Review of Community Conservancies in Kenya Mohammed Said 1 , Philip Osano 1, 2, 3 , Jan de Leeuw 1 , Shem Kifugo 1 , Dickson Kaelo 4 , Claire Bedelian 1,5 , and Caroline Bosire 6 (1) International Livestock Research Institute; (2) Dept. of Geography, McGill University, Canada; (3) Africa Technology Policies Studies Network (ATPS); (4) Basecamp Foundation; (5) University College of London ; (6) University of Twente, The Netherlands Enabling Livestock Based Economies in Kenya to Adapt to Climate Change: A Review of PES from Wildlife Tourism as a Climate Change Adaptation Option, ILRI, Nairobi, 15 February 2012
Presented by Mohammed Said, Philip Osano, Jan de Leeuw, Shem Kifugo, Dickson Kaelo, Claire Bedelian and Caroline Bosire at the Workshop on Enabling Livestock Based Economies in Kenya to Adapt to Climate Change: A Review of PES from Wildlife Tourism as a Climate Change Adaptation Option, ILRI, Nairobi, 15 February 2012
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Review of Community Conservancies in Kenya
Mohammed Said1, Philip Osano1, 2, 3, Jan de Leeuw1, Shem Kifugo1, Dickson Kaelo4 ,Claire Bedelian1,5, and Caroline Bosire6
(1) International Livestock Research Institute; (2) Dept. of Geography, McGill University, Canada; (3) Africa Technology Policies Studies Network (ATPS); (4) Basecamp Foundation;
(5) University College of London ; (6) University of Twente, The Netherlands
Enabling Livestock Based Economies in Kenya to Adapt to Climate Change: A Review of PES from Wildlife Tourism as a Climate Change Adaptation Option, ILRI, Nairobi, 15 February 2012
What is happening in Kenya RangelandsWhat is happening in Kenya Rangelands
1. Biodiversity loss – wildlife declined by 50-70% in ASALs in the period 70s-2009 (Norton-Griffiths & Said 2010; Western et al 2009)
2. Livestock populations – vary year to year in response to rainfall, increase 0.6% per annum, high offtake
3. High poverty rates in pastoral communities
4. Emergence of conservancies – more than 40
5. Initiative for communities to benefit from wildlife revenue - Payments for Wildlife Conservation (PWC)
Photo credit: Philip Osano
Shifts in Land Management in ASALs
Land Tenure
Communal
Privatized
Mobility
Open
Closed
Tourism Benefits
Latent
Gone
Payments for Wildlife Conservation (PWC)
Land Lease
Wildlife trend and Poverty
Wildlife Density1970s
WILDLIFE DENSITY
(tropical livestock unit per sq. km)
> 125
45 - 125
15 - 45
0 - 15
No observation of wildlife
No data
OTHER FEATURES
District boundaries
National parks and reserves
Water bodies
Wildlife Density 1990s
Source: WRI, ILRI, DRSRS, CBS 2007
Wildlife Density in 1990s Poverty Rate in 1999
Source: WRI, ILRI, DRSRS, CBS 2007
WILDLIFE DENSITY
(tropical livestock unit per sq. km)
> 125
45 - 125
15 - 45
0 - 15
No observation of wildlife
No data
OTHER FEATURES
District boundaries
National parks and reserves
Water bodies
POVERTY RATE
(percent of the population below the poverty line)
> 65
55 - 65
45 - 55
35 - 45
<= 35
No data
Data calculated by Constituency
OTHER FEATURES
District boundaries
Constituency boundaries
Selected national parks and reserves
Water bodies
Evolution of Conservancies
Conservancy Geo-database
• Gathered and complied from NGOs, and research groups (such as Kenya Wildlife Service, African Conservation Centre, African Wildlife Foundation, Northern Rangeland Trust, The Wildlife Foundation),
• Local communities (Olare Orok Conservancy, Naiboisho Conservancy, BaseCamp Foundation, OlKiramatian Group Ranch, SORALO, individual conservancies in Kajiado)
• Reports, publications and maps (hard and soft copy)
• Internet
• Personal communication
• Compiled the geo-database and added other auxiliary data such year of establishment, number of members, area, project type, land tenure, funders, etc.,
Lodwar
Marsabit
Garissa
Mombasa
NAIROBI
Nanyuki
Isiolo
Lodwar
Narok
100 0 100 200 Kilometers
I (humid)II (sub-humid)III (semi-humid)IV (semi-humid to semi-arid)V (semi-arid)VI (arid)VII (very arid)
1990s2000sNo data
N
ConservanciesEstablished
Ratio between conservancies and PA
Evolution of conservancies in the Kenya Rangeland
Typology of the conservancies in the Kenya Rangelands
Photos: Rob O’Meara, Sarah O’MearaSource of Information: Olare Orok Conservancy Trust publication
DistrictLand tenure
categoryNumber of Conservancies
Baringo Trust land 1Garissa Trust land 1Kajiado Group Ranch 10Kajiado Private 6Kwale Private 1Laikipia Group Ranch 5Marsabit Trust land 1Narok Private 8Samburu Group Ranch 6Samburu Trust land 2
Typology of the conservancies in the Kenya Rangelands
Land sub-division in the Mara
5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Kilometers
Masai MaraGame Reserve
Typology of the conservancies in the Kenya Rangelands
District Project typeNumber of Conservancies
Baringo Program 1Garissa Program 1Kajiado Market 9Kajiado Program 6Kajiado Unknown 1Kwale Program 1Laikipia Program 5Marsabit Program 1Narok Market 7Narok Program 1Samburu Unknown 2Samburu Program 6
Photos: Rob O’Meara, Sarah O’MearaSource of Information: Olare Orok Conservancy Trust publication
Market – Olare Orok
Photos: Rob O’Meara, Sarah O’MearaSource of Information: Olare Orok Conservancy Trust publication
Case Study Sites
ConservanciesStudy Sites
40 0 40 80 120 160 200 Kilometers
N
Olare OrokKitengela
Olkiramatian
NarokNarok
KajiadoKajiado
ConservanciesStudy Sites
40 0 40 80 120 160 200 Kilometers
N
Olare OrokKitengela
Olkiramatian
NarokNarok
KajiadoKajiado
Evolution of the Mara Conservancies
Land tenure and policy changes in the Mara
• In 1911, the Maasai lost about 60% of their best land and pastures
• They were moved from northern reserves to southern reserves
• Land tenure is changing from Group ranches to private ownership
• Subdivision as been followed by land intensification
• Since 2006 land around the Mara have consolidated to form the conservancies
Wildlife densities
Species richness - wildlife
Ministry
Olare-Orok Conservancy (OOC)
• Located next to Maasai Mara National Reserve (MMNR)
1. Post-privatisation land reconsolidation for wildlife and livestock mobility is taking place in conservancies around the Maasai Mara National Reserve (MMNR)
2. Total area of the eight (8) Conservancies in Narok district (~ 92,000 ha) is more than half (61%) of the area of Maasai Mara National Reserve itself (150,000 ha)
3. Local community earn more than Ksh 0.25 billion annually, now paid directly to households on a flat rate based on land holdings; contrast to earlier indirect arrangements
Biodiversity outcomes
Vision 2030
Securing Wildlife Corridors
Trends of wildebeest and sheep & goats in the Mara Ecosystem
Source: Ogutu, Owen-Smith, Piepho and Said 2011
MaraKitengela
Olkiramatian
• Connectivity dispersal and wildlife corridors (Vision 2030)
• Conservation of meta-population
• Restoration of degraded lands, wildlife and ecosystem services
Wildlife dispersal areas and corridors
Competing land uses
• Agriculture
• Irrigation
• Urban development
• Biofuels - rangeland
Conservancies and wildlife corridors and dispersal areas
Acknowledgements
International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) (www.ilri.org)
McGill University (www.mcgill.ca) -Department of Geography and Department of Anthropology -McGill Institute for International Development Studies (IIDS)
International Development Research Center (IDRC), Canada (www.idrc.ca)
University College, London (UCL), Department of Anthropology
Africa Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS) (www.atpsnet.org)
National Environment Research Council (NERC)-ESPA (NERC grant NE/1003673)
Association for the Strengthening of Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA grant PAAP/09/02) (http://www.asareca.org/)
World Resource Institute (WRI) (www.wri.org)
Various partners and collaborators in Kenya (Kenya Wildlife Services, Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing, African Conservation Centre, Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, African Wildlife Foundation)
Local community and NGOs - Local community in Mara, Northern Rangeland Trust, The Wildlife Foundation, Olare Orok Conservancy, Naiboisho Conservancy, BaseCamp Foundation, OlKiramatian Group Ranch, SORALO
• Community mobilization, design and partnership arrangements in Conservancies (Dickson Kaelo)
• PWC as a coping strategy under different conservancy institutional arrangements: comparative analysis of 3 wildlife conservancies in Kenyan Rangelands (Regina and Philip)
• SWOT Analysis of Institutional Arrangements in the Conservancies (Sarah)