RECONFIGURABLE MULTI-BAND ANTENNA FOR …eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/48596/1/IgbafeOrikumhiMFKE2014.pdfRECONFIGURABLE MULTI-BAND ANTENNA FOR WLAN AND WIMAX APPLICATIONS IGBAFE ORIKUMHI

RECONFIGURABLE MULTI-BAND ANTENNA FOR WLAN AND WIMAX

APPLICATIONS

IGBAFE ORIKUMHI

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

Replace this page with form PSZ 19:16 (Pind. 1/07), which can be

obtained from SPS or your faculty.

iii

To my beloved parents, brothers, sisters, family, friends and to my dearest, I love you

all

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Glory be to God most high, Who has given me the enabling grace for a

successful completion of my masters degree program.

I would like to thank my project supervisor, Dr. Mohamad Rijal Bin Hamid

for his guidiance, advice, encouragement, patience and constructive comment which

contributed immensely to the completion of the project.

I would also like to acknolegde my friends out there for there moral support,

and encouragement.

To Pastor Mike and family, Pastor Francis and family, Marcus, Joy, Bassey,

Vera, Florence, Richard, Andrew, Delphne, Obadiah and Skudai Joy Gospel Chapel,

thank you all for your support. I would also like to acknowlegde all my friends out

there whoes names are not in the list, for there moral support, and encouragement.

And to my love, Juliet Yahaya, thank you for your love and support. Finally,

to my family thank you all for standing by me.

Igbafe Orikumhi

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ABSTRACT

In recent technology, multiple wireless access network types are used in

heterogeneous networks. This wireless networks are integrated to complement each

other in terms of coverage, data rate, mobility support and price. A single device can

be integrated with multiple wireless protocol such as Wireless Local Area Network

(WLAN) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), such

devices are constrained by performance, weight, cost, size and ease of installation,

hence, low profile antennas are required. WLAN (2.4, 5.2 and 5.8 GHz) and WiMAX

(3.5 and 5.5 GHz ) applications operates on various standards. To meet the requirement

of this standards, a reconfigurable multi-band antenna is proposed in this project. The

proposed antenna is composed of a two pairs of F shaped strip, placed within a slotted

ground plane and fed by a Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) printed on an FR4 board.

The two pairs of F strips, are coupled to the ground plane by means of switches.

Reconfiguration is possible by changing the states of the switches. The antenna was

design, simulated and measured. The analyses showed a good agreement between the

simulation and measured results. The proposed antenna may also be suitable for other

future wireless systems such as cognitive radio.

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ABSTRAK

Di era teknologi alaf baru ini , pelbagai jenis akses rangkaian tanpa wayar

telah diperkenalkan. Rangkaian-rangkaian ini disepadukan untuk melengkapi antara

satu sama lain dari segi liputan, kadar data , sokongan mobility dan harga. Suatu

peranti tunggal boleh disepadukan dengan pelbagai protokol tanpa wayar seperti

Rangkaian Kawasan Tempatan Wayarles (WLAN) dan Worldwide Interoperability

Akses Gelombang Mikro (WiMAX). Walaubagaimana pun, alat-alat ini dikekang oleh

prestasi , berat, kos, saiz dan kerja pemasangan. Oleh itu, antena berprofil rendah

diperlukan untuk peranti sedemikian. Aplikasi WLAN (2.4 , 5.2 dan 5.8 GHz)

dan WiMAX (3.5 dan 5.5 GHz) beroperasi pada pelbagai piawai. Bagi memenuhi

keperluan piawai ini, antena pelbagai jalur boleh ubah adalah dicadangkan. Antena

yang dicadangkan ini terdiri daripada dua pasang jalur berbentuk F, diletakkan di

dalam liang bersegi empat dan masukannya disalurkan melalui planar gelombang

terpandu (CPW). Rekabentuk ini dicetak di atas papan FR4 . Dua pasang jalur F,

digandingkan ke liang dengan menggunakan suis. Konfigurasi semula dengan itu

adalah mungkin apabila keadaan suis ditukar. Antena telah direka bentuk, simulasi

dan diukur. Analisis menunjukkan persamaan yang baik antara simulasi dan keputusan

pengukuran. Antena yang dicadangkan ini mungkin sesuai untuk digunakan pada

sistem tanpa wayar masa depan seperti kognitif radio.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION iiDEDICATION iiiACKNOWLEDGEMENT ivABSTRACT vABSTRAK viTABLE OF CONTENTS viiLIST OF TABLES xiLIST OF FIGURES xiiLIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvLIST OF SYMBOLS xvi

1 INTRODUCTION 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Problem Statement 21.3 Objectives of study 21.4 Scope of study 21.5 Organization of Thesis 31.6 Summary 3

2 FUNDAMENTAL THEORY OF ANTENNA 42.1 Introduction 42.2 Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant ε ) 42.3 Radiation Pattern of an Antenna 52.4 Directivity 52.5 Antenna Gain 62.6 Return Losses 62.7 Bandwidth 72.8 Polarization of an Antenna 8

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2.9 Beamwidth 82.10 Literature Review 8

2.10.1 Planar Antennas 92.10.2 Non-Reconfigurable Antennas 92.10.3 Reconfigurable Antenna 11

2.11 Summary 12

3 PROJECT METHODOLOGY 133.1 Introduction 133.2 Design methodology 133.3 Design Specifications 133.4 Design Flow Chart 143.5 Design calculations and formulas 163.6 Antenna Design in CST Software environment 203.7 The Proposed Structure 203.8 Design with Ideal switches 223.9 Design with real switches 223.10 Simulation process with real switch design 253.11 Fabrication process and Measurement 263.12 Summary 28

4 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS WITH IDEAL SWITCH 294.1 Introduction 294.2 Antenna structure 29

4.2.1 Antenna with ideal switch 294.2.2 Simulation results 31

4.2.2.1 Mode 0 334.2.2.2 Mode 1 344.2.2.3 Mode 2 354.2.2.4 Mode 3 364.2.2.5 Mode 4 374.2.2.6 Mode 5 384.2.2.7 Mode 6 39

4.2.3 Measurement results 404.2.3.1 Mode 0 measurement result

compared with simulation re-sult 42

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4.2.3.2 Mode 1 measurement resultcompared with simulation re-sult 43

4.2.3.3 Mode 2 measurement resultcompared with simulation result 44





4.2.4 Switching between modes 494.2.4.1 Single band switching 494.2.4.2 Dual band switching 494.2.4.3 Triple band switching 50

4.3 WLAN and WiMAX applications 504.4 Radiation pattern 52

4.4.1 Radiation pattern for mode 0 524.4.2 Radiation pattern for mode 1 534.4.3 Radiation pattern for mode 2 534.4.4 Radiation pattern for mode 3 534.4.5 Radiation pattern for mode 4 534.4.6 Radiation pattern for mode 5 544.4.7 Radiation pattern for mode 6 54

4.5 Gain 544.6 Summary 56

5 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS WITH REAL SWITCH 635.1 Introduction 635.2 Antenna structure 64

5.2.1 Biasing the antenna 655.3 Measured results 66

5.3.1 Mode 0 665.3.2 Mode1 675.3.3 Mode 2 675.3.4 Mode 3 68

5.4 Simulation results with real switch implementation 70

x

5.4.1 Implementing the equivalent circuit 705.4.2 Comparison between simulated amd mea-

sured result 735.4.2.1 Mode 0 745.4.2.2 Mode 1 755.4.2.3 Mode 2 765.4.2.4 Mode 3 77

5.5 Radiation pattern 785.6 Gain 795.7 Summary 80

6 CONCLUSION 836.1 Conclusion 836.2 Future work 836.3 Summary 84

REFERENCES 85Appendix A 88

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

3.1 Design specification 143.2 The effective width at different frequency 163.3 The effective dielectric constant at substrate height 0.8mm 173.4 The effective length at substrate height 0.8 173.5 The change in length at substrate height 0.8 183.6 The actual length of the patch at substrate height 0.8 183.7 Optimized parameter of the proposed antenna 214.1 Designed switch configuration 334.2 S11 and bandwidth for Mode 0 434.3 S11 and bandwidth for Mode 1 444.4 S11 and bandwidth for Mode 2 454.5 S11 and bandwidth for Mode 3 464.6 S11 and bandwidth for Mode 4 474.7 S11 and bandwidth for Mode 5 484.8 S11 and bandwidth for Mode 6 495.1 Switch configuration for real switch implementation 655.2 S11 and bandwidth with real switch for Mode 0 745.3 S11 and bandwidth with real switch for Mode 1 755.4 S11 and bandwidth with real switch for Mode 2 765.5 S11 and bandwidth with real switch for Mode 3 77A.1 Switch configuration for the unprinted modes 88

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

3.1 Flowchart 153.2 CPW line impedance 193.3 Halfwave lenght strip and simulated result 203.4 Proposed Antenna Structure 213.5 Varying Planer Inverted L strip (PIL) 233.6 Varying Planer F strip 233.7 Biasing line for real switch and diode configurations. 243.8 Power supply schematic 243.9 CST circuit elements environment 253.10 Implementing differential ports. 263.11 Materials used for fabrication process. 273.12 Fabricated antenna 284.1 Antenna structure 304.2 S-parameter of varying length of the feed line (hf) 304.3 S-parameter for “all off” switch state 314.4 Line impedance 324.5 S-parameter simulation result for switch s1 on 344.6 Simulation result for switch s1 and s2 switched on 354.7 Simulation result for switch s1 and s3 switched on 364.8 Simulation result for switch s1, s3 and s4 switched on 374.9 Simulation result for switch s1, s3 and s4 switched on 384.10 Simulation result for switch s2 and s3 switched on 394.11 Simulation result for switch s2 and s3 switched on 404.12 Fabricated antenna 414.13 Comparison between simulation and measured results for

mode 0 424.14 Comparison between simulated and measured results for

mode1 434.15 Comparison between simulation and measured results for

mode 2 44

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4.16 Comparison between simulation and measured results formode 3 45




4.20 Single band switching 504.21 Dual band switching 514.23 WLAN and WiMAX application frequency modes 514.22 Tripple band switching 524.31 Gain measurements 554.24 Radiation Pattern for mode 0 574.25 Radiation Pattern for mode 1 584.26 Radiation Pattern for mode 2 594.27 Radiation Pattern for mode 3 604.28 Radiation Pattern for mode 4 614.29 Radiation Pattern for mode 5 at 2.7 GHz 624.30 Radiation Pattern for mode 6 at 3.5 GHz 625.1 Antenna structure implementing real switches 635.2 Antenna schematic 645.3 S-parameter for mode 0 implementing real switches 665.4 S-parameter for mode 1 implementing real switches 675.5 S-parameter for mode 2 implementing real switches 685.6 S-parameter for mode 3 implementing real switches 695.7 Measured S-parameter for modes 0, 1, 2 and 3 705.8 Diode OFF and ON state Equivalent circuit 715.9 Varying capacitance for mode 0 725.10 Varying capacitance in mode 1 735.11 Comparison of Simulation and measured result for mode 0 745.12 Comparison of Simulation and measured result for mode 1 755.13 Comparison of Simulation and measured result for mode 2 765.14 Comparison of Simulation and measured result for mode 3 775.15 Simulated radiation pattern for mode 0 with real switch

implementation 785.16 Simulated radiation pattern for mode 1 with real switch

implementation 79

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5.17 Simulated radiation pattern for mode 2 with real switchimplementation 80

5.18 Simulated radiation pattern for mode 3 with real switchimplementation 81

5.19 Simulated gain with real switch implementation 82A.1 Simulated result for mode 7 89A.2 Simulated result for mode 8 89A.3 Simulated result for mode 9 90A.4 Simulated result for mode 10 91A.5 Simulated result for mode 11 91A.6 Simulated result for mode 12 92A.7 Simulated result for mode 13 93A.8 Simulated result for mode 14 93A.9 Simulated result for mode 15 94

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

WLAN – Wireless Local Area Network

WiMAX – Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

CST – Comupter Simulation Technology

IEEE – Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

VSWR – Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

HPBW – Half Power Beam Width

F-PIFA – Fractal Planar Inverted F antenna

GSM – Global System For Mobile

UTMS – Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

CPW – Co-Planar Waveguide

TL-MTM – Transmision-Line base Metamaterial

EFPA – E-shape Fractal Patch Antenna

ACS – Asymmetric Coplaner strip

PIEA – Planer Inver E Antenna

FR-4 – Fire Redundant standard 4

PIL – Planar Inverted L

DC – Direct Current

RF – Radio Frequency

UV – Ultra-Violet

SMA – SubMiniature version A

GHz – Giga Hertz

dB – deciBel

dBi – deciBel Isotropy

BW – Bandwidth

xvi

LIST OF SYMBOLS

λ – Wavelength

ε – Dielectric constant

π – radial measure

η – efficiency

Γ – Reflective coefficient

Ω – Ohms

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Antennas are essential components of wireless communications which canlimit the performance of wireless devices. Multi-band antennas are virtually replacingsingle band antenna in small wireless devices because of the advancement in recenttechnology. Wireless devices are increasingly having new wireless functionalitiesand therefore requires antennas that can operates over a wide range of frequencies.However these devices are also becoming smaller in sizes, and therefore requiresmaller and smarter antennas. A multi-band antenna can gives good performanceat certain frequencies bands and rejects other frequencies bands, hence they can beadapted into these devices to meet such new technology and functionalities.

As the needs of incorporating more communication standard into a singledevice keep increasing, while the size of such device keep shrinking, the needfor simple antennas which can easily be integrated with other circuit yet meet therequirements of such standards are required.

The advantages posed by reconfigurable antenna makes them interestinglyattractive, such as flexibility, small sizes, and generally they are less costly as comparedto other regular antennas, they also possess low out of band noise and new frequencybands.

Reconfigurable antenna can be modified to alter its fundamental propertiessuch as its gain, operating frequency,radiation pattern and polarization. This couldbe achieved by switching in and out part of the antenna structure, adjusting the loadingor matching externally or by mechanical movements.

2

1.2 Problem Statement

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), and Worldwide Interoperability forMicrowave Access (WiMAX), operates on several standards and a wide range offrequencies. A single devices with WLAN and WiMAX functionalities thereforerequires antennas that can operates on a wide range of frequencies. Wideband antennasare good options however, their performance are highly effected by adjacent bandinterference, therefore effiecient and compact multi-band antennas with good out ofband noise is proposed. Multi-band resonance can be achieved in slot antennas byinserting multi-resonant elements into the slot. A multi-band antenna could be fixed orreconfigurable. Reconfigurable antennas introduces other frequency bands, eliminatesinterference and gives more flexibility to a fixed multi-band antenna. This makesreconfigurable antenna attractive in WLAN and WiMAX.

1.3 Objectives of study

The objective of the study is to design and fabricate a reconfigurable multi-bandantenna that can operate at 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)and 3.5/5.5 GHz for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX). Theantenna will be reconfigurable between 2 to 7 GHz and implemented by switches.

1.4 Scope of study

The scope of the study includes:

1. Design and simulation of the antenna interms of return loss, radiation patternand gain using CST antenna design software.

2. Fabrication of reconfigurable antenna implementing ideal switches.

3. Fabrication of reconfigurable antenna implementing real switches.

4. Performance analysis of reconfigurable and fixed antenna, by comparing themeasured and simulated results .

3

1.5 Organization of Thesis

This thesis is organized into six chapters describing the work done in theproject. Chapter one gives an overview of the project which includes an introduction,the motivation, the objective and scope.

Chapter two gives an overview of some of the theories of antenna and alsosome previous work carried out, the literature review was carried out on both fixed andreconfigurable antenna implementing switches.

Chapter three basically shows the project methodology, calculations were alsocarried out and the design parameter for the proposed antenna were shown. It alsoshows, explanations on simulations procedures for the real switches implementingCST 2010 design environment.

In chapter four, the simulation and measured results for the reconfigurableantenna implementing ideal switches were discussed

In chapter five, the simulation and measured results for the reconfigurableantenna implementing real switches were discussed

And finally, chapter six presents the conclusion and future work.

1.6 Summary

An overview of the project has been described. The problem statement hasshown the drive of the project and the objective and scope of the project has given agood view of the direction of the project.

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