Membran luar permiabel terhadap berbagai substansi yang mempunyai berat molekul berkisar 5.000 dalton
Permiabilitas membran dalam terbatas, khususnya terhadap substansi-substansi dengan berat molekul berkisar 100-150 dalton (Sheeler & Bianchi, 1983).
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + Energi
1. 1.
2.2.
3.3.
Perombakan molekul
Oksidasi (Dehidrogenasi
)
Pemindahan energi
(Fosforilasi)
Molekul-molekul orgamik
Intermediat
Donor H & O2
H2O
ADP, P ATP
CO2
Enzim
ReaksiReaksi EnzimEnzim Koenzim, ion energiKoenzim, ion energi Dihambat olehDihambat oleh
1.1.2.2.3.3.4.4.5.5.6.6.7.7.8.8.9.9.
10.10.11.11.12.12.13.13.14.14.15.15.
Fosforilase patiFosforilase patiFosfoglikomutaseFosfoglikomutaseGlukokinaseGlukokinaseFosfohexose-isomeraseFosfohexose-isomeraseFruktokinaseFruktokinaseFosfofruktokinaseFosfofruktokinaseAldolaseAldolaseIsomeraseIsomerase3-Fosfogliseraldehida 3-Fosfogliseraldehida dehidrogenasedehidrogenaseFosfogliserokinaseFosfogliserokinaseFosfogliseromutaseFosfogliseromutaseEnolaseEnolasePiruvat kinasePiruvat kinaseAsetildehida dekarboxilaseAsetildehida dekarboxilaseAlkohol dehidrogenaseAlkohol dehidrogenase
P anP anMgMg++++
MgMg++++ , ATP , ATP--MgMg++++ , ATP , ATPMgMg++++ , ATP , ATP----NAD/NADP , P anNAD/NADP , P an
ADP, MgADP, Mg++ ++
MgMg++++
MgMg++++
MgMg++++ , K , K++ , ADP , ADP--ZnZn++++ , NAD/NADP , NAD/NADP
----DialisaDialisa----DialisaDialisa----IodoasetatIodoasetat
DialisaDialisa--NaFNaF------
Lemak
Gliserol
As. Lemak
As. Piruvat
Asetil CoA
Siklus Krebs
CO2
As. Amino (3C)
As. Amino (3C)
Protein
Hidrat arang
Glukosa
1 2 3
Dalam Keadaan Aerob, Jalur Shuttle DHAP-Gliserol fosfat, NADH ekuivalen 2 ATP.
Dalam Keadaan Aerob, Jalur Shuttle Oksaloasetat-Malat, NADH ekuivalen 3 ATP
Stage 1Hexokinase
Phosphoglucoseisomerase
Phosphofructo-kinase
Aldolase
TIM
Phosphoryl transfer reaction. Kinases transfer phosphate from ATP to an acceptor. Hexokinase has a more general specificity in that it can transfer phosphate to other sugars such as mannose.
The conversion of an aldose to a ketose.
Stage 2Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatedehydrogenase
Phosphoglyceratekinase
Phosphoglyceratemutase
Enolase
Pyruvate kinase
Dehydration reaction
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Glucose + 2NAD+ + 2ADP + 2Pi-->2 pyruvate + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2ATP + 2H2O
Cellular respiration is the process of breaking down glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water and ATP.
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces 32 ATP molecules per glucose.
Homolactic fermentation (muscle)
Alcoholic fermentation (yeast)
Step 1: Citrate synthaseCondensation of oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA. ΔG°’ = -31.5 kJ/mol
Citrate synthase mechanismCitrate synthase mechanism
Step 2: AconitaseReversible isomerization, dehydration/hydration mechanism
Step 3: Isocitrate dehydrogenaseOxidative decarboxylation, generation of NADH
Step 4: α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenaseOxidative decarboxylation, similar to PDH (share E3)
Step 5: Succinyl-CoA synthetaseSubstrate-level phosphorylation
Step 6: Succinate dehydrogenaseOxidation of alkane to alkene, membrane bound!
Step 7: FumaraseHydration reaction
Step 8: Malate dehydrogenaseRegeneration of malate, endergonic
Quosien Respirasi (QR) dapat Quosien Respirasi (QR) dapat dihitung dengan menggunakan rasio :dihitung dengan menggunakan rasio :
Vol. dari CO2 dihasilkanVol. dari CO2 dihasilkanQR = QR =
Vol. dari O2 digunakanVol. dari O2 digunakan
Quosien Respirasi (QR) dapat Quosien Respirasi (QR) dapat dihitung dengan menggunakan rasio :dihitung dengan menggunakan rasio :
Vol. dari CO2 dihasilkanVol. dari CO2 dihasilkanQR = QR =
Vol. dari O2 digunakanVol. dari O2 digunakan
TemperaturTemperatur OksigenOksigen COCO22 CahayaCahaya Garam-garam anorganikGaram-garam anorganik Stimulasi mekanikStimulasi mekanik LukaLuka InfeksiInfeksi Keadaan protoplasmaKeadaan protoplasma Bahan bakarBahan bakar Hidrasi Hidrasi
Respiration StepsRespiration Steps3.3. Rantai transpor Rantai transpor
elektronelektron Fosforilasi oksidatifFosforilasi oksidatif Rangkaian protein di Rangkaian protein di
dalam mitokondria dalam mitokondria membantu membantu memindahkan elektron memindahkan elektron (e) dari NADH ke (e) dari NADH ke oksigen.oksigen.Melepaskan sejumlah Melepaskan sejumlah energienergi
Berlangsung pada Berlangsung pada membran dalam membran dalam mitokondria (Protein mitokondria (Protein terikat membran)terikat membran)
http://www.uccs.edu/~rmelamed/MicroFall2002/Chapter%205/ch05.htm
Respiration StepsRespiration Steps
Energi yang Energi yang dilepaskan dilepaskan digunakan untuk digunakan untuk reaksi ADP + P reaksi ADP + P →→ ATP ATP
Sejumlah ATP Sejumlah ATP dihasilkandihasilkan
Oksigen Oksigen diperlukan untuk diperlukan untuk langkah inilangkah ini
Dihasilkan airDihasilkan airhttp://www.uccs.edu/~rmelamed/MicroFall2002/Chapter%205/
ch05.htm
Redox ReactionsRedox ReactionsDidasarkan pada perpindahan elektron sepanjang reaksi kimia
Relokasi elektron melepaskan energi, disimpan didalam molekul makanan dan energi ini digunakan untuk sintesis ATP
Perpindahan elektron disebut reaksi oksidasi reduksi (reaksi redoks)
Pelepasan eektron dari suatu unsur disebut oksidasi
Penambahan elektron kepada unsur yang lain disebut reduksi
B. B. NADNAD++ Is a Carrier Is a Carrier of Electronsof Electrons
Electrons received by NADElectrons received by NAD++ and and FAD are high-energy electrons FAD are high-energy electrons and are carried to the electron and are carried to the electron transport system.transport system.
C.C. Metabolic Pathways Metabolic Pathways Are RequiredAre Required
GlycolysisGlycolysis is the breakdown of is the breakdown of glucose to two molecules of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate.pyruvate.
1)1) Enough energy is released Enough energy is released for immediate buildup of two ATP.for immediate buildup of two ATP.
2)2) Glycolysis takes place Glycolysis takes place outside the mitochondria and outside the mitochondria and does not utilize oxygen.does not utilize oxygen.
C.C. Metabolic Pathways Metabolic Pathways Are RequiredAre Required
The The Transition ReactionTransition Reaction: pyruvate : pyruvate is oxidized to an acetyl group and is oxidized to an acetyl group and COCO22 is removed. is removed.
C.C. Metabolic Pathways Metabolic Pathways Are RequiredAre Required
The The Krebs CycleKrebs Cycle 1)1) This series of reactions This series of reactions
gives off COgives off CO22 and produces ATP. and produces ATP. 2)2) Produces two immediate Produces two immediate
ATP molecules per glucose ATP molecules per glucose molecule.molecule.
C.C. Metabolic Pathways Metabolic Pathways Are RequiredAre Required
The The Electron Transport SystemElectron Transport System 1)1) Series of carriers accepts electrons Series of carriers accepts electrons
from glucose; electrons are passed from from glucose; electrons are passed from carrier to carrier until received by oxygen.carrier to carrier until received by oxygen.
2)2) Electrons pass from higher to lower Electrons pass from higher to lower energy states, energy is released and energy states, energy is released and stored for ATP production.stored for ATP production.
3) Oxygen (O2) is reduced to water (H2O).3) Oxygen (O2) is reduced to water (H2O).
SISTEM
TRANSPOR
ELEKTRON
SISTEM
TRANSPOR
ELEKTRON
Electron Electron Transport ChainTransport Chain
Step 4: Electron Step 4: Electron Transport & Oxidative Transport & Oxidative
PhosphorylationPhosphorylation The pathway of electrons from one carrier to The pathway of electrons from one carrier to
another is called ____ ____ _____; another is called ____ ____ _____; Each electron carrier passes its electrons to Each electron carrier passes its electrons to
the next carrier (bucket brigade)the next carrier (bucket brigade) Most of the electrons to the electron Most of the electrons to the electron
transport chain are received from what transport chain are received from what cycle?cycle?
A reduced carrier becomes oxidized when it A reduced carrier becomes oxidized when it gives up its electrons (gives up its electrons (forms ATP from forms ATP from ADPADP))
Oxygen accepts electronsOxygen accepts electrons
How Do Cells Harvest How Do Cells Harvest Energy?Energy?
Proton gradientProton gradient — flow of — flow of electrons through the electron electrons through the electron transport chain creates this gradient transport chain creates this gradient ((ATP is made from this gradientATP is made from this gradient))
ChemiosmosisChemiosmosis — harnessing of the — harnessing of the energy stored in the chemical energy stored in the chemical gradient; some machinery in the gradient; some machinery in the membrane must do this processmembrane must do this process
Generating a Proton Generating a Proton GradientGradient
Mitochondria — inner Mitochondria — inner and outer membraneand outer membrane
Intermembrane space Intermembrane space — space between 2 — space between 2 membranesmembranes
Matrix — space w/n Matrix — space w/n the inner membrane; the inner membrane; makes up about 2/3 makes up about 2/3 of the volume; ETC is of the volume; ETC is embedded in this embedded in this inner membraneinner membrane
Pumping ProtonsPumping Protons
pH & cytochromes assist w/ pH & cytochromes assist w/ transport of electrons.transport of electrons.
Gradient is produced when…..Gradient is produced when…..
Proton complexProton complex Protons flow Protons flow
through these through these channels back into channels back into the matrixthe matrix
Works like a Works like a turbineturbine
Uses energy to Uses energy to make ATPmake ATP
ATP ATP SynthaseSynthase
Fragments of Inner Fragments of Inner MembraneMembrane