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PILOT TESTING AND FULL-SCALE ISCO REMEDY DESIGN FOR DEEP BEDROCK AQUIFER Second Annual RE3 Conference January 27-29, 2014, Philadelphia, PA Presented By: Omer Uppal, Brian Blum, C.P.G., LSRP, Erica Sterzinar, and Annie Lee
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Page 1: RE3 Conference Jan 2014 Uppal Presentation 1-24-14

PILOT TESTING AND FULL-SCALE ISCO REMEDY DESIGN FOR DEEP

BEDROCK AQUIFER

Second Annual RE3 Conference January 27-29, 2014, Philadelphia, PA

Presented By:

Omer Uppal, Brian Blum, C.P.G., LSRP, Erica Sterzinar, and Annie Lee

Page 2: RE3 Conference Jan 2014 Uppal Presentation 1-24-14

PRESENTATION OUTLINE

• Site Background • Remedial Approach • Phase I Pilot Test

• Injection Implementation • Testing Results

• Phase II Pilot Test • Hydraulic Fracturing • Injection Implementation

• Testing Results Synopsis • Conclusions

• Proposed Full-Scale ISCO Remedy Design

Page 3: RE3 Conference Jan 2014 Uppal Presentation 1-24-14

SITE BACKGROUND

• 98 Acre Former Industrial R&D Facility

• Trichloroethene (TCE) impacts in soil and groundwater

• Groundwater concentrations of TCE up to 59,000 ppb (PIW-1B, Nov 2011)

• Bulk of TCE impacts in the intermediate bedrock zone

• 155 tons of source area soil removed in 2006

Extent of TCE Plume (1 ppb)

Groundwater

Flow Direction

Page 4: RE3 Conference Jan 2014 Uppal Presentation 1-24-14

• Unstratified Glacial Deposits

• Bedrock (Diorite)

SITE GEOLOGY

Photographer: Siim Sepp, 2005, Source: Wikipedia

Diorite fragments from well drilling

Page 5: RE3 Conference Jan 2014 Uppal Presentation 1-24-14

REMEDIAL APPROACH Why Potassium Permanganate? • Bedrock expected to have low SOD

(0.1-0.65 g/kg), enabling chemical oxidation to be more cost effective

• Known to be effective for removal of chlorinated ethenes

• Relatively short remedial timeframe • MnO4

- Relatively long subsurface half-life (months to years)

2KMnO4 + C2HCl3 2CO2 + 2MnO2 + 3Cl- + H+ + 2K+

Permanganate MnO4

- + 4H+ + 3e- → MnO2(s) + 2H2O E° = 1.70 V

Page 6: RE3 Conference Jan 2014 Uppal Presentation 1-24-14

PHASE I ISCO PILOT TEST – NOVEMBER 2011

3 Injection Wells:

• Shallow bedrock

• Intermediate bedrock

• deep bedrock

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FIELD IMPLEMENTATION

Automated Portable Bulk Feed System (Vironex)

Page 8: RE3 Conference Jan 2014 Uppal Presentation 1-24-14

INJECTION VOLUMES

* 97% of solution injected into the deep bedrock zone

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INJECTION SUMMARY

• 6,081 gallons of 2.5% potassium permanganate

• 1,260 lbs of oxidant

• Three day operation

Page 10: RE3 Conference Jan 2014 Uppal Presentation 1-24-14

INJECTION OBSERVATIONS

• Shallow and Intermediate Bedrock: No measureable flow at injection pressures up to 100 psi

• Deep Bedrock: Able to inject at flow rates ranging from 5 to 22 gpm at a pressure up to 60 psi

Page 11: RE3 Conference Jan 2014 Uppal Presentation 1-24-14

RADIUS OF INFLUENCE Color (Permanganate = Purple)

• Observed pink water at MW-12C

Groundwater Mounding

• Observed groundwater mounding at MW-12C, MW-16B, MW-17B and MW-12D.

*Radius of influence for the deep zone is at least 25 feet

Page 12: RE3 Conference Jan 2014 Uppal Presentation 1-24-14

PHASE I TESTING RESULTS

Analytical Results:

• 99% reduction in TCE at PIW-1C, where the majority of the solution was injected

• 62% reduction in TCE at MW-12C, the directly downgradient deep monitoring well

Page 13: RE3 Conference Jan 2014 Uppal Presentation 1-24-14

PHASE I TESTING RESULTS

Geochemical Parameters: ORP

pH

Page 14: RE3 Conference Jan 2014 Uppal Presentation 1-24-14

PHASE I TESTING RESULTS

• ISCO is a feasible remedial technology for the site.

• Concentrations did not decrease significantly due to the inability to inject in the intermediate bedrock zone.

• Hydraulic fracturing needed to achieve reasonable injection rates in the intermediate bedrock zone (Phase II)

Page 15: RE3 Conference Jan 2014 Uppal Presentation 1-24-14

PHASE II ISCO PILOT TEST – MAY 2012 Objectives:

• Obtain injection flow-pressure relationships for full-scale remedial design

• Evaluate strategies to increase chemical distribution

• Evaluate effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing to facilitate injection in the intermediate bedrock zone

Page 16: RE3 Conference Jan 2014 Uppal Presentation 1-24-14

FIELD IMPLEMENTATION Methodology and Operation:

• Installed an additional intermediate injection well (PIW-2B)

• Hydro-fractured PIW-2B

• Injected 2,000 gallons of 2.5% KMnO4 (452 lbs) in PIW-2B

Page 17: RE3 Conference Jan 2014 Uppal Presentation 1-24-14

HYDRAULIC FRACTURING

• Fracturing of rock by a pressurized liquid

• Increases connectivity of aquifer and well yield

• Performed at PIW-2B at 100-150 bgs, where highest TCE concentrations observed, by Northeast Water Production, Inc.

• Direct hydraulic connection was observed, as a function of water level fluctuations, between PIW-2B and PIW-1C following hydro-fracturing.

OVERBURDEN OVERBURDEN

WEATHERED BEDROCK WEATHERED BEDROCK

DIORITE DIORITE

Page 18: RE3 Conference Jan 2014 Uppal Presentation 1-24-14

INJECTION OBSERVATIONS • Hydraulic fracturing can achieve flow rates of up to 15

gpm at pressures less than 50 psi.

• Hydraulic influence was observed at distances up to 125 feet during injection.

• Groundwater daylighting was observed at PIW-1C.

Visual evidence of permanganate solution in PIW-1A

Page 19: RE3 Conference Jan 2014 Uppal Presentation 1-24-14

PHASE II TESTING RESULTS • Oxidant distribution

at distances up to 125 feet downgradient

• Oxidant was present at several wells during the post injection sampling round

• No indication of rebound at PIW-1B

Notes:

‒ -- = Sample not collected

‒ Sampled via passive diffusion bag (PDB) samplers

‒ NJDEP GWQS for TCE = 1 ppb

Page 20: RE3 Conference Jan 2014 Uppal Presentation 1-24-14

PHASE II TESTING RESULTS

• ISCO is feasible for the intermediate bedrock zone.

• Hydro-fracturing can significantly enhance oxidant injection rates and distribution in the subsurface.

• A larger scale injection well network will be more effective in distributing oxidant and reducing TCE concentrations.

Page 21: RE3 Conference Jan 2014 Uppal Presentation 1-24-14

FULL-SCALE ISCO REMEDY DESIGN

Remedial Strategy:

• Installation of six additional intermediate bedrock zone injection wells, one extraction well

• Hydraulic fracturing of select injection wells

• ISCO with NaMnO4 • Groundwater extraction at select wells along the

downgradient site boundary while injecting oxidant “Push-Pull ISCO Approach”

Page 22: RE3 Conference Jan 2014 Uppal Presentation 1-24-14

PUMP/WELL YIELD TESTING

Performed in April 2013 at seven monitoring wells to verify achievable extraction rates that can be sustained during ISCO injection. Tests Performed:

1. Specific capacity (step-drawdown) aquifer pumping tests

• Flow rates at individual wells ranged from 0.15 to 1.5 gpm

2. Constant-rate aquifer pumping test

• Conducted at seven wells simultaneously at 5 gpm (combined pumping flow rate)

Page 23: RE3 Conference Jan 2014 Uppal Presentation 1-24-14

PUMP/WELL YIELD TESTING RESULTS

Page 24: RE3 Conference Jan 2014 Uppal Presentation 1-24-14

• Total mass of 40% NaMnO4 = 61,100 lbs

• Target NaMnO4 injection solution concentration = 7.5% to 10%

• Total injection volume = 27,400 to 37,200 gallons

• Design injection rate = 10 gpm (over 6 hours/day)

• Design extraction rate = 3 gpm (over 8 hours/day)

Implementation Planned for Summer 2014

FULL-SCALE ISCO DESIGN

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FULL-SCALE ISCO DESIGN

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ISCO EQUIPMENT AND MANIFOLD LAYOUT

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Source: Google Maps

QUESTIONS?