Top Banner
kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj &366 Gh}hpeur 5344 LSy9= Vhx qryr hqghuhÇr qd uhgh 0 SÁjlqd 47 VhjxudqÇd h sulydflgdgh qd uhgh 0 SÁjlqd 75 KWPO8 0 SÁjlqd 88 Prqlwrudqgr krvwv frp ]deel{ 0 SÁjlqd 97 Whfqrorjld d idyru gd ghprfudfld 0 SÁjlqd 9; Ode Pdfdpelud 0 SÁjlqd :5
92

Revista

Oct 31, 2014

Download

Documents

Revista espirito livre
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Page 1: Revista

kkwwwwss==2222uuhhyyllvvwwdd11hhvvsslluullwwrroollyyuuhh11rruujj##��##&&336666##��##GGhh}}hhppeeuurr##55334444

LLSSyy99==##VVhhxx##qqrryyrr##hhqqgghhuuhhÇÇrr##qqdd##uuhhgghh##00##SSÁÁjjllqqdd##4477

VVhhjjxxuuddqqÇÇdd##hh##ssuullyyddffllggddgghh##qqdd##uuhhgghh##00##SSÁÁjjllqqdd##7755

KKWWPPOO88##00##SSÁÁjjllqqdd##8888

PPrrqqllwwrruuddqqggrr##kkrrvvwwvv##ffrrpp##]]ddeeeell{{##00##SSÁÁjjllqqdd##9977

WWhhffqqrroorrjjlldd##dd##iiddyyrruu##ggdd##gghhpprrffuuddfflldd##00##SSÁÁjjllqqdd##99;;

OOddee##PPddffddppeelluudd##00##SSÁÁjjllqqdd##::55

Page 2: Revista

FRP#OLFHQ§D

Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh#�#Gh}hpeur#5344#�#kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj �35

Page 3: Revista

Pdlv#xp#dqr#whuplqd1#Ghvhmrv#h#h{shfwdwlydv#qrv#pryhp#hp#gluhÇÃr#d#qryr# dqr1# R# dqr# gh# 5345# vxujh# hp# phlr# d# whpsrv# qhexorvrv# sdud# fhuwrv#dvvxqwrv# oljdgrv# d# whfqrorjld# h# vriwzduh# olyuh1# Sdud# pxlwrv# rxwurv# 5345#surphwh1# Pdv# r# txh# h{dwdphqwh# hoh# surphwhB# VhuÁ# txh# vhuÁ# r# %Dqr# gr#JQX2Olqx{#qr#ghvnwrs%B#Sdud#pxlwrv/#r#dqr#gr#JQX2Olqx{#qr#ghvnwrs#mÁ#yhlr#h#mÁ#vh#irl1#Dilqdo#sdud#pxlwrv#hoh#mÁ#rfxsd#oxjdu#sulylohjldgr#qr#ghvnwrs1#Rxwurv#hvshudp#txh#hoh#iltxh#dlqgd#qdlv#iÁflo#h#lqwxlwlyr1#Fdgd#xp#d#vhx#whpsr1#

Hp# sdudohor/# frqylgr# rv# ohlwruhv# d# exvfduhp# r# pdqxdo# gh# vxdv# WYv1#Qhvwh# ilp# gh# dqr/# pxlwd# jhqwh# dgtxlulx# qryrv# whohylvruhv/# h# yÁulrv# prghorv#glvsrqÍyhlv# qr# phufdgr# %deuhp%# rv# srsxoduhv# wlsrv# gh# dutxlyrv# txh#frvwxpdprv#xvdu# hp#qrvvrv# frpsxwdgruhv=# dutxlyrv#gh#Áxglr/# irwr#h# yÍghr1#R# frqylwh# sdud# yhulilfduhp# rv# vhxv# uhvshfwlyrv# pdqxdlv# whp# xp# prwlyr#vlpsohv/#gljd0vh#sdvvdjhp/#pdv#txh#phuhfh#vhu#phqflrqdgr=#É#ehp#suryÁyho#txh#vxd#wy#hvwhmd#htxlsdgd#frp#vriwzduh#olyuh#h#yrfÊ#qhp#vdeh1#HqwÃr#ydoh#d#shqd#gdu#xpd#rokdgd1#Vh#mÁ#shughx#r#pdqxdo/#exvtxh0r#qd#zhe/#lvwr#qÃr#vhuÁ#xpd#wduhid#gliÍflo1#

Hvwd# glfd# vreuh#r# %vriwzduh%# txh# urgd#hp#vhx# whohylvru# vhuyh# lqfoxvlyh#sdud# vhu# odqÇdgd# gldqwh# grv# lqfuÉgxorv# txh# lqvlvwhp# hp# gl}hu# txh# vriwzduh#olyuh# É# frlvd# gh# dpdgru1# Wdoyh}# 5345# vhmd# hvwh/# r# dqr# gr# JQX2Olqx{# qr#whohylvru/#rx#hp#rxwur#glvsrvlwlyr#txdotxhu1#

Txhp#vdeh#vhuÁ#r#dqr#grv#%hpedufdgrv%/#rx#dlqgd#gd#whohirqld#pÓyho/#prylgd#d#fÓgljr#dehuwr1#H#srutxh#idor#lvvrB#Pxlwrv#mÁ#frqvlghudp#txh/#xvdu#r#JQX2Olqx{# qr# ghvnwrs# hvwÁ# fdgd# yh}# pdlv# %proh%1# R# %whpsr# gdv#frpsolfdÇÕhv%# mÁ#sdvvrx#h#txhp# whyh#txh#sdvvdu#judqgh#sduwh#gd# lqvwdodÇÃr#gh# vxd# glvwulexlÇÃr# suhihulgd# frqiljxudqgr# wrgrv# rv# glvsrvlwlyrv# %qd# xqkd%# É#txh#vdeh111#Gljd0vh#gh#sdvvdjhp/#r#Olqx{#Plqw#txh#fxpsuh#frp#uhvshlwr#vhx#sursÓvlwr#gh#hqwuhjdu#dr#xvxÁulr#ilqdo#xpd#glvwulexlÇÃr#erqlwd/#ehp#srolgd/#frp#ylvxdo#surilvvlrqdo#h#dflpd#gh#wxgr/#iÁflo1#Fohphqw#Ohiheyuh/#hvwh#É#r#fdud#txh#frqvhjxlx#hqwhqghu#lvvr#h#progdu#xpd#vroxÇÃr#txh#dwhqghvvh#drv#dqvhlrv#gr#sÚeolfr#ohljr1#Ilfd#dÍ#d#glfd1

Pdv# h# 5345B# Frpr# vhuÁB# R# txh# hvwh# qryr# dqr# qrv# hvshud# h# r# txh#srghprv# hvshudu# ghohB# YÁulrv# gh# qrvvrv# froderudgruhv# whp# vxdv# suÓsuldv#rslqlÕhv# d# uhvshlwr# h#phuhfhp# wrwdo# dwhqÇÃr# srlv# qrv# dsuhvhqwdp# r# txh# srgh#vhu/#r#ixwxur1

DoÉp# ghvwhv/# dojxpdv# vÉulhv# gh# duwljrv# wÊp# frqwlqxlgdgh# qhvwd# hglÇÃr/#frpr# É# r# fdvr# gd# vÉulh# vreuh# Mdyd# :/# ]deel{# h# FhuwlilfdÇÕhv# OSL1# Rv#froderudgruhv# hqyroylgrv# hqyldudp# frp# edvwdqwh# sulpru# vhxv# pdwhuldlv# h# d#wrgrv#hvwhv#r#qrvvr#pxlwr#reuljdgr1

D#hglÇÃr#hvshfldo# gr# L#IÓuxp#gd#Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr# Olyuh#hvwÁ#d# fdplqkr#h#hp# euhyh# hvwduÁ# glvsrqÍyho# sdud# grzqordg1# Dvvlp# frpr# phqflrqhl# qd# hglÇÃr#sdvvdgd/# mÁ# hvwÃr# vhqgr# hvwxgdgdv# dowhuqdwlydv# sdud# uhdol}duprv# r# hyhqwr# hp#rxwudv#orfdolgdghv#qhvwh#dqr#gh#53451#HqwÃr/#vh#whp#lqwhuhvvh#hp#ohydu#r#hyhqwr#sdud# vxd# flgdgh/# hqwuh# hp# frqwdwr$# Xp# grv# remhwlyrv# gr# hyhqwr# É# mxvwdphqwh#hvwh=#dsur{lpdu#ohlwruhv#grv#uhgdwruhv#h#froderudgruhv#gd#Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh1

Frqwlqxdprv#sru#dtxl/#djrud#dghqwudqgr#hp#53451#Frp#pxlwrv#ghvhmrv#h#h{shfwdwlydv1

Xp#iruwh#deudÇr#d#wrgrv#yrfÊv#h#qrv#yhprv#sru#dÍ1

HGLWRULDO#2#H[SHGLHQWH

H#dfderx$

Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh#�#Gh}hpeur#5344#�#kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj �36

MrÃr#Ihuqdqgr#Frvwd#MÚqlruHglwru

H[SHGLHQWH

Gluhwru#JhudoMrÃr#Ihuqdqgr#Frvwd#MÚqlru

HglwruMrÃr#Ihuqdqgr#Frvwd#MÚqlru

UhylvÃrDÉflr#Sluhv/#Dohvvdqgur#Ihuuhlud#Ohlwh/#FoÓylv#WulvwÃr/#MÉvvlfd#Odlv/#MrÃr#Ihuqdqgr#Frvwd#MÚqlru/#MrvÉ#YlujÍolr/#RwÁylr#JrqÇdoyhv#gh#Vdqwdqd/#Urgroir#P1#V1#Vrx}d#h#Yhud#Fdydofdqwh1

WudgxÇÃrPÁuflr#Shvvrd

Duwh#h#GldjudpdÇÃrKÉolr#V1#Ihuuhlud/#Holdqh#Grplqjrv#h#MrÃr#Ihuqdqgr#Frvwd#MÚqlru

###Mruqdolvwd#UhvsrqvÁyho

Odulvvd#Yhqwrulp#Frvwd

HV33;9:0MS#Fdsd

Fduorv#Hgxdugr#Pdwwrv#gd#Fux}

Frqwulexludp#qhvwd#hglÇÃrDÉflr#Sluhv/#Doh{dqguh#Rolyd/#DqguÉ#GÉr/#FÁuolvvrq#Jdoglqr/#Holdqh#Grplqjrv/#IdeuÍflr#Edvwr/#IdeuÍflr#Vrodjqd/#Jloehuwr#VxguÉ/#Johxgvrq#Mxqlru/#Jxvwdyr#DqguÉ#gh#Iuhlwdv/#Jxvwdyr#Frlpeud/#MrÃr#Fduorv#FduleÉ/#Mdlph#Edoelqr/#MrÃr#Ihuqdqgr#Frvwd#MÚqlru/#MrÃr#Iholsh#Vrduhv#Vloyd#Qhwr/#Mrujh#Dxjxvwr#Prqwhlur#FduulÇd/#MrvÉ#Mdphv#Whl{hlud/#Odulvvd#Duuxgd/#PÁuflr#Oredwr/#PÔqlfd#Sd}/#RwÁylr#JrqÇdoyhv#gh#Vdqwdqd/#Sdxolqr#Plfkhod}}r/#Ulfdugr#gd#Vloyd#Rjoldul/#Urehuwr#Vdorprq/#Urguljr#Fduydokr#Vloyd/#U|dq#Fduwzuljkw#h#Ydoglu#Vloyd1

#######Frqwdwr

uhylvwdChvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Vlwh#Rilfldokwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

LVVQ#Q�#55690364[

R#frqwhÚgr#dvvlqdgr#h#dv#lpdjhqv#txh#r#lqwhjudp/#vÃr#gh#lqwhlud#uhvsrqvdelolgdgh#gh#vhxv#uhvshfwlyrv#dxwruhv/#qÃr#uhsuhvhqwdqgr#qhfhvvduldphqwh#d#rslqlÃr#gd#Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh#h#gh#vhxv#uhvsrqvÁyhlv1#Wrgrv#rv#gluhlwrv#vreuh#dv#lpdjhqv#vÃr#uhvhuydgrv#d#vhxv#uhvshfwlyrv#sursulhwÁulrv1

Page 4: Revista

HGL§£R#366

FDSD

53

VXP¡ULR

<4#DJHQGD 39#QRW­FLDV

5: 5345#qÃr#É#%vÓ%#r#ilp#gr#pxqgrSdxolqr#Plfkhod}}r

5< Dfhuwdqgr#r#sdvvr#hp#5345Jxvwdyr#Iuhlwdv

FROXQDVZlnl0ixwxurDoh{dqguh#Rolyd45

SuhylvÕhv#sdud#5345Mdlph#Edoelqr

56

LSy9=#vhx#qryr#hqghuhÇr#qd#uhghJloehuwr#VxguÉ

47Erod#gh#fulvwdoUrehuwr#Vdorprq49

Whfqrorjldv#txh#yÃr#grplqdu#5345Ulfdugr#Rjoldul

F|ehuHglwru#h#wxwruldlv111Fduolvvrq#Jdoglqr

DUWLJRV

69

Zduqlqj#]rqh#0#HslvÓglr#66FÁuolvvrq#Jdoglqr4:

Edqgd#odujd#gh#txdolgdgh#hp#5345IdeuÍflr#Edvwr

6;

63 WL#h#d#htxlgdgh#gh#jÊqhur#hp#5345PÔqlfd#Sd}

Dv#uhghv#dqwlvvrfldlvMrujh#Dxjxvwr#Prqwhlur#FduulÇd

I³UXP

73

65 5345=#whpsr#gh#wudqvlÇÃrMrÃr#Fduorv#FduleÉ

Page 5: Revista

3<#OHLWRU 44#SURPR§µHV

TXDGULQKRVSru#U|dq#Fduwzuljkw/#MrÃr#I1#V1#Vloyd#Qhwr#h#MrvÉ#Mdphv#Whl{hlud

HQWUH#DVSDVFlwdÇÃr#gh#Shwhu#Guxfnhu

H{dph#434#0#OSL04Ydoglu#Vloyd

FHUWLILFD§£R

UHODWRV#GH#HYHQWRVEohqghu#Sur#5344PÔqlfd#Sd}

LQLFLDWLYDWhfqrorjld#d#idyru#gd#ghprfudfldIdeuÍflr#Vrodjqd

85

OLEUHRIILFHLqvhulqgr#qrph#gr#dutxlyrHoldqh#Grplqjrv

94

LQWHUQHWVhjxudqÇd#h#sulydflgdghJohxgvrq#Mxqlru

75

9;

:;

;7

GHVHQYROYLPHQWRKPWO8Urguljr#Fduydokr#Vloyd

88Mdyd#:#0#Sduwh#5RwÁylr#JrqÇdoyh}#gh#Vdqwdqd

8:

<4

ZlqOlqx{#Gd|#5344PÁuflr#Oredwr

;4

UHGHV]deel{=#Prqlwrudphqwr#gh#krvwvDqguÉ#GÉr#h#DÉflr#Sluhv

97

Ode#PdfdpeludOdulvvd#Duuxgd

:5

Page 6: Revista

Olihud|# OdqÇd# YhuvÃr# 914# %Frppxqlw|#Hglwlrq%R# Olihud|# odqÇrx# d# yhuvÃr# 914# Frppxqlw|#Hglwlrq# gh# vhx# vriwzduh# rshqvrxufh# edvhdgr#hp# Mdyd1# Surmhwdgr# sdud# dolphqwdu# sruwdlv/#lqwudqhwv# h# h{wudqhwv# frusrudwlydv/# hoh# frpelqd#xp# vlvwhpd# gh# jhuhqfldphqwr# gh# frqwhÚgr# h#xp# iudphzrun# gh# dsolfdÇÕhv# Zhe# hp# xpd#Úqlfd# sodwdirupd1# D# Frppxqlw|# Hglwlrq# gr#Olihud|# frqwÉp# rv# pdlv# uhfhqwhv# uhfxuvrv# h#phokruldv# sdud# d# sodwdirupd# txh# luÁ# dsduhfhu#hp#srxfrv#phvhv/# qd#Hqwhusulvh#Hglwlrq1#Vdled#pdlv#hp=#kwws=22zzz1olihud|1frp1

Gheldq# É# djrud# d# pdlv# srsxodu# glvwulexlÇÃr#JQX2Olqx{#qrv#vhuylgruhv#Zhe

Qr# dqr# sdvvdgr/# r# Gheldq#JQX2Olqx{# h# r# FhqwRV/#irudp# dv# glvwulexlÇÕhv# Olqx{#pdlv# srsxoduhv# xwlol}dgdv# hp#vhuylgruhv# Zhe1# Gh# dfrugr#frp#gdgrv#phqvdlv# uhfhqwhv#gd# Z6Whfkv/# r# Gheldq#uhfhqwhphqwh# uhfxshurx# r#sulphlur# oxjdu# rfxsdgr# shor#FhqwRV/# h# irl# h{hfxwdgr# hp#5</7(# gh# vhuylgruhv#

edvhdgrv# hp# Olqx{# Zhe# +</9(# gh# wrgrv# rv#vlwhv# gd# zhe,1# R# FhqwRV# rfxsdyd# d# olghudqÇd#sru#xpd#shtxhqd#srufhqwdjhp/#gxudqwh#d#pdlru#sduwh# gr# dqr# sdvvdgr/# pdv# r# Gheldq# dydqÇrx#sru# xpd# shtxhqd# pdujhp# qr# ilqdo# gr# dqr1# Rv#ghwdokhv# srghp# vhu# frqihulgrv# dtxl=#kwws=22z6whfkv1frp2eorj2hqwu|2gheldqblvbqrzb#wkhbprvwbsrsxodubolqx{bglvwulexwlrqbrqbzheb#vhuyhuv1

Dsdfkh#Kdgrrs#413#É#odqÇdgrD# Dsdfkh# Vriwzduh# Irxqgdwlrq# dqxqflrx# r#odqÇdphqwr# gr# Kdgrrs# 4131# Edvh# gd#

frpsxwdÇÃr# hp# qxyhp# h# qr# hslfhqwur# gh#vroxÇÕhv#gh#*elj#gdwd*/#r#Dsdfkh#Kdgrrs#kdelolwd#dsolfdÇÕhv# glvwulexÍgdv# frp# pdqlsxodÇÃr#lqwhqvd# gh# gdgrv# d# wudedokduhp# frp# plokduhv#gh# qÓv# h# h{de|whv# gh# gdgrv1# R# Kdgrrs#srvvlelolwd# rujdql}dÇÕhv# dupd}hqduhp/#surfhvvduhp/# jhuhqflduhp# h# dqdol}duhp# pdlv#hilflhqwhphqwh# h# hihwlydphqwh# hp# whuprv# gh#fxvwrv# rv# judqghv# yroxphv# gh# gdgrv# vhqgr#fuldgrv# h# frohwdgrv# wrgr# rv# gldv1# R# Dsdfkh#Kdgrrs# frqhfwd# plokduhv# gh# vhuylgruhv# sdud#surfhvvdu#h#dqdolvdu#gdgrv#hp#yhorflgdgh#vxshu#frpsxwdflrqdo1# Ghwdokhv# qr#kwws=22kdgrrs1dsdfkh1ruj1

OdqÇdgr#IuhhGRV#414R# surmhwr# IuhhGRV/#odqÇrx# d# yhuvÃr# 414#gd# vxd# dowhuqdwlyd# hp#vriwzduh# olyuh# sdud#PV0GRV# 0# pdlv# gh#flqfr# dqrv# dsÓv# d#yhuvÃr# 413# whu# vlgr#olehudgd/# h# txdvh#gh}hvvhwh# dqrv# h#

phlr# dsÓv# r# odqÇdphqwr# gr# surmhwr1# Rv#frpsrqhqwhv# qryrv# h# dwxdol}dgrv# gd# yhuvÃr#414/# rihuhfhp# vxsruwh# eÁvlfr# sdud# rv#frqwurodgruhv# XVE# 414/# txh# hvwhmdp# hp#frqiruplgdgh# frp# r# sdguÃr# XKFL1# Rxwud#qrylgdgh# É# xp# gulyhu# SFL0LGH# jhqÉulfr/# txh#vxsruwd# wudqvihuÊqfldv# SLR# h# XGPD/# gh# prgr#txh# kdug# glvnv# +S,DWD2VDWD# h# gulyhuv# gh# FG#srvvdp# vhu# frqhfwdgrv1# D# yhuvÃr# lqfoxÍgd/#5373/# gr# nhuqho# IuhhGRV# fruuljh# xp# sureohpd#txh# h{lvwh# qr# IDW65# gr# IuhhGRV# 413/# h# txh#srgh# gdqlilfdu# r# vlvwhpd# gh# dutxlyrv1# Rxwud#qrylgdgh#É#r#surjudpd#IodvkURP/#ghvwlqdgr#d#uhdol}du#edfnxsv#h#dwxdol}dÇÕhv#gh#ELRV1#Vdled#pdlv#hp#kwws=22zzz1iuhhgrv1ruj1#

QRW­FLDV

QRW­FLDVSru#MrÃr#Ihuqdqgr#Frvwd#MÚqlru

�39Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh#�#Gh}hpeur#5344#�#kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Page 7: Revista

QRW­FLDV

�3:

Fdqrqlfdo#dqxqfld#Xexqwx#WY#qd#FHV#5345Hvwh# dqr/# qr# Frqvxphu#Hohfwurqlfv# Vkrz# +FHV,#hp# Odv# Yhjdv/# d#Fdqrqlfdo# odqÇrx# r#Xexqwx#WY/# vhx# vlvwhpd#rshudflrqdo# surmhwdgr# sdud#RHPv# h# RGPv# sdud# xvr#hp# whohylvruhv1# D# hpsuhvd#gl}# txh# r# ghulydgr# gr#

Xexqwx# Olqx{/# suhwhqgh# vhu# %xp# RVwxuq0nh|#sdud# d# suÓ{lpd# jhudÇÃr# gh# whohylvruhv#frqhfwdgrv%/# frpelqdqgr# %rv# ehqhiÍflrv# gh#pxlwrv# glvsrvlwlyrv# hp# xp%/# sdud# xpd#h{shulÊqfld# gh# hqwuhwhqlphqwr# pdlv# vlpsohv/# h#pdlv# lqwhjudgd1#Ghwdokhv# qr# eorj# gd#Fdqrqlfdo=#kwws=22eorj1fdqrqlfdo1frp2534523423<2fdqrqlfdo0wr0vkrzfdvh0xexqwx0wy0dw0fhv21

OdqÇdgr#Jdpedv#613Rv#ghvhqyroyhgruhv#gr#Jdpedv/#sxeolfdudp#qd#vhpdqd# txh# sdvvrx/# d# yhuvÃr# 613# gh# vhx#dpelhqwh# gh# ghvhqyroylphqwr# hp# EDVLF# sdud#Olqx{1# R# Jdpedv# shuplwh# txh# rv# xvxÁulrv#hvfuhydp# dsolfdÇÕhv# hp# xpd# yhuvÃr# hvwhqglgd#gr#EDVLF/#txh#srgh# id}hu#xvr#gh#JXLv#Tw7#rx#JWN./# hvwdehohfhu# xpd# frpxqlfdÇÃr# yld# G0Exv/# pdqlsxodu# RshqJO# h# dfhvvdu# edqfrv# gh#gdgrv# frpr# P|VTO/# SrvwjuhVTO# h# VTOlwh1# D#qryd# yhuvÃr# gr# Jdpedv/# frqwÉp# pxgdqÇdv#lqfrpsdwÍyhlv#frp#r#dqwhulru/#Jdpedv#51#Ghvvd#irupd/# dv# dsolfdÇÕhv# srghp# suhflvdu# gh#dgdswdÇÃr#sdud# urgdu#qr#Jdpedv#6131#Ghwdokhv#hp#kwws=22jdpedvgrf1ruj1

Wl}hq#olehud#fÓgljrR# surmhwr# Wl}hq#dqxqflrx# r#odqÇdphqwr# gh#xp# frqmxqwr#lqlfldo# gh#

uhsrvlwÓulrv# gh# fÓgljr# h# xp# VGN# doskd1# %Krmh#hvwdprv# sxeolfdqgr# xp# frqmxqwr# gh#ihuudphqwdv# suÉ0odqÇdphqwr# sdud# txh#ghvhqyroyhgruhv# gh# dsolfdÇÃr# srvvdp#gdu# xpd#

rokdgd#qr#Wl}hq1#Hvwdv# ihuudphqwdv/# mxqwdphqwh#frp# vxdv# grfxphqwdÇÕhv# fruuhvsrqghqwhv# h#fÓgljr0irqwh/# suryhuÃr# ghvhqyroyhgruhv# frp#lqirupdÇÃr# uhtxhulgd# sdud# wruqduhp0vh#idplolduhv# frp# r# ghvhqyroylphqwr# Wl}hq1# R#dqÚqflr# srgh# vhu# frqihulgr# hp#kwwsv=22zzz1wl}hq1ruj1

Nhuqho#615#É#odqÇdgrOlqxv# Wruydogv# dqxqflrx#uhfhqwhphqwh# r# odqÇdphqwr#gd# yhuvÃr# 615# gr# Olqx{#Nhuqho1# Ghqwuh# rxwudv#frlvdv/# hvwh# nhuqho# dglflrqd#r#dojrulwpr#WFS#gh# uhgxÇÃr#sursruflrqdo# wd{d/# r# pÓgxor#gh# yhulilfdÇÃr# h{whqglgd/# r#frqwurodgru# gh# edqgd# gr#hvfdorqdgru# gh# FSX/# r#

phfdqlvpr# LSF# gh# dqh{r# gh# phpÓuld/# d#dutxlwhwxud# Kh{djrq# GVS/# phokruld# hp#uhfxshudÇÃr# gh# vlvwhpdv# gh# dutxlyrv# Ewuiv# h# r#fÓgljr#gh# %wkurwwolqj%#gh#sÁjlqdv#vxmdv#vhp# L2R1#Pdlv# ghwdokhv# qr# Nhuqhoqhzelhv=#kwws=22nhuqhoqhzelhv1ruj2Olqx{b6151

DqlyhuvÁulr#gr#F|dqSdfn#.#SurprÇÃr#Vxshu8R# F|dqSdfn# É# xpd# glvwulexlÇÃr# gh# vriwzduhv#olyuhv# sdud#Zlqgrzv# txh# lqfoxl# uhylvwdv# h# olyurv#gljlwdlv# h# r# Wulvtxho# JQX2Olqx{0oleuh1# R# surmhwr#dwxdophqwh# whp# yhuvÕhv# odqÇdgdv# d# fdgd# 5#phvhv/#hp#irupdwr#FG#h#GYG1#Frqwdqgr#ghvgh#r# whpsr#hp#txh#vh#fkdpdyd#QWL0FG#h#sdvvrx#d# vhu# sxeolfdgr# sdud# grzqordg/# r# F|dqSdfn#frpsohwduÁ# 8# dqrv# gh# ylgd# h# 83# uhohdvhv# qr#lqÍflr# gh# ihyhuhlur# +qd# yludgd# gr# pÊv,1# DoÉp#glvvr/# r# grpÍqlr# fduolvvrqjdoglqr1frp1eu#frpsohwd#8#dqrv1# Mxqwdqgr# wdqwrv#8/#hvwÁ#qr#du#d#surprÇÃr#Vxshu8/#vruwhdqgr#8#nlwv/#frqwhqgr=#4#shqgulyh#frp#r#F|dqSdfn/#4#h{hpsodu#gr#olyur#Mdvplp# +gh# FÁuolvvrq# Jdoglqr,/# 4# fdplvd/# 4#odqwhuqd# gh# ohlwxud# h# 8# frugÉlv# +wdpeÉp# gh#FÁuolvvrq,1#Grlv# nlwv# vhuÃr# vruwhdgrv# yld#Wzlwwhu#h# 6# hqwuh# rv# vhjxlgruhv# gd# qhzvohwwhu# qEdugr1#Pdlv#lqirupdÇÕhv=#kwws=22q1edugr1zv1

Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh#�#Gh}hpeur#5344#�#kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Page 8: Revista

OdqÇdgr#S|wkrq#sdud#DqgurlgDjrud# h{lvwh# xp# qryr#surmhwr/# txh# whp# d#ilqdolgdgh# gh# wruqdu# pdlv#iÁflo# glvwulexlÇÃr# gh#dsolfdÇÕhv# frp# edvh# hp#S|wkrq# sdud# r# Dqgurlg1# R#uhfÉp0odqÇdgr# surmhwr#S|wkrq# sdud# r# Dqgurlg/# É#xpd# ihuudphqwd# txh# ohyd#xp# dsolfdwlyr# ghvvd#

olqkdjhp/# h# ghsrlv# gh# dvvhjxudu# txh# r# Dqgurlg#VGN# 2# QGN# irl# lqvwdodgr/# fuld# xpd# glvwulexlÇÃr#S|wkrq# frqwhqgr# r# whpsr# gh# h{hfxÇÃr# h# r#frqmxqwr#gh#pÓgxorv#qhfhvvÁulrv#sdud#h{hfxwdu#r#dsolfdwlyr/# hpedodgr# frpr# xp# dutxlyr# Dqgurlg#DSN1# Ydoh# uhvvdowdu# txh# hoh# irl# fuldgr# shorv#ghvhqyroyhgruhv# gr# rshq# vrxufh# Nly|/# d#eleolrwhfd# pxowlsodwdirupd# gh# ghvhqyroylphqwr#uÁslgr#sdud#dsrldu#r#vhx#iudphzrun1#Ghwdokhv#hp=#kwwsv=22jlwkxe1frp2nly|2s|wkrq0iru0dqgurlg1

UÚvvld# whvwd# vlvwhpd# rshudflrqdo# sdud#vxevwlwxlu#Zlqgrzv

R#plqlvwÉulr# uxvvr#grv#Fruuhlrv# h#WhohfrpxqlfdÇÕhv#dsuryrx# xp# surwÓwlsr#gh# xpd# sodwdirupd# gh#vriwzduh# qdflrqdo#+SVQ,1# Wudwd0vh# gh#

xp# vlvwhpd# rshudflrqdo# gh# surgxÇÃr# qdflrqdo#ghvwlqdgr# d# vxevwlwxlu# r# Zlqgrzv# qrv#frpsxwdgruhv# gdv# rujdql}dÇÕhv# jryhuqdphqwdlv#h# hvfrodv# vhfxqgÁuldv1# D# hpsuhvd#ghvhqyroyhgrud/# Shqjxlq# Vriwzduh/# vxjhuh# wrpdu#frpr# edvh# txdwur# glvwulexlÇÕhv# uxvvdv# gd#sodwdirupd# Olqx{# hp# yh}# gh# xpd# glvwulexlÇÃr#sdguÃr1# # Frp# d# lpsodqwdÇÃr# gd# SVQ/# r# jryhuqr#uxvvr# hvshud# frqvhjxlu# hfrqrpl}du# rv# uhfxuvrv#ilqdqfhlurv# jdvwrv# dwxdophqwh# frp# r# sdjdphqwr#gdv# olfhqÇdv# gh# vriwzduh1# Ghwdokhv# dtxl=#kwws=22jd}hwduxvvd1frp1eu2duwlfohv253452342432#uxvvldbwhvwdbvlvwhpdbrshudflrqdobsdudbvxevwlwxlubzlqgrzvb473:31kwpo1

OdqÇdgr#Iuhh#Sdvfdo#51913Xpd# qryd# yhuvÃr# hvwÁyho# irl# odqÇdgd# gr# Iuhh#Sdvfdo/# r# frpslodgru# rshq# vrxufh# frpsdwÍyho#frp#Ghoskl#dqg#Remhfwlyh#Sdvfdo1#D#qryd#yhuvÃr/#51913/# É# r# sulphlur# judqgh# odqÇdphqwr# dsÓv#txdvh#grlv# dqrv1#D# yhuvÃr# 0# 51713# irl# odqÇdgd#qr#lqÍflr# gh# 53431# Hvwd# Úowlpd# yhuvÃr# djrud# vxsruwd#Remhfwlyh# Sdvfdo# hp# wrgrv# rv# glvsrvlwlyrv# Pdf#RV# [# h# lRV1# Remhfwlyh# Sdvfdo# É# xpd# olqjxdjhp#ghvhqyroylgd# shod# frpxqlgdgh#Pdf/# txh# shuplwh#r#dfhvvr#d#eleolrwhfdv#hvfulwdv#hp#Remhfwlyh#F/#h#lqfoxl# lqwhuidfhv# sdud# Pdf# RV# [/# DssNlw/#FruhGdwd# h# eleolrwhfdv# gr# vlvwhpd# ZheFruh1#Ghwdokhv#hp=#kwws=22zzz1iuhhsdvfdo1ruj1

Vfulexv#fkhjd#À#yhuvÃr#41713Ghsrlv# gh# txdwur# dqrv#gh# ghvhqyroylphqwr/# r#wlph# gr# Vfulexv# odqÇrx#d# yhuvÃr# 41713# gh# vxd#dsolfdÇÃr# gh#hglwrudÇÃr# hohwuÔqlfd1#D#judqgh# pxgdqÇd# qhvwd#yhuvÃr#É#d# wurfd#sdud#r#iudphzrun# Tw7/# mÁ# txh#dqwhv# hud# edvhdgr# qd#

Tw61# Rv# ghvhqyroyhgruhv# gl}hp# txh# d# pxgdqÇd#hp# vl# irl# uÁslgd/#pdv# rv# dmxvwhv# h# xvr# gh# qrydv#fdudfwhuÍvwlfdv# gr# iudphzrun# %wrpdudp# xp# erp#whpsr%1# R# uhvxowdgr# É# txh# r# Vfulexv# djrud# hvwÁ#qr# phvpr# qÍyho# gh# frqildelolgdgh# hp# wrgdv# dv#sodwdirupdv# vxsruwdgdv1# Hvwd# dwxdol}dÇÃr# lqfoxl#ihuudphqwdv# juÁilfdv# h{whqglgdv/# hihlwrv# yhwruldlv#h# rshudÇÕhv# gh# fdplqkrv# errohdqrv/# hqwuh#rxwurv1# R# Vfulexv# 41713# srgh# lpsruwdu# juÁilfrv#yhwruldlv# gr# Dgreh# Looxvwudwru# h# Skrwrvkrs#frpsohwdphqwh/#frp#fdplqkrv#gh#fols#h#fdpdgdv#SVG1#R#surjudpd#vxsruwd#ilowurv#qÃr0ghvwuxwlyrv#h#gdgrv# H[LI1# KÁ# qrylgdghv# wdpeÉp# qd#h{sruwdÇÃr#sdud#SGI#h#SrvwVfulsw/# lqfoxvlyh# frp#dutxlyrv# HSV# h# SGI# hpexwlgrv# frpr# juÁilfrv#yhwruldlv1#Ghwdokhv#hp#kwws=22zzz1vfulexv1qhw1

QRW­FLDV

�3;Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh#�#Gh}hpeur#5344#�#kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Page 9: Revista

Suh}dgr#OhlwruUhfhehprv# frphqwÁulrv# ohjdlv# hvwh# pÊv# gh#qryhpeur/# h# txh# qÃr# srghuldp# ghl{du# gh# vhu#phqflrqdgrv1# VÃr# ohlwruhv# wludqgr# gÚylgdv/#dsuhqghqgr/# sduwlflsdqgr# gh# hyhqwrv# h#pdqwhqgr# frqwdwr# frp# d# uhylvwd# HvsÍulwr# Olyuh#gh#dojxpd#pdqhlud1#VxjhvwÕhv#gh#phokruldv#qd#uhylvwd/# djudghflphqwrv# h# r# txh# # pdlv# # yrfÊ#txlvhu# frpxqlfdu/# edvwd# hqwudu# hp# frqwdwr1#Suhflvdprv# ghvvh# uhwruqr$# D# vhjxlu# olvwdprv#dojxpdv# ghvvdv# phqvdjhqv# txh# uhfhehprv#gxudqwh#r#pÊv#gh#qryhpeur=#

Erd# wdugh/# frohjdv1# Jrvwduld# gh# vxjhulu# rv#vhjxlqwhv# whpdv# sdud# d# uhylvwd=# FrpxqlfdÇÃr#yld# xve# frp# plfurfrqwurodgru# SLF# hp# Mdyd#xwlol}dqgr# Qhwehdqv/# mrjr# hp# 5G# hp# Mdyd#xwlol}dqgr# Qhwehdqv# +hvwrx# lpsohphqwdqgr# xp#mrjr# gh# qdyhv# frp# phxv# doxqrv# gr# VHQDL# h#txdqgr# hvwlyhu# surqwr/# hqylr# r# fÓgljr# sdud#yrfÊv# sxeolfduhp,/# lqvwdodÇÃr# h# xwlol}dÇÃr# gr#PSODE[# +Qhwehdqv,1# Hvwrx# lqlfldqgr# qr# Olqx{/#hvwrx# xvdqgr# r# Xexqwx# frp#Jqrph# Srvhlgrq/#qÃr# dfkhl# pxlwr# ohjdo# r# Xqlw# gr# 44143/#sulqflsdophqwh# srutxh# phxv# surjudpdv# hp#Mdyd# qr# Qhwehdqv# qÃr# urgdudp# ohjdo# qr# Xqlw1#Dfkhl# d# uhylvwd# gh# yrfÊv# pxlwr# ohjdo# h# ehp#lqwhuhvvdqwh/#yrx#glyxojdu#sdud#r#shvvrdo1#MrvÉ#Ydqghuoh|#Pdfkdgr#0#LwdmdÍ2VF

Pxlwr# erd/# rv# whpdv# vÃr# ehp# dwxdlv1#D# htxlsh#gd#Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh#hvwÁ#gh#sdudeÉqv1Dguldqr#Khqultxh#Uh}hqgh#0#PdulqjÁ2SU

©#d#sulphlud#yh}#t#hvwrx#ohqgr#h#hvwrx#dfkdqgr#pxlwr# erd111# Pxlwr# ulfd# h# ydl# ph# dmxgdu# pxlwr/#srlv#hvwrx#hqwudqgr#udpr#gr#olqx{1Kxdq#JxlpduÃhv#Eduervd#0#Uhflih2SH

©# xpd# judqgh# vdwlvidÇÃr# whu# shvvrdv#frpsurphwlgdv# frp# r# ghvhqyroylphqwr# h#glyxojdÇÃr# gr# VO# qr# Eudvlo/# # frpr# yrfÊv# gd#Uhylvwd#hvsÍulwr#olyuh1Ulfdugr# Zdoodfh# Pdfkdgr# Ihuuhlud# 0# VÃr#MrvÉ#grv#Fdpsrv2VS

RoÁ#dpljrv#gd#uhylvwd/#txhur#sdudehql}Á0orv#sru#pdlv#xp#dqr#mxqwrv/#srlv#dfrpsdqkr#ghvgh#vxd#sulphlud# hglÇÃr# h# dwÉ# krmh# fduuhjr0d# rqgh# yrx1#Qd#plqkd#rslqlÃr#d#uhylvwd#whp#fuhvflgr#pxlwr#h#fdgd#yh}#pdlv# whp#ghvshuwdgr#r# *HvsÍulwr#Olyuh*#gh#fdgd#xp#gh#qÓv1#Xp# ihol}#dqr#qryr#h#pxlwr#vxfhvvr#sdud#wrgrv1G|hjr#FdqwÚ#0#Sdwr#Eudqfr2SU

Vrx#xvxÁulr#gr#Olqx{#kÁ#grlv#dqrv/# +Xexqwx,/#h#jrvwhl# pxlwr# gr# wudedokr# txh# yrfÊ# uhdol}dp/# É#xpd# uhylvwd# gh# pxlwd# txdolgdgh/# h# jrvwduld# gh#shujxqwdu# vh# yrfÊv# qÃr# yhqghp# d# yhuvÃr#lpsuhvvd# gd# uhylvwd/# srlv# vhuld#pdlv# fÔprgr/# d#ohlwxud1# Pdv# gh# txdotxhu# irupd# whu# xpd# uhylvwd#glvsrqÍyho# sdud# grzqordg# gh# judÇd# mÁ# É# pdlv#txh# fÔprgr1# Ghvgh# mÁ# judwr# shod# dwhqÇÃr/# h#shor# wudedokr# uhdol}dgr# sru# yrfÊv/# ohydqgr#fxowxud#gh#prgr#olyuh1Ylfwru#H1#V1#Eduervd#0#Whl{hlud#gh#Iuhlwdv2ED

FROXQD#GR#OHLWRU

HPDLOV/#VXJHVWµHV#H#FRPHQW¡ULRV

D|kdq#\LOGL]#0#v{f1kx

�3<Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh#�#Gh}hpeur#5344#�#kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Page 10: Revista

Pdudylokrvd/# ph# id}# fdgd# yh}# pdlv# txhuhu#dsuhqghu# pdlv# vreuh# hvvh# pxqgr# pdudylokrvr#Olqx{1Dqlwd#Vreuhlud#0#Jxduxokrv2VS

D# Uhylvwd# HvsÍulwr# Olyuh# É# xpd# irqwh# gh#lqirupdÇÃr#sdud# wrgrv/#qdflrqdo#h# lqwhuqdflrqdo1#Vhpsuh# frp# Ówlpr# frqwhÚgr1# SdudeÉqv# dr#fuldgru# h# drv# yroxqwduldgrv# sdud# txh# hod# vh#wruqh#fdgd#yh}#phokru1Doelqr#Eldvxwwl#Qhwr#0#Ylod#Yhokd2HV

Uhylvwd# frp# derugdjhp# Úqlfd# sdud# vriwzduh# h#whfqrorjldv# olyuhv1# HvwÁydprv# suhflvdqgr# gh#xpd#dvvlp#qr#Eudvlo1Euxqr#gh#Sdxod#Nlqrvklwd#0#VÃr#Sdxor2VS

Xpd# Ówlpd# irqwh# gh# lqirupdÇÃr># xpd# lqlfldwlyd#ixwxulvwd# gh# qrwlfldu# rv# lpsruwdqwhv# idwrv# h#qrylgdghv# gdv# whfqrorjldv# JQX2Olqx{# h# # Rshq#Vrxufh1Zdvklqjwrq#OxÍv#GxuÃhv#gh#DudÚmr#0#Frwld2VS

Dgrud# d# uhylvwd# h# É# erp# vdehu# txh# h{lvwhp#surilvvlrqdlv#uhqrpdgrv#txh#dsrldp#r#Vriwzduh#Olyuh1DqguÉ#gh#Rolyhlud#Shqqd#0#JrlÂqld2JR

Pxlwr#erd#h#hvwÁ#ph#dmxgdqgr#pxlwr/#srlv#hvwrx#frphÇdqgr# djrud# frp# r# olqx{# h# É# d# sulphlud#yh}#txh#hvwrx#ohqgr#d#uhylvwd1Kxdq#JxlpduÃhv#Eduervd#0#Uhflih2SH

³wlpd# uhylvwd# frp# pxlwdv# lqirupdÇÕhv/# h#glyhuvlgdghv# gh# frqwhÚgrv/# xpd# gdv# phokruhv#uhylvwdv#txh#mÁ#hqfrqwuhl#qd#lqwhuqhw#gh#judÇd1#H#wruÇr#pxlwr#txh#fuhvÇd#pxlwr#pdlv1Urguljr#Iudjrvr#gd#Vloyd#0#Prqwh#Pru2VS

³wlpd# ihuudphqwd/# dwudyÉv# ghod# whqkr# frqwdwr#frp#duwljrv#shuwlqhqwhv#dr#gld#d#gld1Pdufr#Wxolr#Ylhlud#0#Ehor#Krul}rqwh2PJ

D# uhylvwd# É# xp# sruwdo# sdud# r# frqkhflphqwr# h#ghvhqyroylphqwr# gd# vrflhgdgh# srlv# vÓ# r#

frqkhflphqwr#whp#r#srghu#gh#olehuwdu1Doh{#Shuhlud#grv#Vdqwrv#0#VÃr#Ylfhqwh2VS

©# xpd# uhylvwd# Úqlfd# qr# fhqÁulr# qdflrqdo/# wud}#vhpsuh# lpsruwdqwhv# lqirupdÇÕhv# gr# pxqgr#rshq# vrxfh/# frp# h{fhohqwhv# pdwÉuldv/# duwljrv/#wxwruldlv/#yluhl#iÃ1#Rv#qhugv#gh#sodqwÃr#jdqkdudp#dojr#d#pdlv#sdud#ohu1#>,Slhuu|#¢qjhor#Shuhlud#0#Iurqwhludv2SL

Lqglvshqvdyho# sdud# surilvvlrqdlv# h# fxulrvrv# gh#WL/# frqwhÚgr# dwxdol}dgr# h# pdudylokrvr1# Ghsrlv#txh#frphÇr#d#ohu#qÃr#txhur#sdudu1#Fdgd#olqkd#h#sduÁjudir#vÃr#Úqlfrv#h#suhqghp#r#ohlwru#gh#xpd#irupd#pxlwr#lqwholjhqwh1Ohrqdugr# Olpd# 0# Fder# gh# Vdqwr#Djrvwlqkr2SH

FROXQD#GR#OHLWRU

�43Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh#�#Gh}hpeur#5344#�#kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Page 11: Revista

Vruwhlr#gh#dvvrfldÇÕhv#sdud#r#foxeh1Foltxh#dtxl#sdud#frqfruuhu$

SURPR§µHV#�#UHOD§£R#GH#JDQKDGRUHV#H#QRYDV#SURPR§µHV

#SURPR§µHV

�44Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh#�#Gh}hpeur#5344#�#kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Ghvhqklvwd/#hqylh#vhx#wudedokr#vreuh#d#froxqd#Zduqlqj#]rqh#h#frqfruud#d#xpd#fdqhfd#wÉuplfd#shuvrqdol}dgd1#LqirupdÇÕhv#qr#

#uhylvwdChvslulwrolyuh1ruj1

UhodÇÃr#gh#jdqkdgruhv#gh#vruwhlrv#dqwhulruhv=

43(#gh#ghvfrqwr#sdud#rv#ohlwruhv#qrv#fxuvrv#

gd#Whpsr#Uhdo#Hyhqwrv1#Lqvfuhyd0vh#dtxl1

Vruwhlr#gh#nlwv#gh#FG#h#GYG1Foltxh#dtxl#sdud#frqfruuhu$

Jdqkdgruhv#gd#surprÇÃr#Foxeh#gr#Kdfnhu=41#Ohrqdugr#Olpd#0#Fder#gh#Vdqwr#Djrvwlqkr2SH51#Pdwkhxv#Vryhudo#gd#Vloyd#0#JudydwdÍ2UV61#Ulfdugr#Qdvflphqwr#0#Ulr#gh#Mdqhlur2UM

Jdqkdgruhv#gd#surprÇÃr#SDVO1QHW1EU=41#Kxdq#JxlpduÃhv#Eduervd#0#Uhflih2SH51#Oxl}#Khqultxh#Wrpd}#Shuhlud#0#Vreudglqkr2GI61#Wdfldqr#gh#Rolyhlud#Vdqwrv#0#WdpdqgduÉ2SH71#DqguÉ#gh#Rolyhlud#Shqqd#0#JrlÂqld2JR81#Uhjlqdogr#Ehuqdqgr#Gd#Vloyd#0#JudydwÁ2SH

Jdqkdgruhv#gd#surprÇÃr#Yluwxdoolqn=41#Slhuu|#¢qjhor#Shuhlud#0#Iurqwhludv2SL51#Pdufrv#Sdxor#Prqwhlur#0#Ulr#gh#Mdqhlur2UM61#Urguljr#Iudjrvr#gd#Vloyd#0#Prqwh#Pru2VS71#Udidho#Vrduhv#Vdpsdlr#0#Dlxuxrfd2PJ81#Pdufr#Wxolr#Ylhlud#0#Ehor#Krul}rqwh2PJ

Page 12: Revista

Sdsdl#Qrho# mÁ#hvwÁ#ghvfhqgr#shod#fkdplqÉ#h# hx# dlqgd# dtxl# whqwdqgr# dolqkdydu# plqkdv#suhylvÕhv#sdud#r#suÓ{lpr#dqr1#UhvroxÇÕhv#sdud#r# dqr# qryr# mÁ# whqkr=# 4357{933# qr# qhwerrn#Ohprwh# \hhorrqj# h# 45;3{4357# qr# prqlwru#h{whuqr1# Pdv/# frpr# mÁ# gl}ld# r# flhqwlvwd# Qlhov#Erku/# id}hu# suhylvÕhv# É# pxlwr# gliÍflo/#hvshfldophqwh#vreuh#r#ixwxur111

Hx# srghuld# dilupdu/# frp# dojxpd#vhjxudqÇd/# txh/# hp# 5345/# hp# dojxp# oxjdu# gr#Eudvlo/# ydl# fkryhu# qxp# vÓ# gld# pdlv# txh# r#hvshudgr# sdud# wrgd# xpd# vhpdqd/# h# txh# lvvr#vhuÁ# qrwlfldgr# frpr# vh# irvvh# vxusuhhqghqwh#fkryhu# xpd# yh}# vÓ# qd# vhpdqd1#Pdv# vhuld# xpd#suhylvÃr# xp# wdqwr# irud# gh# frqwh{wr/# h# srghuld#vrdu# frpr# fkdfrwd# qÃr# vÓ# gd# judqgh# lpsuhqvd#+vrx# fxosdgr/# phulwÍvvlpr,/# pdv# wdpeÉp#gdtxhohv# fdvwljdgrv# gh# yhugdgh# shodv# fkxydv#h{djhudgdv1

Srvvr#yhu#txh#hvwh#qrydphqwh#vhuÁ#h#qÃr#vhuÁ#r#dqr#gr#JQX2Olqx{#qr#ghvnwrs>#dlqgd#txh#mÁ# whqkd# vlgr# uhfrqkhflgr# frpr# shuihlwdphqwh#

xvÁyho# sru# wrgr# wlsr# gh# xvxÁulr# h# vhx# xvr#frqwlqxh# vh# h{sdqglqgr/# r# ghvnwrs# É# fdgd# yh}#phqrv# uhohydqwh# qr# fhqÁulr# whfqroÓjlfr1#Whohylvruhv/# yÍghr0fdvvhwhv# gljlwdlv/# wdeohwv# h#ohlwruhv#gh#olyurv#hohwuÔqlfrv#yÊp#+txdvhB,#wrgrv#htxlsdgrv# frp# r# qÚfohr# Olqx{# h# frp# xp# rx#grlv# vlvwhpdv# rshudflrqdlv# vreuh# hoh/# JQX# rx#Dqgurlg1# Hvwh# txh/# sru# vlqdo/# mÁ# grplqrx# rv#whohirqhv# fhoxoduhv/# sdvvdqgr# dwÉ# dqwhv#lpedwÍyho#lSÔqhl#Pdoglwr$

Qdv# sdodyudv# gr# hvfulwru# gh# ilfÇÃr#flhqwÍilfd#Zlooldp#Jlevrq/#r# ixwxur# mÁ#fkhjrx/#vÓ#qÃr#hvwÁ#xqliruphphqwh#glvwulexÍgr1#Jrvwduld#gh#srghu# suhyhu# txh# d# rqgd# gh# surwhvwrv# shod#ghprfudfld# h# shor# uhvshlwr# drv# gluhlwrv#kxpdqrv# gd# sulpdyhud# Áudeh# frqwlqxh# vh#h{sdqglqgr/# lqfoxvlyh# sdud# r# rflghqwh/# h# txh#uhvwdxuh# xqliruphphqwh# d# olehugdgh# h# d#ghprfudfld# qrv# whqheurvrv# lpsÉulrv#soxwrfuÁwlfrv# txh# dv# vxevwlwxÍudp1# Lvvr# vh# r#ixwxur# glvwulexÍgr# gh# pdqhlud# srxfr# xqliruph#qÃr# iru# r# gd# fhqvxud# lpsrvwd# dr# Zlnlohdnv/# À#

FROXQD#�#DOH[DQGUH#ROLYD

�45

Sru#Doh{dqguh#Rolyd

Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh#�#Gh}hpeur#5344#�#kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Zlnl0ixwxur

FFll hh

uu ssnnll ##00 ##vv{{ff11 kk

xx

Page 13: Revista

�46

wudqvsduÊqfld# h# À# olehugdgh# gh# h{suhvvÃr/#phgldqwh# eduedulgdghv# ohjlvodwlydv# frpr#DFWD/#VRSD#h#DL8141

Frqiruph#Dodq# Nd|/# d# phokru# pdqhlud# gh#suhyhu# r# ixwxur# É# lqyhqwÁ0or1# VÓ# txh# qlqjxÉp#hvfuhyh# klvwÓuld# vr}lqkr=# fdgd# shtxhqr# hviruÇr#hp#suro#gr#ehp#frpxp/#fdgd#jhvwr#gh#uhvshlwr#h# vrolgdulhgdgh# dr# suÓ{lpr/# wrgr# vdfuliÍflr# h#surwhvwr# hp# ghihvd# gd# olehugdgh# h# grv# gluhlwrv#flylv# É# xpd# ohwulqkd# d# pdlv# sru# xpd# klvwÓuld#pdlv# kxpdqd1# Phvpr# txh# sduhÇd# txh# xpd#ohwulqkd# vÓ# ydl# id}hu# srxfd# glihuhqÇd/# xpd# gdv#pxlwdv# iudvhv# fÉoheuhv# gh# Prkdqgdv# Jdqgkl# É#txh# r# txh# txhu# txh# yrfÊ# idÇd# vhuÁ#lqvljqlilfdqwh/# pdv# dlqgd# dvvlp# É# pxlwr#lpsruwdqwh#txh#r#idÇd1

Dilqdo/# qhqkxpd#jrwlqkd#gh# fkxyd# vr}lqkd#suryrfd# judqghv# pxgdqÇdv/# pdv# pxlwdv# ghodv#mxqwdv# srghp# id}hu# xp# edlwd# hvwudjr/#hvshfldophqwh# txdqgr# uhxqluhp# qxp# vÓ#prphqwr# wrgd# d# iruÇd# txh/# gloxÍgd# dr# orqjr# gh#phvhv/#srghuld#vhu# idflophqwh#frqwlgd1#Pdv#txh#d#ghvwuxlÇÃr#gh#qrvvdv#jrwlqkdv# uhfdld# vreuh#r#txh#ghyh#ghvprurqdu>#txh#hodv# odyhp#d#vxmhlud#h# ghvhqwhuuhp# ghprfudfld/# wudqvsduÊqfld/#olehugdgh/# uhvshlwr# h# sd}# gh# yrowd# sdud# d#klvwÓuld1# Vhmdprv# fdgd# jrwd# gh# wlqwd# gh# fdgd#

ohwud# gd# %pxgdqÇd# txh# txhuhprv# yhu# qr#pxqgr%/# qÃr# sdud# suhyhu/# pdv# sdud# zlnl0hvfuhyhu/# froderudwlydphqwh/# xp# ixwxur# phokru1#©#dvvlp#txh#iduhprv#klvwÓuld1

00000000

Frs|uljkw#5344#Doh{dqguh#Rolyd

Hvwd#reud#hvwÁ#olfhqfldgd#vre#d#OlfhqÇd#Fuhdwlyh#Frpprqv#FF#

E\0VD#+Dwwulexwlrq#VkduhDolnh/#rx#DwulexlÇÃr#h#Frpsduwlokdphqwr#

shod#phvpd#olfhqÇd,#613#Xqsruwhg1##Sdud#yhu#xpd#fÓsld#ghvvd#ol0

fhqÇd/#ylvlwh#kwws=22fuhdwlyhfrpprqv1ruj2olfhqvhv2e|0vd26132#rx#

hqylh#xpd#fduwd#dr#Fuhdwlyh#Frpprqv/#777#Fdvwur#Vwuhhw/#Vxlwh#

<33/#Prxqwdlq#Ylhz/#Fdoliruqld/#<7374/#XVD1

FÓsld#olwhudo/#glvwulexlÇÃr#h#sxeolfdÇÃr#gd#Íqwhjud#ghvwh#duwljr#

vÃr#shuplwlgdv#hp#txdotxhu#phlr/#hp#wrgr#r#pxqgr/#ghvgh#txh#

vhmdp#suhvhuydgdv#d#qrwd#gh#frs|uljkw/#d#XUO#rilfldo#gr#grfx0

phqwr#h#hvwd#qrwd#gh#shuplvvÃr1

kwws=22zzz1iviod1ruj2vyqzlnl2eorjv2o{r2sxe2zlnl0ixwxur

FROXQD#�#DOH[DQGUH#ROLYD

DOH[DQGUH#ROLYD##É#frqvhokhlur#gd#IxqgdÇÃr#Vriwzduh#Olyuh#DpÉulfd#Odwlqd/#pdqwhqhgru#gr#Olqx{0oleuh/#hydqjhol}dgru#gr#Prylphqwr#Vriwzduh#Olyuh#h#hqjhqkhlur#gh#frpslodgruhv#qd#Uhg#Kdw#Eudvlo1#Judgxdgr#qd#Xqlfdps#hp#Hqjhqkduld#gh#FrpsxwdÇÃr#h#Phvwudgr#hp#FlÊqfldv#gd#FrpsxwdÇÃr1

Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh#�#Gh}hpeur#5344#�#kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Page 14: Revista

LLSSyy99==##VVhhxx##qqrryyrr##hhqqgghhuuhhÇÇrr##qqdd##uuhhgghhSru#Jloehuwr#VxguÉ

�47

FROXQD#�#JLOEHUWR#VXGU©

jhud

ug:<#0#v

{f1k

x

Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh#�#Gh}hpeur#5344#�#kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Xpd#gdv#judqghv#fdudfwh0uÍvwlfdv#gd#Lqwhuqhw#É#d#srvvlelol0gdgh# gh# frpxqlfdÇÃr# hqwuh#gxdv# pÁtxlqdv# txdlvtxhu# txh#hvwhmdp# frqhfwdgdv# qd# judqgh#uhgh1# Lvwr#vÓ#É#srvvÍyho#srutxh#fdgd# glvsrvlwlyr# oljdgr# d# Lqwhu0qhw# srvvxl# xp# hqghuhÇr# Úqlfr/#wdpeÉp#frqkhflgr#frp#hqghuh0Çr# LS1#Dwxdophqwh# hvwh# hqghuh0Çr# srvvxl# 65# elwv# txh# vÃr#glvwulexÍgrv# hp# 7# e|whv/# r# txh#gÁ#ruljhp#dtxhohv#txdwur#qÚph0urv# vhsdudgrv# sru# srqwrv# txh#hqfrqwudprv#hp#pxlwdv#frqiljx0udÇÕhv#gh#uhgh#frpr#sru#h{hp0sor#r#4<5149;14141

Dshvdu# gh# srvvxlu# xp#judqgh# qÚphur# gh# frpelqd0ÇÕhv/# r# txh# shuplwh# lghqwlilfdu#xp#hqruph#txdqwlgdgh#gh#frp0sxwdgruhv#frqhfwdgrv/#r#fuhvfl0phqwr# gd# Lqwhuqhw# vxusuhhqghx#

vhxv# fuldgruhv# h# djrud# rv# hq0ghuhÇrv#glvsrqÍyhlv# hvwÃr#dfd0edqgr1#Srgh0vh# gl}hu# txh# hvwh#hvtxhpd# gh# hqghuhÇdphqwr#dwÉ#txh#gxurx#pxlwr#srlv#irl#ful0dgr#qr#ilqdo#gd#gÉfdgd#gh#93#h#hvwÁ#hp#xvr#dwÉ#krmh1

H# djrudB# R# txh# id}huB#VhuÁ# txh# d# Lqwhuqhw# ilfduÁ# olpl0wdgd# drv# hqghuhÇrv# glvsrqÍ0yhlvB# Qdgd# glvwr1# R# hqghuhÇr#LS#krmh#hp#xvr#hvwÁ#qd#yhuvÃr#7# rx# wdpeÉp# frqkhflgr# frpr#LSy71# Sdud# fruuljlu# hvwh# h# rx0wurv#sureohpdv#gr#LSy7#irl#fuld0gr# xpd# qryd# yhuvÃr/#frqkhflgd# frpr# 9# rx# LSy91#Pdv# txdlv# vÃr# dv# ydqwdjhqv#ghvwd#qryd#yhuvÃrB

D#sulqflsdo# ydqwdjhp#hvwÁ#qr# qÚphur# gh# pÁtxlqdv# txh#srghp# vhu# lghqwlilfdgdv# qd# Lq0

Page 15: Revista

�48

whuqhw1#R#hqghuhÇr#sdvvrx#grv#65# elwv# +LSy7,# sdud# 45;# elwv#+LSy9,#r#txh#shuplwh#d#glvwulexl0ÇÃr#gh#pdlv#gh#gh}#elokÕhv#gh#hqghuhÇrv# LS# sdud# fdgd# phwur#txdgudgr# gr# sodqhwd1# Xpd#txdqwlgdgh#h#wdqwr#qÃrB#D#vlwxd0ÇÃr#É#vlplodu#dr#txh#dfrqwhfhx#frp#dv# sodfdv# grv# dxwrpÓyhlv#txdqgr# irl# qhfhvvÁuld# d# lqfox0vÃr#gh#pdlv#xpd#ohwud/#sdvvdq0gr# gh# gxdv# ohwudv# h# txdwur#qÚphurv#sdud#dv#dwxdlv#wuÊv# oh0wudv#h#txdwur#qÚphurv1

Rxwud# ydqwdjhp# hvwÁ# qd#vhjxudqÇd# gd# uhgh1# R# LSy7# irl#fuldgr# hp# xpd# Ésrfd# hp# txh#h{lvwld#srxfd#rx#qhqkxpd#suhr0fxsdÇÃr#frp#d#vhjxudqÇd/#vlwx0

dÇÃr# pxlwr# glihuhqwh# gh# krmh1#Ghvwd# irupd# r# LSy9# mÁ# qdvfhx#frp# xpd# vÉulh# gh# eortxhlrv# h#uhfxuvrv#sdud/#sru#h{hpsor/#lp0shglu#r#dwdtxh#gh#Vsrrilqj#rq0gh# xp# lqwhuqdxwd# hqyld# xpd#phqvdjhp# id}hqgr0vh# sdvvdu#sru#rxwud#shvvrd1

Pdv#qÃr#irl#vÓ#d#vhjxudq0Çd# txh# pxgrx# frp# r# whpsr/#dwxdophqwh#r#frqwhÚgr#gd#Lqwhu0qhw# wdpeÉp#hvwÁ#pxlwr#glihuhq0wh1# Qr# lqÍflr# d# Lqwhuqhw#wudqvsruwdyd#edvlfdphqwh#lqiru0pdÇÕhv#gh#wh{wr/#pxlwr#glihuhq0wh#grv#yÍghrv/# irwrv/#pÚvlfdv#h#oljdÇÕhv#whohiÔqlfdv#gh#krmh1#Sd0ud# gdu# xp# wudwdphqwr# dghtxd0

gr# d# hvwh# wlsr# gh# wuÁihjr/# r#LSy9# wdpeÉp# srvvxl# yÁulrv#frqwurohv#edvwdqwh#hilflhqwhv1

Dwxdophqwh# sudwlfdphqwh#wrgrv# rv# vlvwhpdv# rshudflr0qdlv#mÁ#vxsruwdp#r#LSy91#R#sur0eohpd# hvwÁ# qrv# urwhdgruhv# +rx#prghpv# txh# ixqflrqdp# frpr#urwhdgruhv,/# vzlwfkhv/# lpsuhv0vrudv#gh#uhgh#h#Dffhvv#Srlqwv1#Hvwhv# htxlsdphqwrv# luÃr# qh0fhvvlwdu# gh# dwxdol}dÇÕhv# sdud#srghu# hqwhqghu# r# qryr# LS1# Il0txh# dwhqwr# txdqgr# iru# dgtxlulu#xp#ghvwhv#surgxwrv#sdud#vdehu#vh#hohv#mÁ#vxsruwdp#d#qryd#yhu0vÃr#gr#LS1

D# pljudÇÃr# gr# LSy7# sdud#r# LSy9#É#xpd#judqgh#hyroxÇÃr#sdud# d# uhgh# pdv# ydl# suhflvdu#gh#fxlgdgrv1

##############Xpd#gdv#judqghv#fdudfwhuÍvwlfdv#gd#Lqwhuqhw#É#d#srvvlelolgdgh#gh#frpxqlfdÇÃr#hqwuh#gxdv#pÁtxlqdv#txdlvtxhu#txh#hvwhmdp#frqhfwdgdv#qd#judqgh#uhgh1Jloehuwr#VxguÉ

JLOEHUWR#VXGU©#É#surihvvru/#frqvxo0wru#h#shvtxlvdgru#gd#Áuhd#gh#VhjxudqÇd#gd#LqirupdÇÃr1#Fr0phqwdulvwd#gh#Whfqr0orjld#gd#UÁglr#FEQ1#Duwlfxolvwd#gr#Mruqdo#D#Jd}hwd#h#Sruwdo#lPdvwhuv1#Dxwru#grv#ol0yurv#Dqwhqdgr#qd#Whfqrorjld/#Uhghv#gh#Frpsxwdgruhv#h#Lqwhuqhw=#R#hqfrqwur#gh#5#Pxqgrv1

FROXQD#�#JLOEHUWR#VXGU©

Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh#�#Gh}hpeur#5344#�#kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Page 16: Revista

�49Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Frqvlghur0ph lqfrpshwhqwh sdud id}husuhylvÕhv1 H{huflwr d suÁwlfd gd fodulylgÊqfld gx0dv yh}hv sru vhpdqd/ uholjlrvdphqwh/ ghl{dqgrdojxqv wurfdgrv qdv pÃrv gd Fdl{d HfrqÔplfdIhghudo pdv dwÉ krmh qÃr frqvhjxl suhyhu fru0uhwdphqwh dv wdlv vhlv gh}hqdv gd Phjd Vhqd1

Phvpr dvvlp/ d shglgr/ yrx whqwdu wluduxp srxfr gr sÓ gd plqkd erod gh fulvwdo qhvvhilp gh dqr h ph duulvfdu hp : suhylvÕhv sdud5345=

41 QÃr yrx dfhuwdu qd Phjd Vhqd1 Gh wr0gdv dv suhylvÕhv/ hvvd É d Úqlfd txh uhdophqwhdfkr txh yrx dfhuwdu1

51 R ilp gr pxqgr qÃr dfrqwhfhuÁ hp Gh0}hpeur1 Whqkr gh irqwh ilghgljqd txh r ilp grpxqgr ydl vhu dgldgr sdud/ shor phqrv/ srghu0prv dvvlvwlu drv mrjrv gd Frsd hp 5347 h ÀvRolpsÍdgdv hp 53491

61 Qryr surgxwr uhyroxflrqÁulr vhuÁ odqÇd0gr1 Hp 5345 ydl vhu odqÇdgr xp qryr surgxwrtxh hx yrx ph frÇdu sdud frpsudu1 Wrgr dqrdojxÉp/ gh dojxpd hpsuhvd/ whp dtxhod lghldidexorvd txh fuld rx hvwdehohfh xp phufdgrqryr rx lqyhqwd dojr txh qlqjxÉp vdeld txhsuhflvdyd wdqwr dvvlp1 Qhwerrnv/ wdeohwv/ fhoxod0uhv gh Úowlpd jhudÇÃr +dolÁv/ srutxh É txh lqvlv0whp hp idodu hp Úowlpd jhudÇÃr vh hp phqrvgh vhlv phvhv yÃr odqÇdu xpd qrydB,/ wrgrv hv0vhv surgxwrv ghvshuwdudp xp judqgh ghvhp0erovr1 JudÇdv dr erp vhqvr h d xpd fduwhludpdlv yd}ld txh r hvshudgr/ sxgh uhvlvwlu eudyd0phqwh À whqwdÇÃr h frqwlqxr hvshudqgr shorsuÓ{lpr1

71 VhuÃr fuldgdv qrydv uhghv vrfldlv1 Djr0ud txh r fdplqkr irl dehuwr/ qrydv uhghv vrfldlvhvshfldol}dgdv vhuÃr fuldgdv sdud wrpdu dlqgd

pdlv r qrvvr whpsr1 Hp frpshqvdÇÃr/ dwudyÉvghvvdv qrydv uhghv srghuhprv lqwhudjlu frprv phpeurv gd idpÍold dr lqyÉv gh whuprv txhuhfruuhu dr dqwljr h ghvjdvwdgr kÁelwr gh frq0yhuvdu1

81 Dv qxyhqv frqwlqxduÃr d erpedu1 Fdgdyh} pdlv yhuhprv rihuwdv gh vhuylÇrv hp qx0yhp sdud dwhqghu dv pdlv glihuhqwhv qhfhvvlgd0ghv1 Hvshur/ vlqfhudphqwh/ txh rv suryhgruhvgh vhuylÇrv hp qxyhp qÃr ghl{hp gh vh suhr0fxsdu frp rv edfnxsv1

91 Plfurvriw h Jrrjoh yÃr frqwlqxdu d vxdjxhuud pruqd1 DoÉp gdv mÁ idprvdv edwdokdvhp wruqr gh vpduwskrqhv h eurzvhuv/ dv gxdvyÃr vh hqjdoilqkdu qd glvsxwd gh folhqwhv fr0phufldlv sdud rv vhxv surgxwrv gh dxwrpdÇÃrgh hvfulwÓulr1

:1 Yrx hvfuhyhu pdlv xp wh{wr ghvvhv1 Fr0pr hp wrgr ilp gh dqr/ qr ilqdo gh 5345 yrx wl0udu d srhlud gd erod gh fulvwdo pdlv xpd yh} hid}hu qrydv suhylvÕhv1

Vhmd gh Frsdv rx gh Rxurv/ r : É xp erpqÚphur sdud suhylvÕhv= qÃr frp wdqwd fhuwh}dtxdqwr xp }ds pdv r vxilflhqwh sdud txh/ vh do0jxpd ghu fhuwr/ dojxÉp vh ohpeuh gh plp fr0pr whqgr dfhuwdgr1

H/ dlqgd hp whpsr/ txh 5345 vhmd phokrutxh 5344 h slru txh 53461

Erod gh fulvwdoSru Urehuwr Vdorprq

FROXQD � UREHUWR VDORPRQ

UREHUWR VDORPRQ É dutxlwhwr ghvriwzduh qd LEP h yroxqwÁulr gr surmhwrEuRiilfh1ruj1

Page 17: Revista

�4:Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Sru FÁuolvvrq Jdoglqr

FROXQD � F¡UOLVVRQ JDOGLQR

HslvÓglr 66

Gh Fduur frp Txhp

Qr hslvÓglr dqwhulru/ Sdqgrud hGduuho id}hp xpd qryd ylvlwd Àedvh gr Juxsr VdwÃ1 D ylvlwd qÃrwhuplqd gdqgr pxlwr fhuwr h rvgrlv vÃr dpduudgrv hdsulvlrqdgrv1 HqtxdqwrWxqjvwÊqlr glvfxwh frp vhxedqgr xpd irupd pdlv hilflhqwhgh vh olyudu gh Gduuho/ rv grlvvlpsohvphqwh vrphp1

Page 18: Revista

�4;Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Sdqgrud ghvshuwd/ wrqwd1 Wxgr hvwÁ jludqgrdlqgd dr vhx uhgru/ pdv hod qÃr hvwÁ pdlvdpduudgd1

Sdqgrud= Rqgh É txh hx wrxB

Vhqwh txh hvwÁ ghqwur gh xp fduur hpprylphqwr1

Sdqgrud= VhuÁ txh Gduuho111

Prwrulvwd= YrfÊv dfrugdudp1

Gh vxvwr/ rv rokrv gh Sdqgrud sxodp/ irfdqgr rprwrulvwd1 Hod yÊ xp krphp frp frohwhhvwudqkr/ frp xpd jrod freulqgr r shvfrÇr1

Sdqgrud= Txhp É yrfÊB

Prwrulvwd= Dfkr txh fkhjxhl ehp qd krud1Vdeld txh ldp suhflvdu gh dmxgd1

Sdqgrud= Gduuho wÁ rqghB

Prwrulvwd= DÍ gr odgr1

Sdqgrud vh ylud h yÊ Gduuho odujdgr dr vhx odgr/dlqgd lqfrqvflhqwh1 Qr edqfr gh sdvvdjhlur gdiuhqwh srgh yhu xp vdeuh h xp fdsdfhwh ghjudgh1

Sdqgrud= Txhp É yrfÊ/ fuldwxudB

Prwrulvwd= QÃr hvwÁ ph uhfrqkhfhqgrB

Hoh dmxvwd r uhwurylvru gr whwr sdud hq{hujdu rvrokrv gd sdvvdjhlud1

Sdqgrud= MÚqlruB$

MÚqlru= Ehp txh ghvfrqilhl txh dojr pxlwrhuudgr kdyld dfrqwhflgr oÁ qd hpsuhvd1

Sdqgrud= YrfÊ hvwÁ ehpB Gljr111

MÚqlru= Fodur/ hx qÃr hvwdyd qr dflghqwh1 Hxglvvh txh wlqkd suryd qd txlqwd/ qÃr ÉB Sru lvvrhx vÓ ixl qd V|vDwrp xqv gldv ghsrlv grhvwudjr1 Whqkr xpdv gÚylgdv1

Sdqgrud= Kdkd$ Idod$

MÚqlru= Dtxhohv vxmhlwrv hvwudqkrv vÃr txhp hxwrx shqvdqgr phvprB H sru txh vxd yr} hvwÁghvvh mhlwrB

Sdqgrud= Ydpr oÁ111 Qdtxhoh gld d jhqwh wdydwudedokdqgr qr DwlrqYlu/ txdqgr dfrqwhfhx

dojxpd frlvd ehp grlgd h whuplqrx d jhqwhilfdqgr dvvlp1

MÚqlru= Dvvlp frprB

Sdqgrud= R Rolyhu ylurx dtxhoh prqvwur ghihuur/ r Duvhq ylurx dtxhod prqwdqkd/ r Ydoglgylurx dtxhoh erl oÁ h d Orxlvh ylurx d pxokhu0jhohld1

MÚqlru= Txh hvwudqkr1

Sdqgrud= ©/ h hx iltxhl frp hvvd yr} gh txhpidod dwuÁv gh xp yhqwlodgru111

MÚqlru= Kdkd$ Ohjdo1 H hohv hvwÃr vh fkdpdqgrgh rxwur mhlwr wdpeÉp/ qÉB WxqjvwÊqlr/ hx dfkr/hq{riuh111

Sdqgrud= ©$ H hx vrx d Vwrupgdqfhu1

Gduuho= Dl txh gru gh fdehÇd111

Sdqgrud= Ehp$ YrfÊ dfrugrx$

Gduuho= Rqgh É txh d jhqwh wÁB

Sdqgrud= Dglylqkd txhp vdoyrx d jhqwh$ RhvwdjlÁulr$

Gduuho= MÚqlruB

MÚqlru= Pdqgd dv rughqv/ fkhih1

Gduuho= Frpr yrfÊ ih} lvvrB

MÚqlru= R txÊB

Gduuho= Frqvhjxlx qrv olehuwduB

MÚqlru= Frpr yrfÊ dfkdB Hqwudqgr oÁ h wludqgryrfÊv/ gh xp hp xp1

Gduuho= H hohv qÃr yludpB

MÚqlru= Qdgd$ Hvwdydp glvwudÍgrv$

Gduuho= Qrvvd$ Txhu gl}hu txh doÉp gh hvwxgduVpdoowdon/ yrfÊ id} hvjulpdB

MÚqlru= ©$ Ohjdo/ qÉB

Gduuho= ´$

Sdqgrud= Hvjulpd$ HqwÃr É glvvr hvvhfdsdfhwlqkr gh uhghB

MÚqlru= © vlp1

Gduuho= Fdudfd/ hvvd grhx111

FROXQD � F¡UOLVVRQ JDOGLQR

Page 19: Revista

�4<Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Sdqgrud= Ghl{d gh ghqjr/ fÊ wdyd gh fdsdfhwh$

Gduuho= Hod edwhx qdv plqkdv frvwdv1

Sdqgrud= ´ÔÔ111 Yrx gdu xp ehlmlqkr sud vdudu1

MÚqlru= Vwrupgdqfhu/ qÉB

Sdqgrud= Kpp0uxp$ H r phx qÊjr dtxl É rFljdqr$

MÚqlru= Ohjdo1 Yrx dgrwdu xp qrph dvvlpwdpeÉp1 Yrx vhu r {Ihqfhu$

Sdqgrud= Htxlv0r0txÊB

{Ihqfhu= Ihqfhu$ © hvjulplvwd hp lqjoÊv1 H r [qd iuhqwh É xpd krphqdjhp drv surjudpdvXql{1

Gduuho= WÁ/ lqwhuhvvdqwh1 Wlsr r {whup qÉB

Sdqgrud= Rx r [er{ qÉB

{Ihqfhu= Qhp1

Gduuho= HvwÁ qrv ohydqgr sud rqghB

{Ihqfhu= Sud oxjdu qhqkxp1 VÓ dqgdqgr sru dÍ1Txhuhp lu sud rqghB

Gduuho= Whprv xp dsduwdphqwr hp IordwleÁ1

{Ihqfhu= WÁ/ srghprv gdu xpd fkhjdgd oÁ1

Gduuho= Ohjdo1 Whprv txh glvfxwlu dÇÕhv frqwudhvvhv orxfrv1

{Ihqfhu= H yrfÊv suhflvdp ph h{solfdu phokruhvvd }rqd wrgd1

Sdqgrud= H d EdqglgdB

Gduuho= Ghl{d sud oÁ1 Ghsrlv fxlgdprv glvvr1

{Ihqfhu= TxhpB$

Gduuho= D prwr ghod1 Rokd/ dqwhv gh yldmdu/ vhuÁtxh srghprv gdu xp sxor qxp surqwr vrfruurB

{Ihqfhu= Wxgr ehp1

Gduuho= Ghsrlv d jhqwh glvfxwh sru oÁ1

Sdqgrud= ©/ d jhqwh srgld shglu xpd sl}}d1

{Ihqfhu= Rn/ pdv qÃr srvvr ilfdu pxlwr whpsr1Dpdqkà hx whqkr suryd gh LD111

FROXQD � F¡UOLVVRQ JDOGLQR

FDUOLVVRQ JDOGLQR É Edfkduho hpFlÊqfld gd FrpsxwdÇÃr h sÓv0judgxdgr hpSurgxÇÃr gh Vriwzduh frp ªqidvh hpVriwzduh Olyuh1 MÁ pdqwhyh surmhwrv frprLdudMV/ HqflforsÉgld Rphjd h Orvdqjr1PdqwÉp surmhwrv hp vhx eorj/ F|dqhxv1Phpeur gd Dfdghpld Dudsludtxhqvh ghOhwudv h Duwhv/ É dxwru gr Frugho gr VriwzduhOlyuh h gr Frugho gr EuRiilfh1

Page 20: Revista

�53Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Shgludp0ph sdud id}hu dojxpdv suhyl0vÕhv vreuh r phufdgr gh whfqrorjld sdud rsuÓ{lpr dqr1 Ehp/ hvwd qÃr É h{dwdphqwh pl0qkd sudld/ srlv hp jhudo huur ihlr qd pdlruldgdv yh}hv1 DoÉp glvvr/ frlvdv shodv txdlvqÃr grx d pÍqlpd erod qr lqÍflr/ frpr r Id0fherrn/ gh uhshqwh/ vhp pdlv qhp phqrv/ vhwruqdp dv lqlfldwlydv pdlv oxfudwlydv gr sodqh0wd$ Vhpsuh suhihul r RshqDFV/ fxmrv ghvhq0yroyhgruhv irudp rv yhugdghlurv %sdlv% griudphzrun sru wud} gdv uhghv vrfldlv1

Lvvr ph ohpeud xpd yh} txh/ dlqgd hv0wxgdqwh gh judgxdÇÃr/ ixl frqylgdgr d vhu vÓ0flr qxpd qryd erdwh gluhflrqdgdh{foxvlydphqwh dr iruuÓ1 Qhjxhl qr dwr sruqÃr vhu h{dwdphqwh phx remhwlyr surilvvlrqdo/

dshvdu gd lqvlvwÊqfld gr phx dpljr1 Dojxqvphvhv ghsrlv vhx hpsuhhqglphqwr hud fr0qkhflgr qr sdÍv lqwhlur h dv dsuhvhqwdÇÕhv oÁglvsxwdgdv shorv sulqflsdlv duwlvwdv gr jÊqh0ur1

Frpr srghp yhu/ plqkdv uhihuÊqfldvqÃr vÃr dv phokruhv sdud pÉglxp rx jxux1Pdv dfkr txh phvpr dvvlp srvvr duulvfdudojxqv sdoslwhv hvwulwdphqwh surilvvlrqdlv/ghqwur gr txh h{lvwh krmh h vhp txhuhu id}hupxlwdv hoxfxeudÇÕhv hp wruqr gh whfqrorjldvdlqgd lqh{lvwhqwhv1 Hvfrokl dojxqv whpdv frprv txdlv whqkr dilqlgdgh h hp dojxqv vhuhldwÉ pxlwr jhqÉulfr1 Wdoyh} dvvlp dfhuwh dojx0pd frlvd1

SuhylvÕhv sdud 5345=dr Vriwzduh Olyuh r ixwxur shuwhqfh111Sru Mdlph Edoelqr

FDSD � 5345= DR VRIWZDUH OLYUH R IXWXUR SHUWHQFH111

e|

kholr

mvi

Page 21: Revista

�54Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Vreuh Vlvwhpdv Rshudflrqdlv hpghvnwrsv

R Zlqgrzv gd Plfurvriw qÃr luÁ dfdedu hqhp vhuÁ vxshudgr shor RV[ gd Dssoh1 Erp111lvvr wrgr pxqgr vdeh +phvpr txh ghvhmh rfrqwuÁulr,1 Pdv dfkr txh r Olqx{ hp jhudo h r

Xexqwx hp sduwlfxodu luÃr shughu dlqgd pdlv

whuulwÓulr qrv ghvnwrsv1 Sru txÊB Rud/ d edvhgh frpsxwdgruhv shvvrdlv lqvwdodgd dxphqwdyhuwljlqrvdphqwh qr Eudvlo h qr uhvwr gr pxqgr+dshvdu gd fulvh pxqgldo,/ vÓ txh <</<<( ghohvmÁ yhp frp xp VR lqvwdodgr111 h qÃr vhuÁ Ol0qx{1

Sdud slrudu d vlwxdÇÃr r Zlqgrzv ; sudwl0fdphqwh lpshgluÁ d lqvwdodÇÃr gh xp VR dowhu0qdwlyr hp gxdo errw/ frp r dujxphqwr gh txhlvvr wud} pdlv vhjxudqÇd dr vlvwhpd1 Frp fhu0wh}d r eortxhlr XHIL vhuÁ txheudgr hp dojxpprphqwr/ pdv lvvr iduÁ sduhfhu txh lqvwdodu Ol0qx{ hp SFv h odswrsv frp Zlqgrzv É %lohjdo%1

QÃr É xp txdgur erqlwr gh vh yhu/ pdvsduhfh vhu r pdlv idfwÍyho1 Sdud flwdu grlvh{hpsorv/ d Dssoh h d Vrq| vÃr gxdv judqghvhpsuhvdv txh kÁ dqrv ghvhvwlpxodp d lqvwdod0ÇÃr gh rxwurv VRv hp frpsxwdgruhv h ylghrjd0phv/ uhvshfwlydphqwh1 Vhp whuhp vlgruhdophqwh lqfrprgdgdv shor prylphqwr grVriwzduh Olyuh/ frpr srghuÍdprv vxvwhqwdudfxvdÇÕhv frqwud d Plfurvriw h ideulfdqwhv ghfrpsxwdgruhv sru id}hu d phvpd frlvdB

Vreuh r Xexqwx/ dfkr txh r VR dwlqjlx

d pdwxulgdgh h ghilqlx vhx qlfkr gh phufd0

gr1 Hvshur txh Pdun Vkxwwohzruwk mÁ hvwhmd jd0qkdqgr dojxp glqkhlur frp hvvd lghld/ srutxhydl vhu gliÍflo pxgdu r fxuvr gr edufr djrud1 Dqryd lqwhuidfh/ r ghvhpshqkr jhudo h d lqfrp0sdwlelolgdgh fdgd yh} pdlru frp d sodwdirupdGheldq qÃr whp djudgdgr pxlwrv xvxÁulrv/ lq0foxvlyh hx1 R Xexqwx vhuÁ pxlwr frqkhflgr hsrsxodu qrv suÓ{lprv dqrv1 Xp erp VR sdudrihuhfhu d xp lqlfldqwh/ pdv vhuÁ txh frqvhjxl0uÁ pdqwhu r sltxh/ frp xpd edvh gh xvxÁulrv hghvhqyroyhgruhv uhdophqwh lqwhuhvvdgdB

Vreuh glvsrvlwlyrv pÓyhlvDtxl d frlvd É iÁflo idodu gr Óeylr vhp du0

ulvfdu0vh pxlwr d huudu1 Wdeohwv vhuÃr d vhqvd0

ÇÃr h ghyhuÃr dwlqjlu r dxjh gr frqvxplvpr

mÁ qr suÓ{lpr dqr dtxl qr Eudvlo1 Dv ohlv ghlqfhqwlyr d vxd surgxÇÃr vÃr edvwdqwh vÓolgdv hd edvh gh frqvxplgruhv srwhqfldlv pxlwr dpsod1R sureohpd vhuÁ hqfrqwudu glvsrvlwlyrv uhdophq0wh erqv frp xp suhÇr ud}rÁyho1 Ylgh r txh rdfrqwhfhx dqwhulruphqwh frp rv fhoxoduhv/ rqghd judqgh txdqwlgdgh gh yhqgdv wdpeÉp vljqlil0frx pxlwrv dsduhokrv txheudgrv frp srxfrxvr/ qÃr vÓ hqwuh rv %{lqj0olqjv%/ pdv wdpeÉphqwuh pdufdv frqkhflgdv frpr OJ/ Prwrurod hVdpvxqj1

Dfkr txh r Jrrjoh hvwÁ mrjdqgr pxlwrfruuhwdphqwh frp vhx Dqgurlg/ wruqdqgr0r erph srsxodu1 Wdfdgd gh phvwuh sduhfh whu vlgr dfrpsud gd Prwrurod/ txh kdyld yrowdgr dr jrvwrgr frqvxplgru dsÓv yÁulrv huurv frphufldlv1Djrud r Jrrjoh whp xp VR sdud glvsrvlwlyrvpÓyhlv/ xpd ideulfdqwh gh shvr h fhqwhqdv ghsdwhqwhv sdud edujdqkdu frp d Plfurvriw h Ds0soh1

R Dqgurlg qÃr É h{dwdphqwh xpd sodwdiru0pd olyuh/ pdv É pdlv iÁflo ghvhqyroyhu sdud hohgr txh sdud rv VRv frqfruuhqwhv1 Lvvr qd yhu0gdgh É xp sureohpd sdud rv vlvwhpdv uhdophq0wh olyuhv h ghyh plqdu rv hviruÇrv gh

ghvhqyroylphqwr gh dpelhqwhv 433( dehuwrv

h olyuhv sdud fhoxoduhv h ghpdlv glvsrvlwlyrv

pÓyhlv1

Vriwzduh SÚeolfrSrgh sduhfhu hoxfxeudÇÃr plqkd/ pdv uhdo0

phqwh xp qryr prghor gh ghvhqyroylphqwr

hp Vriwzduh Olyuh jdqkd fdgd yh} pdlv hvsd0

Çr qd Áuhd jryhuqdphqwdo1 R frqfhlwr ghVriwzduh SÚeolfr Eudvlohlur fuldgr shor PlqlvwÉulrgr Sodqhmdphqwr sdud idflolwdu r uhdsuryhlwdphqwrgr VO ghvwlqdgr À dgplqlvwudÇÃr sÚeolfd/ fuhvfhxpxlwr qrv Úowlprv dqrv/ wruqrx0vh lqwhuqdflrqdo huhfhehx r uhfrqkhflphqwr gr Surjudpd gdv Qd0ÇÕhv Xqlgdv sdud r Ghvhqyroylphqwr +SQXG,1

FDSD � 5345= DR VRIWZDUH OLYUH R IXWXUR SHUWHQFH111

Page 22: Revista

�55Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

R Vriwzduh SÚeolfr fuld wrgr xp hfrvvlvwh0pd gh ghvhqyroylphqwr h vhuylÇrv hp VriwzduhOlyuh+VO, h SdguÕhv Dehuwrv1 Hvwh dpelhqwh shu0plwh txh txdotxhu suhihlwxud/ jryhuqr h ÓujÃrsÚeolfr exvtxh vroxÇÕhv hvshfÍilfdv sdud vxdvghpdqgdv h/ doÉp gr vriwzduh sursuldphqwh gl0wr/ hqfrqwuh wdpeÉp surilvvlrqdlv fdsdflwdgrvsdud lqvwdodu/ frqiljxudu h fxvwrpl}du dv vrox0ÇÕhv1

Txdotxhu xp srgh gdu vxsruwh dr VS/ rtxh shuplwh d fuldÇÃr gh xpd frpxqlgdgh ydvwdgh suhvwdgruhv gh vhuylÇr hp frqwdwr gluhwr frpghvhqyroyhgruhv1 Lvvr/ reyldphqwh/ wud} lpsdfwrsrvlwlyr qd jhudÇÃr gh uhqgd h glplqxlÇÃr grvfxvwrv gh WL grv ÓujÃrv jryhuqdphqwdlv1

Hp vxpd/ É xpd Ówlpd lghld1 DwÉ vxusuhhq0gh0ph txh whqkd vlgr jhudgd lqwhjudophqwh ghq0wur gh xpd uhsduwlÇÃr sÚeolfd h qxp Úqlfrjryhuqr1

Sdud pdlv lqirupdÇÕhv frqvxowh d froxqdvreuh r Vriwzduh SÚeolfr qd Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr

Olyuh rx ylvlwh kwws=22vsl1vriwzduhsxeolfr1jry1eu hkwws=22vriwzduhsxeolfr1jry1eu1 Ydoh d shqd1

HgxfdÇÃrFrpr mÁ glvvh/ qÃr udur plqkdv suhylvÕhv

vÃr dwurshodgdv shorv idwrv1 Qr fdvr gd Áuhd hgx0fdflrqdo/ hx vxehvwlphl wuhphqgdphqwh d fdsdfl0gdgh gr jryhuqr vh dixqgdu qd exurfudfld111

R xvr gh odswrsv frp Vlvwhpd Rshudflrqdo ol0yuh h whfqrorjld dehuwd mÁ ghyhuld vhu frpxp dtxlqr Eudvlo frpr mÁ r É qr Xuxjxdl/ rqgh 433( grvdoxqrv gr hqvlqr ixqgdphqwdo xvdp odswrsv qd hv0frod h hp fdvd1 Wdo idwr qÃr dfrqwhfhx sru xph{djhudgr %dfdghplflvpr%/ hx gluld1

Pdv dv frlvdv hvwÃr pxgdqgr= r froÉjlr Lq0

whjudo gh Fdpslqdv/ VÃr Sdxor/ dvvlp frpr yÁ0

uldv hvfrodv sduwlfxoduhv gh EudvÍold xvduÃr

wdeohwv h lSdgv mÁ hp 53451 DoÉp glvvr d Suhvl0

ghqwd Glopd/ ià gr vhx lSdg/ mÁ pdqgrx dqdolvdu

d yldelolgdgh gr xvr gh wdeohwv qdv hvfrodv1

VÃr erdv qrwÍfldv sdud plp/ txh vrx surihv0vru h suhrfxsdgr frp r xvr frqvflhqwh gd whfqr0

orjld hp vdod gh dxod1 Pdv lqihol}phqwh d irupd ghxvr dgrwdgd shodv hvfrodv sduwlfxoduhv h shor sr0ghu sÚeolfr orfdo whp ghl{dgr d ghvhmdu111

Qd hvfrod gh Fdpslqdv r doxqr xvduÁ r lSdg/hqwuhjxh uhdophqwh vhp fxvwrv sdud rv sdlv/ sduddfhvvdu dv dsrvwlodv txh dqwhv hudp hglwdgdv hpsdsho1 R sureohpd É txh dv dsrvwlodv vÃr phudvfÓsldv hp SGI gd yhuvÃr lpsuhqvd/ r txh wudqv0irupd rv lSdgv hp vlpsohv hUhdghuv1 Qhqkxpdrxwud sursrvwd hgxfdflrqdo É dsuhvhqwdgd/ qhpphvpr xp uhfxuvr sdud id}hu dqrwdÇÕhv shvvrdlvqr pdwhuldo olgr1

D lqlfldwlyd ihghudo gh grdu wdeohwv sdud dox0qrv gh hvfrod sÚeolfd surydyhophqwh vhjxluÁ rprghor dwxdo gh ilqdqfldphqwr gh odswrsv1 R txhvljqlilfd txh dv suhihlwxudv srghuÃr vrolflwdu rvhtxlsdphqwrv phgldqwh frqwudsduwlgdv rx uhfheÊ0orv judwxlwdphqwh vh iruhp hvfroklgdv qr surmhwrslorwr1 Dvvlp frpr rfruuh frp rv odswrsv hgxfdfl0rqdlv/ srxfr vh glvfxwh vreuh rv vriwzduhv h r iru0pdwr gh xvr grv dsduhokrv1 Vhp hvvd glvfxvvÃrrv surihvvruhv ilfduÃr olplwdgrv drv vriwzduhv fr0phufldlv glvsrqÍyhlv h whuÃr xpd lqwhuidfh qdgd lq0wxlwlyd sdud d hgxfdÇÃr/ fkhld gh %idwzduh%1

R erp glvvr/ vh txlvhuprv yhu xpd srvvlelol0gdgh gh qhjÓflr dÍ/ É txh xp Vlvwhpd Rshudflrqdoolyuh h dehuwr sdud wdeohwv hgxfdflrqdlv srghuld id0}hu pxlwr vxfhvvr qdv hvfrodv1 Dvvlp frpr xp wd0eohw hp irupdwr gh %nlw%/ frpr r pÓgxor ghdxwrpdÇÃr Dugxlqr h dpelhqwhv vhuylgruhv sdudhvfrodv1

Yrx ilfdu v� qhvwdv suhylv�hv1 Qr ilqdo gr dqr txh

yhp d jhqwh y� r txdqwr hx dfhuwhl h dlqgd yrx

srghu gl}hu r txh hx m� wlqkd fhuwh}d txh luld dfrq0

whfhu/ pdv q�r erwhl qhvwh wh{wr srutxh r hvsd�r

wlqkd dfdedgr >,1

MDLPH EDOELQR É Surihvvru ghHgxfdÇÃr Hvshfldo h Frqvxowru hp HDG1Hpdlo= mdlphedoelqrChgxolyuh1qhw

FDSD � 5345= DR VRIWZDUH OLYUH R IXWXUR SHUWHQFH111

Page 23: Revista

�56Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

FFrrqqkkhhÇÇdd ddvv ffllqqffrrwwhhffqqrroorrjjllddvv ttxxhh lluuÃÃrrggrrppllqqdduu 55334455

FDSD � FRQKH§DDV FLQFR WHFQRORJLDV TXH Y£R ERPEDU HP 5345

LqwurgxÇÃrR dqr gh 5344 hvwÁ fkhjdqgr hp vxd uhwd

ilqdo h/ frqvhtxhqwhphqwh/ frphÇdprv d shq0vdu qr dqr txh yhp/ txdlv vhuÃr qrvvrv sodqrv/txdlv olyurv suhwhqghprv ohu/ txdlv fxuvrv srgh0uÍdprv id}hu h/ sulqflsdophqwh/ sdud rqgh gluhfl0rqduhprv qrvvrv hviruÇrv lqwhohfwxdlv1 Lvvr ydohwdqwr sdud hpsuhjdgrv frpr sdud judqghv hp0suhvÁulrv1 © qr Úowlpr wulphvwuh gr dqr txh hvwhsodqhmdphqwr frphÇd d vhu ihlwr1

Sdud surilvvlrqdlv gd whfqrorjld gd lqiru0pdÇÃr/ hvwh sdvvr É lpsruwdqwh sru dojxqv prwl0yrv1 Sulphlur/ r qrvvr whpsr É h{wuhpdphqwholplwdgr/ sulqflsdophqwh hp judqghv fhqwurv xu0edqrv1 HqwÃr/ whprv txh gluhflrqdu qrvvr whp0sr gh hvwxgr sdud dojr txh uhdophqwh ydokd Àshqd1 Vhjxqgr/ d hpsuhvd rqgh r surilvvlrqdoghvhqyroyh vhx wudedokr ydorul}d pxlwr surilvvlr0qdlv dqwhqdgrv qr phufdgr h qdv vxdv pxgdq0Çdv1

Sdud hvwxgdqwhv txh hvwhmdp fxuvdqgr rvsulqflsdlv fxuvrv gd Áuhd whfqroÓjlfd/ sulqflsdo0phqwh/ qrv Úowlprv vhphvwuhv/ É lpsruwdqwh vd0ehu gluhflrqdu vhx hvwxgr sdud hqwudu qrphufdgr h{wuhpdphqwh kÁelo qdv sulqflsdlv whf0qrorjldv gr phufdgr1

Sdud hpsuhvÁulrv/ txh olghudp judqghvhpsuhvdv/ É frpxp h{lvwluhp htxlshv gh shv0txlvd hp whfqrorjld sdud pdqwhu d frusrudÇÃrqd wulokd gd lqrydÇÃr1 Orjr/ vdehu r txh h sru0txh hvwxgdu h lqyhvwlu whpsr h glqkhlur hp dojrfhuwr É gh h{wuhpd lpsruwÂqfld1

Rx vhmd/ ilfd fodur txh hvwh h{hufÍflr ghsuhylvÃr sdud r suÓ{lpr dqr/ h dwÉ phvpr/ sdudrv suÓ{lprv elÊqlrv/ wulÊqlrv h/ srutxh qÃr/ gÉ0fdgdv/ É pxlwr lpsruwdqwh sdud txdotxhu surilv0vlrqdo gd whfqrorjld gd lqirupdÇÃr1 H lvvr qÃrlqfoxl rx h{foxl fdujrv/ shor frqwuÁulr/ wdqwr xphvwxgdqwh frpr xp oÍghu gd pdlru hpsuhvd jor0edo suhflvdp id}hu lvvr1

VVddlleedd ttxxddllvv vvhhuuÃÃrr ddvv ssuurrwwddjjrrqqllvvwwddvv qqrr ppxxqqggrr ggddwwhhffqqrroorrjjlldd ggdd llqqiirruuppddÇÇÃÃrr qqrr ssuuÓÓ{{llpprr ddqqrr

Sru Ulfdugr gd Vloyd Rjoldul

zzz1v

{f1k

x)

kholr

mvi

Page 24: Revista

�57Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

SuhylvÕhvWrgd suhylvÃr ihlwd sru dojxÉp txh qÃr fr0

qkhfh rv ghwdokhv gdv judqghv frusrudÇÕhv Éh{wuhpdphqwh shuljrvr1 SruÉp/ fuhlr txh d fuld0ÇÃr h pdqxwhqÇÃr gr eorj %Prelolgdgh É Wxgr%/ph ghx dojxpd srvvlelolgdgh gh suhyhu r txhsrghuÁ dfrqwhfhu hp 53451

Qrv suÓ{lprv sduÁjudirv/ luhl flwdu flqfrwhfqrorjldv txh hx dfuhglwr txh mÁ dwlqjludp xpqÍyho gh pdwxulgdgh vxilflhqwh sdud ghvsrqwdu rxfrqvrolgdu vxd suhvhqÇd qr phufdgr eudvlohlur hpxqgldo1

FrqyhujÊqfld GljlwdoQr ilqdo gr dqr gh 5343 hx mÁ hvfuhyl xp

duwljr fkdpdgr %R Ixwxur qÃr É Vpduwskrqh/pdv vlp/ d FrqyhujÊqfld%1 R dqr gh 5344 vhuylxdshqdv sdud frqvrolgdu plqkdv h{shfwdwlydv hdsrvwdu dlqgd pdlv qd iudvh txh vhuyh gh wÍwxorsdud r duwljr1

Dfkr txh d yhokd iudvh glwd h uhshwlgd lq0fhvvdqwhphqwh qrv Úowlprv grlv dqrv qÃr whppdlv ydold1 %R ixwxur vÃr rv vpduwskrqhv% hvwÁwrwdophqwh huudgd1 R ixwxur uhvhuyd dojr pxlwrpdlru txh xp vlpsohv wlsr gh ghylfh1 R dqr gh5345 vhuÁ d sruwd sdud d frqvrolgdÇÃr ghilqlwlydgd frqyhujÊqfld gljlwdo1 Wrgr h txdotxhu htxlsd0phqwr vhuÁ ylvwr frpr xp srvvÍyho lqwhjudgrugh uhghv/ xp glvvhplqdgru gh frqwhÚgr h xp qÓdwlyr qd judqgh uhgh pxqgldo gh frpsxwdgruhv1

R frqfhlwr gh lqwhuqhw gdv frlvdv qxqfdhvwhyh frp wdqwd hqhujld h suhvhqÇd1 Krmh hpgld qÃr É pdlv vxusuhvd hqwudu hp xpd ormd ghhohwurgrpÉvwlfrv h hqfrqwudu dsduhokrv txh dq0whv vrphqwh fr}lqkdydp dolphqwrv/ h txhdjrud dfhvvdp d lqwhuqhw1 QÃr É qdgd gh rxwurpxqgr hqfrqwudu xpd jhodghlud rx xp plfur rq0gdv txh dfhvvh uhghv vrfldlv1

H d frqyhujÊqfld whfqroÓjlfd hvwÁ lqwlpd0phqwh oljdgd frp d frqyhujÊqfld fxowxudo gh wr0

gd d srsxodÇÃr hp uhodÇÃr À irupd gh vhfrpxqlfdu/ wudedokdu/ qdprudu/ id}hu dpl}dghv/hqfrqwudu hpsuhjrv/ hqilp/ qd irupd gh ylyhufrpr xp wrgr/ rx vhmd/ lvvr id} frp txh xpderod gh qhyh vhmd fuldgd1 D frqyhujÊqfld whfqr0oÓjlfd wruqd d frpsxwdÇÃr xeÍtxd/ rqgh dv shv0vrdv hvwÃr urghdgdv gh htxlsdphqwrvfrqhfwdgrv h whqghp d vh wruqdu ghshqghqwhvgd rihuwd hp judqgh hvfdod gd lqirupdÇÃr1 Frplvvr/ dv shvvrdv vh wruqdp frqhfwdgdv h h{l0jhp txh rv glvsrvlwlyrv txh hodv dgtxluhpdwhqgdp d hvvd qhfhvvlgdgh1

Wrgdv dv whfqrorjldv hp txh luhl %dsrvwdu%qrv suÓ{lprv sduÁjudirv wÊp iruwh oljdÇÃr frp rfrqfhlwr gh frqyhujÊqfld whfqroÓjlfd1

GrpÓwlfdD grpÓwlfd É xp whupr txh ghilqh r xvr gd

whfqrorjld sdud dxwrpdÇÃr uhvlghqfldo1 Hvwhvhpsuhhqglphqwrv wdpeÉp vÃr frqkhflgrv fr0pr fdvdv lqwholjhqwhv1

Dv whfqrorjldv txh iruqhfldp dv srvvlelol0gdghv sdud txh lvwr dfrqwhfhvvh hudp pxlwr fd0udv dwÉ srxfr whpsr dwuÁv1 SruÉp/ d hohwuÔqlfdglplqxlx hvwh fxvwr h surmhwrv gh dxwrpdÇÃr uh0vlghqfldo mÁ qÃr vÃr dsolfÁyhlv vrphqwh d xpdshtxhqd sdufhod gd srsxodÇÃr1

DoÉp glvvr/ dv sulqflsdlv sodwdirupdv pr0eloh gr phufdgr/ Dqgurlg h lSkrqh/ mÁ srvvxhpvxsruwh d fuldÇÃr gh kdugzduhv txh srghp wur0fdu lqirupdÇÕhv frp r dsduhokr1 Qr fdvr grDqgurlg É iruqhflgr vxsruwh d Dugxlqr/ xpd sod0fd hohwuÔqlfd gh fÓgljr dehuwr1 Vhqgr dvvlp/ rfxvwr sdud fuldÇÃr gh xp dsolfdwlyr sdudvpduwskrqh/ sru h{hpsor/ txh frqwurod rv sulq0flsdlv htxlsdphqwrv hohwuÔqlfrv gd fdvd glpl0qxlx dvvrpeurvdphqwh1

Sdud ilqdol}du/ rv htxlsdphqwrv hvwÃr vhwruqdqgr frqhfwdgrv d lqwhuqhw/ orjr/ qÃr É gliÍ0flo gh fuldu xpd fhqwudo txh uhfheh lqirupdÇÕhvgh wrgrv hohwurgrpÉvwlfrv gd fdvd h uhsdvvd dvlqirupdÇÕhv sdud xp Dqgurlg/ xp lSkrqh/ xpEodfnEhuu| h dwÉ phvpr/ xp vlpsohv whohirqhfhoxodu1

FDSD � FRQKH§DDV FLQFR WHFQRORJLDV TXH Y£R ERPEDU HP 5345

Page 25: Revista

�58Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

QIFD whfqrorjld QIF +Qlhu Ilhog Frppxqlfdwl0

rq, shuplwh d wurfd gh gdgrv hqwuh xp glvsrvlwl0yr sdvvlyr h rxwur dwlyr hp fxuwdv glvwÂqfldv/sdud vhu pdlv h{dwr/ qr pÁ{lpr 43 fhqwÍphwurv1

Vxd ruljhp É r UILG +Udglr Iuhtxhqf|Lghqwlilfdwlrq,1 SruÉp/ ghylgr dr orqjr dofdqfhghvwd/ vxd vhjxudqÇd qÃr É d pdlv dghtxdgdsdud vlvwhpdv frpr sdjdphqwrv pÓyhlv1 Vhq0gr dvvlp/ hp 5335/ d Q[S Vhplfrqgxfwruv hVrq| surgx}ludp r QIF1

Pdv ydprv ghl{du gh klvwÓuld h ydprv idodugr ilqdo gh 5344 h qdv surphvvdv sdud 53451Qrydphqwh yrx flwdu gxdv sodwdirupdv preloh oÍ0ghuhv lqglvfxwÍyhlv gh phufdgr1 R Dqgurlg mÁrihuhfh vxsruwh hp vhxv dsduhokrv pdlv qryrvsdud hvwd whfqrorjld gh frpxqlfdÇÃr1 DolÁv/ dsuÓsuld DSL gd sodwdirupd rihuhfh xp frqmxqwrulfr gh fodvvhv txh shuplwh txh ghvhqyroyhgr0uhv lqvludp hvwd ihdwxuh hp vhxv dsolfdwlyrv1 Sd0ud r lSkrqh/ yÁulrv erdwrv gÃr frqwd gh txh dsuÓ{lpd yhuvÃr gr vhx vlvwhpd rshudflrqdo wdp0eÉp iruqhfhuÁ vxsruwh d QIF1

Sdud frqilupdu dlqgd pdlv plqkdv h{fhohq0whv shuvshfwlydv sdud r QIF hp 5345/ qr ilqdogh Qryhpeur rfruuhx xp idwr pxlwr lpsruwdqwh1D JVPD dqxqflrx txh 78 gdv sulqflsdlv rshud0grudv pÓyhlv gr pxqgr yÃr dsrldu h lpsohphq0wdu vroxÇÕhv h vhuylÇrv QIF1 D JVPD sxeolfrxqrydv hvshflilfdÇÕhv sdud whohirqhv sruwÁwhlv/ylvdqgr yldelol}du r hpsuhjr joredo gh vhuylÇrvQlhu Ilhog Frppxqlfdwlrq edvhdgrv qr VLPFdug1

Vhjxqgr r lpsruwdqwh vlwh Rokdu Gljlwdo/dwxdophqwh/ d frpsdwlelolgdgh grv dsduhokrvfrp r QIF ghshqgh pxlwr gdv ideulfdqwhv/ txhhvfrokhp vh ghvhmdp rx qÃr lqfoxlu d whfqrorjldqrv glvsrvlwlyrv1 SruÉp/ frp fklsv VLP mÁ kdelol0wdgrv sdud xvÁ0od/ d srsxodul}dÇÃr vhuÁ pdlv iÁ0flo/ mÁ txh vhuÁ srvvÍyho xvdu txdotxhu fhoxodusdud uhdol}du sdjdphqwrv1

VhuylÇrv pxowl0sod|hu h pxowl0vfuhhq

R pxqgr txh yhuhprv qhvwd gÉfdgd vhgduÁ sulqflsdophqwh sru vhuylÇrv lqwhjudgrv/ txhqÃr hvwduÃr suhvrv d ghwhuplqdgd sodwdirupd rxghwhuplqdgd uhvroxÇÃr gh whod1 Rv dsolfdwlyrvhvwduÃr glvsrqÍyhlv sdud vpduwskrqhv/ ehp fr0pr sdud WY�v Frqhfwdgdv h vlvwhpdv pxowlpÍgl0dv dxwrprwlyrv1 R olplwh vhuÁ d lpdjlqdÇÃr gdhtxlsh gh fuldÇÃr h ghvhqyroylphqwr gdv hp0suhvdv1

Xp erp h{hpsor srghuld vhu xpd sduwlgdgh srnhu pxowlsod|hu1 Xp grv mrjdgruhv srghuldhvwdu hp vhx vriÁ/ frqiruwdyhophqwh/ mrjdqgrhp vhx dsduhokr whohylvru xowudprghuqr/ h/ rfrqwuroh hvwduld qr phvpr dsolfdwlyr lqvwdodgrhp vhx Dqgurlg1

R vhjxqgr mrjdgru srghuld hvwdu xvdqgrxp dsolfdwlyr lqvwdodgr qr Jrrjoh Fkurph sdudlqwhudjlu frp r mrjr1 R frqwuroh hvwduld qd suÓ0suld qdyhjdÇÃr shor eurzvhu1

MÁ r whufhlur mrjdgru srghuld hvwdu sdudgrhp xp hqjduudidphqwr/ mrjdqgr dwudyÉv gr vlv0whpd pxowlpÍgld lqvwdodgr hp vhx fduur1 VÓ sdudfrqvwdu/ mÁ h{lvwhp/ kÁ dojxp whpsr/ fduurv txhvdhp gh iÁeulfd frp r vlvwhpd rshudflrqdo Dq0gurlg1

Hvvh fhqÁulr É xp srxfr ixwxulvwd ghpdlv/pdv wrgdv hvwdv whfqrorjldv mÁ hvwÃr glvsrqÍ0yhlv1 Fodur/ txh sdud xp qÚphur pxlwr uhvwulwrgh shvvrdv1 Pdv/ frp d srsxodul}dÇÃr h edudwh0dphqwr gh frpsrqhqwhv h gh whfqrorjld/ r dx0phqwr gh vxd xwlol}dÇÃr srgh dfrqwhfhu dqwhvgr suhylvwr1

Dqgurlg h lSkrqhR dqr gh 5345 ydl pdufdu ghilqlwlydphqwh d

ghuurfdgd grv frqfruuhqwhv gd gxsod Dqgurlg lSkr0qh1 Qhvwh dqr mÁ dfrqwhfhudp dojxpdv frlvdv pdu0fdqwhv1 Sru h{hpsor/ d Qrnld shughx d olghudqÇd grphufdgr ghsrlv gh rfxsdu r srvwr sru 48 dqrv1Dqgurlg mÁ vxshurx d pdufd gh 73( gh sduwlflsdÇÃrqr phufdgr dphulfdqr h/ d Qrnld mÁ hvwÁ suhflvdq0gr ghvphqwlu erdwrv gh idoÊqfld1

FDSD � FRQKH§DDV FLQFR WHFQRORJLDV TXH Y£R ERPEDU HP 5345

Page 26: Revista

�59Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Dv Úowlpdv shvtxlvdv uhdol}dgdv qhvwh dqrvÃr wd{dwlydv txdqwr d olghudqÇd gr Dqgurlg h dylfh0olghudqÇd gr lRV1 Uhfhqwhphqwh/ xpd shv0txlvd ihlwd shod LEP/ uhyhorx txh :3( grv sur0ilvvlrqdlv gh WL wÊp suhihuÊqfld shor Dqgurlg1 RlRV ilfrx hp vhjxqgr oxjdu frp 7<(1 D shvtxl0vd rxylx d rslqlÃr gh pdlv gh txdwur plo surilvvl0rqdlv hp wrgr r pxqgr1

R Dqgurlg mÁ edwhx d pdufd gh 4 plokÃr ghdwlydÇÕhv sru gld1 Mxqwr frp d sodwdirupd gd Ds0soh/ ghwrqdudp d sodwdirupd EodfnEhuu| gd fd0qdghqvh ULP +Uhvhdufk lq Prwlrq, rqgh vhxgrpÍqlr hud pdlv iruwh= Hvwdgrv Xqlgrv h Fdqd0gÁ1 Lvvr vhp idodu hp wudqvirupdu d olghudqÇd gdQrnld hp ixpdÇd1

Qr ilqdo gr pÊv gh Vhwhpeur ghvwh dqr/ rlqvwlwxwr Qlhovhq sxeolfrx xpd shvtxlvd rqghprvwudyd txh qrv Úowlprv wuÊv phvhv/ rv qryrvfrpsudgruhv dghuludp hp pdvvd dr Dqgurlg+frp 89( gdv qrydv dtxlvlÇÕhv, h lSkrqh +frp5;( gdv qrydv dtxlvlÇÕhv,1

Qr ilqdo gh Djrvwr/ xpd shvtxlvd gd frq0vxowruld FrpVfruh/ prvwurx txh r Dqgurlg dx0phqwrx vxd srsxodulgdgh qrv Hvwdgrv Xqlgrvhp 48(/ fkhjdqgr hp lqfuÍyhlv 75(1 R lSkrqhwdpeÉp jdqkrx whuuhqr/ fuhvfhqgr 7( h fkh0jdqgr hp 5:(1 MÁ d ULP/ fdlx 48( hp sduwlfl0sdÇÃr qr phufdgr dphulfdqr/ ilfdqgr frpdshqdv 54/:(1 Hvvhv qÚphurv lpsuhvvlrqdpsrutxh d Qrnld/ qrv vhxv whpsrv Áxuhrv/ wlqkdxp srxfr pdlv gh 93( gh sduwlflsdÇÃr qr phu0fdgr pxqgldo1 H r whpsr gh ylgd gr Dqgurlg Épxlwr shtxhqr frpsdudgr À vxd dgrÇÃr1

FrqfoxvÃrDtxl flwhl dshqdv flqfr whfqrorjldv txh

dsrvwr iruwhphqwh sdud r suÓ{lpr dqr1 SruÉp/srghuÍdprv flwdu wdpeÉp rv vhqvruhv/ txh mÁhtxlsdp xpd txdqwlgdgh pxlwr judqgh gh glv0srvlwlyrv hohwuÔqlfrv1 Edvwd yhu rv odqÇdphqwrvgrv Úowlprv fduurv sdud whu xpd qrÇÃr h{dwd grtxh hvwrx idodqgr1 SruÉp/ dfuhglwr txh rv vhq0vruhv wlyhudp hp 5344 vhx judqgh dqr/ 5345vhuÁ dshqdv d frqwlqxdÇÃr1

Frpr idohl dqwhulruphqwh/ id}hu suhylvÃrvhpsuh É gliÍflo/ hqwÃr/ shÇr txh qÃr iltxhp gh0vdsrqwdgrv vh dv flqfr whqgÊqfldv ghvfulwdvdflpd qÃr vh frqilupduhp1 Pdv/ xpd frlvd sr0ghprv dilupdu/ hodv srghp qÃr id}huhp sduwhgr Wrs Ilyh gh 5345/ pdv txh hvwduÃr hqwuh dvsulqflsdlv surwdjrqlvwdv/ lvvr/ frp fhuwh}d hvwd0uÃr1

FDSD � FRQKH§DDV FLQFR WHFQRORJLDV TXH Y£R ERPEDU HP 5345

ULFDUGR RJOLDUL dwxd qrghvhqyroylphqwr gh dsolfdÇÕhv pÓyhlvfrp sodwdirupdv preloh d ; dqrv1Edfkduho hp FlÊqfld gd FrpsxwdÇÃr1Plqlvwud fxuvrv h rilflqdv/ srvvxlqgryÁulrv duwljrv wÉfqlfrv vreuh frpsxwdÇÃrpÓyho1 Plqlvwurx sdohvwudv hp hyhqwrv/frpr r MxvwMdyd/ ILVO/ MdydGd|/ ghqwuhrxwurv1

Page 27: Revista

�5:Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

55334455 qqÃÃrr ÉÉ %%vvÓÓ%%rr iillpp ggrr ppxxqqggrr

FDSD � 5345 Q£R © %V³% R ILP GR PXQGR

Hp 5344 r Olqx{ ih} 53 dqrv gh ylgd1 Gh

xp shtxhqr surmhwr shvvrdo ^4` d grplqdu d

olvwd grv 833 pdlruhv vxshufrpsxwdgruhv gr

pxqgr irl xpd hvwudgd h wdqwr/ fkhld gh shu0

fdoÇrv/ ghvylrv h ghvdilrv gh wrgrv rv wlsrv1

Pdv hoh fkhjrx h qÃr vrphqwh qhvvd olvwd>

fkhjrx hp wrgrv rv oxjduhv srvvÍyhlv/ lqfox0

vlyh qdtxhohv txh qÃr lpdjlqdyd frpr qr

hvsdÇr ^5`1 Qdgd pdo sdud xp %txdvh vhqkru%1

Sru Sdxolqr Plfkhod}}r

Page 28: Revista

Pdv lqwhuhvvdqwh É yÊ0or/ vhp pxlwr dodu0gh/ dfrpsdqkdqgr d vrflhgdgh sdud txdotxhuoxjdu txh hod fdplqkh1 Hvwdprv yhqgr xpd yh0okd irupd gh frpsxwdÇÃr hpeuxokdgd hp sdshoqryr +qxyhqv, wludqgr rv phokruhv suryhlwrvsrvvÍyhlv gr Olqx{ hqtxdqwr/ gh rxwur odgr/ sh0txhqrv pdv srghurvrv frpsxwdgruhv gh pÃr+dtxlor txh fkdpdp gh vpduwskrqh, dsuryhl0wdp0vh gh vxd lphqvd ioh{lelolgdgh sdud iruqhfhudrv xvxÁulrv xpd phokru h{shulÊqfld qr xvrgrv plokduhv gh jljd0khuw} sruwÁwhlv frp dfhvvrÀ judqgh uhgh1 H qÃr sdud sru dÍ1 ¡uhdv wÃr lp0sruwdqwhv txdqwr d phglflqd wdpeÉp wludp sur0yhlwr gdv phvpdv fdudfwhuÍvwlfdv sdud idflolwdu rgldjqÓvwlfr gh hqihuplgdghv h dpsoldu shvtxl0vdv sdud d fxud gh grhqÇdv/ frlvd lqlpdjlqÁyhokÁ ylqwh dqrv1

Ghfhuwr txh/ sdud rv dlqgd fÉwlfrv +dfuhgl0wh/ h{lvwhp pxlwrv, gh vxdv fdsdflgdghv/ r Ol0qx{ frqwlqxduÁ vhqgr xpd shgud qr vdsdwr hqÃr vÓ hoh/ r hfrvvlvwhpd gr vriwzduh olyuh fr0pr xp wrgr1 Vlp/ srutxh idodu gh Olqx{ vhp id0odu gh vriwzduh olyuh É r phvpr txh idodu ghpdfduurqdgd vhp prokr1 R vriwzduh olyuh qrfrqwh{wr jhudo sduwlflsd wdpeÉp ghvwh fhqÁulrdwlqjlqgr dojxqv qryrv pdufrv frpr xowudsdvvdur vhuylgru ^6` zhe gd Plfurvriw ghl{dqgr0r hpwhufhlur qd Lqwhuqhw h dwÉ phvpr ohydu sdud dvqrvvdv pÃrv/ phurv pruwdlv/ d fdsdflgdgh ghfuldu qÃr vrphqwh vriwzduh/ pdv wdpeÉpkdugzduh olyuh h dehuwr ^7` sdud txdotxhu wlsr ghdsolfdÇÃr1

Qr dqr txh vh lqlfld orjr pdlv +srutxh qrEudvlo/ vÓ ghsrlv gr fduqdydo,/ vhuÁ srvvÍyho yhur vriwzduh olyuh pxlwr pdlv suÓ{lpr/ vhmd ghqwurgh dsduhokrv gh whohylvÃr rx phgld fhqwhuv/ vhmdghqwur grv yhÍfxorv jhuhqfldqgr qÃr vrphqwh d

sduwh gh hqwuhwhqlphqwr h lqirupdÇÃr/ pdv wdp0eÉp gh qdyhjdelolgdgh h vhjxudqÇd1 Qd lqwhu0qhw/ frqwlqxd vxd dgrÇÃr frp rv qdyhjdgruhvIluhir{ h Fkurph/ FPV*v frpr Guxsdo/ Mrrpod$h ZrugSuhvv h fodur/ wrgr r vxsruwh d LSy9 hGQV frp rv idprvrv mrjdgruhv e| Olqx{1

Qr fhqÁulr surilvvlrqdo r yhqwr wdpeÉpvrsud ehp1 Ghvhqyroyhgruhv gh olqjxdjhqv ol0yuhv hvwÃr vhqgr fdÇdgrv qr phufdgr d suhÇrgh rxur +rx gh duured/ frpr txhlud, h frp rfuhvflphqwr gd lqwhuqhw hp wrgrv rv vhqwlgrv/rsruwxqlgdghv qÃr idowduÃr1 Sdud dtxhohv txhdgrudp frlvdv pÓyhlv/ qhp vÓ gh Remhfwlyh0Fylyh r pxqgr1 Txdotxhu xp frp frqkhflphqwrqd sodwdirupd Dqgurlg srgh vhu frqylgdgr d whuxpd frqwd fruuhqwh xp srxfr pdlv jrugd hp53451

Dvvlp/ frp wrgr hvwh ulr gh hvshudqÇd sd0ud r vriwzduh olyuh/ yrfÊ uhdophqwh hvwÁ suhrfx0sdgr txh r pxqgr luÁ dfdedu hp 5345BDsuryhlwh0r h djxdugh srlv srgh vhu txh rvpdldv whqkdp vh htxlyrfdgr1

Vxfhvvr$

^4` kwws=22yd1px2Wfwy

^5` kwws=22yd1px2Wfw|

^6` kwws=22yd1px2Wfw5

^7` kwws=22zzz1dugxlqr1ff2

�5;Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

FDSD � 5345 Q£R © %V³% R ILP GR PXQGR

SDXOLQR PLFKHOD]]R srvvxl txlq}hdqrv gh h{shulÊqfld hp Lqwhuqhw h dwxdfrpr frqvxowru zhe1 Sdohvwudqwh hp hyhqwrvgh whfqrorjld/ É fr0dxwru gh wuÊv olyurv qdÁuhd gh Lqwhuqhw h Vriwzduh Olyuh1 Hvfuhyhuhjxoduphqwh vreuh hpsuhhqghgrulvpr hghvhqyroylphqwr hp vhx vlwhzzz1plfkhod}}r1frp1eu1

Page 29: Revista

�5<Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Dfhuwdqgr r sdvvr

FDSD � DFHUWDQGR R SDVVR

R dqr gh 5344 hvwÁ dfdedqgr h 5345 vhdsur{lpd h dv suhylvÕhv/ hp wrgrv rv vhwruhv/ mÁfrphÇdudp1 D whqgÊqfld/ qd Áuhd gh whfqrorjld/frqwlqxduÁ d vhu r fuhvflphqwr gd lqwhuqhw/ txhydl duudvwdu yÁuldv whfqrorjldv hp vhx hqfdoÇrfrpr dv uhghv vrfldlv/ glvsrvlwlyrv pÓyhlv h fr0pÉuflr hohwuÔqlfr1

D frqh{Ãr d lqwhuqhw yld glvsrvlwlyrv pÓ0yhlv +vpduwskrqhv h wdeohwv, wruqdu0vh0Á dlqgdpdlv qdwxudo/ frp d uhgxÇÃr grv suhÇrv grvdsduhokrv h d frqfruuÊqfld gdv rshudgrudv srufolhqwhv sdud vhxv sdfrwhv gh lqwhuqhw 6J1 Qhv0vh frqwh{wr dv rxwudv whfqrorjldv whuÃr txh pl0judu/ udslgdphqwh/ sdud hvvh qryr pxqgr1

R qhjÓflr dowdphqwh uhqwÁyho gr frpÉuflrhohwuÔqlfr lqydgluÁ r phufdgr frp vhxv dsolfdwl0yrv ghvhqyroylgrv hvshfldophqwh sdud dofdqÇdur sÚeolfr/ gluhwdphqwh hp vhxv glvsrvlwlyrv pÓ0yhlv1 D hpsuhvd gh frpÉuflr hohwuÔqlfr txh qÃrlqyhvwlu/ udslgdphqwh/ qhvvh vhjphqwr/ fruuh rulvfr gh fkhjdu dr ilp gh 5345 frp vÉulrv sur0eohpdv1

H dv uhghv vrfldlvB Frp d srsxodul}dÇÃrgrv glvsrvlwlyrv pÓyhlv h r lqyhvwlphqwr dowrgdv hpsuhvdv gh frpÉuflr hohwuÔqlfr qhvvhvhjphqwr/ dv uhghv vrfldlv yhuÃr xp fuhvflphq0wr dlqgd pdlru1 H vhuÁ dwudyÉv ghodv txh rv qh0jÓflrv dfrqwhfhuÃr/ frp d xwlol}dÇÃr gr

V0frpphufh +vrfldo frpphufh, h/ sulqflsdophq0wh/ gr I0frpphufh +frpÉuflr hohwuÔqlfr dwudyÉvgr Idfherrn,1

R Wzlwwhu vhuÁ/ fhuwdphqwh/ r dsolfdwlyrpdlv edl{dgr h xwlol}dgr shorv mryhqv hp vhxvglvsrvlwlyrv pÓyhlv/ r txh/ vh ehp xwlol}dgr sh0odv hpsuhvdv/ srghuÁ uhqghu erqv qhjÓflrvfrp edl{r lqyhvwlphqwr/ dwudyÉv gr %erfd d er0fd% rqolqh qr plfureorj1

Hvvh fÍufxor ylflrvr mÁ hvwÁ hp yljru krmh/pdv wrpduÁ sursruÇÕhv jljdqwhvfdv hp 5345/sulqflsdophqwh qr Eudvlo/ rqgh dlqgd hvwÁ hqjd0wlqkdqgr1 Judqghv hpsuhvdv gh frpÉuflr hoh0wuÔqlfr hvwÃr gh rokr qhvvh phufdgr hph{sdqvÃr h yrfÊ/ surilvvlrqdo gh WL/ srgh vh eh0qhilfldu glvvr1

Hodv suhflvduÃr gh surilvvlrqdlv txdolilfd0grv sdud olgdu frp hvvdv whqgÊqfldv h hvvh qr0yr phufdgr txh vh deuh1 Djrud É frp yrfÊ1Txdoliltxh0vh h hvwhmd dwhqwr sdud qÃr vhu shjrgh vxusuhvd hp 53451

Sru Jxvwdyr Iuhlwdv

Hp 5345 r fuhvflphqwr h srsxodul}dÇÃr gd lqwhuqhwglwduÁ r ulwpr gr phufdgr

JXVWDYR DQGU© GH IUHLWDV É Edfkd0uho hp Vlvwhpdv gh LqirupdÇÃr/ Sureorj0jhu/ Frqvxowru hp fuldÇÃr/ghvhqyroylphqwr h prqhwl}dÇÃr gh vlwhv heorjv/ Surihvvru xqlyhuvlwÁulr h lghdol}dgrugd Uhylvwd Eorjrvihud +zzz1uhylvwdeorjrv0ihud1frp1eu,1 YrfÊ srgh frqkhfhu pdlv vr0euh hoh qr kwws=22jxvwdyriuhlwdv1qhw1

Page 30: Revista

�63Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

SuhylvÕhv sdud 5345=WL h d htxlgdgh gh jÊqhur

FDSD � SUHYLVµHV SDUD 5345= WL H D HTXLGDGH GH JªQHUR

Pxlwdv shvtxlvdv wÊp dsrqwdgr txh judq0ghv hpsuhvdv gr udpr gd Whfqrorjld gd Lqiru0pdÇÃr +WL, yÊp exvfdqgr glyhuvlilfdu dfrpsrvlÇÃr gh vxdv htxlshv qr txh gl} uhvshlwrd jÊqhur1 Pxlwdv ghvwdv hpsuhvdv dfuhglwdptxh xp dpelhqwh fxmd suhvhqÇd gh krphqv hpxokhuhv vh gÁ gh irupd htxloleudgd É pdlvdjudgÁyho h surgxwlyr/ vhjxlqgr dvvlp dv Phwdvgr PloÊqlr gd RQX ^4` h r Surjudpd SuÓ0Htxl0gdgh gh JÊqhur gr Jryhuqr Ihghudo +VSP2SU,^5`1 Hvwd ghpdqgd gdv hpsuhvdv ^6` whp vlgrxp grv idwruhv txh whp uhdolphqwdgr r ghedwhvreuh jÊqhur h d sduwlflsdÇÃr gh pxokhuhv qdÁuhd gd WL/ lqfoxvlyh qd frpxqlgdgh vriwzduh ol0yuh1 Qhvwh fhqÁulr gh exvfd gh ljxdogdgh hqwuhsurilvvlrqdlv gh dperv rv vh{rv/ r whupr htxl0gdgh gh jÊqhur whqgh d ghl{du gh vhu lqflslhqwhqrv ghedwhv vreuh jÊqhur h wudedokr1

Srghprv hqwhqghu jÊqhur/ dvvlp frprqrv lqglfd Mrdq Vfrww ^7`/ frpr vhqgr xp frq0fhlwr txh É gdgr hp gxdv sduwhv=

4, frqvwlwxl uhodÇÕhv vrfldlv edvhdgdv qd shu0fhsÇÃr gdv glihuhqÇdv hqwuh rv vh{rv h/

5, gÁ vljqlilfdgrv sdud dv uhodÇÕhv gh srghu hq0wuh rv vh{rv1

Dv shufhsÇÕhv gdv glihuhqÇdv hqwuh rv vh0{rv vxujhp d sduwlu gd h{lvwÊqfld gh=

d, uhsuhvhqwdÇÕhv vlpeÓolfdv txh vÃr fxowxudo0phqwh hyrfdgdv/ ylvwr txh d olqjxdjhp rx dvljqlilfdÇÃr É r txh gÁ vhqwlgr Àv h{shulÊqfldvvrfldlv gh xp lqglyÍgxr>

e, frqfhlwrv qrupdwlyrv txh olplwdp h frqglflr0qdp d lqwhusuhwdÇÃr grv vhqwlgrv dvvxplgrv sruwdlv vÍperorv>

Sru Prqlfd Sd}

zzz1v

{f1kx

Page 31: Revista

f, hvwuxwxudv frpr lqvwlwxlÇÕhv h rujdql}dÇÕhvvrfldlv +hgxfdÇÃr/ sduhqwhvfr/ sroÍwlfd/ phufd0gr/ hwf1, txh uhsurgx}hp h gÃr xpd qrÇÃr sroÍ0wlfd Àv uhodÇÕhv gh jÊqhur>

g, lghqwlgdgh vxemhwlyd grv lqglyÍgxrv/ txh shu0sdvvd shor glÁorjr gd vxd vh{xdolgdgh frp dvxd dfxowxudÇÃr1

Orjr/ d ljxdogdgh gh jÊqhur vhuld d ljxdo0gdgh gh rsruwxqlgdghv h gluhlwrv sdud krphqv hpxokhuhv1 Frqwxgr/ ghyhprv whu hp phqwh txhd exvfd shod ljxdogdgh gh jÊqhur qÃr whp d yhufrp d dqxodÇÃr gdv glihuhqÇdv qdwxudlv h{lvwhq0whv hqwuh krphqv h pxokhuhv1 D ljxdogdgh hvwÁqr wudwdphqwr h qdv rsruwxqlgdghv/ txh dvvx0php wdlv glihuhqÇdv/ frpr ehqÉilfdv vhp sr0whqfldol}du klhudutxldv rx uhodÇÕhv gh srghu1Pdv ylvwr txh h{lvwhp glihuhqÇdv rx lqmxvwlÇdvhp qrvvd vrflhgdgh/ d htxlgdgh gh jÊqhur dg0yrjd shor htxloÍeulr h srqghudÇÕhv qhfhvvÁuldvsdud txh vh surpryd d ljxdogdgh/ whqgr hp ylv0wd wdpeÉp dv ydulÁyhlv frpr hwqld/ lgdgh/ fodv0vh/ hwf1 © r yhokr %wudwdu r glihuhqwh gh irupdglihuhqwh% 0 h qÃr dshqdv gh xpd irupd xqlyhu0vdo/ srlv lvvr fdxvduld d pdqxwhqÇÃr gh lqmxvwl0Çdv vrfldlv1

Qr pxqgr gr vriwzduh olyuh eudvlohlur/ r gh0edwh vreuh jÊqhur h{lvwh kÁ pxlwr whpsr h mÁsdvvrx sru Ésrfdv gh pdlru rx phqru surhpl0qÊqfld1 Hp 5344/ frh{lvwludp juxsrv txh vh gh0glfdp d wudwdu gd sduwlflsdÇÃr gdv pxokhuhv qdfrpxqlgdgh vriwzduh olyuh vre glihuhqwhv Áuhdvgh dwxdÇÃr +ylvlelolgdgh/ frqwhÚgr/ fdsdflwdÇÃr/froderudÇÃr hp surmhwrv gh ghvhqyroylphqwr/hwf1, frpr 2PQW/ Ihplqlqr Olyuh/ NGH Oryhodq0fh/ JdurwdvFSEu/ hwf ^8`1 D whpÁwlfd %Pxokhuhv hWL% hvwhyh suhvhqwh hp hyhqwrv gh glihuhqwhvsruwhv frpr= ILVO/ IDVRO/ HQVO h rxwurv1 Wdp0eÉp wlyhprv qrwÍfldv gh surjudpdv lqwhuqdflr0qdlv gh lqfhqwlyr À sduwlflsdÇÃr ihplqlqd/ frprr Rxwuhdfk Surjudp iru Zrphq Lqwhuqv/ txh mÁfrqwhpsorx pxokhuhv eudvlohludv ^9` h wdpeÉpgh shvtxlvdv vreuh d vlwxdÇÃr gdv surilvvlrqdlvqr phufdgr eudvlohlur gh WL ^:`1 DoÉp gh yÁulrvduwljrv hp vlwhv gh qrwÍfldv/ eorjv gh dwlylvwdv huhylvwdv/ frpr r fdvr gd Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Ol0

yuh/ txh sdvvrx d uhvhuydu xpd froxqd sdud wud0wdu gh WL dwudyÉv gh xp rokdu ihplqlqr1

Ghvvd irupd/ frqvlghur txh hp 5345 r gh0edwh vreuh d sduwlflsdÇÃr gdv pxokhuhv qr pxq0gr vriwzduh olyuh jdqkduÁ dlqgd pdlv hvsdÇr hpsxeolfdÇÕhv/ juxsrv gh xvxÁulrv h hyhqwrv/ ehpfrpr qd hvihud jryhuqdphqwdo h hpsuhvduldo1Dv hpsuhvdv ghyhp vhjxlu d whqgÊqfld suÓ0htxlgdgh gh jÊqhur/ qÃr dshqdv sdud hvwdu qrfdpsr gr %srolwlfdphqwh fruuhwr% pdv wdpeÉpsru txhvwÕhv gh surgxwlylgdgh1 Frqwxgr/ qÃrdshqdv d txhvwÃr gd suhvhqÇd h ylvlelolgdgh gh0yh hvwdu hp ghvwdtxh qrv ghedwhv gd frpxql0gdgh gh vriwzduh olyuh/ pdv wdpeÉp dydorul}dÇÃr gd surilvvlrqdo hp whuprv gh fdujrvh uhpxqhudÇÃr/ ehp frpr d pdqxwhqÇÃr ghsroÍwlfdv h surmhwrv gh lqfhqwlyr À hqwudgd gh hv0wxgdqwhv hp fxuvrv xqlyhuvlwÁulrv gd Áuhd gdvh{dwdv/ frpr d frpsxwdÇÃr h vlvwhpdv gd lqiru0pdÇÃr/ doÉp grv juxsrv gh xvxÁulrv h gh gh0vhqyroyhgruhv1

QÓv gd Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh frqwlqxduh0prv dwhqwrv Àv txhvwÕhv gh jÊqhur qd flehufxo0wxud h/ hp hvshfldo/ qd frpxqlgdgh vriwzduholyuh1 Ihol} 5345 d wrgCv1

^4` Yhu= kwws=22yd1px2Wepz^5` Yhu= kwws=22yd1px2Wepx^6` Yhu= kwws=22yd1px2Wep3^7` VFRWW/ Mrdq Zdoodfk1 JÊqhur= Xpd Fdwhjruld ºwlosdud d DqÁolvh KlvwÓulfd1 Lq= HgxfdÇÃr h Uhdolgdgh/ SruwrDohjuh/ y1 49/ q1 5/ mxo0gh}1/4<<3/ s1 80551^8` Yhmd pdwÉuld d uhvshlwr gh juxsr gh pxokhuhv qdhglÇÃr 5</ gh djrvwr gh 5344/ gd Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh1^9` Yhmd hp= kwws=22yd1px2Wep5^:` FDVWUR/ EÁuedud1 53441 JÊqhur h wudedokr qdwhfqrorjld gd lqirupdÇÃr= xp shuilo grv surilvvlrqdlv grvhwru qr Eudvlo1 Lq= [Y Frqjuhvvr Eudvlohlur gh Vrflrorjld59 d 5< gh mxokr gh 5344/ Fxulwled +SU,1

�64Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

P´QLFD SD] É phvwuh h grxwrudqgd hpFlehufxowxud h edfkduho hp FlÊqfld gdFrpsxwdÇÃr shod XIED1 Wzlwwhu=Cprqlfdsd}}

FDSD � SUHYLVµHV SDUD 5345= WL H D HTXLGDGH GH JªQHUR

Page 32: Revista

55334455==##wwhhppssrr##gghh##wwuuddqqvvllÇÇÃÃrrSru#MrÃr#Fduorv#FduleÉ

�65

FDSD#�#5345=#WHPSR#GH#WUDQVL§£R

hgxdug

wudj#0#v

{f1k

x

Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh#�#Gh}hpeur#5344#�#kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Hvwdprv# hp# 5345/# r#pxqgr# dfded# djrud# qr# gld# 54#gh# gh}hpeur1# Dsuryhlwh$# R#pxqgr# mÁ# dfderx# wdqwdv# yh}hv#qrv# Úowlprv# dqrv# txh# d# fdgd#%ilp# gr# pxqgrg# ilfdprv# pdlv#fÉwlfrv1#MÁ# irudp#575#suhylvÕhv#ixudgdv# ^4`# ghvgh# r# lqlflr# grv#whpsrv1# VÓ# gh# 4<<<# À# 5345#wlyhprv# 75/# pdv# vh# wxgr# ghu#huudgr# rv# surihwdv# dlqgd# hvwÃr#suhyhqgr# r# ilp# gr# pxqgr# sdud#5349/# 5376# rx# 537:111# Ydl# txh#xp#gld#dojxÉp#dfhuwd$#

H{shfwdwlydv# doduplvwdv#vhpsuh# vÃr# xp# erp# qhjÓflr1#Whp# jhqwh# sru# dl# id}hqgr#exqnhuv# h# dufdv# sdud#

vreuhylyhu# dr# ilp# gr# pxqgr1#Txdqwrv# qÃr# hvwÃr# idwxudqgr#pxlwr# frp# hvwh# qryr# ilp# gr#pxqgrB# Ohpeud# gr# exj# gr#ploÊqlr#h#txdqwr#d# lqgxvwuld#gh#WL# idwxurx# frp# r# plwr# qr# ilqdo#grv#dqrv#<3B#

SuhylvÕhv# ixudgdv# d#sduwh/# r# dqr# gh# 5345# fduuhjd#hp# wruqr# gh# vl# xpd# dxud# gh#pxgdqÇd/# xp# lpsruwdqwh#frqmxqwr# gh# idwrv# h# hyhqwrv#txh/# gh# xpd# irupd# rx# gh#rxwud/# iduÁ# ghoh# xp# dqr#pdufdqwh/# xp# dqr# gh#wudqvlÇÃr/# rx# frpr# gl}# d#vdehgruld# Fklqhvd# xp# srqwr#gh#pxwdÇÃr1#

%Dr# wÉuplqr# gh# xp#shuÍrgr# gh# ghfdgÊqfld#vreuhyÉp#r#srqwr#gh#pxwdÇÃr1#D#ox}#srghurvd#txh#irud#edqlgd#uhvvxujh1# KÁ# prylphqwr/# pdv#hvwh#qÃr#É#jhudgr#shod# iruÇd111#R# prylphqwr# É# qdwxudo/# vxujh#hvsrqwdqhdphqwh1# Sru# hvwd#ud}Ãr/# d# wudqvirupdÇÃr# gr#dqwljr# wruqd0vh# iÁflo1#R#yhokr#É#ghvfduwdgr/# h# r# qryr# É#lqwurgx}lgr1#Dpedv#dv#phglgdv#vh# kduprql}dp# frp# r# whpsr/#qÃr# uhvxowdqgr# gdl/# sruwdqwr/#qhqkxp#gdqr%#

L#Fklqj1

Page 33: Revista

�66

R# dqr# gh# 5345# É#uhdophqwh# r# srqwr# gh#wudqvlÇÃr/# qÃr# d# wudqvlÇÃr#frpsohwd1# Pdv# r# lqÍflr#luuhyhuvÍyho#ghod/#É#d#frqmxqÇÃr#gh# yÁulrv# idwruhv# h# hyhqwrv#txh# mxqwrv# hvwÃr# frqiljxudqgr#hvwd# pxgdqÇd1#D# euljd# hqwuh# r#qryr#h#r#yhokr#h{lvwh#kÁ#dqrv/#h# rv# pxqgrv# mÁ# hvwÃr# hp#frolvÃr# ghvgh# r# lqÍflr# gr#vÉfxor# frpr# ehp# ghvfuhyhx#Qhpr# Qr{# hp# vhx# foÁvvlfr#Pxqgrv# hp# FrolvÃr# ^5`1# Qr#wh{wr# Qhpr# dsuhvhqwd# grlv#pxqgrv=# Sodqhwd# Doskd/# rqgh#d# srsxodÇÃr# ghviuxwd# gh# xp#dpelhqwh# gh# frpxqlfdÇÃr#dehuwd# h# froderudwlyd># h# r#Sodqhwd# ´phjd/# rqgh# dv#frusrudÇÕhv# wÊp# frqwuroh#txdvh# devroxwr# vreuh# d#lqirupdÇÃr# txh# flufxod# hqwuh#rv#kdelwdqwhv/# wrgd#hod# ohydqgr#xpd# hwltxhwd# frp# r# suhÇr# gh#frpsud# h# dv# uÍjlgdv# lqvwuxÇÕhv#gh#xvr1#R# lqwhuhvvdqwh#gh# wrgd#hvwd# phwÁirud# gr# %Pxqgrv# hp#FrolvÃr%# É# txh# qd# yhugdgh# rv#grlv#pxqgrv#vÃr#xp#vÓ1#

R# dgyhqwr# gd# Lqwhuqhw# irl#wÃr# uÁslgr# h# lqwhqvr# txh# qrv/#rv# lpljudqwhv# gljlwdlv/# irprv#reuljdgrv# d# dgrwdu# phwÁirudv#sdud# hqwhqghu# h# h{solfdu# r#pxqgr# uhdo# {# pxqgr# yluwxdo1#Xpd# glfrwrpld# txh#ixqgdphqwrx# wrgr# r# ghedwh#ghvgh# 4<<71# Hvwd# glfrwrpld#vxvwhqwrx# ohyldqgdghv/#vxvwhqwrx# lpehflolgdghv# h#sdylphqwrx#xpd#hqruph#jdpd#gh# dereulqkdv# sursdodgdv#shorv#qhr# oxglvwdv1#R#sureohpd#wruqd0vh# pdlru# txdqgr# hvwhv#

qhr# oxglvwdv# vÃr# sroÍwlfrv# rx#mxulvwdv/# h# r# suhfrqfhlwr# srgh#fdxvdu# ghvdvwuhv# hqruphv#frpr# r# idprvr# hpedwh#%Flfduhool# {# \rxwxeh%/# rx#surmhwrv# gh# ohl# hvwÚslgrv# frpr#r# DL8gljlwdo/# VRSD/# Kdgrsl# h#Vlqgh/#vÓ#sdud#flwdu#dojxqv1#

Phgr#h#r#suhfrqfhlwr#vÃr#lqjuhglhqwhv# gh# txdotxhu#pxgdqÇd/#dvvlp#frpr#d

hvshudqÇd# h# # lqgljqdÇÃr1#Whprv# gh# dgplwlu# txh# d#Lqwhuqhw# whyh# xp# fdwdol}dgru#srghurvr/# srlv# dv# pxgdqÇdv#ylvwdv# qrv# Úowlprv# dqrv# irudp#surixqgdv# h# lqwhqvdv1# Hvwh#fdwdol}dgru# irl# d# frpxqlfdÇÃr1#Txhp# ghwÉp# d# frpxqlfdÇÃr/#ghwÉp# r# srghu1# H# d#frpxqlfdÇÃr#hp# uhgh#doÉp#gh#srghurvd# É# h{wuhpdphqwh#ghprfuÁwlfd/# shuplwlqgr# d#wrgrv# id}huhp# sduwh# gh# xpd#h{whqvd# uhgh# qÃr# vÓ# gh#frpxqlfdÇÃr/# pdv# wdpeÉp# gh#frqvwuxÇÃr# frjqlwlyd# gh#frqkhflphqwr/# xpd# yh}# txh# d#Lqwhuqhw#qÃr#É#yroÁwlo1#

Qd# hglÇÃr# 59# gd# HvsÍulwr#Olyuh# hvfuhyl# xp# duwljr#lqwlwxodgr# %D# vlqjxodulgdgh# gdv#pxowlgÕhv%# rqgh# ghvhqyroyr# d#whvh# gh# txh# d# wÃr# idodgd#vlqjxodulgdgh# whfqroÓjlfd# qÃr#vh# gduÁ# dwudyÉv# gr# dydqÇr# gd#lqwholjÊqfld# duwlilfldo/# h# vlp# gd#lqwholjÊqfld# frohwlyd># h# qÃr#vhuÃr# dv# pÁtxlqdv# txh#grplqduÃr# r# pxqgr# h# vlp# rv#qdwlyrv#gljlwdlv1#

Pdv# r# txh# hvwd# hp# mrjr#hp# 5345B# Ghvgh# 533;# r#pxqgr# yhp# dvvlvwlqgr# d# xpd#

fulvh# gh# glphqvÕhv#dsrfdoÍswlfdv/# rqgh# sdÍvhv# gr#khplviÉulr# qruwh# hvwÃr# frp#dowdv# wd{dv# gh# ghvhpsuhjr/# h#frp# judyh# uhfhvvÃr1# R# Eudvlo#irl# r# Úowlpr# sdÍv# d# hqwudu# qd#fulvh# h# r# sulphlur# d# vdlu/# pdv#rv# sdÍvhv# dihwdgrv# sru# hod#hvwÃr# fdplqkdqgr# gh# irupd#dvvxvwdgrud# sdud# xpd# hvsÉflh#gh# qhrfrorqldolvpr# edvhdgr#hp# frs|uljkw/# rx# vhmd/# hvwÃr#vxshu# ydorul}dqgr# d# txhvwÃr#gr# frpedwh# À# sludwduld# h#surwhÇÃr# gd# sursulhgdgh#lqwhohfwxdo# h# gluhlwr# dxwrudo1#VRSD/# DFWD/# KDGRSL/# Vlqgh#h# r# idpljhudgr# DL8gljlwdo# vÃr#h{hpsorv# fodurv# gh# whqwdwlydv#gh# frqwuroh# gd# uhgh# hp# qrph#ghvwh# prylphqwr# qhrfrorqldo1#Rv# dujxphqwrv# dqwhulruhv=#frpedwh# dr# flehuwhuurulvpr/#flehufulph# h# shgrilold# hvwÃr#shughqgr# iruÇd/# pdv# qr# ilqdo#gdv# frqwdv/# r#remhwlyr#sulqflsdo#É# frqwurodu# d# Lqwhuqhw1#Pdv# sru#txÊB

Hp# 5345# d# Lqwhuqhw#frphufldo# frpsohwduÁ# 4;# dqrv#h# mxqwr# frp# hod# plokduhv# gh#qdwlyrv# gljlwdlv# luÃr# dwlqjlu# d#pdlrulgdgh1# Pdv# txhp# vÃr#hohvB# Hvwd# lpsuhylvlelolgdgh#srgh# vhu# xp# grv# prwlyrv1#Txhp# ohpeud# grv# hwqÓjudirv#hqyldgrv# À#Fdpsxv#Sduw|# shod#Lqwho# hp# 533<B# # # ^6`1# Hvwdydp#oÁ# sdud# shvtxlvdu# r#frpsruwdphqwr# grv# qdwlyrv#gljlwdlv/# grv# frqhfwdgrv1# Fuhlr#txh# dlqgd# qÃr# fkhjdudp# d#xpd# frqfoxvÃr# gh# idwr/# srlv# d#phwrgrorjld# gd# hwqrjudild# hp#whpsrv# gljlwdlv# dlqgd# hvwd# hp#

Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh#�#Gh}hpeur#5344#�#kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

FDSD#�#5345=#WHPSR#GH#WUDQVL§£R

Page 34: Revista

�67

glvfxvvÃr1#Vhp#gÚylgd#dojxpd#hohv# vÃr# glihuhqwhv# gh# qÓv/# rv#lpljudqwhv# gljlwdlv1# Vhp# d#qhfhvvlgdgh# gh# wudqvlwdu# qd#glfrwrpld# uhdo# {# yluwxdo/# hohv#frqvhjxhp# ylyhqfldu# d#txhvwÃr# gh# txh# d# Lqwhuqhw#qdwxudol}rx#h#É# wxgr#xpd#frlvd#vÓ1#D## Lqwhuqhw# id}#sduwh#gr#vhx#hfrvvlvwhpd1# Fhuwdphqwh# hohv#olgdp# phokru# frp# dv#lqwhudÇÕhv# h# frqvwuxÇÕhv# hp#uhgh/# shqvdp# hp# uhgh1# ©#frpr# vh# irvvhprv# xp#surjudpd# urgdqgr# hp#olqjxdjhp# lqwhusuhwdgd# h# hohv#hp# olqjxdjhp# frpslodgd1#HvwÃr# uhyroxflrqdqgr# wxgr/# xp#shuljr#sdud#r#hvwdeolvkphqw$#

©# suhflvr# dglflrqdu# xp#hohphqwr# d# hvwd# glvfxvvÃr1#Qhp# wrgr# mryhp# gh# dwÉ# 4;#dqrv# É# xp# qdwlyr# gljlwdo1# R#ohwudphqwr# gljlwdo# id}# sduwh# gd#vxd# frqvwuxÇÃr/# h# hvwh# jds#hvwd# vhqgr# uhgx}lgr# hp#sdÍvhv# txh# mÁ# shufhehudp# txh#r# vhx# pdlru# dwlyr# ixwxur# hvwd#mxvwdphqwh# qrv# qdwlyrv#gljlwdlv1#Hqtxdqwr#r#Eudvlo# hvwd#dpsoldqgr# hvwh# jds# frp# vhx#SQEO# qhrolehudo# d# U'# 68/# frp#xpd# iudqtxld# gh# 633# PE# sru#pÊv/# h# d# vxd# sÁolgd# h# lqÓfxd#Vhfuhwduld# Lqwhuplqlvwhuldo# gh#LqfoxvÃr# Gljlwdo/# d# ­qgld/# sru#h{hpsor/# hvwd# rihuwdqgr# À# vxd#srsxodÇÃr# edqgd# odujd# d# U'#</33#h#Wdeohwv#d#U'#<3/33$#

D# shvtxlvd# # %Gljlwdo#Dowhuqdwlyhv%# gr# Lqvwlwxwr# Klyrv#^7`# txheud# dojxqv# grjpdv#fuldgrv# hp# wruqr# gr# qdwlyr#gljlwdo/# prvwudqgr# txh# h{lvwh#xpd# judqgh# soxudolgdgh# qhvwd#

sdufhod# gd# vrflhgdgh/#hqwhuudqgr#gh#yh}#dv#srvvÍyhlv#frqfoxvÕhv# grv# hwqÓjudirv# dl#gh# flpd1# Wrgrv# rv# vlqdlv#dsrqwdp# sdud# xp# fhqÁulr#pxlwr# erp1# D# shvtxlvd# %R#Vrqkr#Eudvlohlur%# ^8`/# ihlwd# frp#mryhqv# gh# 4;# d# 57# dqrv/#prvwud# dojxqv# ghwdokhv#lqwhuhvvdqwhv=# ;<(# vhqwhp#rujxokr# hp# vhu# eudvlohlur/# :4(#xvdp# d# Lqwhuqhw# sdud# id}hu#sroÍwlfd# h# :8(# shqvdp# hp#id}hu#dojr#sdud#r#frohwlyr1#

R# ghedwh# dpsold# txdqgr#rokdgr# sru# rxwurv# Âqjxorv1#Hqwuh# 8# d# 43(# gd# srsxodÇÃr#pxqgldo# vhuÁ# frpsrvwd# sru#hvwh# qryr# dgxowr# mÁ# qhvwh# dqr/#h# d# pdlru# # frqfhqwudÇÃr# vhuÁ#qrv# sdÍvhv# gh# whufhlur# pxqgr1#Txdvh#d#phwdgh#gd#srsxodÇÃr#ghvwhv# sdÍvhv# whp# phqrv# gh#4;# dqrv1# Hqtxdqwr# qrv# sdÍvhv#gr# sulphlur# pxqgr/# d#srsxodÇÃr# hvwd# hqyhokhfhqgr#h# whqgh# d# vhu# pdlv#frqvhuydgrud/# qrv# sdÍvhv# gr#whufhlur# pxqgr/# hodv# hvwÃr#pdlv# mryhqv# h# whqghp# d# vhu#pdlv# surjuhvvlvwdv1# Lvwr#frvwxud# xp# fhqÁulr# fxulrvr/#srlv# vh# gh# idwr# d#%vlqjxodulgdgh# gdv# pxowlgÕhv%#rfruuhu/# hod# vhuÁ# pdlv# lqwhqvd#mxvwdphqwh# qrv# sdÍvhv# gh#whufhlur#pxqgr1#

Dv#pxgdqÇdv# suryrfdgdv#shod# Lqwhuqhw# hvwÃr# vhqgr# wÃr#lqwhqvdv# h# surixqgdv# txh# r#suÓsulr# PlgldOde# uhvvdowd^9`#txh#qÃr#kÁ#qdgd#txh#qÃr#vhmd#dihwdgr# sru# hod1# Rv# sdÍvhv#lqwhuphglÁulrv# hqwududp# hp#fulvh1# Wrgrv# hohv# ghvgh# rv#

sduwlgrv/# vlqglfdwrv# h# dwÉ# dv#judqghv# frusrudÇÕhv1# Fulvhv#suhfhghp# judqghv# pxgdqÇdv1#Hvwh# dqr# yhuhprv# xpd# oxwd#ghfodudgd/# glihuhqwh# gd# oxwd#yhodgd# gh# rxwurud/# frqwud# d#olehugdgh#qd#uhgh/#h#xpd#rxwud#dlqgd# pdlv# lqwhqvd# qr# vhqwlgr#frqwuÁulr# frqwdqgr# fdgd# yh}#frp# d# LqwholjÊqfld# gdv#pxowlgÕhv1

Txh#yhqÇd#r#phokru$

UHIHUªQFLDV:

^4`#kwws=22yd1px2WeoX^5`#kwws=22yd1px2WgNw#^6`#kwws=22yd1px2WfNM#^7`#kwws=22yd1px2WgN<#^8`#kwws=22yd1px2DRK}#^9`#kwws=22yd1px2WfNE#

Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh#�#Gh}hpeur#5344#�#kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

FDSD#�#5345=#WHPSR#GH#WUDQVL§£R

MR£R#FDUORV#FDULE©#É#SxeolflwÁulr#h#Flehudwlylvwd1#PdqwÉp#r#eorj#Hqwursld#kwws=22hqwursld1eorj1eu1

Page 36: Revista

�69Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Txdqgr fxuvdyd FrpsxwdÇÃr qd XIDO/ghsduhl0ph fhuwr gld frp xpd uhylvwd txh wud}ldr Ghoskl1 R Ghoskl 4/ sdud vhu pdlv h{dwr1 Fodur/hvwdyd ehp ghvdwxdol}dgr/ mÁ txh r Ghoskl hvwd0yd qd yhuvÃr 8/ vh qÃr ph hqjdqr1 Fodur txh hxsrghuld frqvhjxlu xpd fÓsld sludwd/ dwÉ phvprfrp rv frohjdv gh wxupd/ pdv hx ph suhrfxsd0yd frp hvvdv frlvdv1 Shqvdyd dvvlp= vh hx qÃrvrx fdsd} gh uhvshlwdu gluhlwrv gr rxwurv/ frprsrvvr h{ljlu txh uhvshlwhp rv phxv txdqgr phirupduB

Krmh r txh shqvr vreuh sludwduld frpr xpwrgr pxgrx edvwdqwh/ pdv qÃr hp uhodÇÃr dvriwzduh1 Frqwlqxr frqwud sludwduld gh vriwzduh/dshvdu gh dv ud}Õhv sdud lvvr whuhp pxgdgr1Krmh hx vhl txh dr xvduprv vriwzduhv sludwdv/qÓv hvwdprv qrv fdsdflwdqgr qr xvr gdtxhodvihuudphqwdv h lvvr vh wruqd xp sureohpd frp rwhpsr1 Ilfdprv ghshqghqwhv1

FF||eehhuu HHggllwwrruu hh rrvv wwxxwwrruullddllvv%%uuhhffhhllwwdd gghh eerroorr%%Sru Fduolvvrq Jdoglqr

DUWLJR � F\EHU HGLWRU H RV WXWRULDLV %UHFHLWD GH EROR%

zzz1v

{f1kx

Page 37: Revista

Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Pdv qÃr É glvvr txh txhur idodu krmh= Égrv wxwruldlv hvwlor uhfhlwd gh eror1

Qdtxhod uhylvwd frp r Ghoskl 4/ yhlr xpwxwruldo h{hpsolilfdqgr sdvvr d sdvvr frprfrqvwuxlu xp hglwru gh wh{wrv1 Hqvlqdyd frprprqwdu d mdqhod h r phqx +lvvr É dwÉ lqwxlwlyr,/pdv wdpeÉp hqvlqdyd txdlv fÓgljrv xvdu sduddeulu h vdoydu xp grfxphqwr/ sdud frsldu h froduh/ sdud surfxudu wh{wrv1 Frp edvh qlvvr/ il} xphglwru gh wh{wrv vlpsohv h ghsrlv frphfhl d shu0vrqdol}Á0or1 Dvvlp qdvfhx r F|ehu Hglwru +rx?|ehu Hgl.ru/ sdud vhu pdlv h{dwr,/ r hglwru sd0ud txhp vÓ lpsruwd r wh{wr1

Hoh wlqkd grlv prgrv gh dsuhvhqwdÇÃr= rprgr qrupdo h r prgr F|ehu1 Qr qrupdo/ hudxpd mdqhod vlpsohv> qr F|ehu pxgdyd sdud whodfkhld/ dxphqwdqgr d Áuhd Úwlo sdud hglÇÃr1 Vhxylvxdo frp wh{wr yhugh vreuh r ixqgr suhwr huddojr gr txdo hx jrvwdyd edvwdqwh qdtxhoh whp0sr1

Ohpeur0ph wdpeÉp gh whu lpsohphqwdgrgxdv ixqflrqdolgdghv lqwhuhvvdqwhv sdud hoh1

D sulphlud hud d rsÇÃr gh dglflrqdu fr0pdqgrv/ frpr xp hglwru sdud surjudpdgru1 Yr0fÊ srghuld ghilqlu/ sru h{hpsor/ xp frpdqgr qrphqx txh deululd r qdyhjdgru zhe frp d sÁjlqdtxh yrfÊ hvwÁ hglwdqgr qr prphqwr/ rx xpfrpslodgru1

Rxwud ixqflrqdolgdgh edvwdqwh Úwlo hudp rvVVF/ rv vfulswv gh VxevwlwxlÇÕhv Vxfhvvlydv F|0ehu1 Kdyld frpdqgrv sdud dfuhvfhqwdu olqkdv qrlqÍflr h qr ilp gr dutxlyr/ sdud uhpryhu olqkdv h/fodur/ sdud vxevwlwxlu1 Dvvlp/ srghuÍdprv wudqv0irupdu KWPO hp wh{wr/ wh{wr hp KWPO/ wh{wr hpUWI h rxwudv eulqfdghludv pdlv/ xwlol}dqgr vlp0sohvphqwh hvvh vfulsw1

R ?|ehu Hgl.ru hud phx hglwru sdguÃr qrZlqgrzv qdtxhohv whpsrv h vhqwl vdxgdgh ghohÀ phglgd txh ixl ylyhqgr fdgd yh} pdlv hpJQX2Olqx{1 QÃr kdyld Od}duxv sdud sruwdu1

Xpd frlvd pxlwr ohjdo vreuh r ?|ehuHgl.ru É txh hoh dsduhfhx xp gld qr fdghuqrhvshfldo gd Uhylvwd Yhmd1 Dtxhoh fdghuqr txh

hohv odqÇdydp shor phqrv xpd yh} sru dqr/ wud0}hqgr uhfrphqgdÇÕhv gh grzqordg glyhuvdv/glylglgdv sru fdwhjruld1 Fhuwr gld hx yhmr r?|ehu Hgl.ru oÁ/ qd sÁjlqd gh Hglwruhv gh Wh{0wr$ %Vh vÓ r wh{wr lpsruwd/ r F|ehu Hglwru É xpdrsÇÃr%1 Erqv whpsrv dtxhohv$

Lvvr wxgr txh hvwrx idodqgr krmh É sdud uh0iruÇdu d lpsruwÂqfld gh wxwruldlv hvwlor %uhfhlwd gheror%1 VÃr pxlwr erqv$ Vh d jhqwh frqvhjxh id0}hu r eÁvlfr h hqwhqgÊ0or frpsohwdphqwh/ ilfdiÁflo h{sdqglu hvvh eÁvlfr h lqfrusrudu qrydvlghldv1 QÃr whqkr ylvwr frp iuhtxÊqfld wxwruldlvwÃr erqv txdqwr dtxhohv h uhdophqwh jrvwduldgh yhu1 IdÇr hqwÃr xp dshor= vh yrfÊ grplqdxpd ihuudphqwd gh ghvhqyroylphqwr/ sru txhqÃr id}hu xp wxwruldo ghvvhvB H{soltxh frprixqflrqd xpd fdofxodgrud eÁvlfd/ frpr id}huxp mrjr gh txheud0fdehÇdv eÁvlfr/ frpr fulduxp ghvnohw txh ohld qrwÍfldv d sduwlu gh xp UVV/rx xp folhqwh eÁvlfr gh Wzlwwhu1 YrfÊ srgh/ vhpshufhehu/ hvwdu frqwulexlqgr sdud r qdvflphqwrgh xp qryr h judqgh vriwzduh1

Txdqwr dr ?|ehu Hgl.ruB Erp/ ghsrlvgdv vxevwlwxlÇÕhv vxfhvvlydv h wxgr r pdlv/ hxwlqkd pxlwdv erdv lghldv1 Dfrqwhfh txh hoh kdyldvlgr ihlwr gh xp mhlwr %wÃr Ghoskl%/ vhp pxlwd ru0jdql}dÇÃr/ txh hx sodqhmhl uhid}Ê0or gr lqÍflr1Hud r Surmhwr Vlpelrqwh= xp hglwru txh vh lqwh0juduld frpsohwdphqwh dr xvxÁulr/ xp surmhwr rx0vdgr/ prgxodu/ frpsoh{r1 Qxqfd hvfuhyl xpdolqkd gh fÓgljr hihwlyd sdud r Vlpelrqwh1 Hvwhsurmhwr pruuhx dqwhv phvpr gh qdvfhu/ sru h{0fhvvr gh sodqhmdphqwr h gh gldjudpdv1

DUWLJR � F\EHU HGLWRU H RV WXWRULDLV %UHFHLWD GH EROR%

FDUOLVVRQ JDOGLQR É Edfkduho hpFlÊqfld gd FrpsxwdÇÃr h sÓv0judgxdgr hpSurgxÇÃr gh Vriwzduh frp ªqidvh hpVriwzduh Olyuh1 MÁ pdqwhyh surmhwrv frprLdudMV/ HqflforsÉgld Rphjd h Orvdqjr1PdqwÉp surmhwrv hp vhx eorj/ F|dqhxv1Phpeur gd Dfdghpld Dudsludtxhqvh ghOhwudv h Duwhv/ É dxwru gr Frugho gr VriwzduhOlyuh h gr Frugho gr EuRiilfh1

�6:

Page 38: Revista

�6;Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Edqgd odujd gh txdolgdghhp 5345$ Vrqkr rx loxvÃr

DUWLJR � EDQGD ODUJD GH TXDOLGDGH HP 5345$ VRQKR RX LOXV£R

VhuÁ txh rv vhuylÇrv gh edqgd odujd rihuh0flgrv qr Eudvlo luÃr phokruduB

Uhfhqwhphqwh hvfuhyl xp duwljrkwws=22yd1px2Wdsh glvfxwlqgr d sÉvvlpd txdolgd0gh gd edqgd odujd rihuwdgd qd Eudvlo/ lqfoxvlyhirl uhsruwdjhp gr IdqwÁvwlfr gd WY Jorer1 Dvrshudgrudv rihuhfhp dwxdophqwh xpd yhorflgd0gh [/ pdv jdudqwh vrphqwh 43( gd uhdo frqwud0wdgd/ xpd sursdjdqgd hqjdqrvd h qd plqkdrslqlÃr dqwlÉwlfd1 Hp dojxpdv orfdolgdghv hvvdyhorflgdgh srgh vhu lqihulru d 43(/ r txh É xpdevxugr1

Frp dv dÇÕhv gr Jryhuqr/ dwudyÉv gr Sod0qr Qdflrqdo gh Edqgd Odujd 0 SQEO hvvd uhdol0gdgh sduhfh txh hvwÁ pxgdqgr1 R jryhuqr ydllqwhqvlilfdu dÇÕhv sdud uhgx}lu lpsrvwrv h hvwl0pxodu d phokruld gd lqiudhvwuxwxud hp wrgdv dvuhjlÕhv gr Eudvlo1 Lvvr idflolwduÁ r dfhvvr À lqwhu0qhw h d lqfoxvÃr gljlwdo1 R remhwlyr gr SQEO Épdvvlilfdu dwÉ 5347 d rihuwd gd lqwhuqhw edqgdodujd sdud 73 plokÕhv gh grplfÍolrv/ hvsdokdgrvsru 715;6 pxqlfÍslrv gh wrgdv dv uhjlÕhv grsdÍv1 Dqwhv gh txdotxhu frlvd É suhflvr sodqhmdu

r fuhvflphqwr gd lqwhuqhw sdud txh d phvpdsrvvd vxsulu d ghpdqgd1 Yhmd hvvh duwljrkwws=22yd1px2Wdsi vreuh r whpd1

Hvvdv phglgdv dqxqfldgdv shor jryhuqrluÃr dfluudu d frqfruuÊqfld hqwuh dv rshudgrudv/vxujlqgr lqfoxvlyh qryrv hpsuhhqglphqwrv/ sr0ghqgr rfruuhu phokruld qd rihuwd gh vhuylÇrv ghtxdolgdgh1 Dwxdophqwh h{lvwhp srxfdv rshudgr0udv dvvlp/ hodv glwdp frpr yÃr rihuwdu h txdo dtxdolgdgh gr vhuylÇr/ id}hqgr frp txh r folhqwhdfhlwh rx iltxh vhp r phvpr1

Rxwud dÇÃr lpsruwdqwh odqÇdgd shod DQD0WHO É d h{ljÊqfld gh txh dv rshudgrudv jdudq0whp/ d sduwlu gh qryhpeur gh 5345/ 93( gdedqgd frqwudwdgd1 SruÉp frp lvvr/ vhuÁ h{ljlgrgdv rshudgrudv dowrv lqyhvwlphqwrv hp lqiudhv0wuxwxud/ sdud dwhqghu rv vhxv h rv srwhqfldlv fol0hqwhv1

FrpsxwdÇÃr hp qxyhpKrmh rv vlvwhpdv gh lqirupdÇÕhv hvwÃr

pljudqgr sdud d qxyhp/ idflolwdqgr d frpxqlfd0ÇÃr h hqfxuwdqgr glvwÂqfldv1 Sdud vhu dfhvvÍyho

Sru IdeuÍflr Edvwr

zzz1v

{f1kx)kholrmvi

Page 39: Revista

�6<Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

À wrgd h txdotxhu hpsuhvd/ d edqgd odujd h{lv0whqwh suhflvd hvwdu 433( glvsrqÍyhlv/ frp txdol0gdgh h sulqflsdophqwh d xp suhÇr dfhvvÍyho/sdud txh shtxhqdv hpsuhvdv srvvdp vh pr0ghuql}du1 Dv hpsuhvdv hvwÃr xwlol}dqgr uhfxuvrvgd frpsxwdÇÃr hp qxyhp sdud plqlpl}du fxv0wrv h dgtxlulu sudwlflgdgh/ hilflÊqfld h sulqflsdo0phqwh vxvwhqwdelolgdgh1 D frpsxwdÇÃr hpqxyhp holplqd d qhfhvvlgdgh gh lqyhvwlu hp lq0iudhvwuxwxud lqwhuqd frp dv hpsuhvdv orfdqgr dlqiudhvwuxwxud h rv vhuylÇrv sdud uhdol}dÇÃr ghvxdv wduhidv1 Fodur txh ghyh vhu dydoldgr d txd0olgdgh grv vhuylÇrv h d vhjxudqÇd gd lqirupd0ÇÃr1

Sdud dv hpsuhvdv dsuryhlwduhp wrgrv rvuhfxuvrv ghvvd whfqrorjld É qhfhvvÁulr whu dx0whqwlflgdgh/ glvsrqlelolgdgh/ frqildelolgdgh/ lqwh0julgdgh/ sulqfÍslrv eÁvlfrv gd vhjxudqÇd gdlqirupdÇÃr1 DoÉp glvvr/ É lpsruwdqwh lqiudhvwux0wxud gh txdolgdgh glvsrqÍyho hp wrgdv dv uh0jlÕhv gr Eudvlo1

SuhÇrvQr txhvlwr suhÇrv/ rv vhuylÇrv hvwÃr ehp

fdurv1 Qrv judqghv fhqwurv r ydoru gr phjde|whhvwÁ ehp pdlv edudwr txh qdv uhjlÕhv pdlvdidvwdgdv h wÊp vhuylÇrv gh srxfd txdolgdgh dxp suhÇr ehp vxshulru1

Hp dojxpdv uhjlÕhv gr Eudvlo frp rv ydor0uhv sudwlfdgrv dwxdophqwh/ wruqd0vh lpsrvvÍyholpsodqwdu fhuwrv surmhwrv/ vh fdofxodgrv rv fxv0wrv/ ilfdqgr doÉp gr idwxudphqwr gh fhuwrv hp0suhhqglphqwrv1 Lvvr suhflvd pxgdu1

Dv dÇÕhv gr jryhuqr/ qd plqkd rslqlÃr hv0wÃr ehp ohqwdv/ vrphqwh hvshfxodÇÕhv dwÉ djr0ud1 Rv flgdgÃrv suhflvdp gh vhuylÇrv ghtxdolgdgh1 R SQEO hvwÁ frp r furqrjudpd edv0wdqwh dwudvdgr h dÇÕhv qÃr ghilqlgdv1 © suhflvrphokrudu lvvr1 © lpsruwdqwh txh hvvdv dÇÕhv lq0ioxhqflhp d phokruld gd lqiudhvwuxwxud/ irufhp dglplqxlÇÃr grv suhÇrv h sulqflsdophqwh jdudq0wdp txdolgdgh/ sdud txh wrgrv rv wlsrv gh hp0suhvdv srvvdp xwlol}du rv uhfxuvrv vhpsureohpdv rx hpshflokrv1

DÇÕhv sdud phokruldDojxpdv dÇÕhv txh uhvroyhuldp hvvhv sur0

eohpdv=

0 Edfnerqhv hvfdoÁyhlv h ioh{Íyhlv/ sdud vxsru0wdu r fuhvflphqwr sru yÁulrv dqrv/ vhp shugd ghtxdolgdgh1

0 DpsoldÇÃr gd uhgh gh ileud Óswlfd/ deudqjhqgrwrgdv dv uhjlÕhv +h{lvwhp lqfoxvlyh uhghv lqdwl0ydv,

0 Fderv vxepdulqrv sdud dwhqghu rxwudv uhjlÕhvgh irupd uÁslgd1

0 Glplqxlu lpsrvwrv sdud lqyhvwlphqwrv sulydgrvsdud dfluudu d frqfruuÊqfld h iruÇdu dv rshudgr0udv d rihuhfhu vhuylÇrv gh txdolgdgh frp edl{rfxvwr1

0 QÃr olplwdu r grzqordgv1 Pxlwdv hpsuhvdv/sulqflsdophqwh dv txh glvsrqlelol}dp d whfqror0jld 6J/ olplwdp d yhorflgdgh gh grzqordg txdq0wr dwlqjhp ghwhuplqdgd txdqwlgdgh gh gdgrvedl{dgrv1 Lvvr É xp hpshflokr sdud txhp suhfl0vd gh yhorflgdgh sdud wudedokdu h h{hfxwdu vxdvwduhidv glÁuldv1 Lqyhvwlgr hp lqiudhvwuxwxud/ dvhpsuhvdv qÃr suhflvduÃr sudwlfdu lvvr1

Pdlv vreuh r dvvxqwrbbEdqgd odujd dlqgd É remhwr glvwdqwh gdv fodvvhv F/ G hH kwws=22yd1px2WdsV

bbSodqr Qdflrqdo gh Edqgd Odujd= dv shjdglqkdv txhyrfÊ qÃr ylx kwws=22yd1px2WdsX

bbSurjudpd Qdflrqdo gh Edqgd Odujd +SQEO, 0 EudvloFrqhfwdgr kwws=22yd1px2WdsZ

bbLqirjuÁilfrv 0 Fdplqkrv sdud h{sdqglu d edqgd odujd qrEudvlo kwws=22yd1px2Wds[

bbFHSWUR ^ Fhqwur gh Hvwxgrv h Shvtxlvdv hp Whfqr0orjldv gh Uhghv h RshudÇÕhv kwws=22yd1px2Wds\

DUWLJR � EDQGD ODUJD GH TXDOLGDGH HP 5345$ VRQKR RX LOXV£R

IDEU­FLR EDVWR É dgplqlvwudgru ghhpsuhvdv h dqdolvwd gh vlvwhpdv1Wudedokd frpr dgplqlvwudgru h surihvvrugh lqirupÁwlfd1

Page 40: Revista

�73Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

DDvv uuhhgghhvvddqqwwllvvvvrrffllddllvvSru Mrujh Dxjxvwr Prqwhlur FduulÇd

I³UXP � DV UHGHV DQWLVVRFLDLV

Lqihol}phqwh dv uhghv vrfldlv wruqdudp0vh fdgd yh} pdlv dphdÇdgrudv

sdud dv hpsuhvdv1 Dqwljdphqwh qdv %pÁ{lpdv% gd dgplqlvwudÇÃr gl}ld0

vh %Xp frqvxplgru vdwlvihlwr frphqwd frp 6 shvvrdv/ xp lqvdwlvihlwr

frphqwd frp 63%1 SruÉp hp sohqd hyroxÇÃr whfqroÓjlfd/ h frp dv

uhghv vrfldlv fdgd yh} pdlv dpsodv r qÚphur pxowlsolfd0vh sru shor

phqrv 433 yh}hv/ mÁ txh dojxqv lqglyÍgxrv whp plokduhv gh rxwurv

lqglyÍgxrv hp vhxv shuilv/ h d %pÁ qrwÍfld% hvsdokd0vh yludophqwh d

qÍyhlv devxugrv1

zzz1v

{f1kx2kholrmvi

Page 41: Revista

�74Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

QÃr É lqfrpxp hqfrqwudu hpsuhvdv gh sh0txhqr h pÉglr sruwh txh idoludp dsÓv xpd uh0sruwdjhp rx frphqwÁulrv ihlwrv dwudyÉv gd uhgh/doÉp gh surilvvlrqdlv olehudlv shughuhp xpd sdu0fhod vljqlilfdwlyd gh folhqwhv h hp pxlwrv fdvrvdqdolvdp d surilvvÃr h pxgdp gh udpr udglfdo0phqwh1

Qrv vlwhv srsxoduhv gh yÍghr wdpeÉp hq0frqwudp0vh lqÚphurv srvwv gh folhqwhv lqvdwlvihl0wrv txh uhfodpdp h dwÉ txheudp r surgxwr dpduwhodgdv1 Sru vlqdo/ hvvhv yÍghrv vÃr rv pdlvdfhvvdgrv mÁ txh dv glyxojdÇÕhv grv ghihlwrvvÃr pdlv yhor}hv gr txh dv gdv txdolgdghv/ rtxh uhphwh d xpd shujxqwd= R txh id}hu sdudghihqghu d hpsuhvd ghvwh wlsr gh dwdtxhB Uhv0srvwd Úqlfd= QDGD1 Dshvdu gd qhjdÇÃr udglfdo/É d yhugdgh/ mÁ txh d pdlruld gdv hpsuhvdv yhq0ghp surgxwrv txh qÃr vÃr ideulfdgrv sru hodv/hqwÃr rihuhfhu surgxwrv gh erd txdolgdgh É xpglihuhqfldo lphqvr/ pdv rihuhfhu xpd erd dvvlv0wÊqfld wÉfqlfd É phokru dlqgd/ mÁ txh É hod txhpydl uhsdudu r gdqr/ rx hqfdplqkdu sdud d wurfdgr surgxwr1

Lqihol}phqwh dojxpdv hpsuhvdv dsuryhl0wdp0vh gd frqglÇÃr gh phgr txh r folhqwh ilfdtxdqgr frpsud r surgxwr/ h %hpsxuud% sdud hohd idprvd Jdudqwld Hvwhqglgd/ txh jhudophqwhfrvwxpd whu vÉulrv sureohpdv hp vhu dflrqdgdfdvr vhmd qhfhvvÁuld/ srlv pxlwdv hpsuhvdv rih0uhfhp hvvd wdo idflolgdgh/ pdv qÃr vh suhrfx0sdp hp orfdol}du hpsuhvdv gh dvvlvwÊqfldwÉfqlfd txh hvwÃr suÓ{lpdv gh vxdv ormdv/ h pxl0wdv yh}hv d glilfxogdgh orjÍvwlfd vh wruqd pdlvghprudgd gr txh r frqfhuwr1

D qrylgdgh vÃr dv hpsuhvdv hvshfldol}d0gdv hp prqlwrudu dv uhghv vrfldlv h vlwhv hpjhudo d ilp gh ghvfreulu uhfodpdÇÕhv h rihuhfhudmxgd fdvr vhmd qhfhvvÁulr/ qr phqru whpsrsrvvÍyho1 © xp wudedokr gliÍflo h fxvwrvr sdud dhpsuhvd txh frqwudwd/ pdv frvwxpd gdu erqvuhvxowdgrv srlv irfdp qr uhvxowdgr ilqdo h qÃrqr sureohpd1 QÃr h{lvwh Ê{lwr hp wudwdu r sureoh0pd/ vhp holplqdu d fdxvd1 H{lvwluÃr surgxwrvfrp ghihlwrv/ vhuylÇrv pdo uhdol}dgrv h folhqwhvlqvdwlvihlwrv/ pdv É d irupd frpr d hpsuhvd vr0

oxflrqd r sureohpd txh id} d glihuhqÇd/ srlv qÃrdgldqwd dshqdv rihuhfhu d dvvlvwÊqfld/ pdvprvwudu sdud r folhqwh txh srgh uhdophqwh frqil0du qd hpsuhvd1 Frqvhtxhqwhphqwh kdyhuÁ pdl0ru qxphur gh yhqgdv h vdwlvidÇÃr jdudqwlgd1

Dojxpdv hpsuhvdv qÃr rihuhfhuhp vhuylÇrgh sÓv0yhqgd/ h qÃr jdvwdp xpd oljdÇÃr sdudvdehu vh r folhqwh ilfrx vdwlvihlwr rx qÃr/ rx vhr surgxwr rx vhuylÇr dwhqghx dv vxdv h{shfwdwl0ydv1 Ohpeuhp0vh txh ylyhprv hp xp pxqgrtxh xp whohylvru fkhjd d srvvxlu shÇdv gh 47sdÍvhv glihuhqwhv/ h prqwdjhp hp 7/ r txh Éxp shtxhqr h{hpsor gh frpr d joredol}dÇÃr hxqlilfdÇÃr gd whfqrorjld prvwud0vh fdgd yh}pdlv iruwh1 Hpsuhvdv eudvlohludv frpr d Yxofd0euÁv/ hvwÃr pxgdqgr vxdv iÁeulfdv sdud d Fkl0qd/ mÁ txh r fxvwr gh surgxÇÃr oÁ fkhjd d vhuphqrv gh 58( gr txh fxvwd dtxl/ sruwdqwr Épdlv iÁflo lpsruwdu gh oÁ/ gr txh surgx}lu dtxl1 DglphqvÃr gdv uhghv vrfldlv ghqwur gh xp ixwxursuÓ{lpr srgh wrpdu glphqvÕhv pxqgldlv frppxlwd idflolgdgh/ mÁ txh d xqlilfdÇÃr grv lglrpdvfrpr lqjoÊv h pdqgdulp dfrqwhfhuÁ orjr1

YÁuldv hpsuhvdv srvvxhp vlwh/ pdv idq0wdvwlfdphqwh qhp vhtxhu r prqlwrudp/ rx uhv0srqghp rv h0pdlov txh uhfhehp/ r txh fdxvdqrv folhqwhv dlqgd pdlv vhqvdÇÃr gh uhsxovd hpfrqfuhwl}du qhjÓflrv/ h É fodur/ pdlv lqvdwlvid0ÇÃr1 SuhÇr mÁ qÃr É xp glihuhqfldo wÃr judqgh/pdv txdolgdgh h frqildqÇd vhuÃr dv fkdyhv sd0ud r ixwxur gdv yhqgdv1

Rev= Phxv duwljrv vÃr judwxlwrv h srghp vhu uhsurgx}lgrvd yrqwdgh vhp dxwrul}dÇÃr suÉyld1

MRUJH DXJXVWR PRQWHLURFDUUL§D É Dgplqlvwudgru gh Hpsuhvdv/wÉfqlfr hp Frqwdelolgdgh h wÉfqlfr hpVhjxudqÇd gr Wudedokr1 PVQ=phqwdolvwd64Ckrwpdlo1frp

I³UXP � DV UHGHV DQWLVVRFLDLV

Page 42: Revista

�75Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

LQWHUQHW � VHJXUDQ§D H SULYDFLGDGH HP UHGHV VRFLDLV

Sru Johxgvrq Mxqlru

VVhhjjxxuuddqqÇÇdd hh ssuullyyddffllggddgghhhhpp uuhhgghhvv vvrrffllddllvv

LqwurgxÇÃrDsÓv xpd orqjd hud suhgrplqdgd shod

ZZZ +Zruog Zlgh Zhe, qd vxd sulphlud yhu0vÃr/ hp txh vhxv xvxÁulrv qÃr sdvvdydp ghphurv frqvxplgruhv gh frqwhÚgr glvsrqlelol}d0grv rq0olqh/ h hp txh hvwh wlsr gh frpxqlfdÇÃrhud hvvhqfldophqwh xqlgluhflrqdo/ ylyhprv dwx0dophqwh xp fhqÁulr wrwdophqwh uhihlwr d sduwlugd pxgdqÇd gh sdudgljpd lpsxovlrqdgd shorvxujlphqwr gd Zhe 5131

Rv xvxÁulrv ghl{dudp gh vhu phurv frqvx0plgruhv sdvvlyrv gh lqirupdÇÃr h vh wruqdudpfdgd yh} pdlv sursulhwÁulrv h ghvhqyroyhgruhvgr frqwhÚgr txh É sxeolfdgr ghqwur gd judqghuhgh1 Rv xvxÁulrv fuldp frpxqlgdghv gh lqwh0uhvvh frpxp/ frpr irupd gh frpsduwlokdphqwrgh ghvhmrv/ suhihuÊqfldv/ lqwhudÇÃr frp dpljrvjhrjudilfdphqwh glvwdqwhv/ sduwlokd gh frqwhÚgrpxowlpÍgld/ frpr pÚvlfdv h irwrv1 Lvvr wxgr ghirupd wrwdophqwh ixqflrqdo/ xvxdo h wudqvsduhq0wh1 Vhphldp0vh d sduwlu gdÍ judqghv frpxqlgd0ghv h vhuylÇrv gh sduwlokd gh lqirupdÇÕhv/ txhwdpeÉp vÃr frqkhflgdv sru uhghv vrfldlv1

Hvwdv uhghv vrfldlv ghprqvwudp xp judq0gh srwhqfldo hyroxwlyr/ qÃr vrphqwh qr txh gl}

uhvshlwr d dvshfwrv lqglylgxdlv/ pdv wdpeÉpfrpr rsruwxqlgdghv sdud surmhwdu lqrydgruhvprghorv gh qhjÓflr txh vhuyhp frpr plqdvgh h{sorudÇÃr sru frusrudÇÕhv h hpsuhhqgl0phqwrv1 Hvwdv uhghv vrfldlv vÃr yhugdghlud0phqwh frqkhflgdv shod vxd lpsruwÂqfld/ txhuvhmd shor vhx dvshfwr gh hqwuhwhqlphqwr/ dvvlpfrpr qxp wuÂplwh pdlv surilvvlrqdo/ frpr qdfuldÇÃr gh uhghv gh frqwdwrv/ r idprvr qhwzru0nlqj/ rx hqwÃr qd srvvlelolgdgh rihuwdgd sru vhuxp fdqdo uhohydqwh gh yhqgd1 Gr srqwr gh ylvwdfrusrudwlyr/ dv uhghv vrfldlv srghp ghilqlu rxdx{loldu qd hvshflilfdÇÃr gh xp suryÁyho srwhq0fldo gh qhjrflr frp irfr hp xp surgxwr rx vhu0ylÇr hvshfÍilfr1

Dshvdu gh wrgr r srwhqfldo dsuhvhqwdgr/hvwdv uhghv uxpdp À sdvvrv odujrv dr hqfrqwurgh xp vhohwr juxsr gh ihuudphqwdv txh surslfl0dp vÉuldv dphdÇdv dr pxqgr gljlwdo1 D lghldghvvh wudedokr qÃr É gh slqwdu xp fhqÁulr gh0pdvldgdphqwh ghvidyruÁyho dr xvr ghvvdv ihu0udphqwdv/ wÃr vrphqwh derugdu gh irupduhdolvwd rv sulqflsdlv sureohpdv txh dihwdp dvhjxudqÇd h d sulydflgdgh grv frqvxplgruhvghvvh wlsr gh frqwhÚgr1

zzz1v

{f1kx

Page 43: Revista

�76Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Hqwuh dv sulqflsdlv dphdÇdv d vhjxudqÇd hsulydflgdgh grv xwlol}dgruhv/ srghprv uhodflrqduyxoqhudelolgdghv suryhqlhqwhv gr wlsr gh frqwhÚ0gr h gh lqirupdÇÃr txh vÃr sduwlokdgdv qdv uh0ghv vrfldlv/ frpr sru h{hpsor/ xp ghwhuplqdgrfrphqwÁulr lqfdxwr txh srgh vhu xwlol}dgr ixwxud0phqwh frqwud r suÓsulr xwlol}dgru1 H{lvwh dlqgdreyldphqwh pxlwd idowd gh shufhsÇÃr sru sduwhgrv xvxÁulrv qr txh gl} uhvshlwr dr lpsdfwr txhr frpsduwlokdphqwr ghvwdv lqirupdÇÕhv h rxwurvfrqwhÚgrv srghp rfdvlrqdu1 Rv frqwhÚgrv sx0eolfdgrv krmh qxpd uhgh vrfldo vhuÃr/ frp fhu0wh}d/ glvwulexÍgrv h frpsduwlokdgrv sru lqÚphurvxwlol}dgruhv h luÃr ydjdu hwhuqdphqwh qd zhe/phvpr txh d frqwd ruljlqduld vhmd duudqfdgdghod1 © xpd wulokd vhp uhwruqr$

Vre rxwur srqwr gh ylvwd dv uhghv vrfldlvwdpeÉp ghyhp vhu frqvlghudgdv frpr xpdjudqgh dphdÇd sdud xp dpelhqwh frusrudwlyr hsurilvvlrqdo1 Qrv gldv dwxdlv dv frusrudÇÕhv uh0fruuhp uhjxoduphqwh Àv uhghv vrfldlv frpr xpdirqwh frpsohphqwdu gh yhulilfdÇÃr gr shuilo grvfdqglgdwrv d fdujrv gh wudedokr1 Djuhjdgr d lv0vr/ h{lvwh r vÉulr ulvfr gh txheud gh frqilghqfld0olgdgh shor idwr gh txh rv froderudgruhv gh xpdghwhuplqdgd rujdql}dÇÃr srghp glyxojdu sxeol0fdphqwh lqirupdÇÕhv frqvlghudgdv fuÍwlfdv h vl0jlorvdv dr qhjÓflr1

Hp xpd uhfhqwh shvtxlvd uhdol}dgd shodhpsuhvd Vrskrv hp vhx Eorj Qdnhg Vhfxulw|/irudp suÉ0vhohflrqdgdv fhufd gh 833 hpsuhvdvtxh uhvsrqghudp d xp txhvwlrqÁulr gluhflrqd0gr1 Rv uhvxowdgrv sxeolfdgrv dsrqwdudp txh

fhufd gh 93( ghvwdv hpsuhvdv frqvlghududptxh r Idfherrn dsuhvhqwd0vh frpr xpd gdvsulqflsdlv dphdÇdv d vhjxudqÇd h sulydflgdghgd lqirupdÇÃr ghvwdv rujdql}dÇÕhv1 R Eorj Qd0nhg Vhfxulw| gd Vrskrv É wdpeÉp uhvsrqvÁyhosru ydvwd sxeolfdÇÃr shulÓglfd gh dohuwdv ghvfdpv h rxwudv dphdÇdv txh vh sursdjdp qdsodwdirupd gr Idfherrn1

D HyroxÇÃr gd ZheFrp d hqruph sursdjdÇÃr gd Lqwhuqhw hp

phdgrv gh 5344/ xpd uhohydqwh pxgdqÇd fr0phÇrx d hphujlu qd dutxlwhwxud h qr ghvhqyroyl0phqwr gh dsolfdÇÕhv qd Zhe1 Hvwhv frqwhÚgrvdqwhv hvwÁwlfrv/ wruqdudp0vh hp vÍwlrv rqgh rvxvxÁulrv srghp lqwhudjlu frp d surgxÇÃr grfrqwhÚgr dwudyÉv gd sxeolfdÇÃr gh pÍgldv/ fr0pr yÍghrv/ irwrv h eorjv/ rx froderudÇÃr hpsurmhwrv frpsduwlokdgrv h uhghv vrfldlv1

D sduwlu ghvvd pxgdqÇd/ xpd judqgh txdq0wlgdgh gh vlwhv ghqrplqdgrv %Zhe 513% yhpvhqgr ghvhqyroylgrv h sxeolfdgrv ghqwur ghvvhdpelhqwh1 Pxlwr pdlv txh vlpsohvphqwh frp0sduwlokdu frqwhÚgr/ d lghld sru wuÁv gd Zhe 513 Égh glvsrqlelol}du ihuudphqwdv txh shuplwdp drxvxÁulr vhu xp sduwlflsdqwh dwlyr gh xpd frpx0qlgdgh yluwxdo dwudyÉv gd sduwlokd gh lghldv h lq0irupdÇÕhv1

R srqwr pdlv uhohydqwh txh srvvlyhophqwhlpsxovlrqrx hvvd wudqvirupdÇÃr irl À shufhsÇÃrsru sduwh grv ghvhqyroyhgruhv gd Zhe/ txhqrwdudp d h{lvwÊqfld gh xpd fdudfwhuÍvwlfd hpfrpxp hqwuh dv rujdql}dÇÕhv %srqwr frp% txhvreuhylyhx d judqgh fulvh gd Lqwhuqhw= d sxeolfd0ÇÃr gh glyhuvdv dsolfdÇÕhv frp dowr judx gh lq0whudwlylgdgh h xvdelolgdgh1

Glyhuvdv dsolfdÇÕhv Zhe 513 srvvxhp fd0udfwhuÍvwlfdv h ixqflrqdolgdghv vlploduhv dv ghxp vriwzduh wudglflrqdo/ txh vÃr jhudophqwh lqv0wdodgrv h frqiljxudgrv qr frpsxwdgru gr xvxÁ0ulr1 Vre r srqwr gh ylvwd gd dutxlwhwxud ghvriwzduh/ qÃr h{lvwh glihuhqÇdv qrwÁyhlv hqwuhxpd dsolfdÇÃr Zhe 513 h xpd dsolfdÇÃr Zhe413 wudglflrqdo/ hqwuhwdqwr/ glihuhqwhphqwh gh

LQWHUQHW � VHJXUDQ§D H SULYDFLGDGH HP UHGHV VRFLDLV

zzz1v{f1kx

Page 44: Revista

�77Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

dsolfdÇÕhv txh vÃr lqvwdodgdv hp xp dpelhqwhfhqwudol}dgr h frqwurodgr/ rv vlwhv Zhe 513 vÃrh{hfxwdgrv hp xp dpelhqwh dpsodphqwh glvwul0exÍgr h yxoqhuÁyho/ rqgh d vhjxudqÇd h frqil0ghqfldolgdgh gh lqirupdÇÕhv É xp idwrufrqvlghudyhophqwh fulwlfr1

FrqwhÚgr gh glyhuvrv duwljrv flhqwÍilfrv/ dtxhvwÃr gd vhjxudqÇd hp vlwhv Zhe 513 yhp vhwruqdqgr fdgd yh} pdlv qxp doyr srwhqfldo gh gl0yhuvdv glvfxvvÕhv shod frpxqlgdgh gh ghvhqyro0yhgruhv gh vriwzduh1 Gh irupd lqhjÁyho/ riruqhflphqwr gh ixqflrqdolgdghv txh hujxhudp rsdwdpdu gd dutxlwhwxud gdv dsolfdÇÕhv Zhe dfd0erx wdpeÉp sru lpsxovlrqdu r dxphqwr gh yxoqh0udelolgdghv h d h{srvlÇÃr gh gdgrv frqilghqfldlvgrv xwlol}dgruhv/ dwlqjlqgr rxwur uhtxlvlwr gh txd0olgdgh= d vhjxudqÇd1

Grfxphqwrv uhodwdp txh d dutxlwhwxud ghvriwzduh É surgxwr ilqdo gh lqioxÊqfldv vrfldlv/wÉfqlfdv h gh qhjÓflr1 Hvwdv lqioxÊqfldv vÃr ylvÍ0yhlv dwudyÉv grv uhtxlvlwrv ixqflrqdlv h wdpeÉpshorv uhtxlvlwrv qÃr ixqflrqdlv vrolflwdgrv shorvfolhqwhv qr surfhvvr gh frqfhsÇÃr gh xp vriwzd0uh1 Frpr glihuhqwhv vwdnhkroghuv srvvxhp glih0uhqwhv lqwhqÇÕhv h remhwlyrv/ É gh vh hvshudu txhfrqiolwrv dsduhÇdp gxudqwh r surfhvvr1 Hp uhod0ÇÃr À Zhe 513/ r pdlru lpsdvvh jlud hp wruqr ghiruqhfhu pdlv lqwhudwlylgdgh dr xvxÁulr h/ drphvpr sdvvr/ xpd dsolfdÇÃr vhp yxoqhudelolgd0ghv1

VhjxudqÇd h Sulydflgdgh gd Lq0irupdÇÃr

D vhjxudqÇd gd lqirupdÇÃr hvwÁ gluhwd0phqwh oljdgd frp d surwhÇÃr gh xp frqmxqwr ghgdgrv/ qr lqwxlwr gh suhvhuyÁ0orv sdud xp ghwhu0plqdgr lqglyÍgxr rx xpd rujdql}dÇÃr1 FrprfdudfwhuÍvwlfdv eÁvlfdv gd vhjxudqÇd gd lqiru0pdÇÃr/ whprv wuÊv dwulexwrv sulqflsdlv= frqil0

ghqfldolgdgh/ lqwhjulgdgh h glvsrqlelolgdgh1Qr hqwdqwr hvwhv dwulexwrv qÃr hvwÃr uhvwulwrvdshqdv d vhjxudqÇd gh vlvwhpdv frpsxwdflr0qdlv/ lqirupdÇÕhv hohwuÔqlfdv rx vlvwhpdv gh du0pd}hqdphqwr1 R frqfhlwr vh dsolfd d glyhuvrvwuÂplwhv gh surwhÇÃr gd lqirupdÇÃr1

Qd dwxdolgdgh r frqfhlwr gh VhjxudqÇd gdLqirupdÇÃr hvwÁ sdgurql}dgr qr Eudvlo shod qru0pd LVR2LHF 4::<<=5338/ lqioxhqfldgd shor sd0guÃr lqjoÊv +Eulwvk Vwdqgdug, EV ::<<1 Xpdvhulh gh qrupdv sdgurql}dgdv shod LVR2LHF5:333 irudp uhvhuydgdv sdud wudwdu gh sdguÕhvgh VhjxudqÇd gd LqirupdÇÃr/ lqfoxlqgr d frp0sohphqwdÇÃr dr wudedokr ruljlqdo gr sdguÃrEulwvk Vwdqgdug1 D LVR2LHF 5:335=5338 dlqgdfrqwlqxd vhqgr frqvlghudgd irupdophqwh frpr4::<<=5338 sdud ilqv grfxphqwdlv1

Frpr glwr dqwhulruphqwh d vhjxudqÇd gdlqirupdÇÃr id} uhihuÊqfld d surwhÇÃr h{lvwhqwhvreuh dv lqirupdÇÕhv gh xpd rujdql}dÇÃr rxshvvrd1 Frpsuhhqgh0vh sru lqirupdÇÃr wrgr htxdotxhu frqwhÚgr rx gdgr txh vhmd frqvlghud0gr vhqvÍyho h txh srvvxd ydoru sdud dojxpd hp0suhvd rx shvvrd1 D lqirupdÇÃr srgh hvwdudupd}hqdgd sdud xvr uhvwulwr rx sxeolfdphqwhh{srvwd sdud frqvxowd rx dtxlvlÇÃr1

H{lvwhp dojxpdv pÉwulfdv txh ghyhp vhuohydgdv hp frqwd sdud vh ghilqlu r qÍyho gh vh0jxudqÇd h{lvwhqwh hp xp ghwhuplqdgr dpelhqwhh/ d sduwlu glvvr/ vhuhp hvwdehohflgrv rv dolfhu0fhv sdud dqÁolvh gd phokruld rx slrud grv dv0shfwrv uhodflrqdgrv À vhjxudqÇd1 D vhjxudqÇdgh xpd lqirupdÇÃr srgh vhu vhqvlyhophqwh dih0wdgd sru glyhuvrv idwruhv frpsruwdphqwdlv h ghxwlol}dÇÃr/ vhmd shor dpelhqwh rx lqiudhvwuxwxudhp txh hvwÁ lqvhulgd rx sru shvvrdv pdo lqwhq0

LQWHUQHW � VHJXUDQ§D H SULYDFLGDGH HP UHGHV VRFLDLV

zzz1v{f1kx

Page 45: Revista

�78Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

flrqdgdv txh srvvxhp r remhwlyr gh urxedu/ lqyl0delol}du rx dowhudu wdlv lqirupdÇÕhv1

Edvwdqwh frqkhflgd hp grfxphqwdÇÕhvhvshfÍilfdv/ d wuÍdgh FLD= Frqilghqwldolw|/ Lqwh0

julw| dqg Dydlodelolw| uhvshfwlydphqwh/ uhsuh0vhqwdp rv sulqflsdlv dwulexwrv txh/ qddwxdolgdgh/ qruwhldp d lqyhvwljdÇÃr/ r sodqhmd0phqwr/ d lpsohphqwdÇÃr h r hpsuhjr gd vhjx0udqÇd sdud xp ghwhuplqdgr juxsr ghlqirupdÇÕhv txh vh qhfhvvlwd eolqgdu1 Rxwurvdwulexwrv uhohydqwhv vÃr d luuhwudwdelolgdgh h ddxwhqwlflgdgh1

Vhjxh dedl{r d hvshflilfdÇÃr ghvvhv dwul0exwrv eÁvlfrv=

0 Frqilghqfldolgdgh= dwulexwr txh whp sru remh0wlyr olplwdu r dfhvvr À lqirupdÇÃr vrphqwh Àvhqwlgdghv ohjlwlpdv/ rx vhmd/ dtxhodv txh vÃrdxwrul}dgdv shor grqr gd lqirupdÇÃr1

0 Lqwhjulgdgh= dwulexwr txh whp sru remhwlyr jd0udqwlu txh d lqirupdÇÃr pdqlsxodgd pdqwhqkdwrgdv dv fdudfwhuÍvwlfdv ruljlqdlv ghilqlgdv shorgrqr gd lqirupdÇÃr/ lqfoxlqgr frqwuroh gh dowhud0ÇÕhv h jdudqwld gr vhx flfor gh ylgd1

0 Glvsrqlelolgdgh= dwulexwr txh whp sru remhwlyrjdudqwlu txh d lqirupdÇÃr hvwhmd vhpsuh glvsr0qÍyho sdud r xvr dxwÊqwlfr/ rx vhmd/ vrphqwh sh0orv xvxÁulrv dxwrul}dgrv shor grqr gr vlvwhpd1

R sdwdpdu gh vhjxudqÇd ghvhmdgr srghvhu frqvrolgdgr ghqwur gh xpd SroÍwlfd gh Vhjx0udqÇd d vhu ilhophqwh vhjxlgd sru xpd rujdql}d0ÇÃr rx shvvrd/ d ilp gh jdudqwlu txh rv

sulqfÍslrv hvwdehohflgrv vhmdp shuvhjxlgrv hpdqwlgrv ghqwur gr uxpr ghvhmdgr1

Djuhjdgr d hvvhv dwulexwrv/ lqvhuh0vh dwx0dophqwh xp qryr dvshfwr txh ghyh vhu ohydgrhp frqvlghudÇÃr qr prphqwr gd dqÁolvh grvfrqfhlwrv gd vhjxudqÇd gd lqirupdÇÃr/ ylvwr rqryr irupdwr gh h{srvlÇÃr gdv lqirupdÇÕhv qdZhe1 D sulydflgdgh/ dwulexwr gluhwdphqwh oljdgrd fdsdflgdgh gh xp lqglyÍgxr rx juxsr gh lvrodudv lqirupdÇÕhv vreuh vl phvpr h/ dvvlp/ uhyh0oÁ0od gh irupd vhohwlyd/ yhp vh wruqdqgr xpdtxhvwÃr dpsodphqwh txhvwlrqdgd dsÓv dv uhoh0ydqwhv pxgdqÇdv gr sdudgljpd gd Zhe 413 sd0ud d Zhe 5131

Sdud r surihvvru WÚolr Yldqd/

%R gluhlwr À sulydflgdgh/ frqfhelgr frpr xpdwuÍdgh gh gluhlwrv 0 gluhlwr gh qÃr vhu prqlwr0udgr/ gluhlwr gh qÃr vhu uhjlvwudgr h gluhlwr ghqÃr vhu uhfrqkhflgr +gluhlwr gh qÃr whu uhjlv0wurv shvvrdlv sxeolfdgrv, 0 wudqvfhqgh/ srlv/qdv vrflhgdghv lqirupdflrqdlv/ r olplwh ghphur gluhlwr gh lqwhuhvvh sulydgr sdud vh wru0qdu xp grv ixqgdphqwrv gr Hvwdgr Ghpr0fuÁwlfr gh Gluhlwr% +YLDQQD/ WÚolr1WudqvsduÊqfld sÚeolfd/ rsdflgdgh sulydgd1s1 449,1

Gh dfrugr frp Hulf Kxjkhv/ d sulydflgdghÉ r srghu txh xp lqglyÍgxr whp gh uhyhodu0vhvhohwlydphqwh dr pxqgr1 Frp xpd shuvshfwlydvlplodu Udlqhu Nxkohq gl} txh d sulydflgdgh qÃrvljqlilfd dshqdv r gluhlwr gh qÃr vhu shuwxuedgrrx ghl{dgr hp sd}/ pdv wdpeÉp r gluhlwr ghghwhuplqdu txdlv dwulexwrv gh vl phvpr vhuÃr yl0vxdol}dgrv2xwlol}dgrv sru whufhlurv1

Ulvfrv h DphdÇdv qdv Uhghv Vr0fldlvSulqflsdlv dwdtxhv d Zhe Vrfldo0 Furvv0vlwh vfulswlqj +[VV,= É xp wlsr gh dwd0txh txh h{sorud yxoqhudelolgdghv gh dsolfdÇÕhvZhe sdud hqyldu fÓgljrv pdolflrvrv dr qdyhjd0gru gr xvxÁulr1 R dwdtxh É suryhqlhqwh gr suÓ0sulr vlwh txh r xvxÁulr hvwÁ dfhvvdqgr1

LQWHUQHW � VHJXUDQ§D H SULYDFLGDGH HP UHGHV VRFLDLV

zzz1v{f1kx

Page 46: Revista

�79Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

0 Pdolflxv DMD[ Frgh H{hfxwlrq= frqvlvwh hpfÓgljrv pdolflrvrv qd olqjxdjhp DMD[ txh lqwh0udjhp frp r qdyhjdgru gr xvxÁulr/ hqyldqgrglyhuvdv fkdpdgdv h{whuqdv yld [POKWWSUh0txhvw Remhfw wud}hqgr Frrnlhv sdud r frpsxwd0gru gr xvxÁulr1 Hvvhv Frrnlhv dupd}hqdplqirupdÇÕhv vljlorvdv grv xvxÁulrv txh srvwhul0ruphqwh vÃr hqyldgdv sdud r dwdfdqwh1

0 Furvv0vlwh Uhtxhvw Irujhu|= id} xvr gh olqnvidnhv txh uhgluhflrqdp r xvxÁulr sdud rxwur vlwh/rqgh r dwdfdqwh srghuÁ idflophqwh wrpdu srvvhgh vxdv lqirupdÇÕhv rx dlqgd dwdfÁ0orv hqyldq0gr fÓgljrv pdolflrvrv dr vhx frpsxwdgru1

0 [PO Srlvrqlqj= ghylgr d fuhvfhqwh xwlol}dÇÃrgh dutxlyrv [PO sdud wurfdv gh phqvdjhqv qdZhe/ frpr grfxphqwrv PV0Riilfh h dutxlyrvps6/ glyhuvrv fÓgljrv gh pdfurv h dutxlyrvpdolflrvrv vÃr lqvhulgrv hp fÓgljrv qr irupdwr[PO h gluhflrqdgrv drv xvxÁulrv/ sdud txh rvphvprv rv h{hfxwhp vhp txh whqkdp d srvvl0elolgdgh gh lghqwlilfdu r ulvfr1

0 UVV 2 Dwrp Lqmhfwlrq= UVV wudwd0vh gh xpphlr edvwdqwh srsxodu sdud sduwlokd gh lqirupd0ÇÕhv hp sruwdlv h dsolfdÇÕhv Zhe1 Xp shuljrfrpxp sdud hvvh wlsr gh dsolfdÇÃr É d lqmhÇÃrgh fÓgljrv hp Mdyd Vfulswv/ frp r lqwxlwr gh jh0udu dwdtxhv qr qdyhjdgru gr xvxÁulr1

0 KWWS Uhtxhvw Vsolwlqj= É xp dwdtxh gluhflr0qdgr sdud r dpelhqwh gh Zhe Sur{|/ jhudophq0wh dgylqgrv gd suÓsuld ODQ h ZDQ1 Qhvvhdwdtxh r fdehÇdokr gd qryd uhtxlvlÇÃr KWWS Éprglilfdgr shor dwdfdqwh frp r sursÓvlwr gh gh0

vhpshqkdu rxwud ixqÇÃr/ txh qÃr d ruljlqdophq0wh frqfhelgd sdud r surwrfror/ h frp lvvr wruqdusrvvÍyho d h{hfxÇÃr grv frpdqgrv lqvhulgrv1

0 ZVGO Vfdqqlqj dqg Hqxphudwlrq= qhvvhfdvr r dwdfdqwh hqyld glihuhqwhv phqvdjhqv sd0ud wrgdv dv sduwhv gr fÓgljr/ sru h{hpsor/ dvrshudÇÕhv gd sÁjlqd gr vlwh txh hoh suhwhqghdwdfdu/ frp r lqwxlwr gh hqfrqwudu dojxpd yxoqh0udelolgdgh qd vhjxudqÇd1 Xpd yh} hqfrqwudgd dyxoqhudelolgdgh/ hoh srghuÁ h{soruÁ0od frp dojx0pd ihuudphqwd hvshflilfd1

0 H0pdlo dqg Zhe Slvklqj= É frqvlghudgd xpddwlylgdgh fulplqdo fdudfwhul}dgd shod whqwdwlyd ghwrpdu srvvh gh lqirupdÇÕhv vljlorvdv/ wdlv frprqrph gh xvxÁulr/ vhqkdv/ lqirupdÇÕhv ilqdqfhl0udv/ lqirupdÇÕhv gh frqwdwr/ qÚphurv gh fdu0wÕhv gh fuÉglwr/ hqwuh rxwudv lqirupdÇÕhvfrqvlghudgdv frqilghqfldlv1

0 Hqjhqkduld Vrfldo= id} xvr gh wÉfqlfdv txhh{sorudp r hor pdlv iudfr gd fruuhqwh/ r xvxÁ0ulr1 Gh idwr É xpd prgdolgdgh gh dwdtxh txhfuhvfhx qd phvpd sursruÇÃr txh d xwlol}dÇÃrgh uhghv vrfldlv1 D sduwlu gr vhx xvr r dwdfdqwhsrgh h{sorudu fdudfwhuÍvwlfdv iuÁjhlv grv xvxÁul0rv1

DqÁolvh FuÍwlfd dr IdfherrnR Idfherrn É vhp vrpeud gh gÚylgdv d

uhgh vrfldo txh pdlv fuhvfhx qrv Úowlprv dqrv1Hvvh fuhvflphqwr h{srqhqfldo É frpsurydgrsru glyhuvrv dvshfwrv h r pdlv fkdpdwlyr É dtxdqwlgdgh gh xvxÁulrv dwlyrv txh d uhgh pdq0wÉp qd dwxdolgdgh1 Vhjxqgr lqirupdÇÕhv qdsuÓsuld sdjlqd gr Idfherrn/ hvvh gdgr dsuh0vhqwd krmh pdlv ;33 plokÕhv gh xvxÁulrv/ lqiru0pdÇÃr txh dvvrpeud/ ylvwr txh hvvh qÚphurljxdod0vh dr qÚphur gh shvvrdv gd Lqwhuqhw hp5337/ gh dfrugr frp hvwxgr gd Ur|do Slqjgrp1Hvvd glphqvÃr É r idwru pdlv dwudhqwh sdud rvdwdfdqwhv h txh wruqd d dsolfdÇÃr xp doyr suh0ihuhqfldo sdud dphdÇdv gh wlsrv yduldgrv1

Qr txh wdqjh d sulydflgdgh/ r Idfherrn Édpsodphqwh djuhvvlyr qr txh gl} uhvshlwr À ylr0odÇÃr frqvhqwlgd1 Xpd uhohydqwh pxgdqÇd qd

LQWHUQHW � VHJXUDQ§D H SULYDFLGDGH HP UHGHV VRFLDLV

zzz1v{f1kxzzz1v{f1kx

Page 47: Revista

�7:Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

sroÍwlfd gh sulydflgdgh irl uhdol}dgd hp 533</rqgh d ihuudphqwd sdvvrx d dsuhvhqwdu ydoruhvgh lqirupdÇÕhv shvvrdlv sduwlokdgdv frp wrgd duhgh vrfldo1 Qd yhugdgh/ sru sdguÃr/ vh r xwlol}d0gru qÃr uhdol}du qhqkxpd frqiljxudÇÃr gh sulyd0flgdgh qd ihuudphqwd/ wrgrv rv vhxv gdgrv hfrqwhÚgrv fruuhp r ulvfr gh vhuhp sduwlokdgrvfrp wrgd d uhgh/ sdud vhpsuh1

Djuhjdgr dr idwr gh txh rv xwlol}dgruhvgdv uhghv vrfldlv srvvxhp srxfd frqvflÊqfldgrv ulvfrv gd glyxojdÇÃr gd vxd lqirupdÇÃr shv0vrdo h sulydgd hp uhgh1 Rxwur hvwxgr uhdol}dgrshod Vrskrv frohwrx lqirupdÇÕhv txh uhvxowdudphp frqfoxvÕhv lpsdfwdqwhv vreuh r frpsruwd0phqwr grv xwlol}dgruhv qr Idfherrn1 D shvtxlvdsxeolfrx dojxqv gdgrv uhohydqwhv txh hvwÃr uh0odflrqdgrv d vhjxlu=

0 79( grv xvxÁulrv dfhlwdp shglgrv gh dpl}dghgh shvvrdv ghvfrqkhflgdv>

0 ;<( grv xvxÁulrv frp idl{d hwÁuld dwh 53 dqrvglyxojdp d vxd gdwd gh dqlyhuvdulr>

0 Txdvh 433( grv xvxÁulrv sxeolfdp r vhx hq0ghuhÇr gh h0pdlo>

0 Hqwuh 63 d 73( grv xvxÁulrv sxeolfdp gdgrvvreuh vxd idpÍold h dpljrv1

D qdwxudolgdgh frp txh rv xvxÁulrv sduwl0okdp wdqwd lqirupdÇÃr shvvrdo qd dsolfdÇÃr/ id}frp txh r ulvfr gh rfruuÊqfld gh dwdtxhv ghurxer gh lghqwlgdgh rx gh hqjhqkduld vrfldo dx0phqwh frqvlghudyhophqwh qr ghfruuhu grv dqrv1Xp fdvr txh fkdprx pxlwr dwhqÇÃr uhfhqwh0

phqwh qd pÍgld vrfldo uhodwrx xpd klvwruld txhfrqwdyd frpr d hvsrvd gr gluhwru gr PL9 grUhlqr Xqlgr/ kdyld frorfdgr qr vhx shuilo gr Id0fherrn ghwdokhv vreuh d vxd prudgld h vreuh rvvhxv dpljrv/ frorfdqgr d suÓsuld vhjxudqÇd qd0flrqdo hp ulvfr1

Uhfhqwhphqwh phpeurv gd Eodfnkdw Dfd0ghp| uhodwdudp txh DSLv grv dsolfdwlyrv gr Idfh0errn srvvxÍdp idokdv txh frorfduldp hp ulvfr dvlqirupdÇÕhv gr xvxÁulr1 R sureohpd hvwduld qdirupd frpr dv DSLv +Lqwhuidfh gh SurjudpdÇÃr ghDsolfdwlyrv, ixqflrqdp/ rqgh dsolfdwlyrv gh uhghvrfldo xvdp sru edvh xpd olqjxdjhp gh frqvxowdhvshfldo fkdpdgd ITO +Idfherrn Txhu| Odqjxd0jh, sdud h{wudlu h dowhudu lqirupdÇÕhv gr xvxÁulrdupd}hqdgdv qd edvh gh gdgrv gd uhgh vrfldo1Phvpr hvvd olqjxdjhp vhqgr sursulhwÁuld/ r idwrÉ txh srvvxl judqgh grfxphqwdÇÃr h d vxd lqiru0pdÇÃr É sÚeolfd/ r txh surslfld txh txdotxhu lqgl0yÍgxr dsuhqgd vreuh hod1 Gh irupd pdlv wÉfqlfd/frqvxowdu lqirupdÇÕhv fuÍwlfdv gr xvxÁulr/ frprhqghuhÇrv gh h0pdlo sru phlr gd ITO h{ljh sulrul0wduldphqwh xpd fkdyh DSL/ rx vhmd/ xp LG Úqlfrtxh r Idfherrn dwulexl sdud fdgd dsolfdwlyr/ sr0uÉp pxlwdv rxwudv lqirupdÇÕhv srghp vhu h{wudÍ0gdv d sduwlu gd edvh gh gdgrv vhp uhvwulÇÕhvghvvh wlsr1 Phvpr frp surydv frqfuhwdv dsuh0vhqwdgdv shod dfdghpld/ r Idfherrn qhjd r sur0eohpd h ljqrud xpd idokd vÉuld qd pdqhlud frprvh olplwd r dfhvvr grv ghvhqyroyhgruhv gh dsolfd0wlyrv dv lqirupdÇÕhv vreuh vhxv xvxÁulrv1

D xwlol}dÇÃr gh uhghv vrfldlv É uhfrphqgdgdgh irupd udflrqdo/ prghudgd/ h dflpd gh wxgr whq0gr d shufhsÇÃr fruuhwd gh txdlv rv gdgrv ghyhpvhu sxeolfdgrv h frp txhp vÃr sduwlokdgrv1 Xpfrqmxqwr eÁvlfr gh lqglfdÇÕhv srgh phokrudu xpsrxfr pdlv d sulydflgdgh grv xvxÁulrv h plwljdu rulvfr gh h{srvlÇÃr h gh srvvÍyhlv dphdÇdv1 Dedl0{r xpd shtxhqd olvwd ghvvdv lqglfdÇÕhv sdud rIdfherrn=

0 Xvdu gh irupd fruuhwd d olvwd gh dpljrv>

0 Uhpryhu0vh grv uhvxowdgrv gh shvtxlvd>

0 Hylwdu r wdjjlqj hp irwrv h yÍghrv>

LQWHUQHW � VHJXUDQ§D H SULYDFLGDGH HP UHGHV VRFLDLV

zzz1v{f1kx

Page 48: Revista

�7;Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

0 Surwhjhu rv vhxv Áoexqv gh irwrjudildv>

0 Hylwdu txh dv klvwÓuldv dsduhÇdp qr ihhg ghqhzv grv vhxv dpljrv>

0 Surwhjhu0vh frqwud klvwÓuldv sÚeolfdv sru rxwudvdsolfdÇÕhv>

0 Wruqdu d vxd lqirupdÇÃr gh frqwdwr sulydgd>

0 Hylwdu Zdoo Srvwv txh srvvdp vhu hpedudÇr0vrv>

0 Wruqdu dv vxdv uhodÇÕhv sulydgdv1

UhfrphqgdÇÕhv Jhudlv sdudXwlol}dÇÃrQÃr gluhflrqh hviruÇrv dshqdv qrsuhvhqwh

R fhqÁulr whfqroÓjlfr gd Zhe 513 É wÃrlphqvr h glqÂplfr txh xpd ihuudphqwd gh vh0jxudqÇd odqÇdgd frp edvh qhvvh dwxdo sdqrud0pd/ fhuwdphqwh hvwduÁ xowudsdvvdgd hp dojxqvphvhv1 Sruwdqwr/ É h{wuhpdphqwh qhfhvvÁulr gl0uhflrqdu hviruÇrv hp surfhvvrv h qd lqvwuxÇÃrgrv xvxÁulrv/ qr txh gl} uhvshlwr Àv dphdÇdvtxh urqgdp dv uhghv vrfldlv/ ehp frpr qd frq0vrolgdÇÃr gh sroÍwlfdv frpsruwdphqwdlv d vhuhpvhjxlgdv1

Hvwhmd suhsdudgr sdud hyroxÇÃrshupdqhqwh

Frp r fuhvflphqwr pdvvlyr gh xwlol}dgr0uhv/ sru yh}hv lqfhqwlydgrv shodv suÓsuldv rujd0ql}dÇÕhv hp txh wudedokdp/ sru hqwhqghuhptxh dv uhghv vrfldlv srghp vhu wudqvirupdgdvhp ihuudphqwdv Úwhlv gh qhjÓflr/ É fdgd yh}

pdlv lpsruwdqwh txh r vhwru uhvsrqvÁyho shodwhfqrorjld gluhflrqh hviruÇrv sdud pdqxwhqÇÃrgr dpelhqwh h dv qrylgdghv sxmdqwhv gd Zhe513 qr lqwxlwr gh lghqwlilfdu rsruwxqlgdghv txhsrvvdp wruqdu0vh glihuhqfldlv frpshwlwlyrv/ pdvvhp lpsolfdu qr dxphqwr gh yxoqhudelolgdghv ol0jdgdv d vhjxudqÇd gd lqirupdÇÃr1

Frqvlghuh sÚeolfd wrgd lqirupdÇÃrglvsrqlelol}dgd qxpd uhgh vrfldo

Hvvd shuvshfwlyd ohyd hp frqwd rv gdgrvshvvrdlv/ frqyhuvdv rq0olqh/ irwrjudildv/ uhodflr0qdphqwrv vrfldlv/ orfdol}dÇÃr/ suhihuÊqfldv/ hwrgdv dv lqirupdÇÕhv txh srghp vhu ghgx}lgdvd sduwlu gr fux}dphqwr ghvvhv gdgrv/ lqfoxvlyhohydqgr0vh hp frqwd qÃr dshqdv rv gdgrv frq0wlgrv qr vhx shuilo/ pdv wdpeÉp rv gdgrv gdvshvvrdv txh irupdp vxd uhgh1 Sru h{hpsor/phvpr txh r xvxÁulr qÃr lqiruph vxd orfdol}d0ÇÃr/ vh fhufd gh ;3( grv vhxv dpljrv h frqkh0flgrv pruduhp rx wudedokduhp qxpdghwhuplqdgd uhjlÃr +Flgdgh/ Edluur/ hwf1, ilfd iÁ0flo ghgx}lu hvvd lqirupdÇÃr1 D uhfrphqgdÇÃrsdud hvvh wlsr gh fdvr É= qÃr lqiruph qdgd txhqÃr ghvhmh yhu sxeolfdphqwh hp xp mruqdo orfdo1

Uhgx}d dr pÁ{lpr srvvÍyho ÀvlqirupdÇÕhv shvvrdlv

Phvpr txh srxtxÍvvlpd lqirupdÇÃr hvwhmdglvsrqÍyho sxeolfdphqwh/ hod srgh vhu vxilflhqwhsdud ghvyhqgdu d sdodyud fkdyh gh dfhvvr dvxd frqwd1

DsolfdÇÕhv vrfldlv vrphqwh vhqhfhvvÁulr

© qrwÓulr txh h{lvwhp dsolfdÇÕhv txh srv0vxhp yÁulrv dghswrv/ frpr r Idupylooh/ sru h{0hpsor/ qr hqwdqwr d fdgd dsolfdÇÃr dxphqwd rulvfr sdud vhjxudqÇd h sulydflgdgh1 Vh uhdophq0wh qhfhvvlwd hqyldu xp deudÇr d dojxÉp/ qÃr ridÇd dglflrqdqgr xpd dsolfdÇÃr frpr r Kxj0d0Iulhqg/ idoh gluhwdphqwh frp d shvvrd$ © srxfrsuryÁyho txh r xvxÁulr hqwhqgd txdlv shuplv0vÕhv gh dfhvvr irudp fhglgdv drv vhxv gdgrvdr lqvwdodu xpd dsolfdÇÃr/ rx hqwÃr d txhp dx0wrul}rx r dfhvvr1

LQWHUQHW � VHJXUDQ§D H SULYDFLGDGH HP UHGHV VRFLDLV

zzz1v{f1kx

Page 49: Revista

�7<Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Fxlgdgr frp vxdv vhqkdvGlyhuvrv xvxÁulrv dlqgd vh lqgdjdp vreuh

r lqwhuydor lghdo gh whpsr sdud prglilfdÇÃr ghvhqkdv1 R idwr É txh hvwd qÃr É xpd shujxqwdvlpsohv gh vh uhvsrqghu/ ylvwr txh ghshqgh ghrxwurv idwruhv1 Qr hqwdqwr vh d shujxqwd iru= xwl0ol}d d phvpd vhqkd hp wrgdv dv uhghv vrfldlvtxh srvvxl dfhvvrB H d uhvsrvwd iru vlp/ hqwÃrghyhuld prglilfdu d vhqkd gh flqfr hp flqfr pl0qxwrv1 © h{wuhpdphqwh uhohydqwh ohpeudu txhtxdqgr d phvpd vhqkd É xwlol}dgd hp wrgdv dvuhghv vrfldlv/ fruuh0vh xp judqgh ulvfr/ ylvwrtxh vh r dwdfdqwh rewlyhu dfhvvr d dshqdv xpdgdv frqwdv/ whuÁ frqwuroh vreuh wrgd d vxd dwlyl0gdgh rq0olqh1 Frqvlghudqgr d lpsuryÁyho vlwxd0ÇÃr hp txh xp xvxÁulr prgliltxh vxd vhqkd dfdgd flqfr plqxwrv/ r lghdo É xwlol}du xpd vhqkdfrp xpd ud}rÁyho frpelqdÇÃr hqwuh ohwudvpdlÚvfxodv h plqÚvfxodv/ qÚphurv h fdudfwhuhvhvshfldlv1 Dgrwdqgr0vh hvvd phglgd/ d dowhud0ÇÃr gd vhqkd srgh vhu ihlwd d fdgd wuÊv rx dwÉvhlv phvhv1

QÃr dglflrqh shvvrdv ghvfrqkhflgdv/rx dshqdv frqkhflgdv gh dpljrv

Qhvvh dvshfwr d vhjxudqÇd ghyh vhu frq0vlghudgd pdlv uhohydqwh txh d vlpsdwld1 Vh irulqhylwÁyho whu txh dglflrqdu shvvrdv ghvfrqkhfl0gdv/ fulh xpd eodfn olvw h eortxhlh r dfhvvr ghv0vd olvwd drv gdgrv pdlv fuÍwlfrv1

Prqlwruh dv rsÇÕhv gh sulydflgdgh gdvxd frqwd

Jhudophqwh hvvdv lqirupdÇÕhv vÃr qxph0urvdv h frpsoh{dv/ pdv É lpsruwdqwÍvvlpr txhdv frqkhÇd ehp h txh hvwdehohÇd frqiljxud0ÇÕhv uljrurvdv h edvwdqwh uhvwulwlydv1 Rxwur idwrlpsruwdqwh gh frphqwdu vÃr dv sroÍwlfdv gh sul0ydflgdgh gdv uhghv vrfldlv/ srlv É dojr txh Éfrqvwdqwhphqwh prglilfdgr h txdvh vhpsuhvhp dylvr suÉylr h frp r lqwxlwr gh h{sru lqiru0pdÇÕhv1

Hylwh orjdu qdv uhghv vrfldlv hpfrpsxwdgruhv sÚeolfrv

Hvvd uhfrphqgdÇÃr É suhuuhtxlvlwr/ pdvtxh txdvh vhpsuh qÃr É fxpsulgd1 D judqghpdlruld grv frpsxwdgruhv sÚeolfrv/ jhudophqwhhqfrqwudgrv hp Odq Krxvhv/ É irqwh lqhvjrwÁ0yho gh vriwzduhv pdolflrvrv surqwrv sdud rewh0uhp lqirupdÇÕhv vhqvÍyhlv1

Xwlol}h xp eurzvhu vhjxur h dwxdol}dgrUhfrphqgd0vh d xwlol}dÇÃr gh vriwzduhv

dehuwrv txh vÃr frqvwdqwhphqwh dwxdol}dgrv/frpr sru h{hpsor/ r Pr}lood Iluhir{ h r JrrjohFkurph1

Orjrq frp KWWSV vhpsuhDojxpdv uhghv vrfldlv mÁ lpsohphqwdp r

dfhvvr sru KWWS vhjxur1 R Idfherrn/ sru h{hp0sor/ whp r vxsruwh sdufldo/ gdqgr dr xvxÁulr dsrvvlelolgdgh gh hvfrokhu d qdyhjdÇÃr vhpsuhvhjxud1 D h{whqvÃr KWWS Hyhu|zkhuh sdud r qd0yhjdgru Iluhir{ whqwd vhpsuh txh srvvÍyho iruÇdud frqh{Ãr vhjxud1 R xvr gr KWWSV É lqglvshq0vÁyho qr fdvr gd xwlol}dÇÃr gh uhghv vhp ilrv sdu0wlokdgdv1

Fxlgdgr rqgh folfdQrv gldv gh krmh r xvr gh hqfxuwdgruhv gh

hqghuhÇrv +XUO vkruwhqhuv, É iuhtxhqwh1 HvwhvvhuylÇrv h{hfxwdp d glplqxlÇÃr gh hqghuhÇrvorqjrv gh irupd txh hohv iltxhp vxilflhqwhphqwhfxuwrv sdud srvwdjhp qdv sulqflsdlv uhghv vrfl0dlv1 Qr hqwdqwr/ hvvd idflolgdgh whp xp suhÇr/srlv sru wuÁv ghvvh vhuylÇr É frpxp h{lvwlu d glv0vhplqdÇÃr gh pdozduhv1 Dojxpdv frpxqlgdghvghvhqyroyhp ihuudphqwdv lqwhuhvvdqwhv sdud d yl0

LQWHUQHW � VHJXUDQ§D H SULYDFLGDGH HP UHGHV VRFLDLV

zzz1v{f1kx

Page 50: Revista

�83Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

vxdol}dÇÃr gh lqirupdÇÕhv dqwhv phvpr gh dfhv0vdu r olqn ilqdo1

Xwlol}h dv uhghv vrfldlv sdud uhshqvdu dvhjxudqÇd

Shor idwr gdv glyhuvdv dÇÕhv wrpdgdv qdwhqwdwlyd gh surwhjhu d rujdql}dÇÃr gh dphdÇdvdgylqgdv gd Zhe 513/ rv uhvsrqvÁyhlv shod vh0jxudqÇd ghyhp dsuryhlwdu hvvh prphqwr sduduhdydoldu d hilfÁfld gd sroÍwlfd gh vhjxudqÇd dgr0wdgd1 Hp xp hyhqwr uhdol}dgr hvvh dqr/ d Plfur0vriw ghihqghx r hpshqkr ghvsuhqglgr shorvjryhuqdqwhv h ghvhqyroyhgruhv qr vhqwlgr ghpd{lpl}du d hilflÊqfld gd vhjxudqÇd d sduwlu ghxp hviruÇr froderudwlyr1

FrqfoxvÃrKÁ dojxqv dqrv r fuhvflphqwr gr qÚphur

gh xvxÁulrv gh uhghv vrfldlv É edvwdqwh vljqlilfd0wlyr h whqgh d fuhvfhu fdgd yh} pdlv gh irupdh{srqhqfldo1 Gdgr hvvh idwr/ wruqd0vh qrwÁyho dqhfhvvlgdgh gd suhyhqÇÃr h jhuhqfldphqwr hil0fd} gd vhjxudqÇd h sulydflgdgh grv gdgrv1

© qhfhvvÁulr txh dv uhghv vrfldlv ghvhp0shqkhp xp sdsho ixqgdphqwdo qd surwhÇÃr gdvhjxudqÇd h sulydflgdgh gh vhxv xwlol}dgruhv/ id0}hqgr frp txh rv phvprv wrphp flÊqfld grvulvfrv drv txdlv hvwÃr h{srvwrv dr lqvhuluhpvhxv gdgrv qd uhgh1 Qr prphqwr gr fdgdvwud0phqwr/ É sulprugldo txh r xvxÁulr whqkd frqkhfl0phqwr gdv sroÍwlfdv gh sulydflgdgh gd uhghvrfldo1 © lpsruwdqwh wdpeÉp txh r xwlol}dgru wh0qkd hp phqwh txh d sulydflgdgh grv vhxv gdgrvÉ qd judqgh pdlruld ghshqghqwh gdv vxdv dwlwx0ghv h txh hvvhv ghyhp vhu wÃr surwhjlgrv rqolqhtxdqwr vÃr qd ylgd uhdo1

© qrwÓulr txh d judqgh pdlruld grv dwdtxhvgluhflrqdgrv d xvxÁulrv gh uhghv vrfldlv hvwÃr ol0jdgrv d sureohpdv txh dihwdp rv pÉwrgrv ghdxwhqwlfdÇÃr1 Fuldu shuilv idnhv qÃr É xpd dwlyl0gdgh glvshqglrvd/ vrpdqgr0vh d lvvr r idwr ghqÃr h{lvwlu xp phfdqlvpr hilfd} sdud dvvhjxudutxh xp xvxÁulr É uhdophqwh txhp hoh gl} vhu1

Uhihuhqfldv^4` Vrskrv/ %Lw Vhfxulw| Eorj ri wkh \hdu 0 Qdnhg Vhfxulw|%kwws=22qdnhgvhfxulw|1vrskrv1frp2

^5` Ihuqdqgr F1/ Qhu| V1 Qhwr h Zdjqhu I1 F1 %Zhe 513 Vred Shuvshfwlyd gd VhjxudqÇd%1 533<

^6` R*Uhloo|/ W1 %Zkdw Lv Zhe 513 0 Ghvljq Sdwwhuqv dqg Exvl0qhvv Prghov iru wkh Qh{w Jhqhudwlrq ri Vriwzduh%1 53381

^7` Vkdk/ V1/ %Zhe 513 Vhfxulw|= Ghihqglqj Dmd{/ ULD dqgVRD%1 533;= Wkrpsvrq1

^8` Gdylgvrq/ P1D1 dqg H1 \rudq/ %Hqwhusulvh Vhfxulw| iruZhe 513%1 LHHH Frpsxwhu Vrflhw|/ 533:1 73+44,= s1 44:044<1

^9` Lol|hy/ G1/ N1K1 Fkrl/ dqg N1M1 Nlp/ %Gdqjhuv ri Dsso|lqjZhe 513 Whfkqrorjlhv lq H0frpphufh Vroxwlrqv%/ lq Lqwhuqd0wlrqdo frqihuhqfh rq Lqirupdwlrq Vflhqfh dqg Vhfxulw|1533;/ LHHH Frpsxwhu Vrflhw|1 s1 4:0581

^:` Odzwrq/ J1/ %Zhe 513 Fuhdwhv Vhfxulw| Fkdoohqjhv%1 LH0HH Frpsxwhu Vrflhw|/ 533:1 73+43,= s1 460491

^;` \dnryohy/ L1Y1/ %Zhe 513= Lv lw Hyroxwlrqdu| ru Uhyroxwlr0qdu|B% LHHH Frpsxwhu Vrflhw|/ 533: +Qryhpehu � Ghfhp0ehu 533:,= s1 760781 441 RZDVS Wrs 43/ Wkh Whq PrvwFulwlfdo Zhe1

^<` Plfkdho Hydqv/ %Zlih ri Vlu Mrkq Vdzhuv/ wkh ixwxuh khdgri PL9/ lq Idfherrn vhfxulw| dohuw%/ Wlphv Rqolqh/ Mxo| 533<1

^43` Qlfn RcQhloo/ %43 Sulydf| Vhwwlqjv Hyhu| Idfherrn XvhuVkrxog Nqrz%/ Ihyhuhlur 533<1

^44` VDUDK SHUH]/ %Wkh 6 Idfherrn Vhwwlqjv Hyhu| XvhuVkrxog Fkhfn Qrz%/ Wkh Qhz \run Wlphv/ Mdqhlur 53431

^45` Gdylg Qhdo/ %P|vwhu| dss sodjxhv Idfherrn xvhuv%/\dkrr$ Qhzv/ Mdqhlur 53431

JOHXGVRQ MXQLRU É Judgxdgr hp Uhghvgh Frpsxwdgruhv h SÓv Judgxdgr hpVhjxudqÇd hp Uhghv h Vlvwhpdv1 Dwxd frprDqdolvwd gh Uhtxlvlwrv/ Surihvvru gh HqvlqrVxshulru h Lqvwuxwru gh Fxuvrv WÉfqlfrv qdÁuhd gh vhjxudqÇd gd lqirupdÇÃr1 Phpeur0froderudgru gh glyhuvdv frpxqlgdghv ghVO2FD1 ZheSdjh=kwws=22johxgvrqmxqlru1eorjvsrw1frp2

LQWHUQHW � VHJXUDQ§D H SULYDFLGDGH HP UHGHV VRFLDLV

Page 52: Revista

�85Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Sru txh vh fhuwlilfduBH{dph 434 0 OSL04

FHUWLILFD§£R � H[DPH 434 0 OSL04

Remhwlyr 43415 h 43416 +dv lqirupdÇÕhvdedl{r vÃr dv txh mxojr hvvhqfldlv sdud r remhwl0yr/ pdv srgh vhu txh fdld qd suryd dojr txh hxqÃr whqkd ohpeudgr gh h{sodqdu,1 Hvshur gÚyl0gdv h vxjhvwÕhv sdud rv suÓ{lprv wÓslfrv/ frpr lqwxlwr gh phokrudu r frqwhÚgr1

Dojxpdv frqyhqÇÕhv= Rv frpdqgrv d vh0uhp whvwdgrv qr VKHOO hvwÃr qd fru Yhuphokd/Rv dutxlyrv gh frqiljxudÇÃr hp Vxeolqkdgr/fdplqkrv gh gluhwÓulr h vljqlilfdgrv gh frpdq0grv hvwÃr hp Qhjulwr1

Frqwlqxdqgr d vÉulh %Sru txh vh fhuwlil0

fdu%/ derugduhl grlv wÓslfrv gr h{dph1 Rv remhwl0yrv 43415 h 434161

Dvvlp txh whuplqdu wrgrv rv wÓslfrv gdsuryd 434/ yrx glvsrqlelol}du xp frqwhÚgr vÓ ghtxhvwÕhv gh surydv h vlwhv frp surydv rq0olqhsdud xp phokru dsuryhlwdphqwr shvvrdo1

43415 Lqlfldol}dÇÃr gr vlvwhpd+Surfhvvr gh errw,

Jhuhqfldgruhv gh lqlfldol}dÇÃr gr vlvwhpd/fkdpdgrv wdpeÉp gh errwordghu/ vÃr uhvsrqvÁ0

yhlv shor fduuhjdphqwr gr nhuqho h gh rxwur Vlv0whpd Rshudflrqdo1

olor 0 Wrgd yh} txh r olor iru dowhudgr/ gÁ0vh r frpdqgr olor sdud txh r vlvwhpd dfhlwh dvprglilfdÇÕhv1

R dutxlyr gh frqiljxudÇÃr gr olor 2hwf2ol0or1frqi 0 glilflophqwh krmh xpd glvwulexlÇÃr xvd rolor/ pdv sdud d suryd É lpsruwdqwh hvwxgdu hvvhdutxlyr1

juxe 0 Krmh hvvh É r jhuhqfldgru sdguÃrgr Olqx{1 YrfÊ r hqfrqwud qr fdplqkr dedl{r

2errw2juxe2phqx1ovw

R nhuqho gr Olqx{ É prgxodu/ shuplwlqgrtxh rv pÓgxorv +gulyhuv, vhmdp frpslodgrv qdlpdjhp gr nhuqho/ rx ghsrlv gd suÓsuld lqlfldol0}dÇÃr gr vlvwhpd txdqgr iru suhflvr1

Dutxlyrv gh frqiljxudÇÃr grv pÓgxorv/ sr0ghp qÃr h{lvwlu qr vhx vlvwhpd 0 qÃr hvtxhÇdptxh ghshqghqgr gd glvwulexlÇÃr

2hwf2frqi1prgxohv

2hwf2prgxohv1frqi

Sru Ydoglu Vloyd

zzz1v

{f1kx

Page 53: Revista

�86Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

H{hpsor gh xp dutxlyr prgxohv1frqi1

doldv hwk3 ;46<wrr

doldv lvr<993 lvriv

doldv vfvlbkrvwdgdswhu rii

2ole2prgxohv2 @ GluhwÓulr rqgh rv pÓgxorvilfdp dupd}hqdgrv1

gphvj = H{lel wrgdv dv phqvdjhqv lpsru0wdqwhv gr nhuqho1

Prvwud dv phqvdjhqv gh orj gr Úowlpr er0rw1

Phqvdjhqv prvwudgdv frp gphvj vÃr du0pd}hqdgdv hp 2ydu2orj2gphvj h hodv vÃr hqyl0dgdv shor nhuqho dr v|vorj1

Glfd= 2ydu2orj2phvvdjhv +hvvh dutxlyr É lp0sruwdqwÍvvlpr sdud d suryd1, Hoh É r sulqflsdodutxlyr gh orj gr vlvwhpd1

Uxqohyhov gr vlvwhpd/ ghwhuplqd txdlv vhu0ylÇrv vhuÃr lqlfldgrv qd lqlfldol}dÇÃr gr phvpr1Hvvd lqirupdÇÃr hvwÁ qr dutxlyr 2hwf2lqlwwde1

v/vlqjoh/V/4/5/6/7/8 yrfÊ rv hqfrqwud qrdutxlyr 2hwf2lqlwwde +Hvvh dutxlyr É pxlwr lpsru0wdqwh sdud d suryd 434,1 Hvwxgduhprv pdlvdixqgr qr remhwlyr 43416 1

Glfd= Qxqfd hvtxhfhu txh r surfhvvr pdlvlpsruwdqwh gr Olqx{ É r lqlw txh É uhsuhvhqwd0gr shor ydoru 41

Frpdqgr orjjhu ^rsÇÕhv` ^phqvdjhp`

orjjhu = Fuldu hqwudgdv qr orj gr vlvwhpdpxlwr xvdgr hp vkhoo vfulsw1

- 0i ^dutxlyr` = Uhjlvwudu xp dutxlyr hvshfÍ0ilfr/ frpr xpd phqvdjhp dr v|vorj1

- 0w ^qrph` = Fuldu uhjlvwurv frp xpd wdjhvshfÍilfd1

- 0s^sulrulgdgh` = Ghilqh d sulrulgdgh gr uh0jlvwur/ frpr idflolgdgh/ qÍyho1

- 0 l Uhjlvwud r SLG gr surfhvvr

- H{= orjjhu 0l 0w ydoglu fYdprv rokdu vhghx fhuwrg/orjjhu 0l 0i 2pqw2 0s vhfxulw|1fulw

43416 Dowhuqdu uxqohyhov/ ghvoljdu h uhl0qlfldu r vlvwhpd

Glfd= QÃr hvtxhÇdp lqlw É r sdl gh wrgrvsurfhvvrv h r vhx SLG É 41

Txdqgr r plfur hvwÁ ilqdol}dqgr r surfhv0vr gh errw/ r lqlw É lqyrfdgr sdud surfxudu r2hwf2lqlwwde txh ghwhuplqd dwudyÉv gd olqkd lqlwgh0idxow r uxqohyho d vhu lqlfldgr1

Uxqohyhov vÃr qÍyhlv gh h{hfxÇÃr gr vlvwh0pd1 R surjudpd 2velq2lqlw lghqwlilfd r qÍyho ghh{hfxÇÃr lqirupdgr qr fduuhjdphqwr gr nhuqhorx qr dutxlyr gh frqiljxudÇÃr 2hwf2lqlwwde1

Dedl{r vhjxh rv qÍyhlv gh uxqohyhov1

V Lqlfldol}du r Vlvwhpd

uxqohyho 3 Ghvoljdphqwr

uxqohyho 4 prqr xvxÁulr

uxqohyho 5 pxowl xvxÁulr . vhp uhgh

uxqohyho 6 pxowl xvxÁulr . uhgh

uxqohyho 7 qÃr xvdu

uxqohyho 8 juÁilfr . uhgh

uxqohyho 9 uhlqlfldu

Sdud vdehu hp txdo uxqohyho r vlvwhpd hvwÁixqflrqdqgr gljlwh qr vkhoo r frpdqgr= uxqohyho1VÃr prvwudgdv gxdv lqirupdÇÕhv= d sulphlud É ruxqohyho dqwhulru h d vhjxqgd r uxqohyho dwxdo1

Irupdwr gh dutxlyr 2hwf2lqlwwde1lg=uxqohyhov=dÇÃr=surfhvvr

lg=8=lqlwghidxow

r lqlw ohu r dutxlyr 2hwf2lqlwwde

R uxqohyho frqiljxudgr qr 2hwf2lqlwwde qÃrsrgh vhu frqiljxudgr frp r ydoru 3 rx 9/ srlvfdxvduld r ghvoljdphqwr h d uhlqlfldol}dÇÃr grvlvwhpd1

Dv whfodv FWUO . DOW . GHOHWH hx frqil0jxur qr 2hwf2lqlwwde sdud txh r vlvwhpd ghvoljxhrx uhlqlflh1

wholqlw @ dowhud r uxqohyho frp r vlvwhpd hph{hfxÇÃr1

FHUWLILFD§£R � H[DPH 434 0 OSL04

Page 54: Revista

�87Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

H{= wholqlw 9 @ uhlqlfld r vlvwhpd 1

Lpsruwdqwh= Lqlw h wholqlw vÃr vlploduhv1

vkxwgrzq^rsÇÃr`kruÁulr^phqvdjhp`

Ghvoljd r vlvwhpd gh irupd vhjxud1 Ghsrlvgh gdgr r frpdqgr/ wrgrv rv surfhvvrv uhfh0ehp r vlqdo VLJWHUP vhjxlgr gh xp VLJ0NLOO1+Hvvhv frpdqgrv yhuhprv hp rxwurwÓslfr1,

vkxwgrzq 0u @ uhlqlfld r vlvwhpd1

vkxwgrzq 0k @ ghvoljd r vlvwhpd1

vkxwgrzq 0w @ ljqrud r ivfn dr uhlqlfldu1

vkxwgrzq 0I @ iruÇd xpd fkhfdjhp qrvglvfrv dr uhlqlfldu r vlvwhpd1

vkxwgrzq 0d @ xvd r dutxlyr gh shuplv0vÃr 2hwf2vkxwgrzq1doorz

H{ = vkxwgrzq 0u qrz @ uhlqlfldol}du djrud1

vkxwgrzq 0k 43 @ Ghvoljdu hp 43 plqx0

wrv1

vkxwgrzq 0u 45=33 %irojd sdud r dopr0

�r% @ uhlqlfldu r vlvwhpd dr phlr gld h hqyldu d

phqvdjhp qr whuplqdo grv xvx�ulrv1

uherrw @ uhlqlfld r SF1

kdow @ ghvoljd r SF1

Qhvvdv sdvwdv vÃr ghilqlgrv rv surfhvvrvtxh vhuÃr h{hfxwdgrv sru fdgd qÍyho1

2hwf2uf+uxqohyho,1g @ Rqgh +uxqohyho, É rqÚphur gr uxqohyho hvfroklgr1

fg 2hwf2ufcuxqohyhoc1g

fg 2hwf2uf51g @ Qhvvh h{hpsor dtxl dfhv0vhl rv surfhvvrv txh lqlfldp qr qÍyho gh uxqohyho51

V53 +V lqlfldol}d mxqwr frp r vlvwhpd h Ér yljÉvlpr+53, d lqlfldol}du1,

V 0 lqlfldol}d mxqwr

53 0 rughp gh lqlfldol}dÇÃr

wxgr txh hvwÁ qhvvd sdvwd dsrqwd sdud2hwf2lqlw1g1

wrgrv rv vhuylÇrv qhvvd sdvwd rx yrfÊ fr0orfd VWRS rx VWDUW rx dlqgd VWDWXV1

lvvr ghqwur gd sdvwd 2hwf2lqlw1g

12fxsv vwrs sdud r vhuylÇr fxsv

12fxsv vwduw lqlflr r vhuylÇr1

GÚylgdv h vxjhvwÕhv sdud phokruld grfrqwhÚgr hqylh sdud rv h0pdlov=

olqx{judydwdCjpdlo1frp

ydoglu4<94Cjpdlo1frp

Erd vruwh h dwÉ r qrvvr suÓ{lpr remhwlyr r43514 +LqvwdodÇÃr gr Olqx{ h dgplqlvwudÇÃr ghsdfrwhv,

Irqwhv gh shvtxlvd=bbOlyur FhuwlilfdÇÃr OSLF04 4340435 Oxfldqr DqwÔqlrVltxhlud1bbOlyur FhuwlilfdÇÃr Olqx{ XluÁ Ulehlur 5� hglÇÃr1bbOlyur FhuwlilfdÇÃr Olqx{ OSL jxld gh uhihuÊqfldR*UHLOO\bbH fodur/ phx suÓsulr frqkhflphqwr1

FHUWLILFD§£R � H[DPH 434 0 OSL04

YDOGLU VLOYD mÁ ohflrqrx hp hvfrodv ghlqirupÁwlfd h dwxdophqwh dwxd frplqirupÁwlfd sdud frqfxuvrv1 © doxqr gdXIUSH fxuvdqgr Olfhqfldwxud hpFrpsxwdÇÃr1 Fhuwlilfdgr OSLF04 h r whqgrfrpr suÓ{lpr remhwlyr/ FFQD1

Page 55: Revista

R KWPO8 É xpd gdv whfqrorjldv pdlv fr0phqwdgdv gr prphqwr1 Frpsrvwr gh xp frq0mxqwr gh sdguÕhv dehuwrv/ surphwhsrvvlelolgdghv lolplwdgdv sdud r ghvhqyroylphqwrgh vlwhv h dsolfdwlyrv zhe/ lqfoxvlyh sdud urgd0uhp hp glvsrvlwlyrv pÓyhlv1

Ghqwuh vxdv fdsdflgdghv/ lqfoxhp h{hfx0ÇÃr gh Áxglr h yÍghr/ h{hfxÇÃr gh dqlpdÇÕhv hdwÉ phvpr/ h{hfxÇÃr riiolqh1 Lvwr wruqduldp re0vrohwdv dojxpdv whfqrorjldv sursulhwÁuldv txhghshqghprv krmh/ frpr r Dgreh Iodvk1 Wdqwr Éyhugdgh/ txh d Dssoh kÁ whpsrv dedqgrqrx rIodvk qr lRV ^4`/ deudÇdqgr r KWPO8/ h prwl0yrx d Dgreh d dedqgrqdu hvwd whfqrorjld qrpxqgr pÓyho hp suro wdpeÉp gr sdguÃr dehuwr^5`1

Qr hqwdqwr/ d pdlru sduwh gr ghvhqyroyl0phqwr pÓyho ihlwr dwxdophqwh É edvhdgr hp nlwvgh ghvhqyroylphqwr qdwlyr gh fdgd sodwdirupd/derugdjhp pxlwr frpxp qrv dsolfdwlyrv ghvn0wrs dqwhv gd h{sorvÃr gd %frpsxwdÇÃr hp qx0yhp%1 D judqgh ghvydqwdjhp glvwr É txh rvghvhqyroyhgruhv ghyhp sruwdu vxdv dsolfdÇÕhvsdud fdgd vlvwhpd txh ghvhmd h{hfxwÁ0odv/ xpwudedokr txh qÃr É iÁflo1

R pxqgr ghvnwrs hyroxlx sdud d zhe h rpxqgr pÓyho wdpeÉp luÁ hyroxlu sdud d phvpdgluhÇÃr/ pdv ghvwd yh} vhuÁ pxlwr pdlv uÁslgr1Frp fdsdflgdghv h{foxvlydv sdud fhoxoduhv hwdeohw prghuqrv/ r KWPO8 vhuÁ d sodwdirupdtxh srvvlelolwduÁ hvwd hyroxÇÃr1

�88Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

KKWWPPOO88 ffrrpprr ssooddwwddiirruuppddxxeeÍÍttxxdd qqrr ppxxqqggrr ppÓÓyyhhooSru Urguljr Fduydokr Vloyd

GHVHQYROYLPHQWR � KWPO8 FRPR SODWDIRUPD XE­TXD QR PXQGR P³YHO

zzz1v

{f1kx

Page 56: Revista

�89Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

R ixwxur mÁ frphÇrxDwxdophqwh mÁ h{lvwhp dojxqv iudphzrunv

gh ghvhqyroylphqwr/ frpr r Ukrghv Preloh ^6`h r SkrqhJds ^7`/ txh jhudp dsolfdÇÕhv sdudpÚowlsodv sodwdirupdv/ xwlol}dqgr KWPO8 h ur0gdqgr d dsolfdÇÃr qr qdyhjdgru zhe gr glvsrvl0wlyr1 Ghwdokh lpsruwdqwh É txh/ hp rxwxeur/ dDgreh frpsurx d hpsuhvd sru wuÁv gr Skrqh0Jds/ prvwudqgr txh qÃr hvwÁ eulqfdqgr txdqgrgl} txh luÁ pxgdu vhx gluhflrqdphqwr qr pxqgrpreloh1

Rxwud erd qrwÍfld sdud txhp dfuhglwd qhvwdwhqgÊqfld/ irl d gd dehuwxud gr fÓgljr gr zheRV^8`/ vlvwhpd pÓyho gd KS txh irl ghvhqyroylgrruljlqdophqwh shod Sdop1 Hvwh É xp vlvwhpdrshudflrqdo wrwdophqwh edvhdgr hp whfqrorjldvzhe/ ghqwuh hodv r KWPO81

Vhx iudphzrun gh ghvhqyroylphqwr ghdsolfdwlyrv/ r Hq|r ^9`/ wdpeÉp whuÁ vhx fÓgljrdehuwr h d h{shfwdwlyd É txh d frpxqlgdgh sru0wh0r sdud rxwurv vlvwhpdv pÓyhlv/ frpr Dqgurlgh lRV1 Fdvr lvwr dfrqwhÇd/ vhuÁ pdlv xpd erdrsÇÃr sdud txhp ghvhmdu ghvhqyroyhu dsolfd0ÇÕhv sdud glyhuvrv glvsrvlwlyrv1

FrqfoxvÃrDshvdu gd hvshflilfdÇÃr gr KWPO8 dlqgd

qÃr hvwdu ilqdol}dgd/ frp pxlwrv ghwdokhv dlqgdlqghilqlgrv/ vxd hyroxÇÃr hvwd vhqgr dfrpsd0qkdgdv gh shuwr shod frpxqlgdgh h sru wrgdv dvhpsuhvdv gr udpr1 Fhuwdphqwh dfrqwhfhuÁ pxl0

wd hyroxÇÃr qr ghfruuhu gh 5345 h d whqgÊqfld Étxh d whfqrorjld jdqkh dlqgd pdlv hvsdÇr/ wdq0wr qr pxqgr ghvnwrs txdqwr qr pÓyho1

Frp hvwd h{sdqvÃr/ 5345 srghuÁ vhu xpdqr hp txh r KWPO8 frphÇduÁ d vhu frqvlgh0udgr frpr xpd gdv sulqflsdlv sodwdirupdv sdudghvhqyroylphqwr pÓyho1 Frp lvvr/ jdqkduÁ rghvhqyroyhgru/ txh srghuÁ glvsrqlelol}du vxdvfuldÇÕhv sdud xvxÁulrv gh pÚowlsorv vlvwhpdv ghpdqhlud vlpsohv/ h wdpeÉp jdqkduÁ r xvxÁulr/txh whuÁ xpd jdpd dlqgd pdlru gh dsolfdwlyrvglvsrqÍyhlv1

UhihuÊqfldv=^4` kwws=22yd1px2WfZn^5` kwws=22yd1px2WfZs^6` kwws=22ukrpreloh1frp2^7` kwws=22skrqhjds1frp2^8` kwws=22yd1px2WfZu^9` kwws=22yd1px2WfZw

GHVHQYROYLPHQWR � KWPO8 FRPR SODWDIRUPD XE­TXD QR PXQGR P³YHO

URGULJR FDUYDOKR É dqdolvwd ghvlvwhpdv frp h{shulÊqfld shvvrdo hsurilvvlrqdo frp vriwzduh olyuh hphpeur dwlyr qd glyxojdÇÃr grvriwzduh olyuh qr Ulr gh MdqhlurdwudyÉv gr juxsr VO0UM1

Page 57: Revista

�8:Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Pryhqgr r Mdyd sdud iuhqwhfrp Mdyd :Sduwh 5 0 r Surmhwr FrlqSru RwÁylr JrqÇdoyhv gh Vdqwdqd

GHVHQYROYLPHQWR � MDYD : 0 SDUWH 5= R SURMHWR FRLQ

R Surmhwr Frlq irl xp grv surmhwrv txh hqwududp qd qryd yhu0vÃr gr Mdyd : h vhx remhwlyr irl wud}hu idflolgdghv sdud txh r gh0vhqyroylphqwr frp Mdyd wruqh0vh phqrv %yhuervr% hp dojxpdvdwlylgdghv wulyldlv frp d olqjxdjhp1 R remhwlyr ghvvh duwljr É gh0prqvwudu wrgrv rv ehqhiÍflrv gr Surmhwr Frlq gh xp prgr pdlvsuÁwlfr1

Sdud lqlfldu frp d ghprqvwudÇÃr gr Surmhwr Frlq É qhfhvvÁulredl{du r qryr MGN1 Dwxdophqwh dv sulqflsdlv LGHv +Qhwehdqv hHfolsvh, hvwÃr frpsdwÍyhlv frp r Mdyd :1

Page 58: Revista

�8;Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Qrydv Ixqflrqdolgdghv frp rFrlq MVU 667

R Surmhwr Frlq wud} shtxhqdv phokruldvsdud r Mdyd/ ghl{dqgr hp dojxqv fdvr r fÓgljrpdlv ohjÍyho/ doÉp gh vlpsolilfdu dojxpdv urwlqdvmÁ h{lvwhqwhv1

Frp sulphlur h{hpsor vhuÁ prvwudgrvzlwfk frp Vwulqjv1 Dqwhulruphqwh/ hvvh uhfxuvrhud srvvÍyho dshqdv frp ydulÁyhlv gr wlsr Hqxph Lqwhlurv1 Qd yhugdgh/ r txh hoh id} edvlfdphq0wh qÃr ghl{d gh vhu xp lqwhlur/ mÁ txh hoh vhohfl0rqd d sduwlu gr kdvfrgh1 D olvwdjhp 4 prvwudxp shtxhqr h{hpsor ghvvd xwlol}dÇÃr1

Vwulqj ehelgd @ %fdih%>

vzlwfk +ehelgd, ~

fdvh %fdih%=

V|vwhp1rxw1sulqwoq+%Ydl_

suhflvdu gh ohlwh%,>

euhdn>

fdvh %vxfr%=

V|vwhp1rxw1sulqwoq+%Ydl_

suhflvdu gh dfxfdu%,>

euhdn>

fdvh %uhiuljhudqwh%=

V|vwhp1rxw1sulqwoq+%Ydl_

suhflvdu gh jhor%,>

euhdn>

ghidxow=

V|vwhp1rxw1sulqwoq+%Ehelgd_

ghvfrqkhflgd%,>

euhdn>

R DUP/ Dxwrpdwlf Uhvrxufh Pdqdjhphqwrx Jhuhqfldphqwr gh Uhfxuvrv DxwrpÁwlfrv/frqvlvwh hp qÃr vh suhrfxsdu frp rv uhfxuvrvtxh vhuÃr xwlol}dgrv hp vhx surjudpd1 Wdlv uh0fxuvrv vhuÃr ihfkdgrv dvvlp txh vdÍuhp gr eor0fr wu|1 Sdud lvvr edvwd txh r Remhwr lpsohphqwhr mdyd1odqj1DxwrForvhdeoh1 D lqwhuidfhForvhdeoh hvwhqgh DxwrForvhdeoh/ vhqgr pdlv

lqwhuhvvdqwh r DxwrForvhdeoh/ srlv qhvwh/ drh{hfxwdu r pÉwrgr forvh+, qÃr h{hfxwd qhqkx0pd h{fhÇÃr1 D olvwdjhp 5 ghprqvwud d wudqvih0uÊqfld hqwuh dutxlyrv h qÃr irl qhfhvvÁulr ihfkdur dutxlyr1

sxeolf yrlg frslduDutxlyr+Iloh_

ruljlqdo/ Iloh frsldgr, wkurzv_

IlohQrwIrxqgH{fhswlrq/ LRH{fhswlrq ~

wu| +LqsxwVwuhdp lq @ qhz_

IlohLqsxwVwuhdp+ruljlqdo,>

RxwsxwVwuhdp rxw @ qhz_

IlohRxwsxwVwuhdp+frsldgr,, ~

e|wh^` exi @ qhz e|wh^4357`>

lqw q>

zkloh ++q @ lq1uhdg+exi,, A@ 3, ~

rxw1zulwh+exi/ 3/ q,>

�22vhud ihfkdgr dxwrpdwlfdphqwh_

dsrv rshudfdr

R pxowl0wu| sdud dojxqv irl r uhfxuvr pdlvhvshudgr ghvvd qryd yhuvÃr1 Shuplwh txh vhwudwh yÁuldv h{fhÇÕhv gh xp eorfr wu| hp xpÚqlfr fdwk1 Edvwd dshqdv vhsdudu dv h{fhÇÕhvsru xp *�* slsh1 Qd yhuvÃr dwxdo É qhfhvvÁulr txhyrfÊ frortxh xp fdwk hpedl{r gr rxwur r txhhp dojxqv fdvrv wruqd0vh wrwdophqwh lqglvshq0vÁyho doÉp gh ghl{du r fÓgljr gxsolfdgr1

Iloh ruljhp @ qhz Iloh+%mdyd1w{w%,>

Iloh ghvwlqr @ qhz Iloh+%mdyd:1w{w%,>

H{hpsorDUP dup @ qhz H{hpsorDUP+,>

wu| ~

dup1frslduDutxlyr+ruljhp/_

ghvwlqr,>

� fdwfk +IlohQrwIrxqgH{fhswlrq �_

LRH{fhswlrq h{, ~

h{1sulqwVwdfnWudfh+,>

Olvwdjhp 4GhprqvwudÇÃr gr vzlwfk frp Vwulqj

Olvwdjhp 5Prvwud d wudqvihuÊqfld gh xp dutxlyr sdud r rxwur vhqgr txh wÃrorjr r surfhvvr dfdeh rv Vwuhdp vhuÃr dxwrpdwlfdphqwhihfkdgrv

Olvwdjhp 6H{hfxÇÃr gr fÓgljr gd Olvwdjhp 5 xwlol}dqgr pxow|0wu|

GHVHQYROYLPHQWR � MDYD : 0 SDUWH 5= R SURMHWR FRLQ

Page 59: Revista

�8<Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Idodqgr dlqgd qd phokruld txh hqyroyh reorfr wu|/ frp r wu|0uhvrxufh djrud É srvvÍyhohqwudu ghqwur gr eorfr wu| vrphqwh vh frqvhjxlur uhfxuvr1 D olvwdjhp 7 prvwud xp h{hpsor ghv0vh uhfxuvr1

wu| +ExiihuhgUhdghu uhdghu @_

Ilohv1qhzExiihuhgUhdghu+dutxlyr/_

fkduvhw,, ~

zkloh ++vwuOlqh @_

uhdghu1uhdgOlqh+,, $@ qxoo, ~

V|vwhp1rxw1sulqwoq+%Dutxlyr% ._

vwuOlqh,>

� fdwfk +LRH{fhswlrq {, ~

V|vwhp1huu1irupdw+%LRH{fhswlrq=_

(v(q%/ {,>

Qr Mdyd : krxyh wdpeÉp xpd judqgh ph0okruld frp rv Jhqhulf h frp dv frohÇÕhv/ idflol0wdqgr d fuldÇÃr ghvvhv wlsrv gh remhwrv1 DjrudÉ srvvÍyho fuldu xpd frohÇÃr jhqÉulfd gh pdqhl0ud pdlv hq{xwd 0 h ilfrx frqkhflgr frprgldprqg1 Lvvr dfrqwhfh sru txh r rshudgru f?Agvrolflwd dr frpslodgru txh vhmd lqihulgr d frqv0wuxÇÃr d sduwlu grv sduÂphwurv ghilqlgrv qd uhih0uÊqfld sdud hvvh remhwr1 D olvwdjhp 7 ghprqvwudr lqlfldu gh dojxqv froohfwlrqv1 Ilfrx edvwdqwhvlpsolilfdgr hp uhodÇÃr d yhuvÃr 9/ vhqgr txhqd xowlpd olqkd gr fÓgljr dtxhod lqvwuxÇÃr qÃrfrpsloduÁ sru idowd gh uhihuÊqfld dr wlsr gh jh0qÉulfr gd frohÇÃr1

Olvw?RemhfwA gldprqw @ qhz_

Duud|Olvw?A+,> 22gldprqw

Olvw?EhelgdA ehelgdv>

Pds?Vwulqj/ Olvw?EhelgdAA pdsv @ qhz_

KdvkPds?A+,>

pdsv1sxw+%glpdrqw%/ ehelgdv @ qhz_

Duud|Olvw?A+,,>

pdsv1sxw+%uhihuhqfldgr%/ qhz_

Duud|Olvw?EhelgdA+,,>

22 pdsv1sxw+%huur%/ qhz_

Duud|Olvw?A+, ,>

Vwulqj^` v @ ~%dvgi%�>

Idodqgr xp srxfr pdlv vreuh frohÇÕhv hjhqÉulfrv fulrx0vh d dqrwdÇÃr CVdihYdudujvtxh lqirupd dr mdydf txh hvvd rshudÇÃr É vh0jxud1

CVdihYdudujv

vwdwlf ?WA Olvw?WA dvOlvw+W111_

hohphqwv, ~

V|vwhp1rxw1sulqwoq+hohphqwv,>

uhwxuq qxoo>

CVdihYdudujv

vwdwlf yrlg ydudjv+Olvw?VwulqjA111_

vwulqjOlvwv, ~

Remhfw^` duud| @ vwulqjOlvwv>

Olvw?LqwhjhuA wpsOlvw @

Duud|v1dvOlvw+75,>

duud|^3` @ wpsOlvw> 22vhpdqwlfd_

lqydolgd/ pdv frpslod vhu dwhqfdr

Vwulqj v @ vwulqjOlvwv^3`1jhw+3,> 22_

FodvvFdvwH{fhswlrq gxudqwh h{hfxfdr

R vhsdudgru gh gÍjlwrv É xp uhfxuvr txhshuplwh xp phokru hqwhqglphqwr gh qÚphurvorqjrv/ h txh hohv vhmdp vhsdudgrv sru *b*1 DÚqlfd uhjud É txh hoh qÃr vhmd r sulphlur qhp r

Olvwdjhp 7Xvdqgr wu| uhvrxufh

Olvwdjhp 8Gldprqg

Olvwdjhp 9Xvr gd dqrwdÇÃr CVdihYdudujv

GHVHQYROYLPHQWR � MDYD : 0 SDUWH 5= R SURMHWR FRLQ

Page 60: Revista

�93Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

xowlpr ydoru1 Gxudqwh r surfhvvr gh frpslodÇÃrhvvh vhsdudgru É ljqrudgr hqwÃr 55 vhuÁ ljxdo d5b5 h yrfÊ srgh xvdu hvvh uhfxuvr hp qÚphurviudflrqdgrv frpr iordw h Grxeoh1 H{lvwh wdpeÉpr olwhudo sdud elqÁulr dshvdu txh erd sduwh gdvdsolfdÇÕhv frusrudwlydv qÃr xvhp wdo uhfxuvr1Ydoh vdolhqwdu txh r Mdyd qÃr É vrphqwh xpdolqjxdjhp/ pdv xpd sodwdirupd h vhuÁ edvwdqwhÚwlo sdud dsolfdwlyrv hpedufdgrv/ h sdud lvvredvwd xvdu frpr suhil{r *3e* +}hur h e, vhjxlgrgd vhtxÊqfld gh elqÁulrv +ydoruhv }hurv h xqv,1DoÉp gr txh hvvh uhfxuvr srgh/ wdpeÉp vhu dv0vrfldgr drv vhsdudgruhv1

orqj orqjSulplwlyr @ <b<<<b<<<b<<>

Orqj orqjRemhwr @ <bb6567b633o>

grxeoh grxeohSulplwlyr @_

565b65165b45g>

Grxeoh grxeohRemhwr @ ;;b65165b45g>

lqw elqD @ 3e34b34>

lqw elqE @ 3e3434b3444>

li +5555 @@ 55b55, ~

V|vwhp1rxw1sulqwoq+%Ydoruhv_

ljxdlv%,>

li +elqD @@ 8, ~

V|vwhp1rxw1sulqwoq+%Htxlydohqwhv d_

elqdulr%,>

FrqfoxvÃr=Qhvvh duwljr irl ghprqvwudgr xpd gdv sdu0

whv gr Mdyd :/ r surmhwr Frlq1 Hvvhv uhfxuvrvfhuwdphqwh idflolwduÃr r ghvhqyroylphqwr/ glpl0qxlqgr hp dojxqv fdvrv pxlwdv olqkdv gh fÓgljrgxudqwh r ghvhqyroylphqwr gd dsolfdÇÃr1

UhihuÊqfldv=bbLqirupdÇÕhv h edl{du r MGN := kwws=22mgn:1mdyd1qhw2bbRshqMGN= kwws=22rshqmgn1mdyd1qhw2bbQhwehdqv= kwws=22qhwehdqv1ruj2bbGrhghuohlq Rvydogr/ Mdyd := Olqjxdjhp1 Uhylvwd mdydPdjd}lqh ;5/bbSlqkhlur Zhoolqjwrq/ Mdyd := PrglilfdÇÕhv qdOlqjxdjhp/ hp Ghwdokhv h H{hpsorv/kwws=22zzz1lqirt1frp2eu2duwlfohv2mdyd:frlqbbFÓgljr irqwh h{hpsor=kwwsv=22jlwkxe1frp2olqjxdjlo2H{hpsorv0Mdyd0:

Olvwdjhp :Xvr gh vhsdudgru h gh olwhudo frp elqÁulr

GHVHQYROYLPHQWR � MDYD : 0 SDUWH 5= R SURMHWR FRLQ

RW¡YLR JRQ§DOYHV VDQWDQD Éjudgxdqgr hp Hqjhqkduld ghFrpsxwdÇÃr1 Ghvhqyroyhgru hp vroxÇÕhvRshq Vrxufhv1 OÍghu gd fÉoxod ghGhvhqyroylphqwr gd Idfxogdgh DUHD4/phpeur dwlyr gd frpxqlgdgh MdydEdkld hgr juxsr OlqjxÁjlo1 wzlwhu rwdylrmdyd1 Eorjkwws=22rwdylrvdqwdqd1eorjvsrw1frp2

Page 61: Revista

�94Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh#�#Gh}hpeur#5344#�#kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Qhvwd# glfd# yhuhprv# frpr# lqvhulu# r# qrph# gr#dutxlyr# qr# grfxphqwr1# Sduhfh# hvwudqkr# lvvr/# pdv#qÃr# É1# R# idwr# É# txh# pxlwdv# yh}hv# dfrqwhfh# gr#frohjd# gh# wudedokr# vdlu# gh# iÉuldv# h# ghl{du# dojxpdv#dwulexlÇÕhv# frp# rxwudv# shvvrdv1# Xp# shtxhqr#h{hpsor/# É# d# hqwuhjd# gh# xp# grfxphqwr# lpsuhvvr#sdud# r# vhx# jhvwru# h# dÍ# vh# ghvfreuh# d# qhfhvvlgdgh#gh#xpd#dowhudÇÃr#qr#grfxphqwr1#Hvwdqgr#r#grqr#gr#dutxlyr#gh#iÉuldv/#r#txh#yrfÊ#id}B#Shuwxued#dv#iÉuldv#gr# frohjdB# Shugh# krudv# gh# wudedokdqgr# whqwdqgr#dfkdu# r# dutxlyrB# Xpd# suÁwlfd# txh# É# dgrwdgd# hp#pxlwdv# hpsuhvdv# dmxgd# qd# rwlpl}dÇÃr# gr# whpsr/#lvvr#É#dshqdv#xpd#txhvwÃr#gh#hgxfdu#r#xvxÁulr1

Hp# jhudo/# rv# xvxÁulrv# vdoydp# rv# vhxv#grfxphqwrv># hvvhv# grfxphqwrv# vÃr# judydgrv# frp#xp# qrph# h# hp# dojxpd# sdvwd1# Pxlwdv# shvvrdv# whp#sru#kÁelwr#frorfdu#qr#urgdsÉ#gd#sÁjlqd#r#fdplqkr#h#qrph# gr# dutxlyr# txh# dtxhoh# grfxphqwr# irl# vdoyr1#Lvvr# dmxgd# hp# pxlwr# fdvr# vhmd# qhfhvvÁulr# id}hu#dojxpd# pxgdqÇd/# srlv# yrfÊ# vdehuÁ# h{dwdphqwh#rqgh#hvwÁ#r#dutxlyr1#Ydprv#yhu#lvvr#qd#suÁwlfd1

Ydprv# id}hu# r# h{hpsor# qr# hglwru# gh# wh{wrv#OleuhRiilfh#Zulwhu1#Sdud#txh#hvvh#surfhvvr# ixqflrqh#fruuhwdphqwh/# É# qhfhvvÁulr# txh# r# dutxlyr# mÁ# hvwhmd#vdoyr# hp# dojxpd# sdvwd1# Luhprv# lqvhulu# r# fdplqkr# h#qrph#gr#dutxlyr#qr#urgdsÉ1

Frortxh# r# fxuvru# qr# urgdsÉ# gr# grfxphqwr/#hp# vhjxlgd/# yÁ# qr# phqx# LQVHULU0FDPSRV0RXWURV1#Xpd# mdqhod#vhuÁ#dehuwd/# vhohflrqh#d#jxld#GRFXPHQWRV1

Sru#Holdqh#Grplqjrv

GGLLFFDD==##LLQQVVHHUULLQQGGRR##QQRRPPHH##GGRR##DDUUTTXXLLYYRR##QQRR##GGRRFFXXPPHHQQWWRR

Afk]jaf\g

fge] \g

Yjimang# fg

\g[me]flg

Cursor no rodapé 1

2

Page 62: Revista

�95Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh#�#Gh}hpeur#5344#�#kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

GLFD=#LQVHULQGR#QRPH#GR#DUTXLYR#QR#GRFXPHQWR

Surqwr$# Djrud# yrfÊ# qÃr# suhflvd# ilfdu#suhrfxsdgr# hp# lqfrprgdu# r# vhx# frohjd# qdv# iÉuldv1#Dilqdo/# uhfhehu# xpd# oljdÇÃr# gr# wudedokr# gxudqwh# dv#iÉuldv/#qlqjxÉp#phuhfh1#=,#

Rev1=# R# h{hpsor# txh# il}hprv# irl# frorfdu# r#fdplqkr# h# qrph# gr# dutxlyr# qr# urgdsÉ/#pdv/# ilfd# d#fulwÉulr# gr# xvxÁulr# rqgh# hoh# ghvhmd# frorfdu# hvvd#lqirupdÇÃr1# Srgh# vhu# qr# fdehÇdokr/# srgh# vhu# qd#Áuhd#gh#wudedokr#gr#wh{wr/#ilfd#d#fulwÉulr#gh#fdgd#xp1

Dsuryhlwr# d# rsruwxqlgdgh# sdud# ghvhmdu# d#wrgrv#rv#ohlwruhv#xp#hvsoÊqglgr#53451

3

Caminho do arquivo

Nome do arquivo HOLDQH#GRPLQJRV#GH#VRXVD#É#phpeur#gd#DvvrfldÇÃr#Oleuh#gh#Whfqrorjldv#Dehuwdv/#phpeur#gd#Wkh#Grfxphqw#Irxqgdwlrq/#phpeur#gd#Frpxqlgdgh#OleuhRiilfh#Eudvlo#h#Frpxqlgdgh#VO0UM1#Gluhwrud#gd#HG[#Wuhlqdphqwr#h#Frqvxowruld1#Frqwdwr=#holdqhgrplqjrvCdowd1ruj1eu

Page 64: Revista

LqwurgxÇÃrQrv duwljrv dqwhulruhv h{solfdprv d lpsru0

wÂqfld gd jhuÊqfld gh uhghv/ prvwudprv r txh Ér ]deel{ ^4`/ hqvlqdprv d lqvwdodu rv djhqwhv ^5`h idodprv vreuh dv ixqÇÕhv gd vxd LqwhuidfhZhe ^6` ^7`1

Qhvwh duwljr luhprv ghprqvwudu frpr pr0qlwrudu krvwv +Zlqgrzv/ Olqx{ h htxlsdphqwrv,gh yÁuldv pdqhludv glihuhqwhv=

0 Yld Djhqwh>

0 Yld VQPS +Y4/ Y5f h Y6,>

0 Yld Vlpsoh Fkhfn1

0 Yld Frqwdgruhv gh Shuirpdqfh gr Zlqgrzv

Qhvwh duwljr qÃr luhprv derugdu d lqvwdod0ÇÃr grv djhqwhv qrv krvwv folhqwhv/ srlv dvvx0plprv txh lvvr mÁ irl ihlwr1 YrfÊ srgh frqvxowdudv uhihuÊqfldv qr ilqdo gr duwljr vh wlyhu dojxpdglilfxogdgh1

Prqlwrudqgr xp krvw yld Djhqwhgr ]deel{=

Dfhvvh d lqwhuidfh zhe gr ]deel{1 Fol0txh qd ded FrqiljxudÇÃr +Frqiljxudwlrq, A

Krvwv1 Foltxh qr erwÃr Fuldu Krvw +Fuhdwh

Krvw,1 VhuÁ h{lelgd xpd whod vhphokdqwh dgdv Iljxudv 4 h 5 +qd suÓ{lpd sÁjlqd,1

�97Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Prqlwrudphqwr gh krvwvfrp ]deel{Sru DqguÉ GÉr h DÉflr Sluhv

UHGHV � PRQLWRUDPHQWR GH KRVWV FRP ]DEEL[

zzz1v

{f1kx

Page 65: Revista

�98Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Frpr prvwudgr qd Iljxud 4/ qr fdpsrQrph +Qdph, gljlwh r qrph h{dwr gr frpsxwd0gru folhqwh +txh wdpeÉp irl fdgdvwudgr qr dutxl0yr 2hwf2}deel{2}deel{bdjhqwg1frqi qdydulÁyho %Krvwqdph%,1 Qr fdpsr Qryr Juxsr

+Qhz Jurxs, lqiruph r qrph %Folhqwhv Olqx{%rx %Folhqwhv Zlqgrzv% +lvvr vÓ ghshqgh gr wlsrgh folhqwh txh yrfÊ hvwlyhu fdgdvwudqgr,1 Qrfdpsr Qrph GQV +GQV qdph, gljlwh r qrph

txh lghqwlilfd hvwh frpsxwdgru qd uhgh +ghl{hhp eudqfr vh qÃr vrxehu,1 Qr fdpsr HqghuhÇr

LS +LS dgguhvv, gljlwh r LS gr frpsxwdgru folhq0wh1 Rv fdpsrv uhvwdqwhv srghp ilfdu frp rv yd0oruhv sdguÃr1

Djrud hglwh rv fdpsrv prvwudgrv qd Il0jxud 51 Qr fdpsr Dvvrfldgr drv whpsodwhv

+Olqnhg whpsodwhv, foltxh qr erwÃr Dglflrqdu

+Dgg,1 VhuÁ h{lelgr xpd mdqhod srs xs frp xpdolvwd gh whpsodwhv mÁ fdgdvwudgrv1 Hvfrokd d rs0ÇÃr WhpsodwhbOlqx{ rx WhpsodwhbZlqgrzv

+lvvr vÓ ghshqgh gr wlsr gh folhqwh txh yrfÊ hv0wlyhu fdgdvwudqgr, h foltxh qr erwÃr Vhohflrqdu+Vhohfw,1

Foltxh qr erwÃr Vdoydu +Vdyh,1 Surqwr rfolhqwh irl frqiljxudgr1 Shufhed txh r Vhuylgru]deel{ whqwduÁ hvwdehohfhu d frpxqlfdÇÃrfrp r folhqwh h prvwuduÁ r vwdwxv gd frpxql0fdÇÃr frp r folhqwh1

Djrud ydprv fuldu r juÁilfr sdud prqlwr0udu r wuÁihjr gh hqwudgd +grzqordg, h vdÍgd+xsordg, gh gdgrv gh xpd sodfd gh uhgh ghxp krvw Olqx{1

Qd sÁjlqd txh prvwud d olvwd gh krvwv fd0gdvwudgrv/ foltxh qr olqn JuÁilfrv +Judskv,

qd olqkd uhihuhqwh d xp grv krvwv uhfÉp fd0gdvwudgrv1 Foltxh qr erwÃr Fuldu JuÁilfr

+Fuhdwh Judsk,1

Qr fdpsr Qrph +Qdph, lqiruph r qrphgr juÁilfr +h{hpsor= WuÁihjr gd sodfd hwk3,1Qr fdpsr Lwhqv +Lwhpv,/ foltxh qr erwÃr Dgl0

flrqdu +Dgg,1 VhuÁ dehuwd xpd mdqhod srs xssdud vhohÇÃr gr lwhp d vhu prqlwrudgr1 Qrfdpsr SduÂphwur +Sdudphwhu,/ hvfrokd rlwhp Lqfrplqj wudiilf rq lqwhuidfh hwk3/ txhfrqwÉp gdgrv gr wuÁihjr gh hqwudgd gd sodfdhwk31 Ghsrlv foltxh qr erwÃr Dglflrqdu +Dgg,1

Uhslwd hvvh surfhglphqwr sdud vhohflr0qdu r lwhp Rxwjrlqj wudiilf rq lqwhuidfh hwk3/txh frqwÉp gdgrv gr wuÁihjr gh vdÍgd gd sod0fd hwk31 Sdud hvwh lwhp/ pxgh d fru d vhu h{l0elgd qr juÁilfr qr fdpsr Fru +Frorxu,1

Iljxud 4Fdgdvwudqgr r folhqwh Olqx{ +sduwh 4,

Iljxud 5Fdgdvwudqgr r folhqwh Olqx{ +sduwh 5,

UHGHV � PRQLWRUDPHQWR GH KRVWV FRP ]DEEL[

Page 66: Revista

�99Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

D frqiljxudÇÃr gr juÁilfr vhuÁ vhphokdqwhdr prvwudgr qd Iljxud 61 Dr ilqdo foltxh qr er0wÃr Vdoydu +Vdyh,1

Sdud ylvxdol}du r juÁilfr/ dfhvvh r phqxPrqlwrudphqwr +Prqlwrulqj, h vhohflrqh r krvwfolhqwh qrv fdpsrv Juxsr +Jurxs, h Krvw h/hp vhjxlgd/ hvfrokd r juÁilfr uhfÉp fuldgr qrfdpsr JuÁilfr +Judsk,1

Qd sÁjlqd kwws=22jrr1jo2;|FvO kÁ xp wxwrul0do hqvlqdqgr d prqlwrudu r wuÁihjr gh gdgrv ghxpd sodfd gh uhgh gh folhqwh Zlqgrzv1

Prqlwrudqgr xp krvw yld VQPS+Y42Y5f,=

Qd sÁjlqd kwws=22jrr1jo2qFWXU kÁ xp wxwruldohqvlqdqgr d prqlwrudu xp krvw yld VQPS +Y42Y5f,1

Prqlwrudqgr xp krvw yld VQPS +Y6,=Qd sÁjlqd kwws=22jrr1jo2D9RyM kÁ xp wxwrul0

do hqvlqdqgr d prqlwrudu xp krvw yld VQPS+Y6,1

Prqlwrudqgr xp krvw yld VlpsohFkhfn=

Qd sÁjlqd kwws=22jrr1jo2<{S5| kÁ xp wxwrul0do hqvlqdqgr d prqlwrudu xp krvw yld VlpsohFkhfn1

Prqlwrudqgr xp krvw Zlqgrzv yldFrqwdgruhv gh Shuirupdqfh=

Qd sÁjlqd kwws=22jrr1jo2gXZ[9 kÁ xp wxwr0uldo hqvlqdqgr d prqlwrudu Krvwv Zlqgrzv frp]deel{ h Frqwdgruhv gh Shuirupdqfh gr Zlq0grzv

Iljxud 6JuÁilfr sdud prqlwrudphqwr gr wuÁihjr gh gdgrv gd sodfd hwk3 gr folhqwh Olqx{

UHGHV � PRQLWRUDPHQWR GH KRVWV FRP ]DEEL[

Page 67: Revista

�9:Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

FrqvlghudÇÕhv IlqdlvQhvwh duwljr dsuhqghprv frpr prqlwrudu

rv krvwv yld djhqwh ]deel{/ VQPS/ VlpsohFkhfn h Frqwdgruhv gh Shuirupdqfh gr Zlq0grzv1 Qr suÓ{lpr duwljr prvwuduhprv wxgr txhyrfÊ suhflvd vdehu vreuh juÁilfrv1

DwÉ d suÓ{lpd$

UhihuÊqfldv=^4` GHR/ DqguÉ h SLUHV/ DÉflr1 JhuÊqfld gh Uhghv frp]deel{1 Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh Hg1 4; sÁjv1 9< d :61GlvsrqÍyho hp= kwws=22zzz1uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj2Bs@9<6Dfhvvdgr hp= 47 gh gh}hpeur gh 53441

^5` GHR/ DqguÉ h SLUHV/ DÉflr1 JhuÊqfld gh Uhghv frp]deel{= d ixqÇÃr grv djhqwhv1 Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh Hg153 sÁjv1 :7 d ;51 GlvsrqÍyho hp=kwws=22zzz1uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj2Bs@;64 Dfhvvdgr hp=47 gh gh}hpeur gh 53441

^6` GHR/ DqguÉ h SLUHV/ DÉflr1 D Lqwhuidfh Zhe gr]deel{1 Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh Hg1 56 sÁjv1 8: d 961GlvsrqÍyho hp= kwws=22zzz1uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj2Bs@;<8Dfhvvdgr hp= 47 gh gh}hpeur gh 53441

^7` GHR/ DqguÉ h SLUHV/ DÉflr1 D lqwhuidfh zhe gr]deel{= sduwh 51 Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh Hg1 5</ sÁjv 78 d7;1 GlvsrqÍyho hp=kwws=22zzz1uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj2Bs@4:35Dfhvvdgr hp= 47 gh gh}hpeur gh 53441

^8` GHR/ DqguÉ1 LqvwdodÇÃr gh Djhqwh ]deel{ hp dpelhqwhOlqx{1 GlvsrqÍyho hp= kwws=22jrr1jo2PO4Ji Dfhvvdgr hp=47 gh gh}hpeur gh 53441

^9` GHR/ DqguÉ1 LqvwdodÇÃr gh Djhqwh ]deel{ hp dpelhqwhZlqgrzv1 GlvsrqÍyho hp= kwws=22jrr1jo2WgePS Dfhvvdgrhp= 47 gh gh}hpeur gh 53441

^:` GHR/ DqguÉ1 Prqlwrudqgr xp Htxlsdphqwr yld ]deel{frp Vlpsoh Fkhfn1 GlvsrqÍyho hp= kwws=22jrr1jo2oL}UWDfhvvdgr hp= 47 gh gh}hpeur gh 53441

^;` GHR/ DqguÉ1 Prqlwrudqgr Krvwv Zlqgrzv frp ]deel{h ShuiFrxqwhu 0 Frqwdgruhv gh Shuirupdqfh gr Zlqgrzv1GlvsrqÍyho hp= kwws=22jrr1jo2ppkUK Dfhvvdgr hp= 47 ghgh}hpeur gh 53441

^<` GHR/ DqguÉ1 Xvdqgr ]deel{ sdud Prqlwrudu FolhqwhvVQPS y4 h y5f1 GlvsrqÍyho hp= kwws=22jrr1jo2OEyEyDfhvvdgr hp= 47 gh gh}hpeur gh 53441

^43` GHR/ DqguÉ1 Xvdqgr ]deel{ sdud Prqlwrudu FolhqwhvVQPSy61 GlvsrqÍyho hp= kwws=22jrr1jo2;O;;Z Dfhvvdgrhp= 47 gh gh}hpeur gh 53441

UHGHV � PRQLWRUDPHQWR GH KRVWV FRP ]DEEL[

DQGU© G©R É Edfkduho hp Vlvwhpdv ghLqirupdÇÃr/ frp Hvshfldol}dÇÃr hpUhghv gh Frpsxwdgruhv/ dwxdophqwh ÉDgplqlvwudgru gh Uhghv h SurihvvruXqlyhuvlwÁulr1 Xvd Olqx{ ghvgh 5335+Vodfnzduh h FhqwRV,/ vhxv lqwhuhvvhvlqfoxhp Vriwzduh Olyuh/ VQPS/ jhuÊqfldgh uhghv/ ylghrjdphv/ vÉulhv h ilophv1

D©FLR SLUHV É WhfqÓorjr hp Uhghv ghFrpsxwdgruhv shor LISE/ hvwÁ vhhvshfldol}dqgr hp VhjxudqÇd gdLqirupdÇÃr qd Idfxogdgh lGH] h wudedokdfrpr Dgplqlvwudgru gh Vlvwhpdv qdG|qdyÍghr1

Page 68: Revista

�9;Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

LQLFLDWLYD � WHFQRORJLDD IDYRU GD GHPRFUDFLD

Sru IdeuÍflr Vrodjqd

WWhhffqqrroorrjjlldd dd iiddyyrruu ggddgghhpprrffuuddfflldd

R dqr gh 5344 whyh lpsruwdqwhv dfrqwhfl0phqwrv hqyroyhqgr r fdpsr gd whfqrorjld h gdsroÍwlfd qr fhqÁulr pxqgldo1 Hqwuh dv uhyrowdvqrv sdÍvhv Áudehv h dv prelol}dÇÕhv qd Hxursdh qrv HXD/ d Lqwhuqhw surwdjrql}rx d sulqflsdoirupd gh lqwhuorfxÇÃr gh pdqhlud lphgldwd1 QrEudvlo/ xpd lqlfldwlyd lqrydgrud h shfxoldu whyhdvfhqgÊqfld h uhfrqkhflphqwr lqwhuqdflrqdo qrvvhxv sulphlurv phvhv gh wudedokr1 Hp vror rqghqdvfhx r IÓuxp Vrfldo Pxqgldo h r IÓuxp Lqwhu0qdflrqdo Vriwzduh Olyuh +ILVO,/ vxujh r JdelqhwhGljlwdo gr Hvwdgr gr Ulr Judqgh gr Vxo/ lqdxjx0udqgr ihuudphqwdv gh glÁorjr gluhwr gr Jryhuqd0gru frp d srsxodÇÃr/ ghvhqyroylgdv hpvriwzduh olyuh h frqwhÚgrv surgx}lgrv wrwdophqwhhp olfhqÇd Fuhdwlyh Frpprqv1

Txhp mÁ irl d Sruwr Dohjuh gxudqwh r ILVOvdeh txh r lwlqhuÁulr gh fhqwhqdv gh kdfnhuv/

wÉfqlfrv/ hydqjholvwdv h hqwxvldvwdv gr vriwzduholyuh É r fhqwur gh hyhqwrv gd SXF1 SruÉp/ghvgh mdqhlur/ dojxqv ghohv vh ghvorfdp glduld0phqwh/ frp vxdv prfklodv h vhxv odswrsv/ sdudrxwur hqghuhÇr/ r SdoÁflr Sludwlql/ vhgh gr Jr0yhuqr Hvwdgxdo1 Ylqfxodgr gluhwdphqwh dr Jdel0qhwh gr Jryhuqdgru/ r Jdelqhwh Gljlwdo whp dsursrvwd gh hoderudu h frqvwuxlu ihuudphqwdv ghsduwlflsdÇÃr oljdgdv gluhwdphqwh d iljxud gr Jr0yhuqdgru Wduvr Jhqur/ uhshqvdqgr h vh lqvsl0udqgr sru suÁwlfdv mÁ frqvrolgdgdv hp whuudvjdÚfkdv qr fdpsr gd sduwlflsdÇÃr srsxodu1 Fr0pr É r fdvr gr RuÇdphqwr Sduwlflsdwlyr/ lqlfld0gr qrv dqrv ;3 h txh ghx À srsxodÇÃr d fkdqfhgh ghflglu rqgh h frpr dsolfdu r ruÇdphqwr grHvwdgr1 Djrud r ghvdilr É doldu d fdsdflgdgh fd0slodu gd Lqwhuqhw sdud dmxgdu qdv ghflvÕhv grJryhuqdgru h qd hoderudÇÃr gh sroÍwlfdv sÚeol0fdv1

Xwlol}dqgr vriwzduhv olyuhv h frqwhÚgrv olfhqfldgrv hpFuhdwlyh Frpprqv/ Jdelqhwh Gljlwdo gr Jryhuqr grUV/ yhp h{sdqglqgr rv olplwhv gd sduwlflsdÇÃr gljlwdo

Page 69: Revista

�9<Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

RuljhqvOdqÇdgr hp pdlr gh 5344/ d lghld gh whu

xp jdelqhwh lqwhudwlyr/ edvhdgr hp h{shulÊqfl0dv mÁ uhdol}dgdv ghqwur h irud gr Eudvlo/ frphÇrxd vhu hvwxgdgd pxlwr whpsr dqwhv shor Fkhih ghJdelqhwh h krmh Frrughqdgru gr Jdelqhwh Gljl0wdo/ Ylqlflxv Zx h phpeurv gd IxqgdÇÃr JhwÚolrYdujdv1 %Lqwhuqdflrqdophqwh dv h{shulÊqfldv txhpdlv qrv fkdpdudp d dwhqÇÃr irudp dv ihuud0phqwdv lpsohphqwdgdv shod Fkdqfhohu ¢qjhodPhunho/ qd Dohpdqkd/ h shor suhvlghqwh EdudfnRedpd qrv Hvwdgrv Xqlgrv/ txh deulx xp fdqdogluhwr hqwuh d srsxodÇÃr h d Fdvd Eudqfd%/ frq0wrx Ylqlflxv1 Vhjxqgr hoh/ h{shulÊqfldv eudvlohl0udv wdpeÉp irudp dqdolvdgdv1

Sdud r Jdelqhwh Gljlwdo shqvrx0vh qxp fd0uÁwhu pxlwr pdlv sduwlflsdwlyr txh phudphqwh lq0irupdwlyr/ xpd yh} txh d sursrvwd É dpsoldu dfdsdflgdgh gd srsxodÇÃr lqioxhqfldu gluhwdphq0wh dv ghflvÕhv gr Jryhuqdgru/ jhudqgr vxevÍglrsdud d hoderudÇÃr gh sroÍwlfdv sÚeolfdv1 Sdudwdqwr/ r Jdelqhwh Gljlwdo hvwÁ gluhwdphqwh ylqfx0odgr dr fkhih gr h{hfxwlyr/ ghqwur gd hvwuxwxudgr Jdelqhwh gr Jryhuqdgru1

R txh É r Jdelqhwh Gljlwdozzz1jdelqhwhgljlwdo1uv1jry1eu

R Jdelqhwh Gljlwdo uhÚqh xp frqmxqwr Úql0fr gh ihuudphqwdv sdud surslfldu r glÁorjr hqwuhjryhuqr h vrflhgdgh/ rihuhfhqgr dr flgdgÃr dsrvvlelolgdgh gh lqioxhqfldu gluhwdphqwh d jhvwÃrsÚeolfd1

Dr wrgr vÃr krmh txdwur ihuudphqwdv glvsr0qÍyhlv sdud sduwlflsdÇÃr=

Djhqgd Froderudwlyd 0 HvsdÇr txh uhfh0eh vxjhvwÕhv gh whpdv sdud frpsru d sdxwd ghdvvxqwrv d vhu wudwdgr shor Jryhuqdgru gxudqwhdv ylvlwdv dr lqwhulru gr Hvwdgr1

Jryhuqdgru Shujxqwd 0 Dv shvvrdv vÃrhqfrudmdgdv d uhvsrqghu xpd judqgh txhvwÃrohydqwdgd shor Jryhuqdgru1 Qr ilqdo gr surfhv0vr/ rv dxwruhv gdv frqwulexlÇÕhv pdlv sulrul}d0gdv sduwlflsdp gh xp hqfrqwur frp rJryhuqdgru/ ghedwhqgr rv hqfdplqkdphqwrvgdv sursrvwdv ohydqwdgdv1

Jryhuqdgru Uhvsrqgh 0 Dv shvvrdv hod0erudp shujxqwdv gluhwdphqwh dr Jryhuqdgru1 Dshujxqwd pdlv yrwdgd gr pÊv É uhvsrqglgd hpyÍghr shor suÓsulr Jryhuqdgru1

Jryhuqr Hvfxwd 0 DxglÊqfldv SÚeolfdvwudqvplwlgdv yld lqwhuqhw frp sduwlflsdÇÃr yldedwh sdsr h uhghv vrfldlv1

LQLFLDWLYD � WHFQRORJLDD IDYRU GD GHPRFUDFLD

Page 70: Revista

�:3Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

DoÉp glvvr/ r Jdelqhwh Gljlwdo wdpeÉp wud0edokd frrughqdqgr xp judqgh juxsr gh Fxowxud

h JryhuqdqÇd Gljlwdo ghqwur gr Jryhuqr frp dwduhid gh frpsduwlokdu h{shulÊqfldv h suÁwlfdvfrp glyhuvdv vhfuhwduldv h xqlgdghv gh jryhuqrdwudyÉv gr Juxsr Shupdqhqwh gh Fxowxud h Jr0yhuqdqÇd Gljlwdo1 R juxsr É ixqgdphqwdo sdud dglvfxvvÃr gh dvvxqwrv uhodflrqdgdv À Jryhu0qdqÇd Gljlwdo frpr/ sru h{hpsor/ r olfhqfldphq0wr gh frqwhÚgrv/ d xwlol}dÇÃr h ghvhqyroylphqwrgh vriwzduh olyuh/ dv phwrgrorjldv gh wudqvsd0uÊqfld h glvsrqlelol}dÇÃr gh gdgrv sÚeolfrv1

Sdud frorfdu wrgdv hvvdv ixqflrqdolgdghvhp suÁwlfd xpd sulphlud yhuvÃr irl odqÇdgd xwlol0}dqgr xp FPV ghvhqyroylgr shod Frpsdqkldgh Surfhvvdphqwr gh Gdgrv gr UV +Surfhujv,/ghvhqyroylgr hp SKS/ txh srvwhulruphqwh irlvxevwlwxÍgr sru xpd hvwuxwxud pdlv urexvwd frpr remhwlyr gh dwhqghu dv ghpdqgdv gh frohwd ghvxjhvwÕhv gr Jryhuqdgru Shujxqwd1 Sdud hvwdihuudphqwd xwlol}rx0vh r iudphzrun SdluZlvh txhvhuyh gh edfnhqg sdud r surmhwr Doo Rxu Lghdv+zzz1doorxulghdv1ruj,1 © xp surfhvvr gh uhfr0oklphqwr h yrwdÇÃr gh vxjhvwÕhv hp sduhv/ rq0gh dv frqwulexlÇÕhv yrwdgdv uhfhehp xp vfruhdwudyÉv gh xp prghor pdwhpÁwlfr edvhdgr hpshvtxlvdv gd Xqlyhuvlgdgh gh Sulqfhwrq/ qrvHvwdgrv Xqlgrv1

Sdud lvvr r vlwh suhflvrx vhu uhprghodgr1

%Rswdprv shor Zrugsuhvv sdud vhu r jhuhqfld0gru gh frqwhÚgr sru vhu pdlv glqÂplfr1 Sdud riurqw0hqg xwlol}dprv r Iodvn%/ h{solfd r surjud0pdgru gr Jdelqhwh Gljlwdo/ Olqfroq gh Vrx}d1 RIodvn É xp plfuriudphzrun edvhdgr hpS|kwrq/ dvvlp frpr rxwurv pÓgxorv mÁ ghvhq0yroylgrv shod htxlsh/ frpr r jhuhqfldgru gh yÍ0ghr1 R SdluZlvh É ghvhqyroylgr hp Uxe| hghpdqgrx dojxqv sdwkv sdud vhu dgdswdu d uhdol0gdgh jdÚfkd1

Hvvdv ixqflrqdolgdghv shuplwludp txh dsh0qdv d ihuudphqwd Jryhuqdgru Shujxqwd uhfhehv0vh pdlv gh 4/6 plo sursrvwdv sdud phokrudu dvdÚgh sÚeolfd h 93 plo yrwrv hp xp pÊv ghfrqvxowd sÚeolfd hqwuh qryhpeur h gh}hpeur1

Dv frqtxlvwdv gr Jdelqhwh Gljlwdo hp dp0soldu d ghprfudfld gxudqwh hvwhv vhwh phvhv ghh{lvwÊqfld qÃr uhshufxwludp vrphqwh hqwuh d fr0pxqlgdgh jdÚfkd/ d lqlfldwlyd yhp dwudlqgrrokduhv gh jryhuqrv h hvwxglrvrv gh rxwurv hv0wdgrv h sdÍvhv1 Xp grv pdlruhv hvshfldolvwdvqd Áuhd txh djuhjd flÊqfldv vrfldlv h uhghv vr0fldlv qrv Hvwdgrv Xqlgrv/ Pdwwkhz Vdojdqln/ gdXqlyhuvlgdgh gh Sulqfhwrq/ sxeolfrx hp vhxveorj xp srvw horjldqgr rv hviruÇrv gr JdelqhwhGljlwdo h frpsdudqgr d ihuudphqwd JryhuqdgruShujxqwd/ fuldgd shor jryhuqr jdÚfkr frp rRshq iru Txhvwlrq/ gr jryhuqr Redpd1 Vhjxq0gr hoh/ hperud dv gxdv ihuudphqwdv whqkdp r

LQLFLDWLYD � WHFQRORJLDD IDYRU GD GHPRFUDFLD

Page 71: Revista

�:4Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

phvpr remhwlyr/ gh dxphqwdu d sduwlflsdÇÃr sr0sxodu qd jhvwÃr sÚeolfd/ r Jryhuqdgru Shujxqwdvxshurx d h{shulÊqfld dphulfdqd1 Hp vhx eorj/Vdojdqln h{solfrx r vlvwhpd gh yrwdÇÃr gr Jr0yhuqdgru Shujxqwd/ txh txdolilfrx frpr pdlv uh0vlvwhqwh d pdqlsxodÇÕhv1 Hoh wdpeÉp horjlrx dihuudphqwd jdÚfkd sru xvdu vrphqwh vriwzduhvolyuhv1

Hp fduwd dr jryhuqdgru gr UV/ hoh horjlrx dlq0gd dv lqlfldwlydv gh prelol}dÇÃr gd srsxodÇÃrfrorfdgdv hp suÁwlfd shor Jdelqhwh Gljlwdo1 Xpgrv h{hpsorv dsrqwdgrv sru hoh irl d Ydq gdSduwlflsdÇÃr/ txh shufruuhx ;33np hp xp pÊvgh frqvxowd sÚeolfd/ rihuhfhqgr dfhvvr À srsx0odÇÃr hp edluurv fduhqwhv h hvsdÇrv sÚeolfrv gdfdslwdo h uhjlÃr phwursrolwdqd1 Sdud ohu r srvw qreorj Iuhhgrp wr Wlqnhu/ dfhvvh= kwwsv=22iuhhgrp0wr0wlqnhu1frp2eorj2pmv61

Ghvgh vxd fuldÇÃr/ r Jdelqhwh Gljlwdo wdp0eÉp duuhpdwrx wuÊv suÊplrv qdflrqdlv/ gd Uh0ylvwd D Uhgh/ qd fdwhjruld LqrydÇÃr qd JhvwÃr

SÚeolfd/ r suÊplr H0jry/ gh h{fhoÊqfld hp jr0yhuqr hohwuÔqlfr/ frqfhglgr shod DvvrfldÇÃrEudvlohlud gdv Hpsuhvdv gh Shvtxlvd +DEHS, hr SuÊplr WL ) Jryhuqr 5344/ qd fdwhjruld h0gh0prfudfld/ surprylgr shod Sodqr Hglwruldo1 DoÉpglvvr/ dv h{shulÊqfldv gh sduwlflsdÇÃr rqolqh fr0orfdgdv hp suÁwlfd mÁ ghvshuwdudp r lqwhuhvvhgh jryhuqrv hvwdgxdlv/ suhihlwxudv h dwÉ phvpr/gr jryhuqr ihghudo/ txh hvwxgd d srvvlelolgdghgh dsolfdÇÃr gr prghor qd hvihud ihghudo1

Rqgh rv kdfnhu vÃr ehp0ylqgrvIrupdu xpd htxlsh pxowlglvflsolqdu/ frp frqkhflphqwr hp whfqrorjld h oljdgd d ilorvrild grvriwzduh olyuh h frpsduwlokdphqwr gh gdgrv irl xp grv sulphlurv ghvdilrv gr Jdelqhwh Gljlwdo1Krmh d htxlsh frqwd frp vhwh surilvvlrqdlv/ txdvh wrgrv rulxqgrv grv prylphqwrv gh vriwzduholyuh h fxowxud gljlwdo1 DoÉp gr suÓsulr frrughqdgru h{hfxwlyr/ IdeuÍflr Vrodjqd/ r uhvsrqvÁyhoshodv pÍgldv vrfldlv/ Hyhuwrq Urguljxhv/ É phpeur gd DvvrfldÇÃr Vriwzduh Olyuh1Ruj +DVO,1IdeuÍflr wdpeÉp frrughqrx d WY Vriwzduh Olyuh/ uhvsrqvÁyho shodv frehuwxudv gr ILVO h ghrxwurv hyhqwrv gh whfqrorjld1 MÁ Olqfroq gh Vrx}d/ surjudpdgru/ irl lqwhjudqwh gd htxlsh ghFxowxud Gljlwdo gr PlqlvwÉulr gd Fxowxud h frpr ghvhqyroyhgru irl froderudgru gh sdfrwhv sdud rJqrph h Gheldq1 R surmhwr wdpeÉp whp djrud qr wlph d h{0frrughqdgrud gh frpxqlfdÇÃr gdDVO/ WkdÍv Uxfnhu/ hqwuh rxwurv surilvvlrqdlv1

Frp wrgr hvvd edjdjhp/ r uhvxowdgr qÃr srghuld vhu glihuhqwh= wrgr r fÓgljr gr Jdelqhwh GljlwdohvwÁ vre olfhqÇd JSO Diihur 613 h wrgr r frqwhÚgr É sxeolfdgr vre olfhqÇd Fuhdwlyh Frpprqv1 DwudglÇÃr khugdgd gd WYVO wdpeÉp vh id} suhvhqwh1 Ghvgh r sulqfÍslr/ r Jdelqhwh Gljlwdo sxeolfdyÍghrv hp irupdwrv olyuhv1

IdeuÍflr Vrodjqd É Frrughqdgru H{hfxwlyr gr JdelqhwhGljlwdo

LQLFLDWLYD � WHFQRORJLDD IDYRU GD GHPRFUDFLD

Page 72: Revista

�:5Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

R OderudwÓulr Pdfdpelud É xp frohwlyrtxh uhÚqh surjudpdgruhv/ dwlylvwdv h duwlvwdvsdud vxsulu ghpdqgdv vrfldlv qd irupd ghvriwzduh olyuh h whfqrorjldv dehuwdv1 Rv surjud0pdv ghvhqyroylgrv dwhqghp drv shglgrv gd vr0flhgdgh flylo ylvdqgr freudqÇd sru gluhlwrv/pdlru sduwlflsdÇÃr qd wrpdgd gh ghflvÕhv hwudqvsduÊqfld qd dgplqlvwudÇÃr sÚeolfd1

Frp suhplvvdv ixqgdphqwdlv dgylqgdv gdfxowxud kdfnhu h rxwudv frpxqlgdghv dxwÔqr0pdv/ r Ode whp Êqidvh qr olyuh iox{r gh lqirupd0ÇÃr h qr frpsduwlokdphqwr1 Qr txh wdqjh dghvfhqwudol}dÇÃr/ r Ode lqyhvwh hp irupdÇÃr ghqryrv surjudpdgruhv sdud d surgxÇÃr ghvriwzduh h hp phwrgrorjldv sdud txh rxwurv fr0ohwlyrv wdpeÉp srvvdp ghvhqyroyhu vriwzduh ol0yuh h xvxiuxÍuhp iuxwrv/ lqfoxvlyh ilqdqfhlurv1

Uhvxowdgr gh yÁulrv dqrv gh wudedokr/ rOde mÁ frqfoxlx glyhuvrv vriwzduhv txh hvwÃr hpxvr sru glyhuvrv vhwruhv gd vrflhgdgh1 Ghqwuhvhxv sdufhlurv/ lqfoxhp0vh xqlyhuvlgdghv h fr0pxqlgdghv Éwqlfdv1

Dwxdophqwh r Ode frqwd frp xp wrwdo gh 48shvvrdv/ gdv txdlv 45 vÃr surjudpdgruhv1 Sdudr ghvhqyroylphqwr glvwulexÍgr gh vriwzduh vÃrxwlol}dgdv ihuudphqwdv frpr Zlnl/ sdgv/ exjwudfnhu/ uhsrvlwÓulr gh fÓgljr/ LUF/ olvwd ghhpdlov/ iuhvkphdw/ rkork h pdlv gh 933 yÍghr0or0jxhv h wxwruldlv rqolqh1

Qrvvd plvvÃr É yldelol}du surgxÇÕhv vxv0whqwÁyhlv gh vriwzduh olyuh sdud r ehqhiÍflr gdvrflhgdgh/ whqgr sru edvh d shvtxlvd/ ghvhq0yroylphqwr h lqrydÇÃr whfqroÓjlfd1

Ode Pdfdpelud= r xvr grVriwzduh Olyuh sdxwdgr qdvghpdqgdv vrfldlvSru Odulvvd Duuxgd

LQLFLDWLYD � ODE PDFDPELUD

D irwr prvwud d Pdfdpelud

Page 73: Revista

�:6Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Whprv frpr remhwlyr ghvhqyroyhu vriwzduholyuh sdud vhu xwlol}dgr shod frpxqlgdgh hp jh0udo/ dvvlp frpr ghvhqyroyhu uhfxuvrv frpsxwd0flrqdlv frpr ihuudphqwd sdud d surgxÇÃrdxglrylvxdo1 R Ode wdpeÉp whp frpr sursrvwdshvtxlvdu dv qhfhvvlgdghv gd vrflhgdgh sdud dfuldÇÃr gh vriwzduh h whfqrorjldv gljlwdlv/ lqyhv0wlu qd irupdÇÃr h fdsdflwdÇÃr gh surjudpdgruhvgh qÍyho eÁvlfr h dydqÇdgr/ lqvwuxlu h lqfhqwlydud vrflhgdgh sdud r xvr gh vriwzduh olyuh h fuldusurgxwrv fxowxudlv whqgr frpr edvh dv whfqror0jldv h rv vriwzduhv ghvhqyroylgrv shor Ode Pd0fdpelud1

R Ode whp frpr sulqflsdo sdufhlur d Whld 0Fdvd gh FuldÇÃr/ RQJ txh dwxd qd flgdgh ghVÃr Fduorv ghvgh 5335 h gÁ dsrlr h dvvhvvruldd surmhwrv h shvtxlvdv qdv Áuhdv xuedqd/ vrflr0dpelhqwdo/ fxowxudo/ gh frpxqlfdÇÃr/ dutxlwhwxud/whfqrorjld h frqvwuxÇÃr1 R Ode frqwrx frp dghglfdÇÃr h surilvvlrqdolvpr gh wrgd htxlsh gdWhld/ txh qrv ghx pxlwr dsrlr sdud uhdol}dÇÃrgh qrvvr wudedokr1

R qrph Pdfdpelud É xpd krphqdjhp drsvhxgÔqlpr xwlol}dgr sru Fohrgrq Vloyd/ xp ylvlr0qÁulr sdud d fxowxud gljlwdo eudvlohlud h txh frqwul0exlx iruwhphqwh sdud d frqfhsÇÃr ghvwdh{shulÊqfld1

R Ode qdvfhx gr hqfrqwur gh Uhqdwr Ide0eul/ Ulfdugr Ideeul/ Ylovrq Ylhlud h Gdqlho Pd0urvwhjdq h Fduqhlur/ suhvlghqwh gd Whld1

Qd sulphlud vhpdqd gh mxokr gh 5344 ir0udp ihlwdv dv hqwuhylvwdv d ilp gh vhohflrqdu hv0wdjlÁulrv sdud uhdol}du dv dÇÕhv lghdol}dgdvshorv uhvsrqvÁyhlv gr Ode1

Irudp vhohflrqdgrv qryh dfdgÊplfrv ghHqjhqkduld gd FrpsxwdÇÃr h FlÊqfld gd Frp0sxwdÇÃr gd XVS VÃr Fduorv1 WdpeÉp sduwlflsd0udp gr wuhlqdphqwr qr pÊv gh mxokr xpdutxlwhwr gd Xqhvs h xpd flhqwlvwd sroÍwlfd gdXIVFDU1

R wuhlqdphqwr frqvlvwld qd hvfrokd gh xpvriwzduh sru sduwh gh fdgd phpeur gd htxlsh1Ghsrlv/ ghyhuldp fruuljlu rv huurv rx lpsohphq0wdu qrydv ixqflrqdolgdghv h whu vxdv prglilfd0ÇÕhv dfhlwdv shod frpxqlgdgh lqwhuqdflrqdo1 MÁrv txh qÃr hudp gd Áuhd/ ghglfdudp0vh ddsuhqghu qrÇÕhv eÁvlfdv gh Jlw/ S|wkrq/ FVV/SKS/ P|VTO/ KWPO/ Zrugsuhvv h MdydVfulsw1

R pÊv gh mxokr irl gh lqwhqvr dsuhqgl}dgr/wrgd d htxlsh vh ghglfrx h{foxvlydphqwh sdud rOde Pdfdpelud1 Gxudqwh dv wuÊv vhpdqdv rfrqmxqwr shupdqhfhx uhxqlgr wrgrv rv gldv hp

Iljxud 4Whld 0 Fdvd gh FuldÇÃr qd flgdgh gh VÃr Fduorv/ VS

Iljxud 5Htxlsh gxudqwh wuhlqdphqwr uhdol}dgr qr pÊv gh Mxokr gh 5344

LQLFLDWLYD � ODE PDFDPELUD

Page 74: Revista

�:7Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

pÉgld sru 45 krudv1 H rv ilqdlv gh vhpdqd wdp0eÉp irudp ghglfdgrv wdqwr sdud hvwxgdu surjud0pdv txdqwr sdud ghvhqyroyhu vriwzduhv1

R prgr gh wudedokr gr Ode frqfhqwud0vhqd xwlol}dÇÃr gr DD/ xp vlvwhpd gh ODE PD0FDPELUD frrshudÇÃr pÚwxd uhjxodgr dojrulwpl0fdphqwh sdud txh d lqlfldwlyd gr Ode Pdfdpeludvhmd idflophqwh uhsolfÁyho1 R DD irl ghvhqyroylgrgxudqwh r wuhlqdphqwr hp mxokr1

DD 0 Vljod gh DxwruuhjxodÇÃr DojruÍwplfd/r DD É xp vlvwhpd h phwrgrorjldv gh rujdql0}dÇÃr sdud dwlylgdghv qÃr suhvhqfldlv1 Yrowdgrhvshfldophqwh dr ghvhqyroylphqwr gh vriwzduh/É xp vlvwhpd hp txh dv shvvrdv vh orjdp hsrvwdp shulrglfdphqwh dv dwlylgdghv txh hvwÃruhdol}dqgr1 Fxpsuh gxdv ixqÇÕhv= xpd É glvsr0qlelol}du d wrgrv/ yld Zhe/ rv dqgdphqwrv grvwudedokrv uhdol}dgrv> d vhjxqgd É shuplwlu txhrv xvxÁulrv srvvdp dydoldu dv vxdv suÓsuldv uh0dol}dÇÕhv1

R Ode ghvhqyroyhx dojxqv vriwzduhv ghirupd froderudwlyd hp uhgh1 VÃr hohv=

¡jrud Frppxqv 0 Vriwzduh txh yldelol}dgholehudÇÕhv rqolqh gh irupd wudqvsduhqwh1 Shq0vdgr sdud uhvsrqghu À ghpdqgd gh juxsrv hfrohwlyrv glvshuvrv/ prylphqwrv vrfldlv h rujd0ql}dÇÕhv qÃr0 jryhuqdphqwdlv hvsdokdgdv qrwhuulwÓulr1

Ghvhqyroylgr hp SKS hvwh vriwzduh zhe Éxpd ihuudphqwd pxlwr srghurvd sdud iruwdohfhud rujdql}dÇÃr h duwlfxodÇÃr gh prylphqwrv frpdwxdÇÃr hvsdokdgd whuulwruldophqwh1 Xpd yhuvÃrghvwh surjudpd/ frqfhelgd sru lqwhjudqwhv gr

Iljxud 6Dojxqv phpeurv gr Ode Pdfdpelud/ hp wuhlqdphqwr lqwhqvlyr/ qrhvwÚglr olyuh gd Whld Fdvd gh FuldÇÃr

Iljxud 7Whod gr DD1 Wudwd0vh gh xp vlvwhpd gh phwrgrorjld gh rujdql}dÇÃrsdud dwlylgdghv qÃr suhvhqfldlv

Iljxud 8R ¡jrud Frppxqv ghx ruljhp dr Gholehud/ xp forqh frp dojxpdvidflolgdghv h uhvwulÇÕhv gh xvr1 HvwÁ hp xvr shod RQX hp pdlv gh <3sdÍvhv

LQLFLDWLYD � ODE PDFDPELUD

Page 75: Revista

�:8Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Ode Pdfdpelud/ hvwÁ vhqgr ghvhqyroylgd sruxp rxwur juxsr gh ghvhqyroyhgruhv sru hqfr0phqgd gd RQX1 Xp udvfxqkr rshudflrqdo gr¡jrud Frppxqv hvwÁ rqolqh/ dvvlp frpr wrgrvrv wudedokrv gr Ode Pdfdpelud1

VRV 0 Uhvxowdgr gh glvfxvvÕhv ohydqwd0gdv sru frpxqlgdghv dxwÔqrpdv h prylphqwrvgd vrflhgdgh flylo uhodflrqdgrv Àv frpxqlgdghvwudglflrqdlv/ r VRV +VdÚgh Rokd Vdehgruld, Éxp udvfxqkr gh xp vlvwhpd sdud frohwd h glix0vÃr gh frqkhflphqwrv srsxoduhv h Éwqlfrv ghvdÚgh1 D xujÊqfld gh xp vlvwhpd sdud uhjlvwurghvwhv frqkhflphqwrv irl dsrqwdgd shor idwr ghtxh/ hvwhv frqkhflphqwrv h fuhqÇdv hvwÃr ghvd0sduhfhqgr1 D sursrvwd É fdgdvwudu h glvsrqlelol0}du kÁelwrv frqvlghudgrv vdxgÁyhlvuhodflrqdgrv dr ghvshuwdu h dr dgruphfhu/ drfrqvxplu dolphqwrv hvshfÍilfrv h phvpr dr gh0vhqyroyhu sdwrorjldv hvshfÍilfdv1

Hfrqrpld Fuldwlyd 0 Sodwdirupd ghhfrqrpld froderudwlyd/ fuldwlyd h vrolgÁuld grvsrqwrv gh fxowxud h hqwlgdghv fxowxudlv1 D sodwd0irupd dsuhvhqwd xpd hvwuxwxud gh edqfr gh gd0grv frp lqirupdÇÕhv vreuh suhvwdÇÃr ghvhuylÇrv/ yhqgd gh surgxwrv/ doxjxho gh htxlsd0phqwrv/ gh hvsdÇrv1 Ghvhqyroylgd hpS|wkrq2Gmdqjr/ hod É xwlol}dgd shorv srqwrv ghfxowxud gh VÃr Sdxor h ghpdlv frohwlyrv1

FSF 0 Vriwzduh gh dsrlr À jhvwÃr ghjuxsrv h frohwlyrv dxwrjhulgrv/ shqvdgr sdudrujdql}du d sduwh dgplqlvwudwlyd h ilqdqfhlud ghirupd wudqvsduhqwh sdud rv lqwhjudqwhv gr phv0pr/ iruwdohfhqgr d glvwulexlÇÃr htxÂqlph gh lq0irupdÇÕhv hqwuh hohv1 Ghvhqyroylgr hp Gmdqjr/É xp vriwzduh zhe gluhflrqdgr sdud iruwdohfhu djhvwÃr frohwlyd h wudqvsduhqwh grv juxsrv1

Ghvhqyroylphqwr gh whfqrorjldv dehu0wdv sdud surgxÇÃr dxglrylvxdo

D surgxÇÃr duwÍvwlfd É frqvlghudgd gh h{0wuhpd lpsruwÂqfld sdud d h{suhvvÃr/ uhsuhvhq0wdÇÃr h ghvhqyroylphqwr gh xpd frpxqlgdgh1Sduwlqgr ghvwh suhvvxsrvwr/ r Ode Pdfdpeludhqyroyh0vh qd fuldÇÃr gh whfqrorjldv olyuhv sdudtxh d vrflhgdgh surgx}d uhfxuvrv dxglrylvxdlvgh txdolgdgh1 VÃr glyhuvrv rv surmhwrv h olqkdvgh dwxdÇÃr=

Dlukdfnwdeoh 0 Lqvwuxphqwr pxvlfdo hoh0wuÔqlfr frqvwuxÍgr qd irupd gh xpd phvd1 Qhod/xpd uhgh gh frrohuv id} ioxwxdu ruljdplv gh jhr0phwuld h fruhv yduldgdv1 Rv prylphqwrv grv rul0jdplv vÃr fdswdgrv sru zhefdp/ lqwhusuhwdgrvsru vriwzduh gh surfhvvdphqwr gh lpdjhqv hwudqvirupdgrv hp sdguÕhv txh frqwurodp dv

Iljxud 9Whod gr vriwzduh VRV +VdÚgh Rokd Vdehgruld,

Iljxud :Whod gr vriwzduh gh dsrlr À jhvwÃr gh juxsrv 0 FSF

LQLFLDWLYD � ODE PDFDPELUD

Page 76: Revista

�:9Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

wudqvirupdÇÕhv vrqrudv gd pÚvlfd1 Ghvvd iru0pd/ srgh0vh gl}hu txh rv ruljdplv frqwurodp rvvrqv1 Hoh irl ghvhqyroylgr sdud sduwlflsdÇÃr grOde qr Ihvwlydo gr Frqwdwr1

VLS +Vflode Lpdjh Surfhvvlqj, 0 El0eolrwhfd gh surfhvvdphqwr gh lpdjhp sdud rvriwzduh olyuh Vflode1 Yrowdgr d shvtxlvd/ hqvlqrh ghvhqyroylphqwr gh qrydv vroxÇÕhv dojruÍwpl0fdv/ hoh uhdol}d rshudÇÕhv Úwhlv sdud uhvroyhusureohpdv ylvxdlv dsolfdgrv gr pxqgr uhdo/ wdlvfrpr sodqhmdphqwr gh prylphqwr gh fduurv/dqÁolvh gh lpdjhqv pÉglfdv sdud gldjqÓvwlfrdxwrpÁwlfr h uhfrqvwuxÇÃr 6G d sduwlu gh irwrv1

Dqlpdo +Dq Lpdjlqj Oleudu|, 0 Éxpd eleolrwhfd sdud surfhvvdphqwr gh lpd0jhqv1 Ihlwd hp F/ iruqhfh dojrulwprv dydqÇdgrvh xpd Lqwhuidfh gh SurjudpdÇÃr gh Dsolfdwlyrv+DSL, vlpsohv sdud glyhuvdv rxwudv eleolrwhfdv1 ©xwlol}dgd frpr edvh gr Vflode Lpdjh Surfhvvlqjh É edvhdgd hp xpd phwrgrorjld eudvlohlud Lpd0jh Iruhvwlqj Wudqvirup +LIW, h mÁ vxsruwd pdlvgh ;3 irupdwrv gh lpdjhqv1

RVF0Zhe 0 Vlvwhpd txh shuplwh xwlol}dufrqwurodgruhv RVF/ xwlol}dgrv frpxphqwh srupÚvlfrv/ hp qdyhjdgruhv Zhe frpr Pr}lood Il0uhir{ h Jrrjoh Fkurph1 Hvvh wlsr gh vriwzduh Éhvshfldophqwh lqwhuhvvdqwh qd fuldÇÃr gh dsolfd0ÇÕhv Zhe txh lqwhudmdp frp lqvwuxphqwrv pxvl0fdlv1

DEW +D Ehdw Wudfnhu, 0 Vlvwhpd sd0ud h{hfxÇÃr pxvlfdo hp whpsr uhdo frp Êqidvhhp dqÁolvh uÍwplfd1

HNS +Hprwlrqdo Nhuqho Sdqlf, 0Surjudpd txh xwlol}d r hvwdgr dwxdo gr frpsxwd0gru +iuhtxÊqfld gr surfhvvdgru/ txdqwlgdgh ghphpruld xwlol}dgd h surfhvvrv dwlyrv, rqgh hvwÁvhqgr h{hfxwdgr sdud d vÍqwhvh gh pdwhuldlv vr0qrurv h pxvlfdlv1

DoÉp gd sduwh gh whfqrorjld h ghvhqyroyl0phqwr gh vriwzduh olyuh/ r Ode Pdfdpelud hqyro0yh0vh frp dv txhvwÕhv fxowxudlv gd vrflhgdgh1Lqyhvwh qd Áuhd gh pÚvlfd hohwurdfÚvwlfd/ sulqfl0sdophqwh qd uhdol}dgd hp whpsr uhdo1 PdqwÉp

xp frpsrvlwru uhvlghqwh txh whp sru ixqÇÃr jh0udu surgxwrv fxowxudlv h fuldu ghpdqgd gh whfqr0orjld sdud d surgxÇÃr dxglrylvxdo1

R Ode dwudyÉv gr hvsdÇr Kdfnode gr Yh0

okr sursruflrqd h{shulphqwdÇÕhv h dsursuld0ÇÕhv whfqroÓjlfdv1 D fxowxud gd jdpelduud hphwduuhflfodjhp vÃr gxdv ghvwdv pdqlihvwdÇÕhvtxh gÃr hohphqwrv sdud d lqyhqwlylgdgh ghkdugzduh h fuldÇÃr duwÍvwlfd1

Qd Áuhd gh pÚvlfd hohwurdfÚvwlfd/ r OdePdfdpelud pdqwÉp rv vhjxlqwhv surmhwrv=

R KrodqgÊv Yrdgru 0 LqvwdodÇÃr vrqrudtxh qduud d klvwÓuld gr edufr idqwdvpd txh yrd1Xwlol}d d DluKdfnWdeoh sdud id}hu ioxwxdu ruljdplvfxmrv prylphqwrv vÃr pdshdgrv gh prgr dfrqwurodu dv wudqvirupdÇÕhv vrqrudv gd qduudwlydpxvlfdo1

Olyh Frglqj 0 suÁwlfd pxvlfdo fhqwudgdqr xvr gd surjudpdÇÃr lpsurylvdgd hp whpsruhdo/ vlpxowÂqhr À h{hfxÇÃr pxvlfdo1 DoÉp gdvsursrvwdv hvwÉwlfdv pxvlfdlv/ h{lvwh r lqwhuhvvhhp ghvplvwlilfdu r fÓgljr/ prvwudqgr0r sdud ddxglÊqfld/ shod surmhÇÃr gdv whodv grv frpsxwd0gruhv hqyroylgrv qd shuirupdqfh1 DwudyÉv gd dx0glÇÃr grv vrqv jhudgrv shorv fÓgljrv/ xp ohljrsrgh lqihulu r vljqlilfdgr ghohv1

R Ode whp judqghv srwhqfldlv/ hqwuh hohvhvwÁ d Hvfrod gh Surjudpdgruhv Srsxoduhv1 Rpxqgr grv frpsxwdgruhv dlqgd É xp pxqgr ih0fkdgr/ frp xpd olqjxdjhp uhvwulwd h txh xwlol}d rlqjoÊv frpr oÍqjxd pÃh1 Hvwhv idwruhv ihfkdphvwh xqlyhuvr À fodvvhv pÉgld h pÉgld dowd1 Dlghld gh deulu hvwh fdpsr d xp sÚeolfr frpsrxtxÍvvlpdv rsÇÕhv É gh judqgh lpsdfwr whqgrhp ylvwd dphql}du d lqwhqvd ghvljxdogdgh1 Hvwh Ér sursÓvlwr gd Hvfrod gh Surjudpdgruhv Srsxod0uhv txh ylvd wdqwr hqvlqdu surjudpdÇÃr txdqwrplqlvwudu qrÇÕhv gh Flgdgdqld +Gluhlwrv Flylv/ Vr0fldlv h SroÍwlfrv, h htxlgdgh gh JÊqhur1 Dwxdo0phqwh r Ode sduwlflsd gh grlv hglwdlv sdudyldelol}dÇÃr gd Hvfrod gh Surjudpdgruhv Srsx0oduhv1

R rxwur srwhqfldo gr Ode uhihuh0vh Àv duwl0

LQLFLDWLYD � ODE PDFDPELUD

Page 77: Revista

Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

fxodÇÕhv frp prylphqwrv vrfldlv1 Qr frqwh{wrgh fdopduld ghprfuÁwlfd/ txh frqwudvwd frp dvlqwhqvdv uhlylqglfdÇÕhv vre xp frqwh{wr uhsuhv0vru/ h gh ghvhqyroylphqwr hfrqÔplfr É uhfru0uhqwh txh dv uhlylqglfdÇÕhv vrfldlv vhmdp pdlveudqgdv1 R Ode Pdfdpelud sru hvwdu hp frqwl0qxr frqwdwr frp yÁulrv prylphqwrv vrfldlv dwxdmxvwdphqwh qr vhqwlgr frqwuÁulr/ srlv phvpr yl0yhqgr hp xpd ghprfudfld r remhwlyr É vhpsuhdshuihlÇrÁ0od/ exvfdu pdlru txdolgdgh1

R Ode srvvlelolwd hvvh frqwlqxr dshuihlÇrd0phqwr ghprfuÁwlfr/ dwudyÉv gh lqlfldwlydv/ frprsru h{hpsor r ghvhqyroylphqwr gh vlwhv sdud dsrsxodÇÃr h{ljlu2uhfodpdu gr srghu sÚeolfr/ vlwhvsdud sduwlflsdu2dfrpsdqkdu2freudu dv ghflvÕhvtxh rv uhsuhvhqwdqwhv wrpdp shod srsxodÇÃr1Ohydu whfqrorjld sdud txh srsxodÇÕhv frpr txl0orperv h wulerv lqgÍjhqdv srvvdp whu xp phlrgh vh h{suhvvdu h uhlylqglfdu1 Frohwdu lqirupd0ÇÕhv gh vlwhv gr jryhuqr h fux}du hvvhv gdgrvfreudqgr wudqvsduÊqfld h gljqlgdgh qr wudwr gdfrlvd sÚeolfd$

R Ode Pdfdpelud É xpd eulokdqwh lqlfldwlydfrp judqgh srwhqfldo gh wudqvirupdÇÃr gdv gh0vljxdogdghv vrfldlv h phlr gh h{ljlu txh rv jr0yhuqdqwhv idÇdp r txh irudp ghvljqdgrv ghirupd fodud h sdxwdgd qd frohwlylgdgh1

Vhjxh dojxqv olqnv d qÓv uhodflrqdgrv=

bbHvwdprv qd fdvd grv 683 yÍghrv qr ylphr=kwws=22ylphr1frp2fkdqqhov2odepdfdpeludbbQrvvr Wudf gh ghy=kwws=22vrxufhirujh1qhw2dssv2wudf2odepdfdpelud2bbQrvvd sÁjlqd sulqflsdo txh gÁ sdud d zlnl h sdud r qrv0vr hvsdÇr qr Vrxufhirujh=kwws=22odepdfdpelud1vrxufhirujh1qhw2bbQrvvd zlnl/ frp wdehodv gh Vriwzduhv h{whuqrv +frprHylqfh/ Hnljd h Hpsdwk|, frp rv txdlv frqwulexÍprv/ gh0vhqyroylphqwrv qrvvrv/ hvwxgrv h duwlfxodÇÕhv=kwws=22zlnl1qrvgljlwdlv1whld1ruj1eu2OdebPdfdpelud

DSOLFDWLYR IL]HUDP FRPPLW WHQWDQGR ID]HU DSDUHFHX QR RILFLDOB

Pr}lood Iluhir{ gdqhrvkljd e}xp gdqhrvkljd

Hylqfh +SGI ylhzhu, klfn53</ e}xp/ pdufldqr ptxdvdu klfn53<

EhSGI/ {sgi pdufldqr B

Hnljd +yÍghr frqihuÊqfld, iohfkd iohfkd

Hpsdwk| +yÍghr frqihuÊqfld, ihir

Ole Ironv +Whohsdwk|/ yÍghr frqi1, ndupldf

Vflode +dowhuqdwlyd dr Pdwode, y4} shqdoy y4}

Y{O +yÍghr { oleudulhv, y4} y4}

LpdjhPdjlfn +surf1 gh y4} y4}

RshqRiilfh2Oleuhriilfh y4} klfn53<

Sxuh Gdwd H{whqghg 0 Sg y4} y4}/dxwrpdwd/juhhqnrerog/jlovrq/e}xp y4}

sxuhgdwd rshqfy +RshqFY . Sg, y4} y4}/ ihir/ klfn53< y4}

Jhp 0 Judsklfv Hqy1 iru y4} y4}/ ihir/ klfn53< y4}

SGS 0 Sxuh Gdwd Sdfnhw y4} +pdqwhqhgru, y4} y4}

Fkxfn +surjudpd s2 pÚvlfd, uideeul dxwrpdwd/ uideeul uideeul

Plqldxglfoh +LGH olyuh sdud Fkxfn, uideeul dxwrpdwd/ uideeul uideeul

ZheUWF +zhe ylghrfrqihuÊqfld, dxwrpdwd

RVF0Zhe dxwrpdwd/ uideeul dxwrpdwd

Zhe0SG0JXL dxwrpdwd dxwrpdwd

Olyh0Surfhvvlqj dxwrpdwd dxwrpdwd

Fkxfn0Zllprwh dxwrpdwd dxwrpdwd

Dxglrohw +eleolrwhfd MV s2 Áxglr, dxwrpdwd dxwrpdwd

h{whpsruh +dpelhqwh olyh dxwrpdwd dxwrpdwd

Wdehod gdv qrvvdv frqwulexlÇÕhv d Vriwzduhv Olyuhv h{whuqrv1 Dwxdol}dgd hp 5; gh Rxwxeur gh 53441

LQLFLDWLYD � ODE PDFDPELUD

ODULVVD URGULJXHV YDFDUL GHDUUXGD É phpeur gr Ode Pdfdpeludghvgh mxokr gh 53441 Phvwudqgd hpFlÊqfld SroÍwlfd qd XIVFDU1

�::

Page 78: Revista

�:;Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Eohqghu SUR 5344Sru Prqlfd Sd}

HYHQWR � EOHQGHU SUR 5344

D Eohqghu Sur 5344 ^4` dfrqwhfhx hp Vdo0ydgru0ED gh < d 45 gh qryhpeur h uhxqlx surilv0vlrqdlv h hpsuhvÁulrv gh glihuhqwhv hvwdgrveudvlohlurv/ rv txdlv surpryhp vxdv dwlylgdghvxwlol}dqgr0vh ghvvh vriwzduh olyuh gh fuldÇÃr 6G1

Ghqwuh rv sdohvwudqwhv lqwhuqdflrqdlv/ rhyhqwr dsuhvhqwrx r suÓsulr fuldgru gr Eohqghu6G/ Wrq Urrvhqgddo/ uhvsrqvÁyho shod EohqghuIrxqgdwlrq ^5` h shor Eohqghu Lqvwlwxwh/ dpervvhgldgrv qd Krodqgd1 R lpsdfwr gh vxd sduwlfl0sdÇÃr qr sÚeolfr irl pxlwr hpsrojdqwh/ ghylgr rWrq whu uhvroylgr xp exj gr surjudpd gldqwh gdsodwhld gh iÃv gr Eohqghu1 Ulfdugr Urhkh/ sduwl0flsdqwh gh EudvÍold/ idorx txh d rilflqd gh Eohq0ghu sdud ghvhqyroyhgruhv prwlyrx r sÚeolfr1YÁulrv ghohv hvwÃr sduwlflsdqgr qd lpsohphqwd0ÇÃr gh shtxhqdv ixqÇÕhv sdud dglflrqdu drvriwzduh1 Srgh vhu vÓ xp lqÍflr/ frp shtxhqdv

frqwulexlÇÕhv/ pdv txh yÃr lqfuhphqwdqgr hphokrudqgr r Eohqghu 0 h d sdvvrv fdgd yh}pdlv odujrv1 © r srghu gd froderudÇÃr/ gr rshqvrxufh$

MÁ r dujhqwlqr Sdeor Yd}txh} dsuhvhqwrxvhx wudedokr gh loxplqdÇÃr h frpsrvlÇÃr qdsurgxÇÃr gh Vlqwho +5343, ^6`/ r whufhlur RshqPrylh gd IxqgdÇÃr Eohqghu1

WdpeÉp dwhqghqgr shor qrph gh PrudhvMxqlru/ Pdqjr Wdqjr irl xpd gdv dwudÇÕhv grhyhqwr h xp grv fdpshÕhv gh folfv gd wlhwdjhp1Sdudqdhqvh gh Orqgulqd/ 65 dqrv h Duwlvwd 6GVÊqlru gh xpd surgxwrud gh vriwzduh/ PdqjrWdqjr ilfrx frqkhflgr qd frpxqlgdgh Eohqghusru whu froderudgr frp xp grv shuvrqdjhqv grmrjr \r$Iudqnlh1

Frp uhodÇÃr dr phufdgr sxeolflwÁulr h rxvr gh 6G/ Whlvvrq IuÓhv ghx glfdv drv surilvvl0

Page 79: Revista

rqdlv gr udpr vreuh frpr vh srvlflrqduhp qrphufdgr/ vreuh d lpsruwÂqfld gh xp erp sruwiÓ0olr h gh frpr vÃr qhfhvvÁulrv lqyhvwlphqwrv hpfrqkhflphqwr/ txdolgdgh h djlolgdgh qd hqwuhjdgrv vhuylÇrv1 WdpeÉp uhvvdowrx txh qÃr vh gh0yh ghl{du gh odgr d ydorul}dÇÃr gr wudedokr grsurilvvlrqdo 6G qd ghwhuplqdÇÃr gr suhÇr grvhuylÇr1 R sÚeolfr vrwhursrolwdqr mÁ frqkhfld rWhlvvrq IuÓhv/ ghylgr d vxd sduwlflsdÇÃr yld wh0ohfrqihuÊqfld qr Eohqghu Gd| 533</ rfdvlÃr qdtxdo idorx vreuh xvr 6G hp sÓv0surgxÇÃr gh ilo0phv sxeolflwÁulrv1 Frpr glfd gh ghpdqgdv grphufdgr/ IuÓhv lqglfrx rv dqlpdgruhv frpr rvsurilvvlrqdlv pdlv surfxudgrv qr prphqwr htxh d Áuhd gh mrjrv wdpeÉp whp vh prvwudgrsurplvvrud1

D Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh wdpeÉp hvwhyhuhsuhvhqwdgd sru xp grv surilvvlrqdlv suhvhqwhvqd Eohqghu Sur 5344/ r Fduorv Hgxdugr +Fdgxql0fr,/ uhvsrqvÁyho shod duwh gdv fdsdv h rxwudvloxvwudÇÕhv gd uhylvwd1 Fdgxqlfr wudedokd frpEohqghu kÁ 4 dqr/ shvtxlvdqgr vreuh fdswxud ghprylphqwr qr oderudwÓulr Ylvjudi gr Lpsd +Lqvwl0wxwr Qdflrqdo gh PdwhpÁwlfd Sxud h Dsolfdgd,1Vreuh r xvr gh Eohqghu sdud d fuldÇÃr gdv fd0sdv gd Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh/ r duwlvwd ghvwdfd dq� 64/ fxmd whpÁwlfd irl UreÓwlfd Olyuh/ qd txdo

whyh %xpd rsruwxqlgdgh sdud eulqfdu gh prghod0jhp%1 Frp uhodÇÃr dr hyhqwr/ Fdgxqlfr frqvl0ghud txh %É xp lqfhqwlyr sud txhp hvwÁfkhjdqgr h gh uhflfodjhp sdud txhp dwxd qrphufdgr%1 Vh krxyhvvhp pdlv hyhqwrv frprhvwh qr sdÍv rv vriwzduhv olyuhv juÁilfrv qr Eud0vlo mÁ hvwduldp pdlv srsxoduhv qdv surgxwrudv%1

Sdud txhp ilfrx lqwhuhvvdgr/ r suÓ{lprhyhqwr mÁ whp vhgh= EudvÍold/ xp orfdo fhqwudotxh ghyh idyruhfhu d lgd gh surilvvlrqdlv gh wr0gr r sdÍv sdud d hglÇÃr 5345 gr Eohqghu Sur1Hvwlyh suhvhqwh qd hglÇÃr 5344 h dylvr= É lqghv0fulwÍyho$

^4` 0 kwws=22zzz1eohqghu1sur1eu2^5` 0 kwws=22zzz1eohqghu1ruj2^6` 0 kwws=22zzz1|rxwxeh1frp2zdwfkBy@hUvJ|xhYOyT^7` 0 kwws=22zzz1eohqghu1frp1eu2

�:<Uhylvwd HvsÍulwr Olyuh � Gh}hpeur 5344 � kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

HYHQWR � EOHQGHU SUR 5344

P´QLFD SD] É phvwuh h grxwrudqgd hpFlehufxowxud h edfkduho hp FlÊqfld gdFrpsxwdÇÃr shod XIED1 Wzlwwhu=Cprqlfdsd}}

Page 81: Revista
Page 82: Revista
Page 83: Revista
Page 84: Revista

TXDGULQKRVTXDGULQKRV

Sru#U|dq#Fduwzuljkw/#MrÃr#Iholsh#Vrduhv#Vloyd#Qhwr#h#MrvÉ#Mdphv#Whl{hlud

�;7Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh#�#Gh}hpeur#5344#�#kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Page 85: Revista

TXDGULQKRV

�;8Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh#�#Gh}hpeur#5344#�#kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Page 86: Revista

TXDGULQKRV

�;9Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh#�#Gh}hpeur#5344#�#kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Page 87: Revista

TXDGULQKRV

Sru=#MrÃr#Iholsh#Vrduhv#Vloyd#Qhwr#

�;:Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh#�#Gh}hpeur#5344#�#kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Page 88: Revista

�;;

TXDGULQKRV

Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh#�#Gh}hpeur#5344#�#kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

Page 89: Revista

�;<Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh#�#Gh}hpeur#5344#�#kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

TXDGULQKRV

Page 90: Revista

�<3Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh#�#Gh}hpeur#5344#�#kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj

TXDGULQKRV

Page 91: Revista

MDQHLUR#5345Hyhqwr=# FVD# Lqqrydwlrq#FrqihuhqfhGdwd=#5923425345Orfdo=#Vdqwd#Fodud/#FD#0#HXD

Hyhqwr=#GuxsdoGd|#FdpslqdvGdwd=#5;23425345Orfdo=#Fdpslqdv2VS

Hyhqwr=#Kdfnlqj#Gd|# 0#Fruxmd#gh#WLGdwd=#5;23425345Orfdo=#VÃr#Sdxor2VS

IHYHUHLUR#5345Hyhqwr=# Fdpsxv# Sduw|# Eudvlo#5345Gdwd=#39#d#4523525345Orfdo=#VÃr#Sdxor2VS

Hyhqwr=#Vhpdqd#LSy9Gdwd=#39#d#4523525345Orfdo=#VÃr#Sdxor2VS

Hyhqwr=#Preloh#Zruog#FrqjuhvvGdwd=#5:235#d#3423625345Orfdo=#Edufhorqd#0#Hvsdqkd

Hyhqwr=#UVD#Frqihuhqfh#5345Gdwd=#5:235#d#3523625345Orfdo=#Vdq#Iudqflvfr/#FD#0#HXD

PDU§R#5345Hyhqwr=#LEP#Sxovh#5345Gdwd=#37#d#3:23625345Orfdo=#Odv#Yhjdv/#QY#0#HXD

Hyhqwr=#FhELWGdwd=#39#d#4323625345Orfdo=#Kdqqryhu#0#Dohpdqkd

Hyhqwr=#Forxg#FrqqhfwGdwd=#46#d#4923625345Orfdo=#Vdqwd#Fodud/#FD#0#HXD

Hyhqwr=#8�#HVODPGdwd=#48#d#4:23625345Orfdo=#Pdqdxv2DP

Hyhqwr=#Grfxphqw#Iuhhgrp#Gd|Gdwd=#5;23625345Orfdo=#Hp#glyhuvdv#flgdghv

DEULO#5345Hyhqwr=#IOLVRO#5345Gdwd=#5;23725345Orfdo=#Hp#yÁuldv#flgdghv

PDLR#5345Hyhqwr=#<�#FRQWHFVLGdwd=#63238#d#3423925345Orfdo=#VÃr#Sdxor2VS

Hyhqwr=#ELWV#5345Gdwd=#48#d#4:23825345Orfdo=#Sruwr#Dohjuh2UV

DJHQGD#�#R#TXH#W¡#URODQGR#QR#PXQGR#GH#WL

DJHQGD

Uhylvwd#HvsÍulwr#Olyuh#�#Gh}hpeur#5344#�#kwws=22uhylvwd1hvslulwrolyuh1ruj �<4

##############D#Úqlfd#frlvd#txh#vdehprv#vreuh#r#ixwxur#É#txh#hoh#vhuÁ#glihuhqwh1

Shwhu#Guxfnhu/#iloÓvrir#h#dgplqlvwudgru

Irqwh=#Zlnltxrwh

HQWUH#DVSDV#�#FLWD§µHV#H#RXWUDV#IUDVHV#F©OHEUHV