Report on WiMAX technology

8/19/2019 Report on WiMAX technology

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) has been serving enterprises and operators

for years, to the great satisfaction of its users. However, the new IPbased standard

developed by the I!!! "#$.%& is li'ely to accelerate adoption of the technology. It

will epand the scope of usage than's to the possibility of operating in licensed and

unlicensed fre*uency bands, uni*ue perfor+ance under on-ineofight (-/)

conditions, 0uality of ervice (0o) awareness, etension to no+adicity, and +ore.

In parallel, the Wi1A2 foru+, bac'ed by industry leaders, will encourage the

widespread adoption of broadband wireless access by establishing a brand forthetechnology and pushing interoperability between products.

3he purpose of this White Paper is to highlight and assess the value of Wi1A2 as

the right solution to

4 etend the currently li+ited coverage of public W-A (hotspots) to citywide

coverage (hot 5ones)

the sa+e technology being usable at ho+e and on the +ove,

4 blan'et +etropolitan areas for +obile datacentric service delivery,

4 offer fied broadband access in urban and suburban areas where copper *uality is

poor or unbundling difficult,

4 bridge the digital divide in lowdensity areas where technical and econo+ic factors

+a'e broadband deploy+ent very challenging. In addition to these uses, this paper


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will highlight other potential applications, such as telephony or an effective pointto

+ultipoint bac'hauling solution for operators or enterprises.


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CHAPTER 2

WHAT IS WIMAX?

Wi1A2 is a standardsbased technology enabling the delivery of last +ile wireless broadband access as

an alternative to wired broadband li'e cable and 6-. Wi1A2 provides fied , no+adic, portable and,

soon, +obile wireless broadband connectivity without the need for direct lineofsight with a base

station. In a typical cell radius deploy+ent of three to ten 'ilo+eters, Wi1A2 7oru+ 8ertified9

syste+s can be epected to deliver capacity of up to :# 1bps per channel, for fied and portable access

applications.

3his is enough bandwidth to si+ultaneously support hundreds of businesses with 3% speed connectivity

and thousands of residences with 6- speed connectivity. 1obile networ' deploy+ents are epected to

provide up to %; 1bps of capacity within a typical cell radius deploy+ent of up to three 'ilo+eters. It is

epected that Wi1A2 technology will be incorporated in noteboo' co+puters and P6As by $##


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• Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan. 3hat

is, if a business has a fied and a wireless Internet connection, especially fro+

unrelated providers, they are unli'ely to be affected by the sa+e service outage.


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CHAPTER 2

2.1 Standards Associatd Wit! Wi"a#

$.% Wireless tandards

I!!! "#$ refers to a fa+ily of I!!! standards dealing with local area networ's and

+etropolitan area networ's. 1ore specifically, the I!!! "#$ standards are restricted

to networ's carrying variablesi5e pac'ets. (By contrast, in cellbased networ's data

is trans+itted in short, unifor+ly si5ed units called cells. Isochronous networ's,

where data is trans+itted as a steady strea+ of octets, or groups of octets, at regular

ti+e intervals, are also out of the scope of this standard.) 3he nu+ber "#$ was

si+ply the net free nu+ber I!!! could assign, though ?"#$> is so+eti+es

associated with the date the first +eeting was held @ 7ebruary %"#.


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IEEE $%2.1& : 3he IEEE $%2.1& Wor'ing roup on Broadband Wireless Access

tandards, which was established by I!!! tandards Board in %, ai+s to

prepare for+al specifications for the global deploy+ent of broadband Wireless

1etropolitan Area etwor's. 3he Wor'group is a unit of the I!!! "#$ -AC1A

tandards 8o++ittee. A related future technology 1obile Broadband Wireless

Access (1BWA) is under develop+ent in I!!! "#$.$#.

Although the "#$.%& fa+ily of standards is officially

called Wireless 1A, it has been dubbed ?Wi1A2> (fro+ =Worldwide

Interoperability for 1icrowave Access=) by an industry group called the Wi1A2

7oru+. 3he +ission of the 7oru+ is to pro+ote and certify co+patibility and

interoperability of broadband wireless products.

$.$ 3ypes of "#$.%&

• In Danuary $##E, the I!!! approved "#$.%&a as an a+end+ent to I!!!

"#$.%&$##%, defining (ear) -ine/f ight capability.


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• In Duly $##:, I!!! "#$.%&F!Gd, now published under the na+e I!!!

"#$.%&$##:,introduces support for indoor 8P! (-/) through additional

radio capabilities such as antenna bea+ for+ing and /761 subchanneling.

!arly $##;, an I!!! "#$.%&e variant will introduce support for +obility.

ee 7igure $.$ for the applications associated with each of these standards 3he Wi1A2

7oru+ intends to do for "#$.%& what the Wi7i Alliance did for "#$.%%

• har+oni5e standards and certify interoperability between e*uip+ent fro+

different vendors. tandardi5ed interoperable solutions will result in +ass

+ass volu+e and bring down cost

• pro+ote and establish a brand for the technology


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CHAPTER '

WH( WIMAX?

Wi1A2 stands for wireless interoperatibility for +icrowave access. Wi1A2 is

epected to do +ore for 1etropolitan Area etwor's (1As) and what Wi7i has

done for local area networ's (-As) Wi1A2 is not proected to replace Wi7i, but

to co+ple+ent it by connecting Wi7i networ's to each other or the Internet through

highspeed wireless lin's. Jou can therefore use Wi1A2 technology to etend the

power and range of Wi7i and cellular networ's. However, in developing countries,

Wi1A2 +ay beco+e the only wireless technology because Wi7i and cellular have

not penetrated areas that can be reached with Wi1A2 technology.

Ran):

3he wide range of the Wi1A2 technology depends on the height of the antennas, if

they are installed at the suitable position fro+ where there is no barrier between the

trans+itter and receiver, and then we can get better range and service fro+ it. !ven

though the fre*uency for operation of Wi1A2 is not definite, the +ost li'ely band

at E.;H5 is higher in fre*uency than the E bands at around $.% H5. Fange will,

as a result, be lower, perhaps so+ewhere between ;#K and


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3he technology used for Wi1A2 is /rthogonal 7re*uency 6ivision 1ultipleing

(/761), it is not appreciably +ore supernaturally efficient then the technology


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co++only used for E that is Wideband 8ode 6ivision 1ultiple Access

(W861A). However /761 is coupled with a high channel bandwidth, that allows

greater data rates. o, on average, for an e*uivalent spectru+ allocation, users will

see si+ilar data rates. In specific si+ulations, where there are few users, it is

possible that Wi1A2 will provide a higher data rate than E. However, in

co++ercial syste+s, such si+ulations are li'ely rare.

E.% 6A3A FA3!

Ti"in):

It is nor+ally believed that Wi1A2 will enter into the +ar'et so+e five years after

E is well established. 3his drawbac' in ti+e is li'ely to be i+portant since without

a convincing advantage only a few service providers will choose to +ove fro+ E to

Wi1A2. However, those yet to deploy a syste+ +ay find the choice balanced

between the two technologies.

Cost:

3he networ' costs of Wi1A2 will be li'ely to be higher than for E because of the

reduced range and hence the necessity to build +ore cells. 3he subscriber subsidy


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costs +ay be lower if Wi1A2 is built into processor chips, although this +ay not

apply if users wish to have Wi1A2 handsets.

*+a,it- o Sr/ic 0*oS:

!cellent 0uality /f service +anage+ent donates fro+ variety of Wi1A2 features.

Dust as on a Wi7i networ', Wi1A2 users share a data pipe and 0o can degrade as

+ore users are added to the networ'. Lsing the 0o features of Wi1A2 service

providers can guarantee certain users specific bandwidth a+ounts by li+iting the

bandwidth consu+ption of other users.

rant re*uest +echanis+ for accessing to networ' is the first aspect of 0uality of

ervice. 3he Wi1A2 functioning of disagree+ent allocates only a fied a+ount of

ti+e to be given to these grant re*uests. 6isagree+ent refers to the act of co+peting

for access to the networ'. Because of the li+ited a+ount of ti+e available,

bandwidth cannot be consu+ed by contention re*uests. When a disagree+ent

re*uest co+es into the networ', the syste+ co+pares the re*uest with a servicelevel agree+ent for the user +a'ing the re*uest, and they are granted, or denied,

access accordingly.

-in' by lin' +odulation sche+es is another benefit of Wi1A2 0uality of

ervice. In other words, the base station can use different +odulation sche+es for

different lin's. 3he +odulation sche+e used is related directly to the distance of the

lin'. Father than all usersM lin's being downgraded by the user farthest away, lin' by

lin' +odulation enables closer users to use higher datarate +odulation sche+es


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CHAPTER

WiMAXtc!no,o)-

.1Tc!no,o)ica, at+rs:

Garious advanced technologies will be developed to +eet services above and

conse*uently Wi1A2 will support sea+less +obility and technologies such as the

techni*ue for +ini+i5ed power consu+ption of the ter+inal, fast lin' adaptation,

and efficient 1A8 for broadband services will be developed for high data rate

trans+ission in +obile environ+ents.

FA6I/ A88! F!0LIF!1!

7or the phase I standardi5ation, PE#$ decided several syste+ para+eters and

Fadio access re*uire+ents. 1aor syste+ para+eters include duple sche+e (366)

and +ultiple access (/761A) and 8hannel bandwidth (%#1H5) as well. Any


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detailed contents could be shown in 3able $. 7or the radio access

re*uire+ents, so+e para+eters have been deter+ined as follows

• 7re*uency reuse factor is set as %.

• 1ai+u+ guaranteed speed of user is N+Ch.

• Fadius of service coverage can be a few N+.

• 1ai+u+ of spectral efficiency should be & bitsCH5Ccell for

downlin' and $ bitsCH5Ccell for uplin', but the averages are

$ bitsCH5Ccell for downlin' and % bitsCH5Ccell for uplin'.

• Handoff latency should be less than %;# +s.

• 3hroughout per user should be #.;%$ to E 1bps for downlin' and

#.%$" to % 1bps for uplin'.

3able :.% shows the develop+ent contents in association with

syste+ re*uire+ent. Fe*uire+ents could be induced by

consideration on radio access re*uire+ents

Ta3, .1 D4,o-"nt contnts corrs4ondin) 5it! s-st"

r6+ir"nts

yste+ Fe*uire+ents 6eploy+ent contents


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High spectru+ efficiency

366 to +ini+i5e re*uired guard band

%# 1H5 broadbandC/761A

3o use A18(Adaptive 1odulation and

8oding) supporting &: 0A1 +odulation with

upporting wide coverage

upporting fre*uency reuse factor O%

Lsing Feed olo+on se*uence based subchannel to +ini+i5e

other FAs interference

In the cell edge with band IF area, the operation guaranteed

with low rate 7!8

upporting safety channel in order to reduce interference of the

cell edge area

upporting +obility

!+ploying HAF0 to enhanced lin' perfor+ance

uaranteeing +obility up to '+Ch speed

hort /761 sy+bol length can +ini+i5e the degradation due tothe +obility.


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7leible resource allocation

for +ultiple subscriber

!+ploying variable duty rates of 366 6-CL-

%%, $%, ;% 6-CL- ratios are available

3o support +ultiple subscriber scheduling algorith+,

+anage+ent of the status of individual ter+inals and pac'et

upporting various 0o Best effortCFealti+e pollingConrealti+e polling

Handheld support upporting sleep +ode to reduce ter+inal power consu+ption

366 +art Antenna

(optional feature)3o apply the +art Antenna for low +obility user

.1 Tc!no,o)-: WiMAX Dsi)n

3he design of the Wi1A2 is ideal for challenges related with earlier

versions of wired and wireless access networ's. At the sa+e ti+e the

bac'haul connects the Wi1A2 syste+ to the networ', it is not an integrated

part of Wi1A2 syste+. or+ally a Wi1A2 networ' consists of two parts, a

Wi1A2 Base tation (B) and a Wi1A2 receiver also referred as 8usto+er

Pre+ise !*uip+ent (8P!).

7ac8!a+,

Bac'haul is actually a connection syste+ fro+ the Access Point (AP) bac'

to the provider and to the connection fro+ the provider to the networ'. A

bac'haul can set out any technology and +edia providedQ it connects the


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syste+ to the bac'bone. In +ost of the Wi1A2 deploy+ents circu+stances,

it is also possible to connect several base stations with one another by use of

high speed bac'haul +icroware lin's. 3his would also allow for roa+ing by a

Wi1A2 subscriber fro+ one base station coverage area to another, si+ilar toroa+ing enabled by cellular phone.

Rci/r

A Wi1A2 receiver, which is also referred as 8usto+er Pre+ise !*uip+ent

(8P!), +ay have a separate antenna or could be a standalone bo or a P818IA card

that inserted in a laptop or a des'top co+puter. Access to a Wi1A2 base station is

si+ilar to accessing a wireless access point (AP) in a Wi7i networ', but the coverageis +ore.

o far one of the biggest restrictions to the widespread acceptance of Wi1A2

has been the cost of 8P!. 3his is not only the cost of 8P! itself, but also that of

installation. In the past, Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) have been predo+inantly

-ine /f ight (-/), re*uiring highly s'illed labour and a truc' role to install and

provide a service to custo+er. 3he concept of a selfinstalled 8P! has been difficult

for BWA fro+ the beginning, but with the advent of Wi1A2, this issue see+s to be

getting resolvedBase tation (B)

A Wi1A2 base station co+prises of internal devices and a Wi1A2 tower. A

base station can nor+ally covers the area of about ;# 'ilo+etres or E# +iles radius,

but so+e other and environ+ental issues bound the li+its of Wi1A2 range to %# '+

or & +iles. Any wireless user within the coverage area would be able to access the

Wi1A2 services (7ig $). 3he Wi1A2 base stations would use the +edia access

control layer defines in the standard and would allocate uplin' and downlin'

bandwidth to subscribers according to their re*uire+ents on real ti+e basis.


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:.$ WI1A2 3/W!F

.2T-4s o WiMAX:

3he Wi1A2 fa+ily of standards concentrate on two types of usage +odels a

fied usage +odel and a +obile usage +odel. 3he basic ele+ent that differentiates

these syste+s is the ground speed at which the syste+s are designed to +anage. Based

on +obility, wireless access syste+s are designed to operate on the +ove without any

disruption of serviceQ wireless access can be divided into three classesQ stationary,

pedestrian and vehicular.

A +obile wireless access syste+ is one that can address the vehicular class,

whereas the fied serves the stationary and pedestrian classes. 3his raises a *uestion

about the no+adic wireless access syste+, which is referred to as a syste+ that wor's

as a fied wireless access syste+ but can change its location


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9i#d WiMAX

ervice and consu+er usage of Wi1A2 for fied access is epected to reflect

that of fied wireline service, with +any of the standardsbased re*uire+ents being

confined to the air interface. Because co++unications ta'es place via wireless lin's

fro+ 8usto+er Pre+ise !*uip+ent (8P!) to a re+ote on -ineofsight (-/) base

station, re*uire+ents for lin' security are greater than those needed for a wireless

service. 3he security +echanis+s within the I!!! "#$.%& standards are sufficient for

fied access service.

Another challenge for the fied access air interface is the need to set up high

perfor+ance radio lin's capable of data rates co+parable to wired broadband service,

using e*uip+ent that can be self installed indoors by users, as is the case for 6igital

ubscriber -ine (6-) and cable +ode+s. I!!! "#$.%& standards provide advanced

physical (PHJ) layer techni*ues to achieve lin' +argins capable of supporting high

throughput in -/ environ+ents.

Mo3i, WiMAX

3he "#$.%&a etension, refined in Danuary $##E, uses a lower fre*uency of $ to

%% H5, enabling -/ connections. 3he latest "#$.%&e tas' group is capitali5ing on

the new capabilities this provides by wor'ing on developing a specification to enable

+obile Wi1A2 clients. 3hese clients will be able to hand off between Wi1A2 base

stations, enabling users to roa+ between service areas.


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CHAPTER

WIMAX TECHNO;O


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target applications. 3he PHJ layer +odulation is based on /761A, in co+bination

with a centrali5ed 1A8 layer for opti+i5ed resource allocation and support of 0o

for different types of services (GoIP, realti+e and non realti+e services, best effort).

3he /761A PHJ layer is well adapted to the -/ propagation environ+ent in the$ %% H5 fre*uency range. It isinherently robust when it co+es to handling the

significant delay spread caused by the typical -/ reflections. 3ogether with

adaptive +odulation, which is applied to each subscriber individually according to the

radio channel capability, /761A can provide a high spectral efficiency of about E :

bitCsCH5. However, in contrast to single carrier +odulation, the /761A signal has an

increased pea' average ratio and increased fre*uency accuracy re*uire+ents.

3herefore, selection of appropriate power a+plifiers and fre*uency recovery concepts

are crucial. Wi1A2 provides fleibility in ter+s of channeli5ation, carrier fre*uency,

and duple +ode (366 and 766) to +eet a variety of re*uire+ents for available

spectru+ resources and targeted services. An i+portant and very challenging function

of the Wi1A2 syste+ is the support of various advancedantenna techni*ues, which

are essential to provide high spectral efficiency, capacity, syste+ perfor+ance, and

reliability

4 bea+ for+ing using s+art antennas provides additional gain to bridge long distances

or to increase indoor coverageQ it reduces intercell interference and i+proves

fre*uency reuse,

4 trans+it diversity and 1I1/ techni*ues using +ultiple antennas ta'e advantage of

+ultipath reflections to i+prove reliability and capacity.

Wi1A2 technology can provide coverage in both -/ and -/ conditions.

-/ has +any i+ple+entation advantages that enable operators to deliver

broadband data to a wide range of custo+ers. Wi1A2 technology has +any

advantages that allow it to provide -/ solutions, with essential features such as

/761 technology, adaptive +odulation and error correction.


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CHAPTER &

ENHANCEMENTS IN WIMAX

&.1 O9DM/761 stands for /rthogonal 7re*uency 6ivision 1ultipleingQ its a

technology that provides the operator to beat the challenges of on-ineofight

(-/) trans+ission in the +ore efficient +anner. /761 wavefor+ put forward the

advantage of functioning with the larger delay spread of the -/ bac'ground. With

the ecellent *uality of /761 functionality, ti+e and use of a cyclic prefi and its

also re+oves the Inter y+bol Interference (II) co+plications of adaptive

e*uali5ation. 1ultiple narrowband orthogonal carriers co+posed because of /761

wavefor+, locali5ing selective fading to a subset of carriers that are co+paratively

si+ple to e*uali5e. A co+parison between an /761 signal and a single carrier signal,

with the infor+ation being sent in parallel for /761 and in series for single carrier

are shown in 7ig &.% (Wi1A2 7oru+)

&.% /76

3he facility to re+ove delay spread, Inter y+bol Interference (II) and +ultipath in

a proficient +anner allows for higher data rate throughput. It is si+pler to e*uali5ethe individual /761 carriers than it is to e*uali5e the broader single carrier signal.


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7or these entire reasons +odern international standard such as those set by I!!!

"#$.%&, have created /761 as the ideal technology.

Antnnas 9or 9i#d WiMAX A44,ications:

6irectional antennas enhance the fade +argin by adding together etra gain.

3his increases the lin' accessibility co+parisons between directional and /+ni

directional antennas. 6elay spread is further reduced by directional antennas at both

the Base tation and 8usto+er Pre+ise !*uip+ent (8P!). 3he antenna pattern

restrains any +ultipath signals that appear in the side lobes and bac' lobes. 3he

efficiency of these +ethods has been verified and de+onstrated in boo+ing

deploy+ents, in which the service operates under considerable -/ fading.

Ada4ti/ Mod+,ation

Wi1A2 syste+ supports adaptive +odulation to regulate the ignal

1odulation che+e (18) depending on the ignal to oise Fatio (F) state of the

radio lin'. When the radio lin' is soaring in *uality, the pea' +odulation sche+e is

used, offering the syste+ additional capacity. 6uring a signal fade, the Wi1A2

syste+ can +ove to a lower +odulation sche+e to 'eep the connection *uality and

lin' per+anence. 3his ele+ent allows the syste+ to overco+e ti+eselective fading.3he 'ey ele+ent of adaptive +odulation is that it enhances the range that a higher

+odulation sche+e can be used over, because the syste+ can bend to the actual fading

circu+stances, as opposed to having a fied sche+e that is planned for the worst case

situations.

Error Dtction Tc!ni6+s:

Wi1A2 have builtin error detection techni*ues to reduce the syste+ ignal to

oise Fatio (F) obligations. 8onvolutional !ncoding, trong Feed olo+on 7!8,and interleaving algorith+s are used to identify and correct errors to enhance

throughput. 3hese strong error correction techni*ues assist to recover corrupted fra+es

that +ay have been +issing due to fre*uency selective fading or burst errors. 3o

re+ove the errors, Auto+atic Fepeat Fe*uest (AF0) is used that cannot be corrected

by the 7!8 by resending the errored infor+ation again. 3his notably i+proves the Bit

!rror Fate (B!F) perfor+ance for a si+ilar +ai+u+ level.


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CHAPTER >

WIMAX A COMP;EMENT TO A 9IXED

MO7I;E ACCESS

Wi1A2 integrates perfectly into eisting fied and +obile networ's,

co+ple+enting the+ when needed. 3his section gives a +ore detailed analysis of

Wi1A2 integration into fied and the +obile +ar'ets.

WiMAX or i#d 5ir,ss accss:

ationwide broadband access has beco+e a priority in +any countries. In +ost

developed countries, the average broadband coverage will reach #K in the co+ing

years. till, in so+e rural areas of such countries, broadband coverage will not eceed

;#K.3he service gap can be categori5ed by two characteristics the type of area (rural

or urban) and the level of national develop+ent (see 3able %). In developed countries,

6- service deploy+ent has been +assive in urban and sub urban deploy+ents,

whereas coverage of re+ote areas s+aller towns and rural areas is lagging behind.

Hurdles to overco+e are the poor line *uality of the installed copper base, the

large distances to the central offices or cabinets, or the low population density. In this

contet, Wi1A2, with its 0o support, longer reach, and data rates si+ilar to 6-, is

naturally positioned as a viable first +ile option to offer broadband access to

residential users.

In e+erging countries, the +ain focus of broadband deploy+ent is on urban

and suburbanareas, and will re+ain so in the near future. 3he low P/3 penetration

and the low *uality of the copper pair prevent +ass scale 6- deploy+ent and foster

the need for alternate broadband technologies. In this contet, Wi1A2 is positioned

as an ecellent option. 1oreover, the possibility of offering broadband services in

co+bination with voice services will gradually lead to narrowband W--

substitution. Para+eters such as availability of the copper, distance to the re+ote

unitCcentral office, bac'hauling costs, and teledensity will drive the choice for one or

other of these solutions. 7or further details, refer to the article =Providing Alwayson


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Broadband Access to Lnderserved Areas= in the Alcatel 3eleco++unication

Feview(0: $##E).

Wi1a is of interest for large enterprises with several locations in the sa+e

+etropolitan area. Wi1a will per+it /peratorMs bypass under license conditions

building a +etropolitan private networ' of IP lines at a very low cost (no civil wor's).

3he co+parison to leased lines rental fee is in favor of Wi+a even for two sites only.

WiMAX= t! nat+ra, co"4,"nt to "o3i, and Wi@9i nt5or8s:

1obile networ's offer full +obility, nationwide coverage voice support and

+oderate data rates. Wi1A2 can then be positioned as a co+ple+entary solution by

offering higher bandwidth when re*uired, in particular in dense urban areas. Public

W-A, while offering clear benefits, is li+ited in coverage and +obility

capabilities. Wi1A2 bypasses these li+itations and offers broadband connectivity in

larger areas (hot5ones). Wi7i and Wi1A2 solutions are also co+ple+entary, with

Wi7i being +ore adapted for shortrange, indoor connections (in particular in the

enterprise and at ho+e) and Wi1A2 for long range outdoor connections.

9ro" no"adicit- to Porta3, Intrnt:

While no+adicity offers connectivity within the coverage area of a single base

station, Portable Internet i+plies session continuity throughout the networ'. In

addition a new generation of networ's with +ultiaccess (E, Wi7i, Wi1A2, 6-,

733L, etc.) enable endusers to enoy an =Always Best 8onnected= eperience when

accessing their applications via the best available networ' at ho+e, on the pause, or onthe +ove. ee 7igure :. Wi1A2 beco+es an additional radio access solution in the

global networ' architecture.

T! WiMAX CPE:

In +ost case, a si+ple plug and play ter+inal, si+ilar to a 6- +ode+,

provides connectivity. 7or custo+ers located several 'ilo+eters fro+ the Wi1A2

base station, a selfinstall outdoor antenna +ay be re*uired to i+prove trans+ission

*uality. 3o serve isolated custo+ers, a directive antenna pointing to the Wi1A2 base


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station +ay be re*uired. 7or custo+ers re*uesting voice in addition to broadband

services, specific 8P! will allow the connection of standard or GoIP phones.

Llti+ately, Wi1A2 chipset will be e+bedded in datacentric devices.

4 3he incu+bent operators can use the wireless technology as a co+ple+ent to 6-,

allowing the+ to offer 6-li'e services in re+ote, lowdensity areas that cannot be

served with 6-.

4 7or alternate operators, the wireless technology is the solution for a co+petitive

highspeed Internet with applicability in urban or suburban areas.

4 3he larger opportunity will co+e with the Portable Internet usage, co+ple+enting

fied and +obile solution in urban and suburban areas. 3herefore it will enhance the

business case by giving access to a large potential of end users.

WiMAX= t! o3/io+s c!oic or o4rators:

By integrating Wi1A2 into their networ's, +obile operators can boost their

service with high bandwidth, when necessary, the sa+e applications (+essaging,

agenda, locationbased services, R) being offered on both networ's with a single

billing and subscriber profile. 1obile operators can also reuse eisting radio sites and

bac'hauling e*uip+ent to facilitate the deploy+ent of Wi1A2. 7ied operators,

incu+bent or alternate, will offer no+adic and Portable Internet usage as an addition

to their fied access offering to co+ple+ent their 6- and Wi7i bundle. 7or those

having deployed Wi1A2 for fied access, this is also a natural evolution of their

offering.


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CHAPTER $

WIMAX SPECTRUM AND RE


27/38

of %# 1H5 each, or : sectors of ; 1H5 each. By focusing power on increasingly

narrow sectors, the operator can increase the nu+ber of users while +aintaining good

range and throughput. 3o scale coverage even further, the operator can reuse the

sa+e spectru+ in two or +ore sectors by creating proper isolation between basestation antennas.

Co/ra):

In addition to supporting a robust and dyna+ic +odulation sche+e, the

I!!! "#$.%& standard also supports technologies that increase coverage, including +esh

topology and ?s+art antenna> techni*ues. As radio technology i+proves and costs drop,

the ability to increase coverage and throughput by using +ultiple antennas to create

?trans+it> andCor ?receive diversity> will greatly enhance coverage in etre+e

environ+ents.

*+a,it- o Sr/ic:

Goice capability is etre+ely i+portant, especially in underserved international

+ar'ets. 7or this reason the I!!! "#$.%&a standard includes 0uality of ervice

features that enable services including voice and video that re*uire a lowlatency

networ'. 3he grantCre*uest characteristics of the "#$.%& 1edia Access 8ontroller (1A8) enables an operator to si+ultaneously provide pre+iu+ guaranteed levels of

service to businesses, such as 3%level service, and highvolu+e ?besteffort>

service to ho+es, si+ilar to cablelevel service, all within the sa+e base station

service area cell.

Sc+rit-:

Privacy and encryption features are included in the "#$.%& standard to support secure

trans+issions and provide authentication and data encryption.

WiMAX 9oc+ss on Intro4ra3i,it-:

Wi1A2 (the Worldwide Interoperability for 1icrowave Access 7oru+) is a

non profit corporation for+ed by e*uip+ent and co+ponent suppliers, including Intel

8orporation, to pro+ote the adoption of I!!! "#$.%& co+pliant e*uip+ent by

operators of broadband wireless access syste+s. 3he organi5ation is wor'ing to

facilitate the deploy+ent of broadband wireless networ's based on the I!!! "#$.%&

standard by helping to ensure the co+patibility and interoperability of broadband


28/38

wireless access e*uip+ent. In this regard, the philosophy of Wi1A2 for the wireless

1A is co+parable to that of the Wi7iS Alliance in pro+oting the I!!! "#$.%%

standard for wireless -As. In an effort to bring interoperability to Broadband

Wireless Access, Wi1A2 is focusing its efforts on establishing a uni*ue subset of baseline features grouped in what is referred to as ?yste+ Profiles> that all co+pliant

e*uip+ent +ust satisfy. 3hese profiles will establish a baseline protocol that allows

e*uip+ent fro+ +ultiple vendors to interoperate, and that also provides syste+

integrators and service providers with the ability to purchase e*uip+ent fro+ +ore

than one supplier. yste+ Profiles can address the regulatory spectru+ constraints

faced by operators in different geographies. 7or ea+ple, a service provider in

!urope% operating in the E.; H5 band who has been allocated %: 1H5 of spectru+ is

li'ely to want e*uip+ent that supports E.; andCor < 1H5 channel bandwidths and

366 (ti+edivision duple) or 766 (fre*uencydivision duple) operation. i+ilarly,

a WIP in the L.. using licenseee+pt spectru+ in the ;." H5 LII band +ay

desire e*uip+ent that supports 366 and a %# 1H5 bandwidth. Wi1A2 will establish

a structured co+pliance procedure based upon the proven test +ethodology specified

by I/CI!8 &:&$. 3he process starts with standardi5ed 3est Purposes written in

!nglish, which are then translated into tandardi5ed Abstract 3est uites in a language

called 338E. In parallel, the 3est Purposes are also used as input to generate test

tables referred to as the PI8 (Protocol I+ple+entation 8onfor+ance tate+ent) pro

for+a. 3he end result is a co+plete set of test tools that Wi1A2 will +a'e available

to e*uip+ent developers so they can design in confor+ance and interoperability

during the earliest possible phase of product develop+ent. 3ypically, this activity will

begin when the first integrated prototype beco+es available. Llti+ately, the Wi1A2

suite of confor+ance tests, in conunction with interoperability events, will enable

service providers to choose fro+ +ultiple vendors of broadband wireless access

e*uip+ent that confor+s to the I!!! "#$.%&a standard and that is opti+i5ed for their

uni*ue operating environ+ent. Internationally, Wi1A2 will wor' with !3I, the

!uropean 3eleco++unications tandards Institute, to develop si+ilar test suites for

the !3I HIP!F1A standard for !uropean broadband wireless +etropolitan area

access. Wi1A2 has 'ey benefits for operators. By choosing interoperable, standards

based e*uip+ent, the operator reduces the ris' of deploying broadband wireless access

syste+s.


29/38

• !cono+ies of scale enabled by the standard help reduce +onetary ris'.

• /perators are not loc'ed in to a single vendor because base stations will interoperate

with subscriber stations fro+ different +anufacturers

• .Llti+ately, operators will benefit fro+ lowercost and higherperfor+ance e*uip+ent,

as e*uip+ent +anufacturers rapidly create product innovations based on a co++on,

standardsbased platfor+.


30/38

CHAPTER

WIMAX SERBICES

Potntia, sr/ics:

Wi1A2 services can have potential applications in various fields. 6ifferent

applications can de+and different 0o, which can be classified as follows

1. INTERACTIBE SERBICES : Web Browsing, a+e interface,etc

2. STREAMIN< SERBICES : Go6 ,1P! ,etc.

'. 7AC


31/38

Possible services provided by Wi1A2 are widespread over various data

co++unication services including entertain+ent, infor+ation and co++erce

services. 3he first round of Wi1A2 technology is epected to be no+adic, +eaning

that 8P!s will be portable, but not truly +obile. But with a+sungs newdevelop+ents on handover, the technology +ay beco+e truly +obile, offering the

$# 1bCs to E# 1bCs at speeds up to %$# '+Ch Wi1A2 enthusiasts are touting. 7or

entertain+ent services, Wi1A2 will provide high *uality Go6C1o6CAo6, real ti+e

strea+ing broadcasting, E networ' ga+es and 11. Web Browsing, file

downloading and interactive infor+ation services will be provided as infor+ation

services by Wi1A2. 8o++erce services such as +co++erce, +obile ban'ing,

trading will be also provided by Wi1A2 as well. 3able % su++ari5es possibleservices to be provided by Wi1A2. !a+ple of Wi1A2 ervices

C+rrnt Sr/ic:

N3 offers %".:1bitCsC:1bitCs for T$$ a +onth with unli+ited data usage.

Wi1A2 see+s faster than H6PA. 3here are si+ilar service in L.. operated by

wireless co+pany but +uch +ore epensive and slower. Hanaro 3eleco+ have

Application ervice type 0o class

Go6C1o6CAo6

!ntertain+ent service

trea+ing

Fealti+eBroadcasting Feal 3i+e

etwor' a+e Interactive

11 Bac'ground

Web Browsing

Infor+ation service

Interactive

73P Bac'ground

Interactive infor+ation Interactive

+8o++erce

8o++erce service

Interactive

1obile ban'ing Interactive

toc' trading Interactive


32/38

announced a partnership to roll out Wi1A2 nationwide in Norea, ecluding eoul

and si provincial cities, where independent networ's will be rolled out.In ove+ber

$##:, Intel and - !lectronics eecutives agreed to ensure co+patibility between

Wi1A2 and Wi1A2 technology In epte+ber $##;, a+sung !lectronics signed adeal with print etel 8orporation to provide e*uip+ent for a Wi1A2 trial. In

ove+ber $##;, N3 8orporation(a'a Norea 3eleco+) showed off Wi1A2 trial

services during the AsiaPacific !cono+ic 8ooperation (AP!8) su++it in Busan.

!FGI8!$

7ebruary %#th $##& 3eleco+ Italia, the do+inant telephony and internet

service provider in Italy, together with Norean a+sung !lectronics, has de+onstrated

to the public a Wi1A2 networ' service on the occasion of the $##& Winter /ly+pics,

held in 3urin, with downspeed of %# 1bitCs and upspeed of so+e hundreds of 'bitCseven in +ove+ent up to %$# '+Ch.

In the sa+e event a+sung tlc div. president Nitae -ee assured a future of $#

E# 1bitCs by the end of this year ($##&) and %##U 1bitCs down C %U 1bitCs up in $##"

N3 8orporation launched co++ercial Wi1A2 service in +id$##& as reported print

(L), B3 (LN), N66I (DP), and 3GA (BF) have or are trialing Wi1A2. N3

8orporation and N 3eleco+ launched Wi1A2 around eoul on Dune E#, $##&. 1ore

about the N3 launch./n April E, $##


33/38

CHAPTER 1%

RE;ATIONSHIP WITH DI99ERENT

WIRE;ESS TECHNO;O


34/38

CHAPTER 11

WIMAX ININDIA

O/r/i5: Wids4rad= Aorda3,

Conncti/it-:

8onnectivity is vital to Indian business and society. lobali5ation and the

Internet have created rapid growth in infor+ation technologyrelated businesses in

India. Although only half a percent of the Indian population has residential Internet

access (:.< +illion out of % billion people), Indias +ore than ,### Internet cafes can

be seen bustling with people everywhere in the Indian cities.3hese Internet services

provide a +eans for people to stay connected with their friends and fa+ily through e

+ail, audio or video chat, and to browse the Internet for ob and acade+ic

opportunities. While Indians are enthusiastic about the Internet, the lac' of physical

connectivity or teleco++unications infrastructure and the cost and lac' of broadband

technologies are a big hindrance to +ore widespread adoption of the Internet. In fact,

%: percent of Indias #.& +illion villages still do not have a single public telephone.

But wireless technologies are beginning to offer reliable alternatives to fiedline

access, offering the potential for widespread, affordable connectivity to every region,

village, and person in India.

T! Pro"is o Wir,ss Intrnt Accss:

India is increasingly e+bracing wireless technologies. 8ellular phones based

on various wireless technologies have revolutioni5ed teleco++unications in India. As

the growth of fiedline subscribers has slowed over the past several years, cellular

usage has s'yroc'eted, nearly doubling in $##E and growing by %; percent so far in

$##:, with %.: +illion new subscribers every +onth. But these cellular technologies

have not delivered broadband data connectivity to the households, due to both cost and

co+pleity. Jet India needs a way to provide widespread Internet access, access that

can usher in econo+ic growth, better education and healthcare and i+proved


35/38

entertain+ent services as it has done elsewhere in the world. And the solution +ust

be wireless, to avoid the overwhel+ing cost and resources that would be re*uired to

deploy countrywide fiedline broadband Internet infrastructure.With widespread

wireless broadband facilities, the Indian infor+ation technology (I3) industry could

grow beyond a few cities, students in rural areas could videoconference with

educators across the country, and entertain+ent progra+s could be telecast to re+ote

areas along with Internet telephony services, using technologies li'e Goice over

Internet Protocol (GoIP). I+proved co++unications could bring re+ote villages into

the world econo+y, infor+ation access could speed wor'er productivity, and faster

co++unication between producers and suppliers could fuel de+and for Indian products.

I"4ro/d Ed+cation= Ha,t! Car and Entrtain"nt:

With higher bandwidth and faster speeds, broadband Internet can +a'e

education +ore accessible by delivering interactive distance education at a low cost.

3FAI reports that in Norea, the govern+ent provided training on P8 and Internet

usage for lowinco+e and disabled households with children. 3hey also launched

progra+s to provide these fa+ilies with heavily subsidi5ed and so+eti+es free P8s.

/ver ;; percent of all educational docu+ents are electronic at this point. 3eachers in

schools have access to their own P8s with Internet connections, and are re*uired to

leverage infor+ation and co++unication technologies as an integral part of their

curriculu+.; In India, schools and libraries in rural or re+ote areas without wired

infrastructure or broadband services can be costeffectively connected to broadband

using Wi1A2. Gideo conferencing tools can help students to study a variety of

subects with educators who +ay not be able to co++ute to re+ote areas. -ecture

classes fro+ urban schools and top universities can be broadcast to rural students, and

the students could use the broadband facilities of Wi1A2 for co++unicating with

teachers and with their re+ote class+ates. 3he Indira andhi ational /pen

Lniversity (I/L) is already encouraging state govern+ents and conventional

universities to establish distance learning progra+s, providing financial support and

grants for progra+s and facilitating develop+ent of +ulti+edia +aterials for

delivery through distance learning progra+s,& /ther pre+ier institutions such as the

Birla Institute of 3echnology and cience (BI3), Pilani, are already offering distance


36/38

learning progra+s through relationships with industry and develop+ent agencies.

BI3 conducts offca+pus degree progra+s as a +eans of continuing education for

e+ployed professionals as part of the hu+an resource develop+ent progra+s of

specific organi5ations at various offca+pus centers.> BI3 offerings include degree progra+s in +ath, science and engineering, co+puter science, +edical and healthcare

and other fields.

< !tensive and reliable broadband Internet can help these Internetbased

*uality distance education reach +ore people across the nation. Agriculture and health

care can also benefit fro+ broadband services. Highresolution pictures or realti+e

i+ages of crop diseases can be trans+itted to agricultural eperts in a different

geographic location for i++ediate epert advice, thus containing the crop diseases

faster. i+ilarly, doctors can use realti+e video conferencing to discuss patient

sy+pto+s with faraway eperts, thus providing faster and better care to the patients.

T! 9+t+r o WiMAX:

3he I!!! "#$.%& standard body +e+bers are wor'ing toward incre+ental

evolution, fro+ fied operation to portability and +obility. 3he I!!! "#$.%&e

a+end+ent will a+end the base specification to enable not ust fied, but also

portable and +obile operation. I!!! "#$.%&f and I!!! "#$.%&g tas' groups are

addressing the +anage+ent interfaces for fied and +obile operation. 8lients will be

able to handoff between "#$.%& base stations, enabling users to roa+ between service

areas. In a fully +obile scenario users +ay be +oving while si+ultaneously engaging

in a broadband data access or +ulti+edia strea+ing session. All of these

i+prove+ents will help +a'e Wi1A2 an even better Internet access solution for

growing econo+ies li'e that of India.


37/38

CHAPTER 12

CONC;USION3he latest develop+ents in the I!!! "#$.%& group are driving a broadband

wireless access (r) evolution than's to a standard with uni*ue technical characteristics.

In parallel, the Wi1A2 foru+, bac'ed by industry leaders, helps the widespread

adoption of broadband wireless access by establishing a brand for the technology.

Initially, Wi1A2 will bridge the digital divide and than's to co+petitive e*uip+ent

prices, the scope of Wi1A2 deploy+ent will broaden to cover +ar'ets where the low

P/3 penetration, high 6- unbundling costs, or poor copper *uality have acted as a

bra'e on etensive highspeed Internet and voice over broadband. Wi1A2 will reach

its pea' by +a'ing Portable Internet a reality. When Wi1A2 chipsets are integrated

into laptops and other portable devices, it will provide high speed data services on the

+ove, etending todayMs li+ited coverage of public W-A to +etropolitan areas.

Integrated into new generation networ's with sea+less roa+ing between various

accesses, it will enable end users to enoy an =Always Best 8onnected= eperience.

3he co+bination of these capabilities +a'es Wi1A2 attractive for a wide diversity of people fied operators, +obile operators and wireless IPs, but also for +any vertical

+ar'ets and local authorities. Alcatel, the worldwide broadband +ar'et leader with a

+ar'et share in ecess of E


38/38

CHAPTER 1'

RE9ERENCES

%) www.ewh.ieee.orgCr:CchicagoCJuWi1A2.pdf

$) httpCCco+puter.howstuffwor's.co+Cwi+a.ht+

E) www.wi+aforu+.org

:) httpCCstandards.ieee.orgCcatalogColisClan+an.ht+l
http://www.ewh.ieee.org/r4/chicago/Yu-WiMAX.pdfhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/wimax.htmhttp://www.wimaxforum.org/http://standards.ieee.org/catalog/olis/lanman.htmlhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/wimax.htmhttp://www.wimaxforum.org/http://standards.ieee.org/catalog/olis/lanman.htmlhttp://www.ewh.ieee.org/r4/chicago/Yu-WiMAX.pdf

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