ministers. (B) Most Americans resisted the British government's efforts to impose new taxes. (C) France encouraged the

British colonies to revolt. (D) Colonial boycotts failed to have an effect on British policy. (E) The 13 colonies had developed a single policy for dealing with Parliament.

1. Which of the following sources would be most useful in researching a paper entitled "Arguments for Independence, 1776"? (A) John Dickinson's Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania (B) the Olive Branch Petition (C) John Locke's Two Treatises on Government (D) Treaty of Paris (1783) (E) Thomas Paine's Common Sense.

2. The Battle of Saratoga had all of the following consequences except (A) encouraged the British to grant most of the American demands (B) persuaded the French to form an alliance with the United States (C) defeated a British attempt to isolate New England from the other colonies (D) gave a boost to American morale (E) caused the British to adopt a different military strategy.

3. The First Continental Congress was a reaction to (A) the Declaratory Act (B) fighting at Lexington and Concord (C) passage of the Intolerable Acts (D) the Boston Massacre (E) the British tax on tea.

4. In his pamphlet Common Sense., Thomas Paine defended the idea of American independence on the grounds that (A) all men are created equal (B) Parliament was dictatorial (C) people should not pledge allegiance to a king and a corrupt government (D) democratic government of, by, and for the people was the only type based on natural law and reason (E) liberty belongs to those who fight for it.

5. As a result of the Treaty of Paris, the United States gained all of the following except (A) fishing rights off the coast of Canada (B) British recognition of U.S. independence (C) a western boundary on the Mississippi River (D) the territory of Florida (E) a peaceful settlement of the Revolutionary War.

6. Which of the following most accurately describes those Americans who fought on the British side in the American Revolution? (A) They came from all groups and classes. (B) They were a majority of the population. (C) They were most numerous in New England. (D) They were generally identified with the Whig party in England. (E) They were motivated by a desire for financial gain.

7. Which of the following most accurately describes the change in American public opinion between January 1774 and July 1776? (A) It changed from a desire for reconciliation to a decision for independence. (B) Most people favored independence in 1774 but were willing to fight for it only after the Declaration of Independence. (C) Loyalists were in the majority both in 1774 and 1776. (D) By the summer of 1776, only a relatively small number of Americans expressed support for the king's government. (E) Military support from France encouraged American Patriots.

8. Statement: "The Articles of Confederation succeeded in guiding the United States through its first decade." Each of the following actions supports this statement except (A)

Congress regulated interstate trade. (B) Congress enacted the Land Ordinance of 1785. (C) Congress enacted the Northwest Ordinance. (D) The U.S. government signed a favorable treaty of peace. (E) The U.S. government conducted the war effort that resulted in American independence.

9. Statement: "The new state constitutions enacted during the Revolutionary War reflect the Patriots' emphasis on individual liberty." Each of the following actions supports this statement except (A) starting each constitution with a bill of rights (B) providing for separation of powers to limit abuses (C) submitting proposed constitutions to the people for ratification (D) the absence of any provision for the abolition of slavery (E) providing for separation of church and state.

10. Which of the following is a correct statement about the United States at the end of the Revolutionary War? (A) The central government was stronger than any state government. (B) Women received greater political rights. (C) Aristocratic privileges were reduced or eliminated. (D) Slavery was unchallenged. (E) Every state adopted the idea of separation of church and state.

34. Under the Navigation Acts, the enumerated articles were (A) goods that could be freely shipped anywhere (B) regulated by colonial governors (C) goods needed but not made in Great Britain (D) taxed more heavily than other items (E) made solely in the West Indies.

35. According to the Olive Branch petition, the colonies (A) declared their independence from Britain (B) declared their loyalty to Charles II (C) demanded the immediate removal of British troops (D) accepted the Stamp Act if they could elect members of Parliament (E) remained loyal to King George III.

30. The Stamp Act Congress was a key step because it (A) demonstrated the independence of the colonies (B) marked an important step toward colonial unity (C) repealed the Stamp Act (D) led directly to the First Continental Congress (E) failed to persuade Parliament of colonial discontent.

2. In their Declaration of Independence, patriots cited all of the following actions as violations of their rights by the British Crown EXCEPT: (A) favoritism granted to the Anglican Church constituted violation of their religious freedoms (B) George Ill had transgressed the natural rights of the colonials (C) trial by jury had been denied colonial defendants (D) military power had been placed over civilian authority by royal actions (E) the Crown had violated the compact theory of government.

6. The Stamp Act Crisis was important to the coming of the American Revolution for all of the following reasons EXCEPT? (A) colonists demonstrated their willingness to use violence (B) crisis coincided with Britain's decision to place troops in the colonies

(C) patriots realize revolution against the Crown was unavoidable (D) Britain maintained that colonies must yield to Parliamentary authority (E) patriots claimed that the Stamp Act violated their British birthrights

9. In the 1770s the American rebel government sought diplomatic recognition from foreign powers for which reason? (A) encourage foreign officers such as Lafayette to join the rebel fight (B) propaganda ploy to rally the thirteen colonies to a common cause (C) to establish legality of national sovereignty (D) to embarrass the British Crown and goad the Parliament (E) to facilitate the purchase of arms and the borrowing of money

10. The principal reason for Shay's Rebellion in 1786 was: (A) foreclosures on indebted farmers' lands (B) loyalist revolt to restore British rule (C) slave rebellion against white masters (D) protest against dictatorial authority of the Articles government (E) refusal of Massachusetts assembly to expand suffrage rights

14 . All of the following descriptions or comments concerning "salutary neglect" are true EXCEPT? (A) costly wars with France and debt brought an end to salutary neglect (B) colonists had developed smuggling to a fine art to avoid navigation acts (C) British colonial officials effectively stopped illegal foreign trade after 1763 (D) colonies evolved their political institutions free of real control by Britain (E) domestic unrest in Great Britain made the Navigation Acts unenforceable.

15. Which of the following accurately describes violence exhibited in all of the following events - Bacon's Rebellion, Boston Tea Party, Shay's Rebellion, Whiskey Rebellion? (A) tended to produce no deaths or property destruction (B) resulted from foreign intervention in internal U.S. affairs (C) violence like these events subsided significantly after the American Revolution (D) was directed against "outsiders" or distant authority figures (E) occurred most often in urban population centers.

17. The Land Ordinance of 1785 provided which of the following benefits to the new American nation? (A) promoted the plantation system by requiring that land must be purchased in the Old Northwest territory in units no smaller than 1,000 acres (B) required public control of waterways to insure easy access to transportation for farmers and townspeople (C) appropriated funding for territorial land-grant colleges which would provide free access to the latest agricultural research for small land-owning farmers (D) set aside land in the new territories for use as reservations for the Native Americans (Indians) who had formerly controlled the region (E) avoided land disputes by providing proper surveys, mapping, and issue of clear property titles to settlers entering the new lands of the Old Northwest Territory.

18. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE concerning the powers, duties, and authority of Congress under the terms of the Articles of Confederation:

(A) it was specifically designed to be weak (B) Congress possessed no control over public land policy (C) the power to regulate commerce was denied to the national government (D) it possessed no tax-collecting authority (E) its limitations reflected the attitudes of states' rights advocates

19. The major issue which delayed ratification of the Articles of Confederation by the various states until a compromise was proposed and accepted was: (A) method of taxation (B) tariff policies and rates (C) control of monetary policy and currency (D) disposal of western lands (E) drawing of state boundaries

20. The events of the French and Indian War, the Treaty of 1763, and those changes which followed, tended to increase tensions between Britain and its North American colonials included all of the following EXCEPT: (A) colonists had engaged in illegal trade with French and Spanish colonies during the war (B) when colonials came together during the war, they recognized similarities which led them toward greater colonial unity (C) new, but temporary British Indian policies angered the colonials who interpreted this as a British attempt to limit expansion by the colonies (D) colonials resented the return to France at the end of the war of territories like Port Royal which had been captured with colonial blood and effort (E) snobbish treatment of colonial officers by the regular British military authorities led to tense resentment of the British

21. All of the following are valid grievances which drove the British American colonials into revolution against the Crown EXCEPT? (A) western frontier colonial settlers, especially in Pennsylvania, resented the restrictions placed by Parliament upon their production of whiskey, particularly the excise tax which raised the price of their products (B) single-crop planters objected to the requirement that they sell their tobacco to British middlemen who then extracted the lion's share of the profit in resale to the rest of Europe (C) New England colonials resented the preferential treatment given by Parliament to the southern colonies along with the restrictions placed upon their own manufactured products and commerce (D) southerners resented the huge debts they had built up with British bankers and merchants, sometimes becoming hereditary and passing from one generation to the next (E) northern merchants who regularly engaged in smuggling resented stricter enforcement of the Navigation Acts, especially the stationing of British customs officials in northern ports.

24. Of the following measures by which American colonists responded to the irritations of the Stamp Act, which was the most effective in forcing the London

government to bow to colonial demands? (A) the Stamp Act Congress dispatched formal protests to both the Crown and Parliament demanding the law be repealed (B) violence was aimed by the Sons and Daughters of Liberty against British officials, particularly stamp tax collectors (C) colonists forged an intercolonial agreement to adopt nonimportation of all British goods (D) direct petitions to the King by colonial legislatures called the "olive branch petitions" (E) the British Crown backed down once colonists mustered their militia and threatened violent opposition.

30. Which of the following was Great Britain's justification for its continued occupation of a number of posts on United States soil despite the terms of the 1783 Treaty of Paris? (A) the United States lacked the military capability to maintain the posts (B) Great Britain needed a buffer zone between the United States and Canada (C) the United States had violated treaty clauses dealing with the restoration of Loyalist property (D) a diplomatic understanding with France and Spain permitted the British to stay (E) Great Britain had promised its ally, Tecumseh, to remain and protect his tribe from the Americans

39. Several of the following were considered weaknesses for New France in the struggles between France and Britain before 1763, but which characteristic was considered a strength? (A) population dispersed due to fur trapping economy (B) low percentage of young males in population (C) authoritarian~n government system (D) lacked agricultural self-sufficiency (E) British domination of the North Atlantic

40. The belief that men possess certain "natural rights" which no ruler or government may violate is directly attributable to rationalist philosophies taught by which of the following? (A) Calvinism (B) Great Awakening (C) Enlightenment (D) Renaissance (E) Transcendentalism

41. The importance of the victory of the American rebels at the Battle of Saratoga is best described by which of the following statements? (A) resulted in Cornwallis' surrender and British capitulation in North America (B) led to the French decision to ally with the American revolutionary cause (C) freed New York City from British domination (D) was a direct result of Benedict Arnold's failure at West Point (E) opened Canada to American invasion

50. When colonists protested the Stamp Act, passed by Parliament in 1765, with the cry "no taxation without representation," the responding argument of "virtual representation" was offered by which British Prime Minister? (A) William Pitt (B) Lord North (C) Adam Smith (D) Charles Townshend (E) George Grenville

51. The Quebec Act of 1774 was considered by the American colonists as one of the "Intolerable Acts" or the "Repressive Acts" for all of the following reasons EXCEPT? (A) trial by jury was not to be established in Quebec (B) the Catholic Church was recognized as the religion of the French citizens of Quebec (C) no representative assembly was to be granted to the citizens of Quebec (D) the people of Quebec were exempted from the Townshend Duties (E) Quebec's borders were extended down to the Ohio River, conflicting with the land claims of several of the colonies

52. The committee given the duty of writing the Declaration of Independence included Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and: (A) Thomas Paine (B) Patrick Henry (C) Thomas Jefferson (D) Richard Henry Lee (E) John Dickinson.

53. The wise choice of this individual as ambassador to the Court of Paris was important in securing an alliance with France in 1778. (A) Thomas Jefferson (B) John Jay (C) Benjamin Franklin (D) George Washington (E) John Quincy Adams

66. In the Declaratory Act of 1766 the British Parliament (A) declared the colonies in rebellion and authorized troops to pacify them (B) taxed colonies to maintain defensive troops in North America (C) weakly reasserted its power to legislate for the colonies (D) yielded to colonial demands for greater autonomy in their tax policies (E) leveled severe fines against colonies defying the Navigation Acts

70. Under the mercantile system, "enumerated goods" were: (A) special colonial products deemed so valuable to England that they were exempted from taxes (B) goods which colonials were forbidden to produce or to purchase from foreign markets to prevent competition with British manufacturers (C) colonial products which must be shipped only to English middlemen merchants who then would transship them to foreign markets with the lion's share of profits going to Britain

(D) certain types of lumber, ships' timbers and other forest products which comprised "naval stores" and were considered reserved for the exclusive of the Royal Navy and which brought payment of special "bounties" (E) goods reserved for production, use, and sale only in the American colonies, other British colonies forbidden to produce, use, or purchase such goods from overseas markets

71. The Proclamation of 1763: (A) was seen as a positive asset by American colonial land speculators (B) removed the Spanish and Indian menace from the colonial frontier (C) prohibited colonial settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains (D) declared war against Chief Pontiac and the Sac & Fox Indians (E) placed control of the entire length of the Mississippi in British hands

72. The general attitude of the American colonial public toward independence was heavily influenced toward the side of the radicals by the pamphlet entitled "Common Sense" written by: (A) Patrick Henry (B) Thomas Paine (C) Richard Henry Lee (D) Thomas Jefferson (E) James Madison

77. "There are combustibles in every state which a spark might set afire." This comment by Washington was a reference to what turning point event in United States history that affirmed the need for a new national government? (A) Nat Turner's Rebellion (D) Boston Massacre (B) Shay's Revolt (E) Whiskey Rebellion (C) Bacon Rebellion 10. One important cause of the Boston Tea Party was Britain's decision to (A) increase the tax on tea to an unprecedented level (B) establish admiralty courts to try offenders (C) dispatch British soldiers to enforce the tea tax (D) grant a monopoly of the American tea trade to one company (E) close Boston harbor.

11. The main purpose of the Continental Congress of 1774 was to (A) declare independence from Britain (B) adopt the Albany Plan of Union (C) nullify the effects of the Stamp Act (D) respond to the Intolerable Acts (E) unite French and English colonists against the Indians.

"I have heard it asserted by some, that as America hath flourished under her former connection with Great Britain, the same connection is necessary towards her future happiness .... Nothing can be more fallacious than this kind of argument. We may as well assert that because a child has thriven upon milk, that it has no need of meat."

12. As suggested in the above quotation, Thomas Paine believed that (A) Britain and the colonies should settle their differences (B) Britain should continue to govern the colonies (C) Britain and the colonies should adopt a plan for economic development (D)

the colonies would gain economically by separating from Britain (E) mercantilism benefits both the colonies and Britain.

13. In the Declaration of Independence, all of the following "truths" were considered to be "self-evident" EXCEPT that (A) all men are created equal (B) people are endowed by their creator with inalienable rights (C) governments derive their powers from the consent of the people (D) it is the right of all people to abolish governments (E) citizens should not be compelled to testify against themselves.

14. An accurate generalization of the American Loyalists who supported Britain during the Revolutionary War was that they were (A) Presbyterian and Congregational in religion (B) centered in New England (C) slave owners in New York City (D) half of the colonial population(E) members of the Anglican church.

15. During the Revolutionary War, the battle which helped transform the war into an international conflict was fought at (A) Bunker Hill (B) Ticonderoga (C) Saratoga (D) Princeton (E) King's Mountain.

16. The Treaty s that ended the Revolutionary War included all of the following terms EXCEPT (A) the Mississippi River was the nation's western boundary (B) Congress was required to restore all confiscated property to loyalists (C) the Great Lakes were the nation's northern boundary (D) Loyalists were not to be persecuted by state governments (E) Florida was the nation's southern boundary

17. A significant the Articles of Confederation government was its ability to (A) resolve the future of the western lands (B) create a strong executive branch (C) regulate commerce (D) enforce tax collection (E) develop a uniform currency

18. In 1786, Shay’s Rebellion mobilized a group of (A) Indians in Boston (B) slaves in New York City (C) tenant farmers in New Jersey (D) impoverished farmers in western Massachusetts (E) whiskey distillers in Pennsylvania.

19. The Paxton Boys Riots of 1763 were initiated by settlers who (A) sought religious freedom for Quakers in New Jersey (B) criticized the legislature's frontier policies in Pennsylvania (C) threatened the collection of taxes in Massachusetts (D) feared a slave uprising in Virginia (E) hoped to end Spanish influence in Florida

20. The delegates to the 1787 Philadelphia convention who wrote the Constitution hoped to accomplish all of the following EXCEPT (A) create a strong central government (B) preserve the union (C) eliminate the fear of anarchy (D) guarantee property rights (E) give the vote to the poor.

21. A social and political profile of the anti-federalists of the late 1780's would tend to include all of the following EXCEPT (A) states rights advocates (B) small farmers (C) supporters of paper money (D) debtors (E) urban businessmen.

22. By the mid-18th Century, which generalization accurately describes the Indian population of North America? (A) Indians experienced a long term population decline (B) Indian population growth kept pace with colonial growt (C) Indians were immune to European diseases (D) Indians vastly outnumbered colonial populations (E) Indian populations which had direct contact with Europeans grew in numbers.

23. Which generalization accurately reflects the status of Africans in the British North American colonies during the first half of the 18th Century? (A) 50% of southern colonists were Africans (B) 50% of all colonists were Africans (C) the number of Africans doubled (D) colonists from Africa and England were equal in nun3ber (E) 5% of New York City were Africans.

24. Which generalization about the colonists who fought in the Revolutionary War is accurate? (A) over half served in the Continental Army (B) most were drafted by Congress (C) fewer than half of the men in the colonies saw action in the war (D) most casualties of the war died from wounds suffered in battle (E) most local militia companies fought battles in other states

25. In 1763, an American general distributed to the Indians blankets that were infected with (A) scarlet fever (B) smallpox (C) typhus (D) syphilis (E) measles.