REVISION 2º BTO

REVISION 2º BTOREVISION 2º BTO

Present simple

+-?

he/ she / it : -s -es (plays, goes)

Conson + y = – ies (study- studies)O = es (go – goes)S, x, ch, sh = es (watch- watches/ mix-mixes)

Don`tDoesn´t

+ verb We don´t studyShe doesn´t study

A + S + V ? Do you study ?Does she study?

We study EnglishMy sister watches TV

present continuousAmIsAre

+ V-ing

V monosilábicos q terminan en 1 vocal + 1 cons., doblan cons. Run—running swim—swimmingV de dos sílabas y acento en la 2ª, doblan consonante Begin—beginningVerbos que acaban en l , doblan l Travel—travellingVerbos que acaban en -ie , cambia a y + ing Die—dying

+I am studying you are studying he is studying

-I am not studyingYou aren´t studyingHe isn´t studying

? A + S + V ? Am I studying?Are you studying?Is he studying?

Study- studyingPlay-playing

Present simpleThe simple present is used for two main types of action:

actions which happen regularly o on Sundays o Frequency Adverbs : -always, usually, often – o every day, every week, Once a month, etc.

Habits

States Things which do not often change ( opinions, conditions, etc)

present continuous

A temporary action happening now : Something which is going on right now (but it will stop in the future) Algo que está ocurriendo ahora pero parará en el futuro) A definite plan for the future : Something we intend to do, usually in the near future. Algo que tenemos la intención de hacer en un futuro cercano

The present continuous tense is used for two main types of action:

There are some verbs that you don't usually use in the continuous form, just as in

Spanish.

Generally speaking they're verbs that describe states and not actions, such as these:

verbs describing thought processes and opinions:

think, believe, remember, know, forget, agree, disagree…

verbs describing emotions:

want, like, love, hate, adore, detest…

verbs describing the senses:

see, hear, taste, feel, smell…

This doesn't mean that it's impossible to use these verbs in the continuous. It just means that it's unusual and would probably be very specific in a particular situation.

Non-continuous verbs / Stative verbs

Frequency adverbs and time expressions

Always

Usually

Often

Sometimes

Hardly ever

Never

Every day

Once a day / week / month..

Twice a day / week / month..

Three times a day / week / month..

Twelve times a day / week / month..

How often..?

Before the verb She often plays golf

After to be They are always hungry

At the end of the sentence

I do yoga twice a week

Past Simple

♦ Monosyllabic ending in 1 vowel+1 conson, double conson Stop—stopped♦ 2 syllables & stress in the 2nd, double consonant Permit—permitted♦ V ending in conson + y i + ed Study—studied Vowel + y + ed play - played

Suj + +

-

?

V+ -ed

2nd colI played I sang

Suj + didn´t + verb

I didn´t playI didn´t sing Did+ Suj + verb ?

Did you play?Did you sing?A+S+V ?

Use Use Past and finished actions.

We visited the museum last week

A series of completed actions in the past When I opened the door, the dog barked at the postman.

Past states. The old lady lived in this house in 1887

TIME EXPRESSIONS

Yesterday last week/year

2 days ago In 2002 in

the 80s when then

+-?

I was playing You were singing

I wasn´t playingYou weren´t singingWas I playing?

Were you singing?

Remember

I , He , She , It

Was/ wasn´t

Were/weren´t

You, we, they

Past Continuous

WasWere

+ V-ing

WasWere

+ V-ingSuj +

Wasn´tWeren´t + V-ingSuj +

WasWere

+ Suj + V-ing

Time expressions:

While , as , last night / week , at 3 o´clock

A+S+V ?

Usos :1. Para decir lo que estaba ocurriendo en un momento concreto del

pasado (no algo puntual, sino algo en proceso). La acción comenzó antes de dicho momento y seguramente continuó después.

Fíjate que suelen expresar acciones largas. I was studying all day yesterday I studied all day yesterday

Parece q la acción d estudiar fue algo muy largo

Solamente informas, no quieresdar la idea de cuánto tiempopasaste estudiando

2. Para 2 acciones que estuvieron ocurriendo al mismo tiempo.

While you were reading the newspaper, I was doing my homework

3. Para la mas larga de las acciones, que suele ser interrumpida x una mas breve.

I was walking by the street when it began to rain.

Present perfect

HaveHas

+ V-ed3ª col

+-

?

I have workedShe has written

I haven´t workedShe hasn´t written

Have you worked?Has she written ? A+S+V ?

Time expressions

Ever , never , yet , just ,

Already , lately , how long..?

For , since , in recent years

TIME EXPRESSIONS•EVER : (Interrogativas)(“alguna vez”) Entre el auxiliar y el verbo. Have you ever been to London? •NEVER : (“Nunca”) Siempre con el verbo afirmativa. I have never seen a class like this.

•FOR : Indica un periodo de tiempo, cuánto ha durado una acción. (durante-desde hace)

I´ve known him for twenty years. (Le conozco desde hace 20 años)

DURING: + noun . Indica cuando ocurrió algo (not how long)

during our holiday during the summer during the night

•SINCE : Indica el momento o circunstancia concreta en que comenzó la acción. I´ve known her since 1994. (La conozco desde 1994)

•JUST : Indica que la acción acaba de concluir. Va entre el auxiliar y el verbo. Have + just + Past Participle = “acabar de + infinitivo” I´ve just washed my hair ( Me acabo de lavar el pelo).

•ALREADY : Va con oraciones afirmativas e interrogativas. (Entre el auxiliar y el verbo).( “ Ya” ) I´ve already seen that film ( Ya he visto esa película) Have you already washed the dishes? (¿Ya has lavado los platos?)

•YET : Va con oraciones negativas e interrogativas. ( Al final de la frase) Negativas. (aún,todavía). I haven´t found it yet. (Aún no lo he encontrado) Interrogativas (“ya”) Has the doctor come yet? (¿Ha venido ya el médico?)

usos Para hablar de experiencias y hechos pasados que han ocurrido a lo largo del tiempo sin especificar el momento.  I have eaten Chinese food many times  Para hablar de acciones que aún continúan aunque empezaron tiempo atrás.(Suele llevar “for” y “since” ). Las preguntas se hacen con “How long..?”  I´ve lived here for five years ( Vivo aquí desde hace 5 años-todavía vivo aquí)  Para acciones que ocurrieron en un momento indeterminado del pasado y cuyo resultado podemos ver.  We´ve painted the kitchen

Expresar que una acción acaba de ocurrir. Entonces añadimos “just” entre el aux. y el verbo

The team has just scored a goal

CONTRASTE PAST SIMPLE / PRESENT PERFECTPast Simple: acciones que ocurrieron en un momento concreto del

pasado.

When did Sam go to India? Last June

Present Perfect: experiencias que han ocurrido en algún momento

indeterminado.

Sam has been to India.

Past Simple: acciones completamente acabadas. I lived in India in 1992.

Present Perfect: acciones que comenzaron en el pasado pero que

continúan en el presente. I´ve lived in India since 1992.

Past Simple: se acompaña de expresiones de tiempo pasado yesterday,

2 years ago.

Present Perfect: se acompaña con ever, never, yet, already….

Present perfect

continuous

Present perfect of “to be”

Have beenHas been + V-ing

+

-

?

I have been workingShe has been studying

I haven´t been workingShe hasn´t been studying

Have you been working ?Has she been studying ?

Time expressions For a year , since 2002 ,

how long..?

All day / night / week …

Use

An action that started in the past and which still continues in the present. Or has recently stopped. (Como todos los contínuos resalta el tiempo que está durando la acción)

( llevar + gerundio)

You´re out of breath. Have you been running? She has been working here for 2 years Actions repeated over a period of time. She´s been playing tennis since she was 8 An action whose results are still apparent. I´m still tired.. I have been studying all night

Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous

Period of time: I´ve been washing the car. I´m rather wet

Completed action: I´ve washed the car. It looks a lot cleaner now

The CONTINUOUS here focuses on the action going on

The SIMPLE focuses on the result of the action

Continuous : For an activity that is still happening. How long ? How long have you been reading that book?

Simple : Completed actions. How much? How many? How many times? How many pages of the book have you read?

Mary is still writing letters. She´s been writing letters all dayMary has written ten letters today.

•Non-continuous verbs: like, know, believe, etc. Not normally used in CONTLive & work : we use either CONTINUOUS or SIMPLE John has been living/has lived in London for a long time

With “always” we use the SIMPLE . John has always lived in London

Past

perfectHad +

V-ed3ª col

+

-

?

I had worked

I hadn´t worked

Had you worked ?

Time expressions

Already , by the time, after ,

Before, Until , never , just

Use

A completed action which took place before another action in the past

By the time we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started

Present FuturePastPast Perfect

By + a time = no later than

I´ll have finished my work by 11:30

(I´ll have finished it no later than 11:30)

Past perfect

continuousPast perfect of “to be”

had been + V-ing

+

-

?

I had been

I hadn´t been

Had you been ?

Time expressions For hours , since last year

All morning , when , until , before

Use

Para hablar de una acción prolongada que ocurrió en el pasado antes que otra acción breve también pasada. Suelen ir unidas por una expresiónde tiempo de las del cuadro, o “although” , “because”.

We had been driving for 5 hours when we ran out of petrol.

(llevaba + gerundio)

Future

TO BE GOING TO + INFINITIVO ( Futuro de intención)

• Para hablar de nuestras intenciones, planes cercanos, o preguntar a otros lo que han pensado hacer en un futuro próximo.

Next week I´m going to celebrate my birthday.

•Para hacer predicciones basadas en una evidencia en el momento en que hablamos.

Listen to the wind. It´s going to be a storm.

FUTURE SIMPLE will + inf

• Para expresar decisiones espontáneas en el momento en que hablamos (ofrecimientos, peticiones, promesas, advertencias, amenazas..)

I think you´ll learn this very quickly

The window is open. Don´t worry I´ll close it•Para hacer predicciones basadas en nuestra opinión.

He won´t come.

FUTURE CONTINUOUSFuture de “to be” + V-ing

+

-?

I will be studying

I won´t be studying

Will you be studying ?

Time expressions

At this time, at this time next…

On Thursday , in the next decade

Use

An action in progress at a certain time in the future

At this time next year, I will be studying Law in Madrid

FUTURE perfect Future de “have” +V-ed3ª col

+-?

I will have studied

I won´t have studied

Will you have studied?

Time expressions By this time next week,

by 10 o´clock…, In three monthsUse

A completed action at a certain time in the future. By the end of June, we will have finished our exams

1.When you get home from the shop, I ……………………… (help) you carry

in the bags.

2.By the end of the school year, I ……………………… (speak) French

very well.

3.……………………… you ……………………… (pay) the water bill yesterday?

4.We ……………………… (not usually eat) a big meal in the evening.

5.While he ……………………… (reach) for his cup of coffee, he

accidentally knocked it over.

6.Next week, Emma ……………………… (visit) me.

7.Today, our teacher ……………………… (take) us to the British

Museum in London.

Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use a present, past or future tense.

will help

will be speaking

Did pay

don’t usually eat

was reaching

is going to visit / is visitingis taking / is going to take

Reported speech

El estilo indirecto (reported speech) se usa para contar lo que alguien ha dicho sin citar exactamente sus palabras.

Podemos contar en presente lo que alguien acaba de decir, para lo cual basta Con quitar las comillas y cambiar el pronombre sujeto y la persona del verbo.

“ I am tired” He says that he is tired

Pero lo normal es que el verbo que introduce la subordinada en estilo indirecto(say o tell, normalmente) vaya en pasado, y entonces el cambio más importantees que el verbo de la subordinada da un salto atrás ( de present simple a Past simple, de éste a past perfect, etc)

“I like noodles” He said that he liked noodles

Además de suprimir las comillas y cambiar los tiempos verbales, tambiénes necesario que hagamos algunos cambios en los pronombres y en las expresiones de tiempo y de lugar.

La oración subordinada va introducida por “ that” , aunque en inglés habladose suele omitir.

Cuando la frase enuncia una verdad general no hay cambio en los tiemposverbales.

“Crime is punished by the law”, she said

She said that crime is punished by the law

Cambios en los tiempos verbales

Tense Direct Speech Tense Indirect Speech

Present simple “He works as an editor” Past simple He said that he worked as an editor

Present continuous “He is working as an editor”

Past continuous

He said that he was working as an editor

Past simple “He worked as an editor” Past perfect He said that he had worked as an editor

Past continuous “He was working as an editor”

Past perfect continuous

He said that he had been working as an editor

Present perfect simple

“He has worked as an editor”

Past perfect He said that he had worked as an editor

Present perfect continuous

“He has been working as an editor”

Present perfect continuous

He said that he had been working as an editor

Past perfect simple

“He had worked as an editor”

Past perfect simple

He said that he had worked as an editor

Past perfect continuous

“He had been working as an editor”

Past perfect continuous

He said that he had been working as an editor

Future simple “He will work as an editor” Would + infin. He said that he would work as an editor

Cambios en los modales

Can

May

Must / have to

Will

Could

Might

Must / had to

Would

Cambios en otras palabrasNow Then

Today That day

Tonight That night

Yesterday The previous day / the day before

Last week The previous week / the week before

A month ago The previous month / the month before

Tomorrow The following day / the next day / the day after

Next week The following week / the week after

Here There

This That

These Those

Reported questionsHay dos tipos de preguntas:

LAS YES / NO QUESTIONS son las que se contestan con un “si” o un “no”.

para ponerlas en estilo indirecto utilizamos el verbo ask, y a continuación if o whether.

Entonces la pregunta deja de serlo y se convierte en una frase afirmativa, ya no hay

inversión sujeto-verbo(A+S+V), ni signo de interrogación, ni comillas.

“Did you speak to John last night?” She asked

She asked if / whether I had spoken to John the last night

aux suj verb

LAS WH-QUESTIONS son las que empiezan por una palabra interrogativa (Wh- word)

Al pasarlas al estilo indirecto ponemos dicha palabra (wh-) y luego el sujeto + verbo.

►Who told you that story? She asked

She asked who had told us that story

► Where did you go last summer? He asked me

He asked me where I had gone the previous summer

Sujeto → no aux

suj

suj

Who are you writing to? She asked

She asked who I was writing to

Reported orders Para poner una orden en estilo indirecto cambiamos el imperativo por un infinitivo con to.

Pero antes del infinitivo debemos poner un verbo que exprese mandato, como

Tell u order , seguido del complemento indirecto.

“Stop driving so fast”. My mother ordered me to stop driving so fast.

Si la oración es negativa , ponemos not delante de to.

“Don´t tell anybody” He begged me not to tell anybody

Hay otros verbos que siguen esta estructura aunque no expresen orden

Suj+ reporting verb+ obj. Ind + (not) + to infinitive

Suj+reporting verb+(not) + to infinitive

AgreeOfferPromiseRefuseThreaten

He promised not to tell anyone

AdviseAskInviteOrderRecommendRemindWarn Beg

He begged her to sing it againShe advised them to study harder

Reported suggestions

Para pasar una sugerencia a estilo indirecto pondremos el sujeto + suggested.

Tiene dos construcciones:

usando una oración introducida por that.

“Let´s watch the news” Tom suggested

Tom suggested that we (should) watch the news

Usando el gerundio, sin especificar ningún sujeto.

“ Let´s phone the police inmediately”

He suggested phoning the police inmediately

Las sugerencias se suelen expresar…Let´s go to the cinemaWhy don´t we go to the cinema?Shall we go to the cinema?

“Let´s not argue again”, the teacher said

The teacher suggested not arguing againThe teacher suggested that they(should) not argue again

Suj+reporting verb+(not)+ V ing

Suggest Apologize forDenyRecommend