FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS AND SOCAL SECURITY FUNDS LONG-TERM PROJECTS IN TANZANIA 1
Aug 22, 2014
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS AND SOCAL SECURITY FUNDS
LONG-TERM PROJECTS IN TANZANIA
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INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Information
Tanzania has embarked in campaign on attracting foreign investors as one of the strategies of
revamping the country’s economy. The Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has been shown to play
an important role in promoting economic growth, raising a country’s technological level, and
creating new employment in developing countries (Blomström and Kokko, 2003;
It has also been shown that FDI works as a means of integrating developing countries into the
global market place and increasing the capital available for investment, thus leading to increased
economic growth needed to reduce poverty and raise living standards (Rutihinda, 2007; Dollar
and Kraay, 2000; Dupasquier and Osakwe, 2005).
Due to the Economic and Technological changes, the need for foreign direct investments in
Africa has continuously increased since last decade of 1990’s following a systematic
abandonment of communist ideas which insisted on self-reliance and encouragement on
domestic industrial growth. The globalization has brought about the new era of sense and
advancement of individual mind change worldwide. This is the process of transformation of local
or regional phenomena into global ones which is a combination of economic, technological,
socio-cultural and political forces. The Globalization has improved and increased the need for
African countries to invite foreign investments in their countries as efforts to foster economic
and social development that has remained poor since independent 1960’s.
FDI however has a direct and indirect impact on domestic employment: It often generates new
employment, especially in the case of Greenfield investments, and that is the direct effect. FDI
also creates jobs through forward and backward linkages with domestic firms, and that is the
indirect effect on employment in the host country (Asiedu 2003:5). Not only that, but also the
actual effects of FDI on employment in Tanzania are also both positive and negative, but the
information available indicates that a number of sectors have been accompanied with positively
or negatively results. These include mining, agriculture and tourism to mention but some.
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In Tanzania local investment generation, foreign investors can become important joint venture
point of reference through the introduction of new opportunities like new jobs in their new
projects (i.e., Greenfield investment). However, one expected outcome of privatization is the
improvement of workforce and social facilities be in standard measures. Therefore, the
development effect of foreign investment to a particular economy has to be analyzed with some
care.
In Tanzania the FDI is under Tanzania Investment Centre (TIC) which was established in 1997
by an Act of Parliament. Its main objective is to be the primary agency of Government to co-
ordinate, encourage, promote and facilitate investment in Tanzania. In performing these
functions, TIC subjects the investor’s project into social cost-benefit analysis.
1.1.2 Globalization and FDI
Globalization has extensive impact on the world of business as the world seems to shrink, and
other businesses halfway around the world can exert as great an impact on a business as one right
down the street.
Internet access and e-commerce have brought small-scale coops in Third World nations into the
same arena as thriving businesses in the industrialized world, and visions of low-income workers
hand weaving rugs on primitive looms that compete with rug dealers in major cities are not
totally far-fetched. (Stipo, Francesco).
Blomström and Kokko, (2003) argue that, FDI in African Economies followed the shrink of
world, a lot of economic opportunities have been created but to be competed for at a virtually
market rate. On the same view, especially for disadvantaged growing or non-growing economies,
especially those of Sub-Saharan region, the shrinking world, a result of globalization is more a
disadvantage because their ill-financed industries using rather obsolete technologies cannot
guarantee and promise to produce goods that can compete with those produced by giant
industries of America and Japan.
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Their choice should either be to subject themselves as only consumers of western industries
products or invite the industries to invest in their local countries or enter into kinds of trade
partnerships and produce jointly, thereby, acquiring modern technologies.
Tanzania is among the countries of Africa which has been struggling hard to attract more
investors. Indeed, Tanzania is today rated as one of the countries with a big flow of foreign
investments United Nations Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD) 2007.This brings
about the adoption of new technology which to some extent promote the growth of country
economy.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Statement of problem refers to research problem which can be viewed as question that has no
answer yet. The term “problem” means a question or issue to be examined. It refers to some
difficulty which a researcher experiences when conduct either a theoretical or practical situation
and want to obtain a certain procedure of solving this problem which occurs within the society.
In every developing country FDI often expected to establish or introduce new opportunities and
create a friendly environment to both local and international investors under international
standards. For example, different studies done indicate that FDI has a multiplier effect on
domestic employment. Aaron (1999) estimates that FDI in developing countries created about 26
million direct jobs and 41.6 million indirect jobs in 1997. Lyanda (1999) obtains a higher
estimate for Namibia: about 2 to 4 jobs are created for each worker employed by foreign
affiliates.
Despite the rapid growth of FDI in developing countries during the 1990s and the significant
share of foreign affiliates in industrial output and exports by the early years of the 21st century,
the direct employment generated has been very limited. Most of investment projects or business
activities are not set to last longer or lifelong sustainable activity.
While sustainable investment projects is regarded by governments as an important potential
contribution that FDI can make to their economies, but things are contrary, most analysts of the
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investment sector said that still the effort do not promising as the Government expect, of which
instead the investors comes in the country for different purposes. This is what propels this
study on the role of FDI to sustainable investment on long term projects introduced by
social security institutions in Tanzania. (A case study of National Social Security Fund,
(NSSF).
1.3.1 General Objective
The objective of this study is to examine the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on
National Social Security Fund (NSSF) long-term projects in Tanzania.
1.3.2 Specific Objectives
The specific objectives of the study are:
a) To explore the investment opportunities for FDI which affect NSSF in Tanzania
b) To examine strategies used by NSSF to promoting sustainable long-term projects` in which
FDI has interest in Tanzania.
c) To examine the NSSF investment policies used in creating conducive long-term business
investment with respect to FDI in Tanzania.
d) To compare the performance of NSSF and FDI n the long-term projects investment Tanzania.
1.4 The general Research Question
The general research question of this study is: What is the impact of Foreign Direct Investment
(FDI) on National Social Security Fund (NSSF) long-term projects in Tanzania?
Specific research questions are:
i. What are the available long-term investment opportunities for FDI which affect NSSF in
Tanzania?
ii. What are the strategies used by NSSF to promoting sustainable long-term projects` in which
FDI has interest in Tanzania?
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iii. What is the status of the NSSF investment policies used in creating conducive long-term
business investment with respect to FDI in Tanzania?
iv. What is the performance of NSSF and FDI n the long-term projects investment Tanzania?
1.5 Significance of the study
Tanzania is committed in encouraging the growth of strong and stable social security schemes as
a way of securing people to live a healthy and long life. The outcome of this study will help the
policy makers to make good policies on how NSSF and FDI could invest on long term projects
for the benefits of all stakeholders in Tanzania. In addition to that the new knowledge shall be
added to the existing stock of knowledge on how FDI and NSSF shall continue using public
funds in long-term projects. Also problems concerning long-term investments shall be solved;
finally all stake holders shall get information and knowledge through seminars and workshops.
1.6 Scope of the study
The study will be conducted at the National Social Security Fund and Tanzania Investment
Centre to gather the necessary information pertaining to the effort shown by NSSF on making
sustainable investment on long term projects by attracting FDI’s in Tanzania.
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LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Conceptual Framework
This study based on the concept of different economic variables; thus Foreign Direct Investment
increase efficiency and productivity and bring more new productive employment opportunities in
the economy as result it will enhance poverty reduction by increasing smallholders income in
their production and local skills to enhance the achieving of the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs)
Although economic growth is not a sufficient condition for poverty alleviation and improved
social welfare, there is evidence that higher incomes in developing countries benefit the poor
segments of the population proportionately (Ikara, 2003). FDI is a key element in generating
socio economic growth as well productive industries will pay more taxes to the government
which will facilitate the country social welfare development (Dollar and Kraay, 2000)
For example, Tambunan (2004) shows that much of the contribution of FDI to poverty reduction
is through widening access to employment, especially productive employment, education, health
services etc. He points out that in many developing countries insufficient job opportunities,
health and education services are the result of inadequate levels of investment, both domestic and
foreign.
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2.1.2 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
Shapiro (2003) defined Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) as the acquisition abroad of plant and
equipment. Under U.S. rules it entails ownership of at least 10% of the equity.
Foreign Direct Investment is also said as the kind of investment which gives foreign owners
control over the behavior of firms in which the investment is made. Lipsey et al (1995).
The FDI relationship consists of a parent enterprise and a foreign affiliate which together form a
multinational corporation (MNC). In order to qualify as FDI the investment must afford the
parent enterprise control over its foreign affiliate. The IMF defines control in this case as owning
10% or more of the ordinary shares or voting power of an incorporated firm or its equivalent for
an unincorporated firm; lower ownership shares are known as portfolio investment. IMF (1993).
Foreign direct investment (FDI) in its classic form is defined as a company from one country
making a physical investment into building a factory in another country. Its definition can be
extended to include investments made to acquire lasting interest in enterprises operating outside
of the economy of the investor (www.unctad.org)
2.1.3 FDI and Human Capital Development (Skills and Education)
The importance of human capital for FDI has increased as economies have shifted more and
more too knowledge-intensive production technologies (Miyamoto 2003). As a consequence,
multinational corporations are increasingly looking for a well educated labor force, not just low
labor costs. In fact, the availability and cost of low skilled workers is now less relevant for FDI
than the availability of high skilled workers. Foreign investors are seeking the right combination
of wages, skills and productivity. This may explain why countries such as India have attracted
significant inflows of FDI in the IT sector, which requires a stock of well-trained scientists and
technicians. A number of studies have investigated the role of human capital as a determinant of
FDI.3 Borensztein et al. (1998) find that there is a strong complementary effect between FDI and
human capital such that investments have high productivity only when the host country has a
minimum threshold stock of human capital. Noorbakhsh et al. (2001) also find that human
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capital is one of the more important determinants of FDI inflows. The results show that the
impact of education was the strongest in the early 1990s) reflecting the shift of investments to
services and technology-intensive manufacturing. Asiedu (2005) argue that human capital in
Africa remains at low levels, though countries have made consider- able progress in recent years.
In particular, the literature reveal that this affect the employment opportunities to the host
countries whereby the FID’s recruit staff from outside hosting country which increases
unemployment.
2.1.4 FDI contribution to human resource development in the host country
In general, firms in both developed and developing countries under-invest in training because of
market failures resulting from credit constraints, lack of information/awareness and labor
turnover. These constraints are less binding for larger firms, implying that most foreign-owned
companies are in a better position to train in comparison with domestic firms. MNCs are in
particular keen on developing the skills of their local employees through education and training
(Noorbakhsh et al. 1999; Miyamoto 2003).
Asiedu (2004) presents figures on the provision of formal training to workers in four Africa
countries (Ghana, Kenya, Zambia and Zimbabwe), which illustrate that foreign-owned firms are
more likely to train their employees than their domestic counter parts. For example, in 1995, 46.2
per cent of wholly foreign-owned firms in Kenya provided training compared with 16.1 per cent
of wholly domestic-owned firms.
Governments should encourage multinationals to undertake human resource development in
order to facilitate technology transfer. Such training spillovers can occur via vertical (backward
and forward) linkages with domestic firms. Spillovers can also result from employees of
multinational corporations (MNCs) seeking work in domestic enterprises (labour turnover) or
from those starting up their own spin-offs (Miyamoto 2003)
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2.1.5 FDI’s Social Economic Benefit Measures
The main reason for conducting social cost benefit analysis is to subject project choice to a
consistent set of general objectives of national policy. For example, does the proposed
investment contribute towards national goals (Tanzania Vision 2025 and Millennium goals)
related to higher employment, output, consumption, savings, foreign exchange earning, income
distribution and other important national objectives? Does the investment meet desirable
environmental standards? Will the net social benefits exceed social costs?
The analysis based on following.
1. Employment Creation. Will proposed investment create jobs, both directly and
indirectly?
2. Technology, Knowledge and Skills Transfer. One important measure for evaluating
investment is whether the proposed project has a chance of enhancing technology,
knowledge and skills transfer. Often FDI can bring into the country both hard technology
(e.g. equipment, industrial processes) and soft technology (e.g. knowledge, information,
expertise, organizational skills, management, marketing and technical know-how).
3. Promotion of the country’s exports, competitiveness and markets. Transnational
companies can help boost the country’s exports through their foreign affiliates. In
general, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) can be an important intermediary between
Tanzanian domestic producers and markets abroad. Foreign investors engaged in export-
oriented primary manufacturing and service activities can be particularly useful in
enhancing the county’s export competitiveness – in part because of their technological
superiority and quality consciousness.
3. Linkages with sectors of the economy. Is the investment likely to source inputs in the
local market? Will the investment improve the supply chain of goods and services? Will
the investment add value to domestic resources? These and other considerations that
foster linkages within the economy are important for accelerating economic growth.
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5. Improvement in the country’s financial inflows and balance of payments. Foreign direct
investment can inject substantial financial resources into the country beyond those
referred to in the statutory requirements. Such resources if channeled to new investments
(Greenfield-type investments) or infrastructure (e.g. electricity, telecom, water and
sanitation, roads (build-operate principles) can make marked contribution to national
development. Under social benefit-cost analysis, investment inflows have to exceed
outflows in terms of profit and other remittances).
2.2 Empirical Literature Review
Research conducted by UNCTAD for the World Investment Report 2000 revealed that, for the
host country, the benefits of merger and acquisition (M&A) are lower and the risks of negative
effects are greater when compared to Greenfield investments, especially at the time of entry over
the short term. An UNCTAD research on M&A concluded that: Social Observatory Pilot Project
– Final Draft Report – FDI:
FDI through M&A correspond to a smaller productive investment than Greenfield as the
financial resources do not necessarily go into increasing the capital stock,
FDI through M&A is less likely to transfer new or better technologies than Greenfield
investment.
FDI through M&A do not generate employment at the time of entry into the host
economy, and may lead to lay-offs as the acquired firm is restructured,
FDI through M&A can reduce competition, and may be used deliberately to reduce or
eliminate competition.
Over the longer term, cross-border M&A are often followed by sequential investments
that do increase the capital stock.
Ideally the purpose of investment is to benefit both the investing company and the host economy.
However M&A are likely to result in profit for the investing firm but destruction of the domestic
industry. Evidence shows that in some cases, foreign investors enter a market solely with the
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purpose of closing down domestic competitors and establishing a monopoly in the economy. The
most noteworthy policy mechanism against such practices and which also serves to protect the
domestic economy is a competition policy. UNCTAD (2002).
A famous empirical evidence of the failure of FDIs to bring about intended benefits of FDI in
Africa is that of Nigeria, which created a social unrest and wrongly ultimately led to execution of
an environmental activist, Ken Saro-wiwa. Smith D.(1997), observes that the history of FDI in
Africa raises serious questions about its contribution to human security. Many operations have
been subject to critical scrutiny. The activities of Shell Oil in Nigeria came under the media
spotlight in Nov.1995 when Ken Saro-Wiwa, the leader of the Ogoniland people, was executed
by the government. Saro-Wiwa, a human right activist was campaigning for the recognition of
the rights of the Ogoni as well as restoration of environmental sanity in his homeland. Ogoniland
provided about 80% of Nigeria’s oil income but its people did not see any tangible benefits
accruing to the Ogoni people as a whole.
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Exploratory studies are practical if you wish to clarify your understanding of a problem
(Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill, 2000). Robson (1993, cited by Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill,
2000) describes exploratory studies as a method of finding out “what is happening; to seek new
insights; to ask questions and to assess phenomena in a new light.
For the purpose of this research, exploratory is aiming at exploring how the investment at
National Social Security Fund (NSSF) Tanzania has contributed to the sustainable economic
projects in terms of quantity, quality and the social economic benefits in Tanzania.
3.1 Research Methods
Both qualitative and quantitative research methods will be applied to provide an overview of the
strategy which will be used to conduct the research and derive the data necessary to answer the
research questions that were outlined previously in chapter one.
3.1.1 Qualitative Methods
According to Denscombe (2000) a qualitative research is practical when a researcher wants to
transform what has been observed, reported or registered into written words and not numbers.
Qualitative research tends to rely on detailed and through descriptions of events or people. They
are often associated with small-scale studies, and due to its ability to penetrate a situation or
problem it is considered to be an excellent tool to handle multifaceted situations.
In regards to this study researcher will employ qualitative approaches since the aim of this study
is to assess the post-impacts of investments at NSSF in comparison with previous situation
before the influence of global forces that led social institutions to change accordingly. The
researcher will use qualitative technique to assess policies, trends in its core objectives as a social
security scheme, concerns for environmental protection and investments in assets and
technologies. To some extent Quantitative methods will be employed to asses’ statistical data in
direct local and international investment for the institutional as well as country`s benefit.
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3.2 Research Design
This is a plan which includes every aspect of a proposed research study from the
conceptualization of the problem right through to the dissemination of the findings (Kothari
1993).
This study will be qualitative using the descriptive case study design. Reasons for selecting the
case study design include the need to generate in depth knowledge variables in the study.
The design selected is due to its flexibility in terms of data collection and analysis. Moreover the
case study is less expensive given the financial constraints which the researcher experiencing.
3.3 Area of the study
The study will be carried out in Dar-es-salaam, and will involve NSSF headquarter and its
branches at Dar-es-salaam as well as Tanzania Investment Centre.
3.4 Population of the Study
The population that is intended to be contacted by this study will be NSSF officials (both
management and non management staff), and management of Tanzania Investment Centre.
These populations will be able to give all the data needed for the completion of this study.
3.5 Sampling Techniques
Sampling technique is a process of obtaining a sample of units or population to be included in
the study. A sample is a representative of the whole population or units. It bears all
characteristics of population/units. Purposive sampling procedure is the process of obtaining a
list of required units or persons as a sample to be included in a study (Babie 1991, & Bailey,
1990).
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3.6 Sample Size
For the purpose of this study, the researcher is intending to select randomly 60 employees from
NSSF are expected to be selected from the population, and 5 from the management team of the
TIC. The table below show the number of the sample size selected randomly from the respective
population.
Table 1: Respondents sample distribution
S/N Category of respondents Female Male
1 NSSF employees 25 35
2 TIC management 3 2
Total 28 37
Source: Compiled field data, 2012
3.6.1 Sample Selection
3.6.2 Purposive sampling method:
This is a non - probability sampling. This method involves purposive or deliberate solution of
particular units of the universe for constituting a sample which represents the universe
population (Kathar 2003 p. 19)
The researcher used her expertise in judgment to select units that will be representative and
typical of the targeted population believing that the population sample has rich information and
reliable to the issue studied. The methods will be used to select the 30 respondents who are
NSSF management and employees, Tanzania Investment Centre staff and Tanzania Revenue
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Authority staff who are stakeholders in any kind of investment established or introduced within
its area of occupation regarding to investments and social development issues.
3.6.3 Simple Random Sampling
This is one of probability sampling techniques. The method is preferred when carrying out any
form of statistical analysis. By using this method every unity of enquiry will be given an equal
chance of being selected (White, 1999)
Technique will be used by researcher to select randomly respondents from selected purposively
of categories/groups of NSSF employee and TIC management whereby every respondent in the
population categories will be given an equal chance to appear in the sample and reduce the bias.
The sample will be drawn randomly from the selected groups so as to obtain the most relevant
information to meet the objective of the study. The technique will reduce bias in selecting
representative from population.
3.7 Data Collection.
Types of data to be collected.
3.7.1 Primary data
The data will be collected by using:
Interviews
Questionnaires
Secondary data
The data will be gathered through the documentary review in which the various documents and
records such as policies, objectives of social security investment measures from TIC and NSSF
human resources records will be reviewed.
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3.7.2 Methods of Data Collection
According to Yin (2003) no source of information is better than others. In fact they should be
considered complementary, and therefore a good case study will rely on as many sources as
possible. When gathering information for case studies a major strength is the opportunity to use
many different sources of evidence. The use of several sources of evidence means that the
researcher has the opportunity to obtain multiple measures of the same phenomenon that adds
validity to the scientific study.
3.7.3 Interview
Is the technique of data collection that involves presentation of oral verbal stimuli and obtaining
replies from the respondents? This method can be used through personal interview and of
possible telephone interviews (Kothari 1990).
This method is selected to be used in seeking information from NSSF employees and
management respondents. The method will help the researcher to probe further for clarity and
assurance of the replies from professionals and respondents as the interview process went on.
3.7.4 Questionnaire
The interview is a set of questions administered through oral or verbal communication, or is a
face to-face conversation (Kothari, 1990). It is the best technique that guarantees privacy and
confidentiality. It includes both close and open ended questions and it will be given to those who
know to read and write. The method will be used to collect data from NSSF staff. The method
will make respondents be free to think critically and write on the absence of the researcher hence
be able to provide reliable data.
3.7.5 Documentary review
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Document review involves the process of going through different types of document so as to get
useful information for the study (Cohen, 2002).
The data will be obtained through reading different articles, journals, newspapers, dissertations
and the use of the Internet regarding to social security investments priorities and guidelines on
investment sector in Tanzania. The data gathered via this method will further used to validate or
invalidate the raw data that will be directly collected from respondents.
3.8 Data analysis and presentation
3.8.1 Data processing and analysis
The study will use both quantitative and qualitative research procedures in data analysis. The two
methodological procedures are to be used in order to counter shortcomings from each technique
(Saunders et al, 2003).
The data processing will include
Coding data will be assigned with numerals or other symbols to answers so that responses can be
put into a limited number of categories to the research problem under consideration.
Editing – The collected raw data will be examined to detect errors and omission are accurate
consistent with other facts gathered, uniformly entered as completed as possible. Classification –
raw data collected from respondents will be reduced into homogeneous groups so as to get
meaningful relationships and reduce the deviations. This will involve arranging data in groups
or classes on the basis of common characteristics.
Tabulation – raw data will be summarized and displayed in the same compact form of
statistical table in the orderly arrangement in columns and rows.
Then data will be mechanically analyzed through Excel’s Statistical Tool (Stat Plus Package
2007 Ed)
3.8.2 Data presentation
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The data collected will be presented using statistical graphs, pie charts, tables and frequencies
(percentages) so as to make the information self-elaborative and easily understood.
3.8.3 Ethical considerations
To take care of the quality of the collected data and to guarantee the privacy of the participants,
personal data will be kept anonymous for those who don't belong to the research group.
The research project will be under strictly supervision to make sure it is ethical. As much as
possible, copies made of the data, to make sure no data lost.
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TIME SCHEDULE AND BUDGET
i) Proposed work plan for the study
Activity Duration
1. Questionnaire preparation 1 week
2. Pilot study 2 weeks
3. Field work 4 weeks
4. Data processing and analysis 4 weeks
5. Report writing 3 weeks
6. Submission 1 week
7. Total 15 weeks
The study activities may be visualized pictorially and chronologically as follows
Activity Duration Weeks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1 Questionnaire
Preparation
1 week
2. Pilot study 2 weeks
3. Field work 4 weeks
4. Data processing and
analysis
4 weeks
5. Report writing and production3 weeks
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6. Submission 1 week
ii) Budget Estimate
No.Item
Rate (Tshs) No. of days Amount in Tshs
1. Data Collection and Analysis
Transport
Data Analysis
Field allowance
5,000 per day
-
25,000 per day
40
-
10
200,000/=
300,000/=
250,000/=
2. Stationeries
Rim
Printing
Flash disc
Internet
5
1
@ 10,000/= 50,000/=
60,000/=
50,000/=
30,000/=
3. Final Report Production
Printing and binding 200,000/=
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Total 1,140,000/=
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