Reiki
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This article is about the energy therapy. For the Japanese era
name, see Reiki (era). For uses of the homophone "raki", see Raki
(disambiguation).
This article contains Japanese text. Without proper rendering
support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols
instead of kanji and kana.
Energy therapy - edit
Acupuncture Energy (esotericism) Polarity therapy Reiki
Spiritual healing Therapeutic touch
NCCAM classifications
1. Alternative Medical Systems2. Mind-Body Intervention3.
Biologically Based Therapy4. Manipulative Methods5. Energy
Therapy
See also
Alternative medicine
Reiki
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese
HYPERLINK "http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A3" \o
"wikt:"
Simplified Chinese
HYPERLINK "http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B0%94" \o
"wikt:"
[show]Transliterations
Mandarin- Hanyu Pinyinlngq
- WadeGilesling2-ch'i4Cantonese- Jyutpingling4-hei3
Japanese name
Hiragana
Kyjitai
Shinjitai
HYPERLINK "http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%B0%97" \o
"wikt:"
[show]Transliterations
- Revised HepburnReiki
Korean name
Hangul
Hanja
[show]Transliterations
- RevisedRomanizationyeonggi
- McCune-Reischaueryngki
Vietnamese name
Quc nglinh kh
Reiki (?, English pronunciation:/reki/) is a spiritual
practice[1] developed in 1922 by Japanese Buddhist Mikao Usui. It
uses a technique commonly called palm healing as a form of
complementary and alternative medicine and is sometimes classified
as oriental medicine by some professional bodies.[2] Through the
use of this technique, practitioners claim to transfer healing
energy in the form of ki through the palms.[3]There are two main
branches of Reiki, commonly referred to as Traditional Japanese
Reiki and Western Reiki. Within both Traditional and Westernised
forms of Reiki, there are three forms of degrees, commonly referred
to as the First, Second, and Master/Teacher degree. According to
Reiki practitioners and Masters, at First Degree, a Reiki
practitioner is able to heal himself and others, at Second Degree
is able to heal others distantly (commonly called distant healing)
with the use of specialised symbols, and at Master level
(specifically Master/Teacher level) is able to teach and attune
others to Reiki.
A 2008 systematic review of randomised clinical trials[4]
concluded that "the evidence is insufficient to suggest that reiki
is an effective treatment for any condition."
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Derivation of name 1.2 Origins 1.3 Early development 1.4
Five Principles 2 Traditions
2.1 Traditional Japanese Reiki 2.2 Western Reiki 3 Teachings
3.1 Training
3.1.1 First degree 3.1.2 Second degree 3.1.3 Third degree 3.1.4
Variations 4 Practice
4.1 Healing 4.2 Whole body treatment 4.3 Localised treatment 4.4
Breathing 4.5 Three Pillars of Reiki
4.5.1 Gassh 4.5.2 Reiji-h 4.5.3 Chiry 5 Research, critical
evaluation, and controversy
5.1 Scientific research 5.2 Safety and effectiveness 5.3
Internal controversies 5.4 Catholic Church concerns 6 See also 7
References 8 Bibliography 9 External links
[edit] History
[edit] Derivation of name
Mikao Usui (18651926)
Chujiro Hayashi (1880 - 1940)
The English word reiki, meaning "a Japanese treatment in
alternative medicine", derives from the Japanese loanword reiki (,
meaning "mysterious atmosphere"), which derives from the Chinese
loanword lingqi (, "supernatural influence"). It is comprehensively
defined by the Oxford English Dictionary,
Reiki, n. Alternative Med. Brit. /reki/, U.S. /reki/. Forms:
also with capital initial.
[ Japanese reiki, specialised use of a term usually meaning
'mysterious atmosphere, miraculous sign' (1001; compare Chinese
lngq numinous atmosphere) rei soul, spirit ( Middle Chinese) + ki
vital energy ( the Middle Chinese base of Chinese q chi n.2).]
The spiritual life force, or vital spiritual energy, said to
reside in all living things (cf. chi n.2). Hence: a therapy,
apparently based on an ancient Tibetan Buddhist technique,
developed in Japan in the late 19th or early 20th cent. by Dr Mikao
Usui (18651926), in which the therapist channels this energy from
him- or herself into the patient by the gentle laying on of hands,
to activate the natural healing processes of the patient's body and
restore physical and emotional well-being.[5]The OED lists 1975 as
the earliest recorded usage of the word reiki.[6] Instead of the
usual transliteration, some English-language authors loosely
translate reiki as "universal life energy",[7] which is different
from the Japanese meaning.
Japanese reiki, meaning "mysterious atmosphere", is commonly
written either in shinjitai kanji (new Chinese character forms) or
as in katakana syllabary (typically used for transcribing foreign
words). It compounds the words rei meaning "departed spirit, ghost;
spirit, soul; miraculous, sacred, divine" and ki "gas, vapor;
atmosphere; vital energy, spirit, breath of life, vitality; energy,
force; natural phenomenon; spirit, mind, consciousness"[8] This ki
(namely, Chinese qi or chi) in reiki is understood as meaning
"spiritual energy; vital energy; life force; energy of life".[9]
Some reiki translation equivalents from Japanese-English
dictionaries are: "feeling of mystery",[10] "an atmosphere
(feeling) of mystery",[11] and "an ethereal atmosphere (that
prevails in the sacred precincts of a shrine); (feel, sense) a
spiritual (divine) presence."[12] Besides the usual Sino-Japanese
pronunciation reiki, these kanji have an alternate Japanese
reading, namely ryge, meaning "demon; ghost" (especially in spirit
possession).[13]Chinese lingqi was first recorded in the (ca. 320
BCE) Neiye "Inward Training" section of the Guanzi, describing
early Daoist meditation techniques. "That mysterious vital energy
within the mind: One moment it arrives, the next it departs. So
fine, there is nothing within it; so vast, there is nothing outside
it. We lose it because of the harm caused by mental agitation."[14]
Modern Standard Chinese lingqi is translated by Chinese-English
dictionaries as: "(of beautiful mountains) spiritual influence or
atmosphere";[15] "1. intelligence; power of understanding; 2.
supernatural power or force in fairy tales; miraculous power or
force";[16] and "1. spiritual influence (of mountains/etc.); 2.
ingeniousness; cleverness".[17][edit] Origins
See also Five Precepts and Timeline of Reiki historyThe system
of Reiki was developed by Mikao Usui () in 1922 whilst performing
Isyu Guo, a twenty-one day Buddhist training course held on Mount
Kurama.[18] It is not known for certain what Usui was required to
do during this training, though it most likely involved meditation,
fasting, chanting, and prayer.[19]
HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiki" \l
"cite_note-Usui_retreat-19#cite_note-Usui_retreat-19" [20] It is
claimed that by a mystical revelation, Usui had gained the
knowledge and spiritual power to apply and attune others to what he
called Reiki, which entered his body through his crown Chakra.[19]
In April 1922, Usui moved to Tokyo and founded the Usui Reiki Ryh
Gakkai ("" in Traditional Mandarin, meaning Usui's Spiritual Energy
Therapy Method Society) in order to continue treating people on a
large scale with Reiki.[19]
HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiki" \l
"cite_note-20#cite_note-20" [21]According to the inscription on his
memorial stone,[22] Usui taught his system of Reiki to over 2000
people during his lifetime, and sixteen of these students continued
their training to reach the Shinpiden level, a level equivalent to
the Western third, or Master/Teacher, degree.[22]
HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiki" \l
"cite_note-22#cite_note-22" [23] While teaching Reiki in Fukuyama
(, Fukuyama-shi), Usui suffered a stroke and died on 9 March
1926.[22][edit] Early development
After Usui's death, Mr. J. Ushida, a student of Usui, took over
as president of the Gakkai.[24] He was also responsible for
creating and erecting Usui's memorial stone and ensuring that the
grave site would be maintained.[24] Mr. Ushida was followed by Mr.
Iichi Taketomi, Mr. Yoshiharu Watanabe, Mr. Kimiko Koyama and the
current successor to Usui, Mr. Kondo, who became president in
1998.[24] The sixteen Masters initiated by Usui include Toshihiro
Eguchi, Jusaburo Guida, Ilichi Taketomi, Toyoichi Wanami, Yoshihiru
Watanabe, Keizo Ogawa, J. Ushida, and Chujiro Hayashi.[24]
HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiki" \l
"cite_note-24#cite_note-24" [25] Chujiro Hayashi ( Hayashi Chjir)
left the Usui Reiki Ryh Gakkai and formed his own clinic where he
gave Reiki treatments, taught, and attuned people to Reiki, and it
was to this clinic that Hawayo Takata was directed.[24] Hayashi
simplified the Reiki teachings, stressing physical healing and
using a more codified and simpler set of Reiki techniques.[26]After
multiple Reiki sessions from Hayashi's trainees at his clinic for
illnesses including abdominal pain and asthma, Hayashi initiated
and trained Takata to use Reiki,[27]
HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiki" \l
"cite_note-27#cite_note-27" [28] and was made a Reiki Master on 21
February 1938.[27]
HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiki" \l
"cite_note-28#cite_note-28" [29] Takata established several Reiki
clinics throughout Hawaii, one of which was located in Hilo,[27]
and then went on to travel throughout the United States, practising
Reiki and teaching the first two levels to others,[30] and it was
not until 1970 that Takata began initiating Reiki Masters.[31] At
this stage, Takata also introduced the term Reiki Master for the
Shinpiden level.[32] She stressed the importance of charging money
for Reiki treatments and teachings, and fixed a price of $10,000
(roughly 6,500 or 7,400) for the Master training.[31]Takata died on
11 December 1980,[31]
HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiki" \l
"cite_note-32#cite_note-32" [33] by which time she had trained 22
Reiki masters,[34]
HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiki" \l
"cite_note-34#cite_note-34" [35] and almost all Reiki taught
outside Japan can be attributed to her work.[36][edit] Five
Principles
Usui was an admirer of the literary works of the Emperor Meiji (
Meiji tenn). While in the process of developing his Reiki system,
Usui summarised some of the emperor's works into a set of ethical
principles, which later became known as the Five Reiki Precepts (
Gokai, meaning "The Five Commandments," from the Buddhist teachings
of being prohibited against killing, thievery, sexual misconduct,
lying, and for intemperance). It is common for many Reiki teachers
and practitioners to abide by these five precepts, or
principles.[37]Kanji,.
:
,
,
,
,
.
,.
..
,.RmajiShfuku no hih,Manby no reiyaku.
Ky dake wa:
Okoru na,
Shinpai su na,
Kansha shite,
Gy wo hakeme,
Hito ni shinsetsu ni.
Asay gassh shite kokoro ni nenji,Kuchi ni tonae yo.
Shinshin kaizen.Usui Reiki Ryh.
Chso,Usui Mikao.
The five concepts of Mikao Usui, contained within the whole text
(Japanese writing is read from top to bottom, moving from right to
left). Note: Commonly called the Five Precepts or Five Principles,
they start in the third column from the right below the space, and
continue in the fourth and fifth columns from the right.
EnglishThe secret art of inviting happiness,The miraculous
medicine for all diseases.
At least for today:
Do not be angry,
Do not worry,
Be grateful,
Work with diligence,
Be kind to people.
Every morning and evening, join your hands in meditation and
pray with your heart.State in your mind and chant with your
mouth.
For improvement of mind and body.Usui Reiki Ryh.
The founder,Mikao Usui.
[edit] Traditions
Today many branches of Reiki exist, though there exist two major
traditions, respectively called Traditional Japanese Reiki and
Western Reiki.
[edit] Traditional Japanese Reiki
Reiki written in Shinjitai Japanese.
The term Traditional Japanese Reiki is normally used to describe
the specific system that formed from Usui's original teachings[38]
and the teachings that did not leave Japan. During the 1990s,
Western teachers travelled to Japan in order to find this
particular tradition of Reiki, though found nothing. They therefore
started to establish Reiki schools, and started to teach Reiki
levels 1 and 2 to the Japanese. Around 1993, a German Reiki Master,
Frank Arjava Petter, also started to teach to the Master/Teacher
level, and as a result, the Japanese started teaching their
knowledge of Traditional Reiki. Since then, several traditions of
Traditional Japanese Reiki have been established, the main
traditions of which are listed below.[39] Usui Reiki Ryh Gakkai (
in Traditional Mandarin, meaning "Usui Reiki Healing Method
Learning Society")[40] is the name of the society of Reiki masters
founded by Mikao Usui. His style is assumed to have survived to the
present day (assumed as no-one knows exactly how the Gakkai
practises nowadays), with Ushida being the one who, upon death,
substituted the presidency of the association. This society
remained secret for many years and at present, the shihan (master),
Masaki Kondoh, is the president of the Gakkai. Though many of their
teachings still remain secret, little by little, members of this
association - such as Master Hiroshi Doi - have been sharing their
knowledge with the rest of the world. In spite of this, it
continues to be a hermetic society, nearly impossible to
access.
Reid Reiki Gakkai (, meaning "Spiritual Occurrence [and]
Spiritual Energy Society") is the name given to the system that
derives from the masters of the Ryh Gakkai, and is led by Fuminori
Aoki, who added to the teaching of the Gakkai, though differences
in teaching are minimal. In this system, the Koriki (meaning "the
force of happiness") symbol that inspired Fuminori Aoki has been
adopted.[41]
HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiki" \l
"cite_note-41#cite_note-41" [42] Kmy Reiki Kai (, meaning
"Enlightened Spiritual Energy Meeting (Association)") is the name
given to the system that takes the name of a school of Japanese
Traditional Reiki, and was established by Hyakuten Inamoto (), a
Reiki teacher with Western Reiki background. It differs from other
systems in that it does not originate with the Gakkai, but instead
comes from the Hayashi line, through Chiyoko Yamaguchi () that
remained in Japan.
Jikiden Reiki (, meaning "The Direct Teaching [of] Spiritual
Energy") is the name given to the original system that was taught
by Dr. Hayashi, and was founded by Mrs. Yamaguchi and her son,
Tadao Yamaguchi ( ).[43]The Japanese Reiki hand positions presented
in the Usui Reiki Ryh Hikkei (, Usui Reiki Treatment Handbook) as
used and compiled by Usui are considerably more extensive than the
hand positions used in Western Reiki.[44][edit] Western Reiki
Western Reiki (, Seiy reiki) is a system that can be accredited
Hawayo Takata.[45] The principal difference between the traditions
is the use of set hand patterns for internal treatments instead of
Reiji-h, the intuitive skill of "knowing where to place the
hands."[39] This style Reiki places more emphasis on the healing of
ailments, and ascension to higher levels of attunement is more
formalised.[39]After being trained by Hayashi, Takata went back to
Hawaii, taking Reiki with her. After setting up clinics there,
Reiki then spread to the rest of the Western world. As a result of
the second world war, Takata decided to modify the Traditional
Japanese Reiki system in order to make it more understandable and
credible to the mentality of the West.
Usui Reiki Shiki Ryh (, commonly translated as meaning "Usui's
Spiritual Energy Style of Therapy", but a more literal translation
is "Usui's Spiritual Energy Style of Medical Treatment" (Ryh ()
meaning medical treatment)) is the name given to the Western system
of Reiki, and is a system that has tried to stay near enough the
same as the original practises of Hawayo Takata. It is taught today
by, for instance, the Reiki Alliance, led by Phyllis Lei Furumoto,
Takata's granddaughter.[46] In this system, as with most Western
systems of Reiki, there are three levels, respectively called the
First Degree, Second Degree, and Master/Teacher Degree, which uses
Takata's versions of the four original symbols passed to her by
Hayashi. Usui Reiki Shiki Ryh is also the norm requested
qualification (along with Reiki lineage) when seeking insurance to
practise Reiki on the general public in the United Kingdom.[47]
Usui/Tibetan Reiki is the name given to the system that was
developed by Arthur Robertson and later popularised by William Lee
Rand and Diane Stein.[48]
HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiki" \l
"cite_note-48#cite_note-48" [49] This system is derived from Usui
Reiki as taught by Takata and includes techniques from the Usui
Reiki Ryh Gakkai, such as Bysen-h (, Scanning Method), Gyshi-h (,
Healing Eyes Method), and Kenyoku-h (, Dry Bathing Method). There
have been a few additions to this system in comparison with Usui
Shiki Ryh by Rand, such as a modified attunement method that
incorporates the Violet Breath,[48] the use of the Tibetan Master
and kundalini fire symbols along with the four traditional Usui
symbols, the hui yin position (located in the perineum), and also
the microcosmic orbit.[48] Along with introducing the above,
Usui/Tibetan Reiki can sometimes incorporate psychic surgery.
Unlike Usui Reiki Shiki Ryh, it has four levels, commonly called
First Degree, Second Degree, Advanced Reiki Training (commonly 3A
or ART), and Master/Teacher (commonly 3B).[48] Gendai Reiki H (,
meaning "Modern Spiritual Energy Method") is a system that
incorporates elements of both Japanese and Western Reiki,[50] and
was established by Hiroshi Doi.[50] Doi was first trained in
Western Reiki by Mieko Mitsui, a Master of the "Radiance
Technique."[51] In 1993, he was granted membership to Usui Reiki
Ryh Gakkai.[51][edit] Teachings
Reiki teachings claim that Reiki is inexhaustible[52]
HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiki" \l
"cite_note-52#cite_note-52" [53] and that it can be used to induce
a healing effect.[54] Practitioners claim that anyone can gain
access to this energy[55] by means of an attunement process[56]
carried out by a Reiki Master.[57]Reiki is described by adherents
as a holistic therapy which brings about healing on physical,
mental, emotional and spiritual levels.[58] The belief is that the
energy will flow through the practitioner's hands whenever the
hands are placed on, or held near a potential recipient. Some
teachings stress the importance of the practitioner's intention or
presence in this process, while others claim that the energy is
drawn by the recipient's injury to activate or enhance the natural
healing processes.[59] Further to this notion, the belief is that
the energy is "intelligent",[60] meaning that the Reiki knows where
to heal, even if a practitioner's hands are not present in the
specific area.
[edit] Training
The teaching of Reiki outside of Japan is commonly divided into
three levels,[61] or degrees, the most common of which are
described below. Traditional Japanese Reiki was taught intensively
under Usui's guidance, with weekly meditation meetings where Reiki
was given and used to scan the body in order to supply an energetic
diagnosis,[62] which is known in Japanese as Byosen-h, as a
Japanese Reiki treatment is intuitive and specifically directed in
comparison to a Western Reiki treatment, which tends to generally
treat the whole body instead of specific areas.
[edit] First degree
The first degree Reiki course,[63] sometimes given the Japanese
name of Shoden ("" in Japanese, meaning "'Elementary/Entry
Teachings"),[64] teaches the basic theories and procedures. A
number of "attunements" are given to the student by the
teacher.[65] Students learn hand placement positions on the
recipient's body that are thought to be most conducive to the
process in a whole body treatment.[66] Having completed the first
degree course, a Reiki practitioner can then treat himself and
others with Reiki. Course duration is dependent on the Reiki Master
Teacher; some hold four sessions spread over a number of days,
others hold two sessions over two days.[67][edit] Second degree
In the second degree Reiki course,[68] sometimes given the
Japanese name of Okuden ("" in Japanese, meaning "Inner
Teachings"),[69] the student learns the use of a number of symbols
that are said to enhance the strength and distance over which Reiki
can be exerted.[70] This involves the use of symbols to form a
temporary connection between the practitioner and the recipient,
regardless of location and time, and then to send the Reiki
energy.[71]
HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiki" \l
"cite_note-71#cite_note-71" [72] Another attunement is given, which
is said to further increase the capacity for Reiki to flow through
the student, as well as empowering the use of the symbols.[73]
Having completed the second level, the student can work without
being physically present with the recipient - a practise known as
"distant healing".[74] Students in Japan sometimes only attained
the Second Degree after a period of 10, sometimes 20, years of
practice under Usui's tutorship, and the majority of student never
attained the Third Degree.[75][edit] Third degree
Through the third degree, or "master training",[76] sometimes
given the Japanese name of Shinpiden ("" in Japanese, meaning
"Mystery Teachings"),[77] the student becomes a Reiki Master. In
Reiki terminology, the word "master" does not imply spiritual
enlightenment, and is sometimes changed to "Master/Teacher" in
order to avoid this confusion. According to the specific branch of
Reiki, either one or more attunements can be carried out and the
student learns a further symbol.[78] Having completed the master
training, the new Reiki Master can attune other people to Reiki and
teach the three degrees. The duration of the master training can be
anything from a day to a year or more, depending on the school and
philosophy of the Reiki Master giving the training. There are
commonly two types of Master: Master Teacher and Master
Practitioner; a Master Teacher is a Master of Reiki and also has
the ability teach Reiki (i.e., attune others), though a Master
Practitioner is a Master of Reiki but does not teach Reiki.
[edit] Variations
There is much variation in training methods, speed of completion
(i.e., attunment), and costs. Though there is no accreditation and
central body for Reiki, nor any regulation of its practice, there
exists such organisations within the United Kingdom that seeks to
standardise Reiki and Reiki practises, such as the UK Reiki
Federation[79] and the Reiki Council (UK).[80] Reiki courses are
also available online, although traditionalists state that
attunement must be done in person in order to take effect, as the
Reiki Master/Teacher doing the attunement must be able to actually
touch the energy field of the person being attuned. A distance
Reiki attument is not always recognised by certain Reiki
federations, such as with the UK Reiki Federation, who state,
"[a]ll training must have been "in-person" or "face to face"
(distant attunements are not accepted)."[81] Some traditionalists
also hold the ideal that methods that teach Reiki "quickly" cannot
yield as strong an effect, because there is no substitute for
experience and patience when mastering Reiki.
[edit] Practice
The seven major chakras.
A schematic diagram of the human body's meridians.
In Western Reiki, it is taught that Reiki works in conjunction
with the meridian energy lines and chakras through the use of the
hand-positions, which normally correspond to the seven major
chakras on the body. These hand-positions are used both on the
front and back of the body, and can include specific areas (see
localised treatment). According to authors such as James Deacon,
Usui used only five formal hand-positions, which focused on the
head and neck.[82] After Reiki had been given first to the head and
neck area, specific areas of the body where imbalances were present
would then be treated.[82] The use of the chakras is widespread
within Western Reiki, though not as much within Traditional
Japanese Reiki, as it concentrates more on treating specific areas
of the body after using techniques such as Byosen-h and Reiji-h,
which are used to find areas of dis-ease (discomfort) in the auras
and physical body.
[edit] Healing
Usui Reiki Ryh does not use any medication or instruments, but
uses looking, blowing, light tapping, and touching.[83] According
to Frank Arjava Petter, Usui touched the diseased parts of the
body, he massaged them, tapped them lightly, stroked them, blew on
them, fixed his gaze upon them for two to three minutes, and
specifically gave them energy,[84] and used a technique commonly
referred to as palm healing as a form of complementary and
alternative medicine. Through the use of this palm healing
(sometimes referred to as "tenohira" (, meaning "the palm"),
practitioners transfer healing energy in the form of qi through the
palms.[3][edit] Whole body treatment
In a typical whole-body Reiki treatment,[85] the Reiki
practitioner instructs the recipient to lie down, usually on a
massage table, and relax. Loose, comfortable clothing is usually
worn during the treatment. The practitioner might take a few
moments to enter a calm or meditative state of mind and mentally
prepare for the treatment,[86] that is usually carried out without
any unnecessary talking.[87]The treatment proceeds with the
practitioner placing the hands on the recipient in various
positions. However, practitioners may use a non-touching technique,
where the hands are held a few centimetres away from the
recipient's body for some or all of the positions. The hands are
usually kept in a position for three to five minutes before moving
to the next position. Overall, the hand positions usually give a
general coverage of the head, the front and back of the torso, the
knees, and feet. Between 12 and 20 positions are used, with the
whole treatment lasting anywhere from 45 to 90 minutes.[88]Many
Western practitioners use a common fixed set of 12 hand
positions,[62] while others use their intuition to guide them as to
where treatment is needed[89] as is the practise in Traditional
Japanese Reiki, sometimes starting the treatment with a "scan" of
the recipient to find such areas. The intuitive approach might also
lead to individual positions being treated for much shorter or
longer periods. A Western Reiki treatment is considered a type of
large-scale treatment in comparison to the more localised-style
treatment of Traditional Japanese Reiki.[75]The use of the 12 hand
positions energise on many levels,[75] by,
Energising on a physical level through the warmth of the
hands,
Energising on the mental level through the use of the Reiki
symbols,
Energising on the emotional level through the love that flows
with the use of the symbols,
Energising on the energetic level though the presence of an
initiated practitioner as well as the presence of the Reiki power
itself.[75]It is reported that the recipient often feels warmth or
tingling in the area being treated, even when a non-touching
approach is being used. A state of deep relaxation, combined with a
general feeling of well-being, is usually the most noticeable
immediate effect of the treatment, although emotional releases can
also occur.[90] As the Reiki treatment is said to stimulate the
body's natural healing processes, instantaneous "cures" of specific
health problems are not normally observed. A series of three or
more treatments, typically at intervals of one to seven days, is
usually recommended if a chronic condition is being addressed,[88]
and regular treatments on an on-going basis can be used with the
aim of maintaining well-being. The interval between such treatments
is typically in the range of one to four weeks, except in the case
of self-treatment where daily practice is common.[88][edit]
Localised treatment
A Reiki treatment in progress.
Localised Reiki treatment involves the practitioner's hands
being held on or near a specific part of the body for a varying
length of time. Recent injuries are usually treated in this
way,[91] with the site of injury being targeted. There is great
variation in the duration of such treatments, though 20 minutes is
typical. Takata described "localised treatment" as 'hands-on work,'
compared to distant or "absent healing."[92]Some practitioners use
localised treatments for certain ailments, and some publications
have tabulated appropriate hand positions,[93]
HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiki" \l
"cite_note-93#cite_note-93" [94] However, other practitioners
prefer to use the whole body treatment for all chronic conditions,
on the grounds that it has a more holistic effect.[95] Another
approach is to give a whole body treatment first, followed by a
localised treatment for any specific ailments.[96]Usui used
specific hand positions to treat specific ailments and dis-eases
(discomfort),[97] which included disorders of the nervous system
(such as hysteria),[98] respiratory disorders (such as inflammation
of the trachea),[99] digestive disorders (such as gastric
ulcers),[100] circulatory disorders (such as chronic high blood
pressure),[101] metabolism and blood disorders (such as
anaemia),[102] urogenital tract disorders (such as nephritis),[103]
skin disorders (such as inflammation of the lymph nodes),[104]
childhood disorders (such as measles),[105] womens health disorders
(such as morning sickness),[106] and contagious disorders (such as
typhoid fever).[107][edit] Breathing
Though the specific use of breath and breathing is central to
many styles of Japanese Reiki, it is often a neglected topic in
Western Reiki.[108] Usui taught a technique called Joshin Koky-h
(), which roughly translates as "the breathing method for cleansing
the spirit," though literally translates as "Goddess Breath
Method".[84] Joshin Koky-h is performed by sitting straight, with
the back aligned, breathing in slowly through the nose. As the
practitioner inhales, s/he also breathes the Reiki energy in
through the crown Chakra in order to purify the body and make it
fit for the flow of Reiki, and is drawn down into the
tanden.[84][edit] Three Pillars of Reiki
Along with the five Reiki principles, Usui based his Reiki
system on three other practises; Gassh, Reiji-h, and
Chiry.[109][edit] GasshGassh ("" in Japanese, meaning "two hands
coming together") is a meditative state where both palms of the
hands are placed together, and was practised each time at the
beginning of Usui's Reiki workshops/meetings. One technique of
Gassh is to concentrate on the pads where the two middle fingers
meet.[109][edit] Reiji-hReiji-h (, meaning "indication of the Reiki
power method") is a means of connecting with the Reiki power by
asking it to flow through the practitioner three times, and is
commonly split into three parts. The first part is to ask the Reiki
power to flow through the practitioner. It will either enter
through the crown chakra (as this is the highest ascension), the
heart chakra (as indicated by the pure love of Reiki), or the hands
(as the palms are attuned with specific Reiki symbols). A student
of the Second Degree can use the third/distance symbol to connect
with the Reiki along with the first/power symbol; the distance
symbol is sent first and is then sealed with the power
symbol.[110]The second part is to pray for the recovery of the
person if a specific ailment is being healed, or for the general
health of the person if otherwise.[110]The third part is to place
both hands, palms facing each other, to the third eye (the area in
between the two eyebrows), and ask the Reiki power to guide the
hands to where energy is needed.[110] Though similar to the
practice of Byosen-h, Reiji-h relies specifically on intuition of
where to heal, whereas Byosen-h scans for areas with the hands,
feeling for subtle changes in the aura of the practitioner's hands
and the aura of the recipient.
[edit] ChiryChiry ("" in Japanese, meaning "(medical)
treatment") requires the practitioner to place his/her dominant
hand on the crown chakra and wait for hibiki (, "feedback") in the
form of an impulse or inspiration, which the hand then follows.
During Chiry, the practitioner gives free rein to the hand,
touching painful areas of the body until the area no longer hurts
or until the hands move on their own to another area.[111][edit]
Research, critical evaluation, and controversy
[edit] Scientific research
Claims for Reiki energy have no known theoretical or biophysical
basis.[4]
HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiki" \l
"cite_note-Stenger_SRAM-111#cite_note-Stenger_SRAM-111" [112]A 2008
systematic review of randomised clinical trials assessing the
evidence basis of Reiki concluded that efficacy had not been
demonstrated for any condition.[4] Nine studies fit the inclusion
criteria; a modified Jadad score of methodological quality was
used, taking into account the difficulty of blinding practitioners.
Non-randomised studies were excluded, as the potential for
intentional or unintentional bias in such studies is large,
rendering the results un-interpretable. Overall, the methodological
quality of the evidence base was poor as most of the studies
suffered from flaws such as small sample size, inadequate study
design and poor reporting, with even high-ranking studies failing
fully to control for placebo effects."[4] As trials with such flaws
are known to be likely to show exaggerated treatment effects, there
is insufficient evidence to indicate that Reiki is effective as
sole or adjuvant therapy for any medical condition, or that it has
any benefits beyond possible placebo effects.[4]
HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiki" \l
"cite_note-Ernst_PW-112#cite_note-Ernst_PW-112" [113] Placebo
trials of Reiki are complicated by the difficulty of designing a
realistic placebo,[114] although subsequent trials with adequate
placebo or sham controls have shown no difference between the
procedure and the control groups.[4]A 2009 review in The Journal of
Alternative and Complementary Medicine found that "the serious
methodological and reporting limitations of limited existing Reiki
studies preclude a definitive conclusion on its
effectiveness."[115][edit] Safety and effectiveness
Main article: Testing of safetyConcerns about safety in Reiki
are similar to those of other unproven alternative medicines.
Doctors of medicine and allied health care workers believe that
patients might avoid clinically proven treatments for serious
conditions in favour of unproven alternative medicines.[116] Reiki
practitioners may encourage their clients to consult a medical
doctor for serious conditions, stating that Reiki can be used to
complement conventional medicine.[117] Clinical trials have not
reported any significant adverse effects from the use of
Reiki.[4]William T. Jarvis, Ph.D., of The National Council Against
Health Fraud, suggests that any clinical effect of Reiki may be due
to suggestion.[118][edit] Internal controversies
With the many varied ways that have been used to teach Reiki,
there have emerged points of controversy between different groups,
teachers, and practitioners. Controversies exist on topics such as
the nature of the Reiki energy itself, fees charged for courses and
treatments, training methods, secrecy of symbols, and attunement
methods.[119]
HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiki" \l
"cite_note-TRTIA_history-119#cite_note-TRTIA_history-119"
[120]Following the death of Hawayo Takata, through to the mid
1990s, there were rival claims to the title of "Grandmaster" of
Reiki. However, this dispute largely evaporated when it was
discovered that Takata herself had created the term.[121][edit]
Catholic Church concerns
In March 2009, the Committee on Doctrine of the United States
Conference of Catholic Bishops issued a decree (Guidelines for
Evaluating Reiki as an Alternative Therapy)[122] halting the
practice of Reiki by Catholics used in some Catholic retreat
centres and hospitals. The conclusion of the decree stated that
"since Reiki therapy is not compatible with either Christian
teaching or scientific evidence, it would be inappropriate for
Catholic institutions, such as Catholic health care facilities and
retreat centres, or persons representing the Church, such as
Catholic chaplains, to promote or to provide support for Reiki
therapy."[edit] See also
Complementary medicine Energy medicine Glossary of alternative
medicine Laying on of hands Reiki history US National Center for
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Vibrational medicine[edit]
References
1. ^ Lbeck, Petter, and Rand (2001). Chapter 14, pages 108 to
110; Ellyard (2004). Page 79; McKenzie (1998). Pages 19, 42, and
52; Lbeck (1996). Page 22; Borng (1997). Page 57; Veltheim and
Veltheim (1995). Page 72
2. ^ Institute for Complementary and Natural Medicine. "BRCP
Divisions & Practises".
http://www.i-c-m.org.uk/practitioners/divisions. Retrieved April
10, 2010.3. ^ a b Reiki flows through hands: (McKenzie (1998). Page
18); (Ellyard (2004). Page 27); (Borng (1997). Page 9); (Veltheim
and Veltheim (1995). Page 33)
4. ^ a b c d e f g Lee, MS; Pittler, MH; Ernst, E (2008).
"Effects of Reiki in clinical practice: a systematic review of
randomized clinical trials". International Journal of Clinical
Practice 62 (6): 94754. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01729.x.
PMID18410352.
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01729.x.
Retrieved 2008-05-02.5. ^ J. Simpson, E. Weiner, M. Proffitt, et
al., 1989, Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed.
6. ^ The San Mateo Times, 2 May 1975, 32/1.
7. ^ Lbeck, Petter, and Rand (2001). Page 302; McKenzie (1998).
Page 18; Shuffrey (1998). Page 1.
8. ^ Jack Halpern, New Japanese-English Character Dictionary (),
Kenkysha, 1990, NTC reprint, 1993. Ki is additionally defined as "
spirits; one's feelings, mood, frame of mind; temperament, temper,
disposition, one's nature, character; mind to do something,
intention, will; care, attention, precaution".
9. ^ Derivation of name: Lbeck, Petter, and Rand (2001). Chapter
6)
10. ^ M. Spahn and W. Hadamidtzy (1989), Japanese Character
Dictionary With Compound Lookup via Any Kanji, Nichigai.
11. ^ J. H. Haig (1997 edition), The New Nelson Japanese-English
Character Dictionary, Tuttle.
12. ^ T. Watanabe, E., R. Skrzypczak, and P. Snowden (2003).
Kenkysha's New Japanese-English Dictionary.
13. ^ Morohashi Tetsuji, 1960, Dai Kan-Wa jiten , Taishukan;
Todo Akiyasu, 1978, Kan-Wa Daijiten , Gakken. Both dictionaries
define ryge as a mononoke , meaning "ghost; demon; evil spirit"
that possesses people. Ry means "evil spirit who possesses a
human", J. H. Haig 1997.
14. ^ Roth, Harold D. 2004. Original Tao: Inward Training
(Nei-yeh) and the Foundations of Taoist Mysticism, Columbia
University Press, p. 97. Compare translating as "The magical qi
within the heart"; R. Eno, 2005, Guanzi: "The Inner Enterprise"
(Section 18: Moderation).
15. ^ Lin Yutang, 1972, Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary
of Modern Usage, Chinese University of Hong Kong Press.
16. ^ Ling Yuan, 2002, The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary,
Chinese-English Edition, Foreign Language Teaching and Research
Press.
17. ^ DeFrancis, John, 2003, ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive
Dictionary, University of Hawaii Press.
18. ^ Rand, William L. (March 1998) [1991]. Reiki: The Healing
Touch, First and Second Degree Manual (Expanded and Revised ed.).
Michigan, USA: Vision Publications. p.I-13. ISBN1886785031.19. ^ a
b c Rand, William L. (March 1998) [1991]. Reiki: The Healing Touch,
First and Second Degree Manual (Expanded and Revised ed.).
Michigan, USA: Vision Publications. p.I-14. ISBN1886785031.20. ^
Usui's 21 day retreat: (Lbeck, Petter, and Rand (2001). Page 14);
What is the History of Reiki?21. ^ Founding of Usui Reiki Ryh
Gakkai: (Lbeck, Petter, and Rand (2001). Page 14)
22. ^ a b c Inscription on Usui's memorial
23. ^ Number of people taught by Usui: (Lbeck, Petter, and Rand
(2001). Page 16)
24. ^ a b c d e Rand, William L. (March 1998) [1991]. Reiki: The
Healing Touch, First and Second Degree Manual (Expanded and Revised
ed.). Michigan, USA: Vision Publications. p.I-15.
ISBN1886785031.25. ^ From original research conducted by Frank
Arjava Petter and Dave King
26. ^ Hayashi's teachings: (Lbeck, Petter, and Rand (2001).
Chapter 19, Page 17)
27. ^ a b c Rand, William L. (March 1998) [1991]. Reiki: The
Healing Touch, First and Second Degree Manual (Expanded and Revised
ed.). Michigan, USA: Vision Publications. p.I-16.
ISBN1886785031.28. ^ Hayashi trained Takata: (Ellyard (2004). Page
13)
29. ^ A copy of her original certificate is available at
Aetw.org30. ^ Takata's Reiki practice and teaching in the US:
(Ellyard (2004). Page 15)
31. ^ a b c Rand, William L. (March 1998) [1991]. Reiki: The
Healing Touch, First and Second Degree Manual (Expanded and Revised
ed.). Michigan, USA: Vision Publications. p.I-17.
ISBN1886785031.32. ^ Start of Takata's teaching of Reiki Masters:
(Ellyard (2004). Page 15)
33. ^ (Petter (1997). Page 21) and (Veltheim and Veltheim
(1995). Page 26)
34. ^ UK Reiki Federation. "UK Reiki Federation - About
Lineages".
http://www.reikifed.co.uk/pub/about/fed/join/lineages.shtml.
Retrieved 15 April 2010.35. ^ Takata trained 22 Reiki Masters:
(Ellyard (2004). Page 14), (Veltheim and Veltheim (1995). Page 26)
and (Petter (1997). Page20)
36. ^ Significance of Takata in bringing Reiki out of Japan:
(Ellyard (2004). Pages 14 to 16) and (Veltheim and Veltheim (1995).
Page 26)
37. ^ Quest, Penelope (2008). Living the Reiki Way. London:
Piatkus. pp.1718. ISBN0749928328.38. ^ Stein, Diane (1998).
Essential Reiki: A Complete Guide to an Ancient Healing Art.
Australia: Crossing Press. ISBN0895947366.39. ^ a b c
Master-Reiki.com (2009). "Master Reiki - Become a Reiki Master".
http://www.master-reiki.com/. Retrieved April 27, 2010.40. ^ James
Deacon (2003). "Usui Reiki Ryoho Gakkai". http://www.aetw.org/.
http://www.aetw.org/reiki_gakkai.html. Retrieved 5 June 2010.41. ^
Tomaqui. "KORIKI - Un primer smbolo [Koriki - The First Symbol]"
(in Spanish).
http://usuarios.multimania.es/tomaqui/KORIKI%20-%20Un%20primer%20simbolo.htm.
Retrieved 28 February 2010.42. ^ James Deacon. "Reido Reiki".
http://www.aetw.org/. http://www.aetw.org/reiki_reido.html.
Retrieved 5 June 2010.43. ^ Tadao Yamaguchi. "Jikiden Reiki
History". http://www.jikidenreiki.co.uk/.
http://www.jikidenreiki.co.uk/83/0/tooltip1.htm. Retrieved 5 June
2010.44. ^ Usui, Dr. Mikao; Frank Arjava Petter (31). The Original
Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryh
Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and
Well-being. Lotus Press. p.7. ISBN0914955578.45. ^ Streich,
Marianne; William, Rand L. (Spring 2007). How Hawayo Takata
Practised and Taught Reiki. Reiki News Magazine. p.1.
http://www.centerforreikiresearch.org/Downloads/TakataArticle.pdf.
Retrieved 27 April 2010. "All Western Reiki practitioners have a
lineage going back through Mrs. Takata. It was she who brought
Reiki to the west."46. ^ The Reiki Alliance (2006). "What is the
Reiki Alliance?". http://www.reikialliance.com/the-reiki-alliance.
Retrieved 5 May 2010.47. ^ Complementary Therapists Association.
"Complementary Therapists Association - Accepted Qualifications -
Reiki". http://www.ctha.com/Quals/?QC=16. Retrieved 15 April
2010.48. ^ a b c d International Reiki Federation. "Explanation of
Reiki". http://www.reiki-federation.co.uk/glossary.asp. Retrieved 5
May 2010.49. ^ Vincent Amador. "Usui Tibetan Reiki - Introduction".
http://web.archive.org/web/20020414093724/angelreiki.nu/level3/tibetan.htm.
Retrieved 26 July 2010.50. ^ a b Lila Desy, Phylameana (1 March
2004). The Everything Reiki Book: Channel Your Positive Energy to
Reduce Stress (Everything (New Age)). Adams Media Corporation.
p.232. ISBN159337030X.51. ^ a b Richard R. Rivard (23 October
2009). "What is Gendai Reiki Ho?". The Reiki Threshold
(http://www.threshold.ca/reiki/, direct link to source:
http://www.threshold.ca/reiki/Gendai.html).
http://www.threshold.ca/reiki/Gendai.html. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
"See section entitled Mr. Doi's Reiki Training"52. ^ Reiki is
inexhaustible. McKenzie (1998). Page 18; Borng (1997). Page 9
53. ^ Reiki as universal life force energy: Lbeck, Petter, and
Rand (2001). Page 62; McKenzie (1998). Page 18; Ellyard (2004).
Page 75; Lbeck (1994). Page 13; Borng (1997). Page 8
54. ^ McKenzie (1998). Page 18; Lbeck, Petter, and Rand (2001).
Pages 14 and 68; Veltheim and Veltheim (1995). Page 30; Ellyard
(2004). Page 27
55. ^ Anyone can be attuned to Reiki: (Lbeck, Petter, and Rand
(2001). Page 8); (Veltheim and Veltheim (1995). Page 35); (Ellyard
(2004). Page 77)
56. ^ Note: The terms attunement and "initiation" are usually
used interchangeably with regard to Reiki. Occasionally there is a
slight difference of emphasis implied, with attunement used when
discussing the gaining of access to the Reiki energy and
"initiation" when discussing the personal (or spiritual) growth
aspect. Both these aspects relate to the same physical
procedure.
57. ^ Access is by means of attunement: (Ellyard (2004). Page 27
and 31); (Lbeck, Petter, and Rand (2001). Page 22); (McKenzie
(1998). Pages 18 and 19); (Gollagher (1998). Page 26); (Borng
(1997). Page 12)
58. ^ Reiki is holistic, bringing healing on physical, mental,
emotional and spiritual levels: (Baginski and Sharamon (1988). Page
35); (Gollagher (1998). Page 44); (Borng (1997). Page 10);
(McKenzie (1998). Page 81)
59. ^ Reiki activates or enhances natural healing: (McKenzie
(1998). Page 18); (Veltheim and Veltheim (1995). Pages 78 and 93);
(Gollagher (1998). Page 24)
60. ^ Reiki is "intelligent": (Ellyard (2004). Pages 28 and 29);
(Borng (1997). Page 10)
61. ^ Reiki is taught in 3 levels: (McKenzie (1998). Page 54);
(Veltheim and Veltheim (1995). Page 117); (Petter (1997). Page
38)
62. ^ a b Usui, Dr. Mikao; Frank Arjava Petter (31). The
Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui
Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for
Health and Well-being. Lotus Press. p.7. ISBN0914955578.63. ^ First
degree course content: (McKenzie (1998). Page 54); (Veltheim and
Veltheim (1995). Page 118); (Petter (1997). Page 38)
64. ^ James Deacon (2002), Reiki Glossary: S - Z (online).
Accessed: 20 March 2011 (available:
http://www.aetw.org/reiki_glossary_s.html)
65. ^ Effect of attunements in 1st level: (Ellyard (2004). Page
37)
66. ^ Teaching of hand positions during First degree course:
(Baginski and Sharamon (1988). Page 48), (Petter (1997). Page
39)
67. ^ Duration of First degree course: (Baginski and Sharamon
(1988). Page 46), (Petter (1997). Page 38)
68. ^ Second degree course content: (McKenzie (1998). Page 56);
(Veltheim and Veltheim (1995). Page 119); (Petter (1997). Page
43)
69. ^ James Deacon (2002), Reiki Glossary: M - R (online).
Accessed: 23 February 2010 (available:
http://www.aetw.org/reiki_glossary_m.html#o)
70. ^ Teaching of symbols in Second Degree: (Ellyard (2004).
Page 81)
71. ^ Reiki can be sent to past or future: (McKenzie (1998).
Page 39), in Western Reiki; (Ellyard (2004). Page 115); (Lbeck
(1994). Page 155)
72. ^ Use of symbols for connection during distant healing:
(McKenzie (1998). Page 39); (Ellyard (2004). Page 110)
73. ^ Effect of 2nd level attunement: (Ellyard (2004). Page
81)
74. ^ Healing at a distance taught during Second Degree course:
(Petter (1997). Page 43)
75. ^ a b c d Usui, Dr. Mikao; Frank Arjava Petter (31). The
Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui
Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for
Health and Well-being. Lotus Press. p.8. ISBN0914955578.76. ^
Master training: (McKenzie (1998). Page 58); (Veltheim and Veltheim
(1995). Pages 120 to 124); (Petter (1997). Pages to 47 and 49)
77. ^ James Deacon (2002), Reiki Glossary: S - Z (online).
Accessed: 23 February 2010 (available:
http://www.aetw.org/reiki_glossary_s.html)
78. ^ Content of master training: (Ellyard (2004). Chapters 16
and 17)
79. ^ UK Reiki Federation website link:
http://www.reikifed.co.uk/80. ^ The Reiki Council website link:
http://www.reikicouncil.org.uk/81. ^ UK Reiki Federation (2009),
Membership Form. Accessed 23 February 2010 (available:
http://www.reikifed.co.uk/pub/about/fed/join/reikifed_mem-app.pdf)
82. ^ a b James Deacon (2006), Usui's Original Hand Positions
(online). Available: http://www.aetw.org/d_treatment_usui.htm
(accessed 25 February 2010)
83. ^ Usui, Dr. Mikao; Frank Arjava Petter (31). The Original
Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho
Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and
Well-being. Lotus Press. p.25. ISBN0914955578.84. ^ a b c Usui, Dr.
Mikao; Frank Arjava Petter (31). The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr.
Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions
and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and Well-being. Lotus
Press. p.22. ISBN0914955578.85. ^ Whole body treatment: (Lbeck
(1994). Chapters 4 and 5); (McKenzie (1998). Page 84); (Ellyard
(2004). Page 45); (Lbeck ,Petter, and Rand (2001). Chapter 20);
(Veltheim and Veltheim (1995). Page 79); (Petter (1997). Pages 50
to 55); (Borng (1997). Page 36)
86. ^ Mental preparation by practitioner at start of treatment:
(Ellyard (2004). Page 46)
87. ^ Minimum talking during formal treatments: (Ellyard (2004).
Page 45)
88. ^ a b c Duration of whole body treatment and others:
(Ellyard (2004). Page 41)
89. ^ Use of intuition: (Usui and Petter (2003). Page 17)
90. ^ Immediate effects of treatment: (Ellyard (2004). Page
44)
91. ^ Treatment of injuries: (McKenzie (1998). Page 110);
(Ellyard (2004). Page 70); (Veltheim and Veltheim (1995). Page
77)
92. ^ James Deacon (2006), On CKR, SHK, and Absent Healing
(online). Accessed: 23 February 2010 (available:
http://www.aetw.org/reiki_takata_course2.htm)
93. ^ Reiki.nu (2009), Reiki hand positions photos - treating
others, self and "quick version" (online). Accessed 23 February
2010 (available: http://www.Reiki.nu/Treatmentguide2.pdf)
94. ^ Hand positions for specific ailments: (Usui and Petter
(2003). Pages 49 and 67); (Lbeck (1994). Pages 173 and 184)
95. ^ Whole body treatment for chronic conditions: (McKenzie
(1998). Page 108); (Veltheim and Veltheim (1995). Page 81)
96. ^ Localised treatment following on from whole body
treatment: (McKenzie (1998). Page 105)
97. ^ Usui, Dr. Mikao; Frank Arjava Petter (31). The Original
Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho
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Retrieved 7 April 2010.[edit] Bibliography
Baginski, Bodo; et al. (1994). Reiki: Universal Life Energy:
Holistic Method Suitable for Self-Treatment and the Home
Professional Practice, Teleotherapeutics/Spiritual Healing. Lithia
Springs, Georgia: New Leaf Distribution Company. ISBN0940795027.
Ellyard, Lawrence (2004). Reiki Healer: A Complete Guide to the
Path and Practice of Reiki. Dorset, England: Lotus Press.
ISBN0940985640. Gollagher, Trevor (1998). Reiki: a Gift from the
Universe. Leir Shuffey, Sandi (1998). Reiki - A Beginner's Guide.
Headway. ISBN0340720816. McKenzie, Eleanor; et al. (1998). Healing
Reiki (Hamlyn Health & Well Being). Hamlyn. ISBN0600608182.
Rand, William L. (March 1998) [1991]. Reiki: The Healing Touch,
First and Second Degree Manual (Expanded and Revised ed.).
Michigan, USA: Vision Publications. ISBN1886785031. Ray, Barbara
(1992). The Reiki Factor in the Radiance Technique. Radiance Assoc.
ISBN0933267002. Usui, Mikao; et al. (2000). The Original Reiki
Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho
Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and
Well-being. Lotus Press. ISBN0914955578. Vetheim, Dr John &
Esther (1995). Reiki: the Science, Metaphysics and Philosophy.
PaRama. ISBN0964594404.[edit] External links
Look up Reiki in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Reiki National Center
for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (4 May 2010). "Reiki: An
Introduction (NCCAM Backgrounder)".
http://nccam.nih.gov/health/reiki/. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
"Government agency dedicated to exploring complementary and
alternative healing practices in the context of rigorous science,
training complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) researchers,
and disseminating authoritative information to the public and
professionals" The International Center for Reiki Training (2010).
"The International Center for Reiki Training".
http://www.reiki.org/. Retrieved 5 May 2010. "Articles and research
concerning Reiki" Stephen Barrett, M.D. (4 August 2009). "Reiki Is
Nonsense".
http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/reiki.html.
Retrieved 5 May 2010. "Quackwatch article by Stephen Barrett"
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiki"
Categories: Biofield therapies | Japanese religions terms | New
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