Rdbms Manual 0

Relational Database Management System

Page 1

Subject : Relational Database Management System

Semester :Vth Semester

AUTHOR:

M.Mageshwari M.Sc., MPhil.,

Lecturer,

Department of CE,

M.S.P.V.L.Polytechnic College,

Pavoorchatram.

M.S.P.V.L.POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE,

PAVOORCHATRAM

Department of Computer Engineering / I nformation Technology


Page 2

S.NO PROGRAM PAGE NO

1 SQL Editor Command 5

2 Column Commands 11

3 Use Index on a Table 17

4 SQL Function 19

5 Data Control Language 26

6 Select Command in SQL *Plus 35

7 Integrity Constraints 39

8 Sub Queries 44

9 Joins in Sql * Plus 48

10 Logical Operator in SQL * PLUS 52

11 Different Select Statements in SQL* 56

12 Employee Details Using PL/SQL 60

13 To Calculate EB Bill Using If Statement 64

14 Built in Function using PL/SQL 68

15 User Define Exception using PL/SQL 71

16 Procedure & Function using PL/SQL 76

17 Students Admission Using Trigger 81

18 Employee Salary Detail Using Cursor 84

19 DML Using ADO Creation 88

20 Navigation object using ADO creation 95

EXTRA PROGRAMS

1 Transaction Control Language 102

2 Sequence Creation 104

3 View 106

4 Synonyms 108


Page 3

Oracle server: In the Oracle language RDBMS system is used to manipulate the

database. This system is used to manipulate the database. This system accepts

all user requests for insertion, updating and deletion of data. RDBMS engine is

loaded and a remains running in the memory till the database operation is not

complete. In the multiuser system RDBMS engine respond to multiuser request

which is handled by RDBMS server known as Oracle server.

Invoking SQL* Plus

To work in oracle, the user should be able to effectively communicate with

the oracle DBA. The user can communicate with the oracle DBA by using ANSI

SQL, the natural language of DBA.

Oracle provide an interactive SQL tool i.e. SQL * Plus, which allow users

to enter the ANSI SQL sentences and pass them to the DBA for execution.

These sentences allow the user to create, access and maintain data structures

like table, Index etc.

This is the first tool to be used by most programmers when they begin

their study in oracle

The steps in invoking SQL * Plus are as follows

Step1: Start windows in the normal way

Step2: Click on the start button and click on Internet Explorer. It displays the

Microsoft Internet Explorer home page.

Step3: Login Screen

You connect to the Login screen from your web browser with a URL like:

http://machine_name.domain:port/isqlplus


Page 4

The Login screen is displayed:

Username: Enter a valid username to connect to Oracle Database (mandatory).

Password: Enter a valid password for the username (mandatory).

Connection Identifier: Leave this field blank to use the default Oracle database, otherwise enter a

connection identifier for the database you want to connect to.

ISQL*Plus can be configured to restrict connections to specific databases. If

restricted database access has been enabled, a dropdown list of available

databases is displayed in place of the Connection Identifier text field. This

enables greater security for iSQL*Plus Servers in hosted environments. This is

configured using the iSQLPlusConnectIdList parameter in the configuration file.


Page 5

Login Click the Login button to log in to iSQL*Plus. If you enter an invalid

username or password, the Login screen is re-displayed with an error message.

Step4:

Workspace The Workspace consists of the Workspace, History and Load Script screens.

After successfully logging in, the Workspace is displayed.

From the Workspace you can:

• Access Preferences screens

• Enter, Execute and Cancel scripts

• Load and Save scripts

• View, Save and Print output

• Log out

• Get help

The Workspace and History screens display the user's connection information

in the top right. The connection information is displayed in the form:


Page 6

Connected as [username]@[connection_identifier] [AS SYSDBA| AS SYSOPER]

or

Not connected

Clear

Clears all statements in the Input area, and all displayed output. Cancels any

script that may be running.

Execute

Executes the contents of the Input area. Depending on your preference settings,

the results are displayed in the Output area, in a new web browser window, or

saved to a file.

Load Script

Displays the Load Script screen where you enter a path and file name, or a URL

for the script you want to load into the Input area for editing or execution.

Save Script

Displays the File > Save As dialog where you enter a file name for the script

you want to save from the Input area as a plain text file. It may be useful to

identify scripts with an extension of .SQL.

Cancel

Cancels any script that is currently running, but does not clear the Output

area. A message saying that the script was cancelled is displayed.

Next Page

Displays the next page of report output. The Next Page button is displayed when

there are more results to display than can fit on the current output page or the

script contains a PAUSE command.

You can configure whether pages are displayed on a single page or multiple

pages using Preferences > Interface Configuration > Output Page Setup, or

by executing the SET PAUSE ON or SET PAUSE OFF command.


Page 7

Aim:

To Execute and test all the SQL Editor Commands.

1. SQL Editor Command

Syntax:

The Describe Command:

DESC table_name;

Create Command:

CREATE TABLE <table name> (column1 datatype1,….. column datatype n);

Alter Command:

ALTER TABLE <table name> MODIFY (column datatype,……….);

ALTER TABLE <table name> ADD (column datatype,……….);

Insert Command:

INSERT INTO <table name> VALUES (value1, value2,……….);

Select Command:

SELECT * FROM <table name>; (or)

SELECT column1, column2…. FROM <table name>;

Update Command:

UPDATE <table name> SET column1=expression, column2=expression…..WHERE <search_condituin>;

Delete Command:

DELETE FROM <table name> [WHERE <search_condition>];


Page 8

Predefined commands:

Select user from dual;

USER MAGESHWARI

describe tabs;

Name Null? Type TABLE_NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(30)

TABLESPACE_NAME

VARCHAR2(30)

CLUSTER_NAME

VARCHAR2(30)

IOT_NAME

VARCHAR2(30)

PCT_FREE

NUMBER

PCT_USED

NUMBER

INI_TRANS

NUMBER

MAX_TRANS

NUMBER

INITIAL_EXTENT

NUMBER

NEXT_EXTENT

NUMBER

MIN_EXTENTS

NUMBER

MAX_EXTENTS

NUMBER

PCT_INCREASE

NUMBER

FREELISTS

NUMBER

FREELIST_GROUPS

NUMBER

LOGGING

VARCHAR2(3)

BACKED_UP

VARCHAR2(1)

NUM_ROWS

NUMBER

select table_name from tabs order by table_name;

TABLE_NAME EMP

STUDENT


Page 9

You can use the describe command on the following views to obtain information on your account.

View Name Description

DICT table names and table description

DICT_COLUMN column names of table names and column description

CAT names of all user's tables, views, synonyms, and sequences

OBJ information on all objects in your account

TABS table information on all user's tables

COLS column information on all user's columns

USER_VIEWS view information on all user's views

SYN synonyms information on all user's synonyms

SEQ sequence information on all user's sequences

USER_CONSTRAINTS constraint information on user's constraints

USER_CONS_COLUMNS column information on user's constraints

IND index information on all user's indices

USER_IND_COLUMNS column information on user's indices

User defined commands:

Table Creation

create table student(Regno Number(5),Name varchar2(6),age number(3),dob date, sex varchar2(5),address varchar2(9));

Table created.

desc student;

Name Null? Type REGNO

NUMBER(5)

NAME

VARCHAR2(6)

AGE

NUMBER(3)

DOB

DATE

SEX

VARCHAR2(5)

ADDRESS

VARCHAR2(9)


Page 10

Add New Columns:

Alter table student add (phoneno number (8));

Table altered.

desc student

Name Null? Type REGNO

NUMBER(5)

NAME

VARCHAR2(6)

AGE

NUMBER(3)

DOB

DATE

SEX

VARCHAR2(5)

ADDRESS

VARCHAR2(9)

PHONENO

NUMBER(8)

Insert the Number of Rows:

insert into student values(101,'Mala',18,'12-sep-89','F','Tenkasi','257567');

1 row created.

insert into student values(102,'Jeya',17,'10-nov-90','F','Madurai','234557');

1 row created.

insert into student values(103,'viji',18,'31-mar-89','F','Tirunel',565776);

1 row created.

insert into student values(104,'mitha',19,'15-sep-88','F','chennai',234567);

1 row created.

insert into student values(105,'Mathu',21,'19-sep-86','M','tenkasi',234789);

1 row created.


Page 11

View the Table:

select * from student;

REGNO NAME AGE DOB SEX ADDRESS PHONENO 101 Mala 18 12-SEP-89 F Tenkasi 257567

102 Jeya 17 10-NOV-90 F Madurai 234557

103 viji 18 31-MAR-89 F Tirunel 565776

104 mitha 19 15-SEP-88 F chennai 234567

105 Mathu 21 19-SEP-86 M tenkasi 234789

Modify the Table Value:

update student set phoneno=240902 where regno=101;

1 row updated.



102 Jeya 17 10-NOV-90 F Madurai 234557




Delete the Rows

delete from student where regno='102';

1 row deleted.






Result:-

The query was executed successfully and output was verified.


Page 12

Viva Questions:

1. What is SQL*plus? SQL * Plus is made up two distinct parts;

These are,

Interactive SQL

PL/SQL

2. What is interactive sql?

Interactive SQL is designed to create, access and maintain all data

structures like tables, indexes etc. It can also be used for interactive, data maintain.

3. How to create a table?

The first letter should be an alphabet. Oracle reserve words cannot be used as table name The length of a table name should not exceed 30 characters Different tables should have different names. Underscore, numerals and letters are allowed. Blank space and single

quote are not allowed. Double quotes can be used for naming a table. In this case the tables

“student”, “Student” and “STUDENT” are all different tables.

4. How to change the structure of a table?

The structure of a table can be changed using this command. Using this command we can do the following.

Add a new column Change the width of a data type Change the data type of a column Include an integrity constraint Drop an integrity constraint.


Page 13

Aim:

To work the following conditions:

a) Column formatting

b) Alias and Column ordering

Query:

Table creation:

create table emp(emp_no number,emp_name varchar2(8),desig varchar2(12),doj date,salary number(8),hra number(7));

Table created.

desc emp

Name Null? Type EMP_NO NUMBER EMP_NAME VARCHAR2(8) DESIG VARCHAR2(12) DOJ DATE SALARY NUMBER(8) HRA NUMBER(7)

2. Column Commands

Syntax:

Column Formatting

COLUMN name_of_column FORMAT style Column Alias SELECT column name "alias name" FROM table Order By SELECT column FROM table ORDER BY column name

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insert in

insert in

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Page 15

EMP_NO EMP_NAME DESIG DOJ SALARY HRA

1111 Jeyanthi Manager 12-SEP-08 $20,000 600

1112 Seetha designingeng 25-MAR-05 $47,000 1200

1113 Glory Lecturer 17-FEB-08 $17,000 1000

1113 Ratha Teacher 29-JAN-07 $12,000 700

1114 Uma softwareeng 26-AUG-05 $47,000 1200

b) To change the width of the column, use the element ‘A’ followed by the number of characters that the column must contain

column desig format a4;

select * from emp

EMP_NO EMP_ DESI DOJ SALARY HRA

1111 Jeyanthi Mana ger 12-SEP-08 $20,000 600

1112 Seetha desi gnin geng 25-MAR-05 $47,000 1200

1113 Glory Lect urer 17-FEB-08 $17,000 1000

1113 Ratha Teac her 29-JAN-07 $12,000 700

1114 Uma soft ware eng 26-AUG-05 $47,000 1200

c) To display the number in scientific notation, use EEEE format

column hra format 9.9999EEEE;

select * from emp

EMP_NO EMP_ DESI DOJ SALARY HRA

1111 Jeya nthi Mana ger 12-SEP-08 $20,000 6.0000E+02

1112 Seet ha desi gnin geng 25-MAR-05 $47,000 1.2000E+03

1113 Glor y Lect urer 17-FEB-08 $17,000 1.0000E+03

1113 Rath a Teac her 29-JAN-07 $12,000 7.0000E+02

1114 Uma soft ware eng 26-AUG-05 $47,000 1.2000E+03


Page 16

d) Create column headings

column emp_name heading EmployeeName

column emp_no heading EmployeeNumber

column desig heading Designation

select * from emp;

EmployeeNumber EmployeeName Designation DOJ SALARY HRA

1111 Jeyanthi Manager 12-SEP-08 20000 600

1112 Seetha designingeng 25-MAR-05 47000 1200

1113 Glory Lecturer 17-FEB-08 17000 1000

1113 Ratha Teacher 29-JAN-07 12000 700

1114 Uma softwareeng 26-AUG-05 47000 1200

e) Display the current settings

column emp_no

output: COLUMN emp_no ON

HEADING 'EmployeeNumber'

f) Clear Settings

column emp_name clear

select * from emp;

EmployeeNumber EMP_NAME Designation DOJ SALARY HRA

1111 Jeyanthi Manager 12-SEP-08 20000 600

1112 Seetha designingeng 25-MAR-05 47000 1200

1113 Glory Lecturer 17-FEB-08 17000 1000

1113 Ratha Teacher 29-JAN-07 12000 700

1114 Uma softwareeng 26-AUG-05 47000 1200


Page 17

Alias and Column ordering:

select emp_name "EMPLOYEE NAME" from emp;

EMPLOYEE NAME

Jeyanthi

Seetha

Glory

Ratha

Uma

SELECT EMP_NO,EMP_NAME from emp order by emp_name ASC;

EMP_NO EMP_NAME

1113 Glory

1111 Jeyanthi

1113 Ratha

1112 Seetha

1114 Uma

Result:-



Page 18

Viva Questions:

1. What is the use of column command? The COLUMN controls column and column heading formatting. The

options are all cumulative and may be entered either simultaneously on a single line.

2. How to change the column header?

Column titles that are displayed by SQL* plus reflect the name given to the column in the table. We can define a title for a column that is more easily understood by using the HEADING parameter.

3. Data Definition Language Statements: When creating and managing any object in an oracle database, you use the

Data Definition Language (DDL) elements of the SQL language.

Create This statement add a new object to the database. You use it to create new tables, views, stored procedure and other objects.

Alter This statement is used to change the characteristics of tables, indexes and other objects in the database. The ALTER statement does not apply to all objects in the database.

4. How to use of ORDER by expr? Organizes the rows returned by SELECT command. Expr is expression,

generally a field by which the rows will be stored. ASC/DESC The default is ASC; it sorts in ascending order. DESC sorts in descending order.


Page 19

Aim:

Use indexing on a table – simple and composite indexes.

Simple Index:

create index empno_index on emp(emp_no)

Index created.

select index_name,table_name from user_indexes;

INDEX_NAME TABLE_NAME

EMPNO_INDEX EMP

Composite Index:

create index emp_index on emp(emp_name,desig,salary)

Index created. select index_name,index_type,table_name from user_indexes;

INDEX_NAME INDEX_TYPE TABLE_NAME

EMP_INDEX NORMAL EMP

EMPNO_INDEX NORMAL EMP

3. Use Index on a Table

Syntax:

Simple Index

CREATE INDEX <Index_name> ON <table_name>(column_name);

Composite Index

CREATE INDEX <Index_name> ON <table_name>(column_name1,……);

Dropping Index DROP INDEX <Index_name>;

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Page 21

Aim:

To Work with the different categories of functions such as Math, Date, Aggregate and Conversion functions.

Math Function:

SELECT ABS(10), ABS(-10) FROM dual;

ABS(10) ABS(-10)

10 10

4. SQL Function

Syntax:

Math Numeric Function: Date Function

ABS(n); ADD_MONTH(date,month);

CEIL(n): LASY_DAY(date);

COS(n); MONTHS_BETWEEN(date1,date2);

COSH(n); NEXT_DAY(date,day_name);

EXP(n); ROUND(date,[format]);

Aggregate Function: Conversion functions:

AVG(n); TO_CHAR(date[,format]);

COUNT(n); TO_DATE(date[,format]);

MAX(n); TO_NUMBER(date[,format]);

MIN(n);

STDDEV(n);

VARIANCE(n);


Page 22

SELECT CEIL(5.8), CEIL(-5.2) FROM dual;

CEIL(5.8) CEIL(-5.2)

6 -5

select cos(45) from dual;

COS(45)

.525321989

select cosh(0) from dual; select exp(5) from dual;

COSH(0)

1

EXP(5)

148.413159

Date Function:

ADD_MONTH:


REGNO NAME AGE DOB SEX ADDRESS PHONENO

101 Mala 18 12-SEP-89 F Tenkasi 240902




select dob,add_months(dob,60) from student;

DOB ADD_MONTHS(DOB,60)

12-SEP-89 12-SEP-94

31-MAR-89 31-MAR-94

15-SEP-88 15-SEP-93

19-SEP-86 19-SEP-91


Page 23

LAST DAY:

select name,dob,last_day(dob) from student;

NAME DOB LAST_DAY(DOB)

Mala 12-SEP-89 30-SEP-89

viji 31-MAR-89 31-MAR-89

mitha 15-SEP-88 30-SEP-88

Mathu 19-SEP-86 30-SEP-86

Months_BETWEEN:

create table staff(name varchar2(10),dob date,doj date);

Table created.

select * from staff;

NAME DOB DOJ Malar 10-MAY-85 26-MAY-08

Mageshwari 15-SEP-84 06-JUL-06

Gowsic 07-JUN-08 07-JUN-09

Santhiya 09-OCT-07 09-AUG-09

select months_between(doj,dob) from staff;

MONTHS_BETWEEN(DOJ,DOB) 276.516129

261.709677

12

22

Next_Day:

select next_day('6-apr-09','Monday') from dual;

NEXT_DAY('6-APR-09 13-APR-09


Page 24

Round

select name,round(dob,'year')from student where regno=105

NAME ROUND(DOB,'YEAR')

Mathu 01-JAN-87

Aggregate Function:

Avg:

select avg(age) from student;

AVG(AGE)

19

Count:

select count(age) from student;

COUNT(AGE)

4

Max:

select max(age) from student;

MAX(AGE)

21

Min:

select min(age) from student;

MIN(AGE) 18

Stddev:

select stddev(age) from student;

STDDEV(AGE) 1.41421356


Page 25

Variance:

select variance(age) from student;

VARIANCE(AGE) 2

Conversion functions:

Conversion function converts a value from one data type to another. The conversion function are classified into three characters

TO_CHAR (date conversion):

Select name,to_char(dob,'day-month-year') from student;

NAME TO_CHAR(DOB,'DAY-MONTH-YEAR') Mala tuesday -september-nineteen eighty-nine

viji friday -march -nineteen eighty-nine

mitha thursday -september-nineteen eighty-eight

Mathu friday -september-nineteen eighty-six

TO_CHAR (Number conversion):

create table stoc(item_name varchar2(10),stock number(10),cost number(10));

Table created.

select * from stoc;

ITEM_NAME STOCK COST

computer 100 25000

printer 50 1500

UPS 75 2000

AC 10 30000

computer 10 25000


Page 26

select item_name,to_char(stock*cost,'9,99,999.99') from stoc;

ITEM_NAME TO_CHAR(STOCK*COST,'9,99,999.99')

computer ############

printer 75,000.00

UPS 1,50,000.00

AC 3,00,000.00

computer 2,50,000.00

TO_DATE:

create table purchase_master(num number(5),trade_name varchar2(10), date_of_purchase date,no_of_item number(5));Table created.

insert into purchase_master values(1,'JKTrade', to_date('01-Jan-2000','DD-MON-YYYY'),200);

1 row created.

insert into purchase_master values(1,'JTrade', to_date('01-January-2000','DD-MON-YYYY'),200);

1 row created.

NUM TRADE_NAME DATE_OF_PURCHASE NO_OF_ITEM

1 JKTrade 01-JAN-00 200

1 JTrade 01-JAN-00 200

To_number:

select * from stoc;

ITEM_NAME STOCK COST computer 100 25000

printer 50 1500

UPS 75 2000

AC 10 30000

computer 10 25000


Page 27

select to_number(cost) from stoc;

TO_NUMBER(COST) 25000

1500

2000

30000

25000

Result:-


Viva Questions:

1. What is function? An SQL function is a built-in-function that manipulates data items and returns a result. SQL functions may accept zero, one or more arguments.

2. How to use Date function?

Date functions accept DATE input and may return value of data type or a number.

3. How to use aggregate function or group function?

A group function returns one result row based on a group of rows.

5. Data Control Language


Page 28

Aim:

a) Create a table to show the salary details of the employees. b) Grant select and update privileges on above table to other users c) Grant all the privileges to some other users. d) Revoke all the above granted permissions.

a. Create a table to show the salary details of the employees:

User creation:

Connect system/manager;

Connected.

create user mathu identified by mitha;

User created.

grant create session to mathu;

Grant succeeded.

grant create table to mathu;

Syntax:

Grant System Privilege:

GRANT system PRIVILEGE TO user

Grant Object Privilege:

GRANT object PRIVILEGE [, object privilege] ON object TO user [WITH GRANTOPTION]

Revoking the Permissions:

REVOKE object privilege [object privilege]……….ON object name FROM USER name;


Page 29

Grant succeeded.

grant resource to mathu;

Grant succeeded.

Connect to user:

connect mathu/mitha;

Connected.

Create a table:

create table employee(name varchar2(8),id_no number(5),job varchar2(8),dob date,doj date,salary number(7));Table created.

Insert a table:

insert into employee values('RAJA',1110,'lecturer','12-jun-86','12-jun-08',20000)

1 row created.

insert into employee values('RAMA',1111,'LAWYER','12-MAY-80','12-jun-06',20000)

1 row created.

insert into employee values('PRABHU',1112,'COLLECTO','12-FEB-78','12-DEC-08',50000)

1 row created.

View the table:

select * from employee;

NAME ID_NO JOB DOB DOJ SALARY RAJA 1110 lecturer 12-JUN-86 12-JUN-08 20000

RAMA 1111 LAWYER 12-MAY-80 12-JUN-06 20000

PRABHU 1112 COLLECTO 12-FEB-78 12-DEC-08 50000


Page 30

b. Grant select and update privileges on above table to other user:

Create another user:

connect system/manager;

Connected.

create user santhya identified by silviya;

User created.

grant create session to santhya;

Grant succeeded.

grant create table to santhya; Grant succeeded.

grant resource to santhya; Grant succeeded. Create a table:

connect santhya/silviya Connected. create table emp_sal(name varchar2(10),ta number(6),hra number(6),da number(6),bf number(5),netsalary number(6)); Table created.

Insert a table:

insert into emp_sal values('Raja',500,750,366,780,8000); 1 row created. insert into emp_sal values('Rama',750,1000,500,1200,10000); 1 row created. insert into emp_sal values('Prabhu',1000,1200,1500,1700,20000); 1 row created. View the table:

Relatioonal Datab

select *

NAME

Raja

Rama

Prabh

Grant

grant seGrant s Check

connectConnec select *

NAM

Raj

Ram

Prab

Check

update 1 row u select *

NAM

Raj

Ram

Prab

Check

base Mana

from emp

E TA

a 500

a 750

hu 100

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Page 35

The CREATE USER command is responsible for the creation of new users.

It creates a user or an account through which you can connect to the database,

and establish the means by which oracle will allow the user access.

4. What are privileges?

A privilege is an authorization given to the user to access and manipulate

a database object in a certain way.

There are two types of privileges:

i. System privileges ii. Object privileges

5. What are system privileges?

Oracle includes over 100 privileges that can be granted to users. They include

the capability to create various database objects and modify the configuration of

the database. The granting of these privileges is restricted to the DBA by default.

Some of the most commonly granted system privileges are listed in the following

table:

Privilege

Description

CREATE SESSION

Enables a user to connect to the database instance. After

creating a user, you need to grant the CREATE SESSION

privilege; otherwise, the user cannot connect. Granting the

CREATE SESSION privilege is not done automatically by

oracle and must be granted explicitly.

CREATE TABLE

Enables a user to create a table in his or her schema.

CREATE VIEW

Enables a user to create a view in his or her schema.

CREATE SYNONYM

Enables a user to create a private synonym in his or her

schema.

CREATE USER Enables a user to create another user in the database and

specify the password and other settings at creation time.

6. What is object privilege?


Page 36

Object privileges enable a user to manipulate data in the database or

perform an action on an object, such as execute a stored procedure. Unlike

system privileges, the owner of the object must grant object privileges.

Privilege

Granted On

SELECT

Table, View, Sequence

INSER

Table, View

UPDATE

Table, View

DELETE

Table, View

ALTER

Table, Sequence

INDEX

Table

REFERENCES

Table

EXECUTE

Procedure, function, package

6. Select Command in SQL *Plus


Page 37

Aim:

a) Create a table student_master with the following field’s name, Regno, dept and year with suitable data types. Use select command to do the following.

b) Select the student’s name column. c) Display the unique rows. d) Sort the table in alphabetical order. e) Select all the students of a particular department.

a) Create a table student_master with the following field’s name, Regno, dept

and year with suitable data types. Use select command to do the following.

create table student_master(regno number(8),name varchar(10),dept varchar(10),year number(4)); Table created.

insert into student_master values(123,'Dhivya','Physics',1998); 1 row created.

insert into student_master values(124,'Muthu','Maths',2000); 1 row created.

Syntax:

Select Command:

SELECT * FROM <table_name>; (or)

SELECT column1, column2,…… FROM <table_name>;

Selecting distinct rows:

SELECT DISTINCT field_name FROM table_name;

Selecting specific rows:

SELECT column1,……..FROM <table_name> WHERE <condition> [ORDER BY column[desc]]


Page 38

insert into student_master values(125,'Kala','Computer',2003); 1 row created.

select * from student_master;

REGNO NAME DEPT YEAR

123 Dhivya Physics 1998

124 Muthu Maths 2000

125 Kala Computer 2003

b) Select the student’s name column.

select name from student_master;

NAME

Dhivya

Muthu

Kala

c) Display the unique rows.

insert into student_master values(124,'fdgdf','sgf',1998); 1 row created. select * from student_master;





124 fdgdf sgf 1998

select distinct regno from student_master;


Page 39

REGNO

123

124

125

d) Sort the table in alphabetical order.

select * from student_master order by name;





124 fdgdf sgf 1998

e) Select all the students of a particular department.

select * from student_master where dept='Computer';





124 fdgdf sgf 1998

Result:-


Viva Questions:


Page 40

1. What is the purpose of select command & distinct clause?

The select command is used to retrieve the stored data from a table. To

avoid the selection of duplicate rows, the distinct clause is used in the select

statement.

2. What is sorting?

To arrange the given numbers in ascending or desc order.

3. How to use select command?

All SQL queries begin with the SELECT statement. This statement enables

you to retrieve all data or only certain columns and rows in a table. It can also

return data from more than one table. It enables you not only to retrieve data but

also perform calculations on existing data and return the results of these

calculations.

Arguments:

DISTINCT It means that only rows that are unique will be returned; any

duplicates will be weeded out first.

L ALL It means that all rows satisfying the conditions will be returned

(this is the default).

* Selects all the columns of tables or views specified in FROM

clause.

Table It means that all columns from this table will be displayed.

View Select all the columns of the specified view.

WHERE Filters the rows that will be displayed by the query. Without

this clause, all the rows are displayed.

7. Integrity Constraints


Page 41

Aim:

a) Create a sales_order with s_order_no and product_no as primary key. Set other field store client number, delivery address, delivery date, order status.

b) Add a new column for storing salesman number using ALTER command c) Set the s_order_no as foreign key as column constraint d) Set the s_order_no foreign key as table constraint

a) Create a sales_order with s_order_no and product_no as primary key. Set

other field store client number, delivery address, delivery date, order

status.

create table sales_orders(s_order_no varchar2(6),product_no varchar2(6),

client_no varchar2(6), dely_addr varchar2(25), dely_date date, order_status

varchar2(10),PRIMARY KEY(s_order_no, product_no));

desc sales_order

Syntax:

The Constraint Keyword:

CREATE TABLE <TABLE_NAME> (column 1 datatype CONSTRAINT <constraint_name> constraint definition, column2 datatype………);

Adding a foreign Key:

CREATE TABLE <table name> (column1 data type, column2 data type CONSTRAINT constraint_name REFERENCES parent_table (column_name);

(or)

ALTER TABLE <table name> add constraint (constraint_name) foreign key (<column name>) references <table_name>;


Page 42

Name Null? Type S_ORDER_NO NOT NULL VARCHAR2(6)

PRODUCT_NO NOT NULL VARCHAR2(6)

CLIENT_NO

VARCHAR2(6)

DELY_ADDR

VARCHAR2(25)

DELY_DATE

DATE

ORDER_STATUS

VARCHAR2(10)

b) Add a new column for storing salesman number using ALTER command

Alter table sales_orders add (sales_man_no number(5))

Table altered.

desc sales_orders

Name Null? Type S_ORDER_NO NOT NULL VARCHAR2(6)

PRODUCT_NO NOT NULL VARCHAR2(6)

CLIENT_NO

VARCHAR2(6)

DELY_ADDR

VARCHAR2(25)

DELY_DATE

DATE

ORDER_STATUS

VARCHAR2(10)

SALES_MAN_NO

NUMBER(5)

c) set the s_order_no as foreign key as column constraint

select * from sales_order_det;

alter table sales_orders add constraint sal_f_key foreign key(s_ord_no)references sales_order_det;

S_ORDER_NO PNO DESCRI

PTION QTY_ORD QTY_DISP P_RATE PROFIT_

PER SELL_PRICE

11 343 Arial 10 4 45 67 12

12 345 shear 34 4 56 76 50

13 346 Oil 56 12 45 20 18

14 347 colgate 45 56 67 15 24

15 348 Pears 35 65 32 13 14

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Page 44

1 row created.

insert into sales_order1 values('1011','34','1110','Chennai','19-jan-09','Fulfiled') * ERROR at line 1: ORA-02291: integrity constraint (MAGESH.SYS_C005312) violated - parent key not found

Result:-


Viva Questions:

1. What is meant by data integrity?

The integrity of data can be verified and checked by data integrity systems.

These systems are required at the time of supply of data that the user can be

prevented from supplying data of specific nature.

2. What are the different types of data integrity?

There are two types of data integrity

a. Entity

b. Referential

The entity data integrity are

a) Default – Indicates the default value

b) Not NULL – The value is not NULL

c) Unique – The value needs to be unique

d) Check – The value should be within limits

The referential integrity are

a) Primary key

b) Foreign key

3. What is meant by Primary key?


Page 45

The primary key value rule specifies that each row of a table must be

identified by a unique value.

4. What is referential integrity?

The referential integrity rule determines that the value or group of fields

corresponds to the key fields of other tables

Reference Description Restrict Disables the updating are deletion of the specified data.

Set to NULL when specified data is updated or deleted, all the associated

data is adjusted to NULL

Set to default when specified data is updated or deleted, all the

dependent data is adjusted to the default value

Cascade When specified data is updated or deleted, all the dependent

data is updated too. If a row that is referenced is deleted, all

the dependent rows will also be deleted

No Action Disables the updation and deletion of specified data. This id

default operation in Oracle

5. Explain the column level constraints?

If the constraints are defined along with the column definition, it is called

column level constraint. Column level constraint can be applied to any one

column at a time i.e. they are local to a specific column. If the constraint spans

across multiple columns, the user will have to use table level constraints.

6. Explain the Table level constraints?

If the data constraint attached to specific cell in a table references the

contents of another cell in the table then the user will have to use table level

constraints. Table level constraints are stored as a part of the global table

definition.

8. Sub Queries


Page 46

Aim: a) Create a table student with their elective paper as one field b) Create another table staff with the subject names they have handled

and number of times handled. c) Construct an English sentence to display the rows in the staff table. d) Use sub-query to display the information about student’s name and

staff names where both have same subject names e) Display the subject name, staff name where same subject is handled by

more than one staff f) Display the student, subject name where the subject is not at all

handled any staff in the staff table.

a) Create a table student with their elective paper as one field: create table student (rollno number(5), name varchar2(10), age number(4), degree varchar2(4), subject varchar2(8)); Table created.

insert into student values(123,'Mitha',25,'MSC','Java'); 1 row created. insert into student values(124,'Malar',24,'MCA','.Net'); 1 row created. insert into student values(125,'Santhiya',21,'ME','CG'); 1 row created. insert into student values(126,'Ram',20,'BE','VC++');

Syntax:

SubQuery:

SELECT * FROM <table_name> where [condition]SELECT * FROM <tablename> where [search condition]

Multiple Queries:

SELECT DISTINCT (column name) FROM <table_name> where (column name)IN (SELECT * FROM <table_name> where[search condition] IN (SELECT * FROM <table_name> where [search condition];


Page 47

1 row created. insert into student values(127,'Raju',23,'BCA','VB'); 1 row created. select * from student;

ROLLNO NAME AGE DEGREE SUBJECT

123 Mitha 25 MSC Java

124 Malar 24 MCA .Net

125 Santhiya 21 ME CG

126 Ram 20 BE VC++

127 Raju 23 BCA VB

b) Create another table staff with the subject names they have handled and

number of times handled.

create table staff(staff_id number(3), staff_name varchar2(8), subject_name varchar2(6), times_handled number(3));

Table created. insert into staff values (&staff_id,'&staff_name','&subject_name',&times_handled);



Page 48

STAFF_ID STAFF_NAME SUBJECT_NAME TIMES_HANDLED

346 jeyam VC++ 4

347 Prabha CG 2

345 Jeya Java 3

c) construct a English sentence to display the rows in the staff table:

select staff_name || ' handled' || subject_name || ' ' || times_handled || 'times.' from staff;

STAFF_NAME||'HANDLED'||SUBJECT_NAME||''||TIMES_HANDLED||'TIMES.'

Jeyam handled VC++ 4 times.

Prabha handled CG 2 times.

Jeya handled Java 3 times.

d) Use sub queries to display the information about student’s name and staff

names where both have same subject names:

select name, staff_name from student a, staff b where upper(subject)in(select upper(subject_name) from staff)and upper(a.subject)=upper(b.subject_name);

NAME STAFF_NAME Ram jeyam

Santhiya Prabha

Mitha Jeya

e) Display the subject name, staff names where same subject is handled by

more than one staff: insert into staff values(348,'Ravi','java',2); 1 row created.


STAFF_ID STAFF_NAME SUBJECT_NAME TIMES_HANDLED 346 jeyam VC++ 4

347 Prabha CG 2

345 Jeya java 3

348 Ravi java 2

select a.subject_name,b.staff_name from staff a, staff b where a.staff_id<>b.staff_id and a.subject_name=b.subject_name;


Page 49

SUBJECT_NAME STAFF_NAME java Jeya java Ravi

f) Display the student, subject name where subject is not at all handle any

staff in the staff table:

select distinct subject from student where upper(subject) not in(select distinct upper(subject_name) from staff);

SUBJECT .Net

VB

Result:-


Viva Questions:

1. What do you mean by subqueries?

The subqueries are the form of SQL statement which appears inside other

SQL statements. Then the statement containing subqueries is called parent

statement. This is just like SQL executing another SQL statement.

2. Explain important uses of subqueries?

i. To insert records in the target table

ii. To create tables and insert records in this table

iii. To update records in the target table

iv. To create views

v. To provide values for conditions in WHERE, HAVING clauses of

SELECT, UPDATE and DELETE statements

3. What is the use of upper function?

It changes all the characters in char into capitals.

9. Joins in Sql * Plus


Page 50

:

Aim:

a) Create a sales_order table and client_master table with suitable fields. b) Find the total number of quantity ordered for a particular product. c) Display the rows of the table in the sales order date wise. d) Join the two tables and display the product number,product name where the

orderno in the sales_order table and orderno in client_master are equal. e) Join the sales_order table to itself and display the order number,client number

and salesman number where client has been services by more than one salesman.

a) Create a sales_order table and client_master table with suitable fields.

Create sales_order Detail Table: create table sales_order(s_ord_no number(5),prod_no number(5), prod_name char(7),qty number(5),cli_no number(5),s_man_no number(6),s_date date); Table created. insert into sales_order values(122,090,'Rin',34,1222,123,'11-apr-04');

1 row created. insert into sales_order values(232,78,'Colgate',35,343,343,'22-mar-98');

1 row created.

insert into sales_order values(343,23,'Oil',34,232,4354,'10-may-03');

1 row created.

insert into sales_order values(434,90,'Flour',45,454,23,'9-jan-01');

Syntax:

Join:

SELECT column1,column2,…..FROM <table1>,<table2> where <logical expression>;


Page 51

1 row created.

select * from sales_order;

S_ORD_NO PROD_NO PROD_NAME QTY CLI_NO S_MAN_NO S_DATE 122 90 Rin 34 1222 123 11-APR-04

232 78 Colgate 35 343 343 22-MAR-98

343 23 Oil 34 232 4354 10-MAY-03

434 90 Flour 45 454 23 09-JAN-01

Create client_master Detail Table: create table client_master_det(cli_no number(5),c_name char(7),cli_order_no number(5),addr char(6)); Table created.

insert into client_master_det values(23,'Mitha',122,'Nellai'); 1 row created.

insert into client_master_det values(45,'Raj',1343,'Ten');

1 row created.

insert into client_master_det values(67,'Gowsic',769,'UK');

1 row created.

select * from client_master_det;

CLI_NO C_NAME CLI_ORDER_NO ADDR 23 Mitha 122 Nellai

45 Raj 1343 Ten

67 Gowsic 769 UK

b) Find the total number of quantity ordered for a particular product.

select sum(qty) from sales_order where prod_no=90;

SUM(QTY) 79

c) Display the rows of the table in the sales order date wise.

Relatioonal Datab

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DER_NO 12

splay the ont has bee

les_order ano;

45,1222,67

_NO S_MA1222

343 232 454

1222

les_order ano;

MAN_NO 343 2

23 0

4354 1

123 1

r,product client_m

ales_order

S_OR2 1

order numen service

a,sales_ord

78,'11-feb-

AN_NO S_123 11-A343 22-M

4354 10-M23 09-J

678 11-F

a,sales_ord

S_DAT2-MAR-98

9-JAN-01

0-MAY-03

1-APR-04

t name whmaster are

r ss,

RD_NO 22

mber,cliens by more

der b whe

-04');

_DATE APR-04 MAR-98 MAY-03 JAN-01 FEB-04

der b whe

TE 8

3

here

nt e than

re

re


Page 53

S_ORD_NO S_MAN_NO 122 123 456 678

Result:-


Viva Questions:

1. What is join?

A join combines the data spread across tables. A join is performed by

the ‘WHERE’ clause which combines the specified rows of tables.

2. What is simple join?

The simple join retrieves rows from two tables having a common

column. It is further classified into

i. Equi- join

ii. Non equi – join

3. Explain self join?

Joining a table to itself called a self join. The join condition compares

the each row of the table to itself and also other rows of the same table.

10. Logical Operator in SQL * PLUS


Page 54

Aim: a) Create table sales_order_details with the s_order_no as primary key and with

the following fields:

product_no, description, qty_ordered, qty_dispatched, product_rate,

profit_percent, sell_price, supplier-name:

b) Select each row and compute sell_price*.50 and sell_price*1.50 for each row

selected.

c) Select product_no,profit_percent, sell_price where profit_per is not between 10

and 20 both includive.

d) select product_no, description, Profit_percent, sell_price where profit_percent

is not between 20 and 30.

e) select the suppier_name and product_no where supplier_name has ‘r’ or ‘h’

as second charcter.

Table Creation:

create table sales_order_det(s_order_no number(5) PRIMARY KEY,pno number(5),descriptio varchar(10),qty_ord number(4),qty_disp number(4),p_rate number(4),profit_per number(3),sell_price number(4));

Table created.

insert into sales_order_det values(11,343,'Arial',10,4,45,67,12); [[[[ 1 row created.

insert into sales_order_det values(12,345,'Rin',34,4,56,76,50);

Syntax:

Logical Operators:

Logical operators are used to combine two or more conditions.The value of a condition is either TRUE or FALSE.

List of logical operators

AND, OR, NOT


Page 55

1 row created.

insert into sales_order_det values(13,346,'Oil',56,12,45,20,18); 1 row created.


S_ORDER

_NO PNO

DESCRI

PTIO

QTY_

ORD

QTY_

DISP P_RATE

PROFIT_

PER

SELL_

PRICE

11 343 Arial 10 4 45 67 12

12 345 Rin 34 4 56 76 50

13 346 Oil 56 12 45 20 18

a) Select each row and compute sell_price*.50 and sell_price*1.50 for each

row selected.

select sell_price*.50,sell_price*1.5 from sales_order_det;

SELL_PRICE*.50 SELL_PRICE*1.5

6 18

25 75

9 27


b) Select product_no,profit_percent, sell_price where profit_per is not

between 10 and 20 both includive.

S_ORDER

_NO PNO DESCRIPTIO

QTY_

ORD

QTY_

DISP P_RATE

PROFIT

_PER

SELL_PRIC

E

11 343 Arial 10 4 45 67 12

12 345 Rin 34 4 56 76 50

13 346 Oil 56 12 45 20 18

14 347 colgate 45 56 67 15 24

15 348 Pears 35 65 32 13 14


Page 56

select pno,profit_per,sell_price from sales_order_det where profit_per <=10 or profit_per>=20;

PNO PROFIT_PER SELL_PRICE

343 67 12

345 76 50

346 20 18

c) select product_no, description, Profit_percent, sell_price where

profit_percent is not between 20 and 30.

select pno,profit_per,descriptio,sell_price from sales_order_det where profit_per not between 20 and 30;

PNO PROFIT_PER DESCRIPTIO SELL_PRICE

343 67 Arial 12

345 76 Rin 50

347 15 colgate 24

348 13 Pears 14

d) select the suppier_name and product_no where supplier_name has ‘r’ or

‘h’ as second charcter.

update sales_order_det set descriptio='shear' where pno=345

1 row updated.

select descriptio,pno from sales_order_det where descriptio like '_r%' or descriptio like '_h%';

DESCRIPTIO PNO

Arial 343

shear 345

Result:-


Page 57


Viva Questions:

1. Explain the use of Logical expression?

The logical expressions are created by joining field names or variables

with values by logical operators. The logical expression creates a condition

which may be true or false. These expressions are attached to SQL and if they

are true then SQL is executed.

2. Explain the variety of Logical operators used?

The varieties of logical operators used are

>

>=

<

<=

=

3. Explain how the conditional retrieval of data is carried out?

The data can be retrieved by writing SQL command using select *

and attaching a logical expression. For example

Select * from emp where condition

The condition can be a logical expression.

4. What is meant by pattern matching?

The use of the like predicate:

For character data types: % matches any string

_ (underscore) matches any single character

11. Different Select Statements in SQL*


Page 58

Aim:

a) Create a table client_master with the following fields client_no, name,

address1, address2, city, state, pincode, remarks, bal_due with suitable

types.Create another table supplier_table from client_master. Select all the

fields and rename client_no with supplier_no and name with supplier_name.

b) Insert data into client_master.

c) Insert data into supplier_master from client_master.

d) Delete the selected row in the client_master.

a) Create a table client_master with the following fields client_no, name,

address1, address2, city, state, pincode, remarks, bal_due with suitable

Syntax:

Creating a table from an existing table:

CREATE TABLE<target_table>(column1,column2,…)] as SELECT

[*|column1,column2,….] FROM <source_table>;

Insert ion of selected data into a table from another table:

INSERT INTO <target_table> [(column1, column2,…)] SELECT

column_name,column_name,….. FROM <source_table> where

column_name=expression

Delete the selected Row:

DELETE FROM <table_name>[where<search condition>];


Page 59

types.Create another table supplier_table from client_master. Select all the

fields and rename client_no with supplier_no and name with supplier_name

Create client_master Table:

create table client_master (client_no number(5), name varchar(10), addr1

varchar(8),addr2 varchar(8),city varchar(7),state varchar(7),remarks

varchar(7),bal_due number(5));

Table created.

Create supplier_master Table:

create table supplier_master(supplier_no, supplier_name,addr1,

addr2,city,state,remarks) as select client_no, name,addr1, addr2, city, state,

remarks from client_master;

Table created.

b) Insert data into client_master.

insert into client_master values(101,'Mathu','2nd st','2nd

st','Tenkasi','TN','Good',1900);

1 row created.

insert into client_master values(102,'Madan','3rd st','3rd

st','Tenkasi','TN','Bad',1000);

1 row created.

select * from client_master;

CLIENT_NO NAME ADDR1 ADDR2 CITY STATE REMARKS BAL_DUE

101 Mathu 2nd st 2nd st Tenkasi TN Good 1900

102 Madan 3rd st 3rd st Tenkasi TN Bad 1000

c) Insert data into supplier_master from client_master.


Page 60

insert into supplier_master select client_no,name, addr1,addr2,city,state,remarks from client_master;

2 rows created.

select * from supplier_master;

SUPPLIER_NO SUPPLIER_NAME ADDR1 ADDR2 CITY STATE REMARKS

101 Mathu 2nd st 2nd st Tenkasi TN Good

102 Madan 3rd st 3rd st Tenkasi TN Bad

d) Delete the selected row in the client_master.

Before Deletion:


CLIENT_NO NAME ADDR1 ADDR2 CITY STATE REMARKS BAL_DUE 101 Mathu 2nd st 2nd st Tenkasi TN Good 1900

102 Madan 3rd st 3rd st Tenkasi TN Bad 1000

After Deletion:

delete from client_master where name='Madan';

1 row deleted.


CLIENT_NO NAME ADDR1 ADDR2 CITY STATE REMARKS BAL_DUE

101 Mathu 2nd st 2nd st Tenkasi TN Good 1900

Result:-


Viva Questions:


Page 61

1. What is structured query language?

It is a non- procedure language which allows for accessing the data and

manipulation of data. It allows for data query and security. These are four basic

operations in SQL:

i. Select the database

ii. Update the database

iii. Insert the database

iv. Delete the database

2. What is the benefit of random access file in a database system?

In this file the data is access directly by random access of any record.

Every record has fixed number of bytes of memory. Therefore access to any

record can be easily done.

3. What are the different types of file organizations?

The data in the file has to be properly organize to ensure that the records

are available for processing. There are four methods of organizing file.

i. Sequential file

ii. Direct file

iii. Index sequential file

iv. Random access file

4. What is the database administrator?

The database administrator (DBA)

12. Employee Details Using PL/SQL


Page 62

Aim:

Create a PL/SQL code to display the employee details for an employee.

Create Table:

create table e_detail(emp_name varchar2(10), emp_id varchar2(10),BP number(5), HRA number(5), DA number(5),PF number(5));

insert into e_detail values('&emp_name', &emp_id,&BP, &HRA, &DA, &PF);

old 1: insert into e_detail values('&emp_name', &emp_id,&BP, &HRA, &DA, &PF) new 1: insert into e_detail values('Hari', 103,5000, 150, 200, 500) 1 row created.

select * from e_detail;

EMP_NAME EMP_ID BP HRA DA PF Ravi 101 3000 100 75 500 sankar 102 10000 200 400 1000 Hari 103 5000 150 200 500

Syntax:

PL/SQL Block Structure:

[DECLARE

Variable declarations]

BEGIN

Executable statements

[EXCEPTION

Exception handlers]

END;


Page 63

set serveroutput on

declare

e_id1 number(5);

e_id2 number(5);

e_name varchar2(10);

e_bp number(5);

e_hra number(5);

e_da number(5);

e_pf number(5);

gp number(5);

np number(5);

begin

e_id1:=&start_emp_id;

e_id2:=&end_emp_id;

for x in e_id1..e_id2 loop

select emp_name,BP,HRA,DA,PF into e_name,e_bp,e_hra,e_da,e_pf from e_detail where emp_id=x;

gp:=e_bp+e_hra+e_da;

np:=gp-e_pf;

dbms_output.put_line(' Emp_Name: ' || e_name || ' Emp_id : ' || x || ' Gross Pay :' || gp || ' Net Pay:' ||np );

end loop;

end;


Page 64

OUTPUT:

old 12: start_id:=&start_id; new 12: start_id:=101; old 13: end_id:=&end_id; new 13: end_id:=103;

Emp_Name: Ravi Emp_id : 101 Gross Pay :3175 Net Pay:2675 Emp_Name: sankar Emp_id : 102 Gross Pay :10600 Net Pay:9600 Emp_Name: Hari Emp_id : 103 Gross Pay :5350 Net Pay:4850

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Result:-


Viva Questions:

1. What do you mean by PL/SQL?

The PL/SQL is an extension of SQL and it contains number of SQL

statement which can be executed at a time. The PL/SQL allows to perform

updating and retrieval values in the database. It also allows for decision

making and conditional checking. It also allows for cyclic operation on

database.

2. What do you mean by literals or constants?

The literals are the value which remains constants. There are three types

of literals:

a) Numeric

b) String

c) Logical

3. Explain the system of PL/SQL?


Page 65

The PL/SQL is a program which can be written in a file. It contains three

blocks such as:

a) Declare

b) Begin

c) Exception

4. What is a comment statement?

It is a non executable statement written in the program by use of – or /*

*/. This statement are inserted in the program for explaining the title and

variables of the program or description or logics of the program

5. Explain the use of variables in the programs?

The variables in the program are used for storing the values which are

unknown and which may vary during the execution of program.

6. What are different types of variables used in the program?

There are four types of variable

a) Numeric variable

b) Char variable

c) Date variable

d) Logical variable

13. To Calculate EB Bill Using If Statement


Page 66

Aim:

To write a PL/SQL code to calculate EB bill for the given units using if statement.

Table Creation:

create table eb_bill(name varchar2(10), e_id number(5), pre_reading number(5), curr_reading number(5));

Table created.

insert into eb_bill values ('&name', &e_id, &pre_reading, &curr_reading);

old 1: insert into eb_bill values ('&name', &e_id, &pre_reading, &curr_reading) new 1: insert into eb_bill values ('Sudan', 1001, 103, 250) 1 row created.

old 1: insert into eb_bill values ('&name', &e_id, &pre_reading, &curr_reading) new 1: insert into eb_bill values ('Jana', 1002, 500, 750) 1 row created.

Syntax:

If Statement:

IF condition THEN

S1

S2 . . . . END IF; S1,S2 Statements

Condition Boolean Expression


Page 67

old 1: insert into eb_bill values ('&name', &e_id, &pre_reading, &curr_reading) new 1: insert into eb_bill values ('Kishore', 1003, 430, 690) 1 row created.

old 1: insert into eb_bill values ('&name', &e_id, &pre_reading, &curr_reading) new 1: insert into eb_bill values ('Arun', 1004, 340, 400) 1 row created.

old 1: insert into eb_bill values ('&name', &e_id, &pre_reading, &curr_reading) new 1: insert into eb_bill values ('Kumaran', 1005, 750, 1050) 1 row created.

select * from eb_bill;

NAME E_ID PRE_READING CURR_READING Sudan 1001 103 250

Jana 1002 500 750

Kishore 1003 430 690

Arun 1004 340 400

Kumaran 1005 750 1050

To calculate EB bill for the given units using if statement.

set serveroutput on

declare

e_name varchar2(10);

start_id number(5):=&start_id;

end_id number(5):=&end_id;

e_pre_reading number(5);

e_curr_reading number(5);

units number(5);

amount number(5);

x number;

begin

for x in start_id..end_id loop

select name,pre_reading,curr_reading into e_name,e_pre_reading,e_curr_reading from eb_bill where e_id=x;


Page 68

units:=e_curr_reading-e_pre_reading;

if units>='100' then

amount:=units*1.75;

end if;

if (units>'100' and units<='200') then

amount:=units*3;

end if;

if(units>'200') then

amount:=units*4;

end if;

dbms_output.put_line('Name : ' || e_name || ' ID : ' || x || ' Units : ' || units || ' Amount : ' || amount);

end loop;

end;

OUTPUT:

old 3: start_id number(5):=&start_id; new 3: start_id number(5):=1001; old 4: end_id number(5):=&end_id; new 4: end_id number(5):=1005;

Name : Sudan ID : 1001 Units : 147 Amount : 441 Name : Jana ID : 1002 Units : 250 Amount : 1000 Name : Kishore ID : 1003 Units : 260 Amount : 1040 Name : Arun ID : 1004 Units : 60 Amount : 1040 Name : Kumaran ID : 1005 Units : 300 Amount : 1200


Result:-



Page 69

Viva Questions:

1. Explain the function used for display of value of variable?

The function used for display of value for variable is DBMS output

function which calls upon put line function to display a value of variable.

2. Explain the control statement used in oracle?

The control statements are used for decision making. The control

statement checks the condition and accordingly executes the decision.

3. What are the different types of control statement used?

If statement are used as control statements. These statements are

a) If – THEN statement

b) If – THEN ELSE statement

c) If – THEN ELSE if statement

d) Compound if statement

4. Explain the used of looping statements?

The looping statements have the capability to repeat sequence of

statement. It performs number of cycles of operation over the given statement

for modification of variables. The cycles are terminated when the condition is

false.

5. What are the different types looping statements used?

There are four types of looping statement used

a) Simple loop

b) While statement

c) For loop statement

d) Goto statement


Page 70

AIM:

To write a PL/SQL block to handle built-in exception like NO_DATA_FOUND, TOO_MANY_ROWS.

Table Creation:

create table alumni(name varchar2(10), address varchar2(10), degree varchar2(10), batch number(10));

Table created.

insert into alumni values('&name', '&address', '&degree', '&batch');

select * from alumni;

NAME ADDRESS DEGREE BATCH Babu PCM BE 2002

Christy Surandai MCA 2000

Malar Ppy MCA 2005

Mitha Pv Mphil 2003

Jency govai BE 2002

To handle built-in exception like NO_DATA_FOUND, TOO_MANY_ROWS.

set serveroutput on

declare

a_batch number(10);

a_name varchar2(10);

14. Built in Function using PL/SQL

Syntax:

Exception Handlers:

WHEN <exception name> [OR <exception name>…] then <Sequence of statements>


Page 71

ad varchar2(10);

a_degree varchar2(10);

begin

a_batch:=&batch;

select name, address, degree into a_name, ad, a_degree from alumni where batch= a_batch;

dbms_output.put_line('Alumni_Name: ' || a_name || ' Batch : ' || a_batch );

exception

when no_data_found then

dbms_output.put_line('The ' || a_batch || ' Record Not Found. Please Insert.');

when too_many_rows then

dbms_output.put_line('The ' || a_batch ||' Occurs Two Times. Please Select One Row Record.');

end;

old 7: a_batch:=&batch; new 7: a_batch:=2000;

Alumni_Name: Christy Batch : 2000



The 2002 Occurs Two Times. Please Select One Row Record.



The 1999 Record Not Found. Please Insert.


Result:-



Page 72

Viva Questions:

1. What do you mean by error handling?

The terminology for handling the errors in PL/SQL is ‘exception’. There

are two types of exception. They are

1. Predefined exceptions

2. User defined exceptions

An exception is raised when an error occurs.

2. What is a predefined exception?

Predefined exceptions are raised automatically by the system during

the run time when an error occurs.

3. List the predefined exception?

Predefined exception

Raised if

No_data_found Select statement returns no rows

(records).

Too_many_rows Select into statement returns more

than one row.

Zero_divide Try to divide a number by zero.

Program error PL/SQL has an internal problem.

Invalid_number

Conversion of a character string to a

number fails.

(e.g. to_number(‘234A4’);’234A4’

does not represent a valid number)


Page 73

Aim:

To write a PL/SQL code to handle user defined exception.

To handle user defined exception:

set serveroutput on

prompt 1. Addition

prompt 2. Subtraction

prompt 3. Multiplication

prompt 4. Division

accept n number prompt 'Enter Your choice :'

declare

d number:=&n;

a number:=&a;

b number:=&b;

c number(5);

add_excep exception;

sub_excep exception;

mul_excep exception;

div_excep exception;

begin

if d=1 then

if (a>0 AND b> 0) then

c:=a+b;

15. User Define Exception using PL/SQL

Syntax:

User-define Exception:

RAISE exception name;


Page 74

dbms_output.put_line('Addition :' ||c);

else

raise add_excep;

end if;

end if;

if d=2 then

if (a>0 and b>0 )then

c:=a-b;

dbms_output.put_line('Subtraction :'||c);

else

raise sub_excep;

end if;

end if;

if d=3 then

if (a>0 and b>0) then

c:=a*b;

dbms_output.put_line('Multiplication :'||c);

else

raise mul_excep;

end if;

end if;

if d=4 then

if(a>0 and b>=0) then

c:=a/b;

dbms_output.put_line('Divition :'||c);

else

raise div_excep;

end if;

end if;


Page 75

exception

when add_excep then

dbms_output.put_line (' Arithmetic Exception ');

when sub_excep then

dbms_output.put_line ('Enter Passitive value' );

when mul_excep then

dbms_output.put_line ('Enter valid Input');

when div_excep then

dbms_output.put_line (' Divide by Zero Exception');

end;

Output:

1. 1. Addition 2. Subtraction 3. Multiplication 4. Division old 2: d number:=&n; new 2: d number:= 1; old 3: a number:=&a; new 3: a number:=10; old 4: b number:=&b; new 4: b number:=20; Addition :30 PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.


Page 76

2. 1. Addition 2. Subtraction 3. Multiplication 4. Division old 2: d number:=&n; new 2: d number:= 3; old 3: a number:=&a; new 3: a number:=10; old 4: b number:=&b; new 4: b number:=23; Multiplication :230 PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

3. 1. Addition 2. Subtraction 3. Multiplication 4. Division old 2: d number:=&n; new 2: d number:= 4; old 3: a number:=&a; new 3: a number:=12; old 4: b number:=&b; new 4: b number:=0; Divide by Zero Exception PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Result:-



Page 77

Viva Questions:

1. What is user – defined exceptions?

Unlike predefined exceptions, user_defined exceptions should be

declared in the declarative part and raised explicitly by a raise statement.

2. Explain the pragma?

A pragma is a compiler directive. This is processed at compile time and

not at run time.

3. What is mean by Raise_application_error?

This is more descriptive than named exception.

The general syntax is

Raise_application_error (error number, error message);

Where

Error_number is a number between -20,000 and -20,999

Error message is the text associated with this error. The error

message must be fewer than 512 characters.

4. What is mean by exception handling in oracle?

The exceptional errors occurring during the program can be handled by

exception handling block in oracle program. If the error condition occurs in the

program than the program can be terminated and the error is raised to the

user indicating the exception to an error.


Page 78

Aim:

To write a PL/SQL block to use procedure and function and get the result.

a) To use procedure and get the result

create or replace procedure find_address(phno number) as addr varchar2(50);

begin

select username||','||doorno||','||place||','||pincode into addr from phone where ph_no=phno;

dbms_output.put_line(addr);

exception

16. Procedure & Function using PL/SQL

Syntax:

Procedure:

Create or Replace procedure procedure_name [parameter list] is

.

.

. Begin . . . Exception . . .

End;

Executing a Procedure:

Exec <Procedure_name> (parameter);

Declarative Part

Execution Part

Execution Handler


Page 79

when no_data_found then

dbms_output.put_line(' Address Not Found');

end;

1) begin

find_address(565656);

end;

OUTPUT:

Ganesh,34,Tenkasi,627811 PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

2) begin

find_address(257342);

end;

OUTPUT:

Address Not Found PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Syntax:

Function:

CREATE OR REPLACE

FUNCTION [schema.] function name (argument IN datatype,..)

RETURN datatype {IS, AS}

variable declaration;

constant declaration;

BEGIN

PL/SQL subprogram body;

EXCEPTION

Exception PL/SQL block;

END

Relatioonal Datab

b) To us

create tnumber

Table cr

insert in

1 row c

insert in

1 row c

insert in

1 row c

select *

PH_N23232

56565

43543

create ovarchar

begin

select uwhere

return a

exceptio

w

end;

Functio

base Mana

se Functio

table phonr(5),place v

reated.

nto phone

created.

nto phone

created.

nto phone

created.

from phon

NO US24

56

34 M

or replace r2(50);

username| ph_no=p

addr;

on

when no_d

on created

agement Sy

on and get

ne(ph_no nvarchar(10

e values(23

e values(56

e values(43

ne;

SERNAMERaman

Ganesh

Murugan

function f

|','||doorphno;

ata_found

.

ystem

t the resu

number(7),0),pincode

32324,'Ram

65656,'Gan

35434,'Mu

E DO2

6

findaddres

rno||','||p

d then retu

ult

,usernamee number(6

man',234,

nesh',34,'T

urugan',67

ORNO 234

34

676

ss(phno in

place||','|

urn ' Addre

e varchar(6));

'Nellai',65

Tenkasi',6

76,'Madura

PLACE Nellai

Tenkasi

Madurai

n number)

|pincode

ess Not Fo

10),doorno

4553);

627811);

ai',343434

PINC654

i 627

i 343

return var

into addr

ound';

o

4);

CODE 4553

7811

3434

rchar2 as

from phon

addr

ne


Page 81

1) set serveroutput on

declare

addr varchar2(50);

begin

addr:=findaddress(232324);


end;

OUTPUT:

Raman,234, Nellai,654553 PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

2) declare

addr varchar2(50);

begin

addr:=findaddress(243434);


end;

OUTPUT:

Address Not Found PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Result:-



Page 82

Viva Questions:

1. Explain what do you mean by procedure?

The procedure is a subprogram which can be called in the main program

by the user. These the user made functions and operations which can be

performed on the given database. The procedures are attached to the database

and can be called by PL/SQL program to perform the calculations.

2. Explain what do you mean by function?

The functions are similar to procedures and are subprograms called by

PL/SQL program. The function retrieves the input values and the output value is

returned to the PL/SQL program.

3. Explain modes of parameter?

The parameter defined in the parameter list may be in one of the following

three modes. They are

a. In

b. Out

c. Inout


Page 83

Aim:

Create a PL/SQL trigger to update the records while deleting the one record in another table.

To update the records while deleting the one record in another table.

create table student(name varchar2(10),app_no number(10), join_year date,dob date,qualification varchar2(10));

Table created.

insert into student values('&name',&app_no,'&join_year','&dob','&qualification');


NAME APP_NO JOIN_YEAR DOB QUALIFICATION Raju 501 26-MAY-06 02-MAR-87 +2

Viji 502 26-MAY-06 12-APR-88 10

create table student_detail(name varchar2(10),app_no number(10), join_year date,primary key(app_no));

Table created.

desc student_detail;

Name Null? Type NAME VARCHAR2(10)

APP_NO NOT NULL NUMBER(10)

JOIN_YEAR DATE

17. Students Admission Using Trigger

Syntax:

Creation of Triggers:

Create or replace Trigger <trigger_name> {before/after} {insert/update/delete} on <table_name>

[for each statement/for each row] [when<condition];


Page 84

select * from student_detail;

NAME APP_NO JOIN_YEAR Kavi 555 02-JUN-08 Vijay 556 01-JUN-09 Reegan 557 05-JUN-98 Raju 501 02-MAR-87 viji 502 26-MAY-06

Trigger Creation:

create or replace trigger trig after update on student_detail for each row

declare

s_app_no number(10);

s_joint_year date;

pass_out number(5);

begin

s_app_no:=:new.app_no;

delete from student where app_no=s_app_no;

end;

Update student_detail set name='Anu' where app_no=501;

1 row updated.

select * from student_detail;

NAME APP_NO JOIN_YEAR Kavi 555 02-JUN-08 Vijay 556 01-JUN-09 Reegan 557 05-JUN-98 Anu 501 02-MAR-87 viji 502 26-MAY-06


NAME APP_NO JOIN_YEAR DOB QUALIFICATION Viji 502 26-MAY-06 12-APR-88 10


Page 85

Result:-


Viva Questions:

1. What is trigger?

A database trigger is a PL/SQL block that can be associated to a specific

database table. The purpose of a database trigger is to perform a service when

a specified operation occurs on a table. We create a database trigger by

specifying a database table and by specifying that before or after a database

operation (INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE) on that table a procedure should be

invoked.

2. Explain the trigger restrictions?

A trigger cannot execute the COMMIT, ROLLBACK, or SAVEPOINT

commands. It also cannot call procedures or functions that execute those

tasks. The SELECT command can be used only with the INTO clause.

3. List the component of a trigger?

A trigger has three parts:

i. SQL command that activates the trigger

The trigger can be activated by a SQL command or by user event. In a table,

it can be triggered by INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE commands. In a

schema object, it can be triggered through the CREATE, ALTER or DROP

commands, when the database is loaded or shut down, or through an error

message.

ii. Trigger restriction

Represented by the WHEN clause, it specifies what condition must be true

for the trigger to be triggered

iii. Trigger action

The PL/SQL block, or Java or C routine executed by the trigger.

4. How to explain the modifying a trigger?

A trigger cannot be directly modified. To change it you must recreate it with

the CREATE command. If a trigger had its privileges granted to other users,

they remain valid as long as the trigger exists.


Page 86

Aim: -

Create a table to store the salary details of the employees in a company. Declare the cursor id to contain employee number, employee name and net salary. Use cursor to update the employee salaries.

create table cur_sal(emp_no number(6) primary key,name varchar(7),

desig varchar(9),depart varchar(10),bp number(6),da number(4),ma number(4),allow number(4),ded number(6,2));

Table created.

insert into cur_sal values(122,'Sam','Lecturer','CE', 5000, 20, 120, 400, 300);

1 row created.

insert into cur_sal values(34,'Aravind','Engineer','EEE', 20000, 1000,200, 700, 800);

1 row created.

insert into cur_sal values(111,'Ravi','Designer','IT', 10000, 100,150, 300, 500);

1 row created.

18. Employee Salary Detail Using Cursor

Syntax:

Open:

OPEN <cursor_name>;

Fetch:

FETCH cursor_name INTO column_name;

Close:

CLOSE cursor_name;


Page 87

PL/SQL Procedure:

set serveroutput on

declare

e_no number(6);

e_name varchar2(7);

net_sal number(8,2);

cursor empsal is select emp_no,name,bp+da*bp/100+ma+allow-ded from

cur_sal;

begin

dbms_output.put_line('EMP_NO'||'NAME'||'NET SALARY');

dbms_output.put_line('------------------------------------------');

open empsal;

loop

fetch empsal into e_no,e_name,net_sal;

exit when empsal%notfound;

dbms_output.put_line(rpad(e_no,10,' ')||rpad(e_name,7,' ')||net_sal);

end loop;

close empsal;

end;

EMP_NO NAME NET SALARY ---------- -------- --------------- 122 Sam 6220 34 Aravind 220100 111 Ravi 19950


declare

no number(5):=34;

basic number(5);

da cur_sal.da%type;

med cur_sal.ma%type;


Page 88

other cur_sal.allow%type;

ded cur_sal.ded%type;

cursor c_sal(emp_id number) is select emp_no,bp,da,ma,allow,ded from

cur_sal where emp_no=emp_id;

begin

open c_sal(no);

fetch c_sal into no,basic,da,med,other,ded;

if c_sal%notfound then

dbms_output.put_line('No such employee found');

else

update cur_sal set bp=8000,da=20,ma=222,allow=600,ded=250

where emp_no=no;

end if;

close c_sal;

end;


After Updating:

select * from cur_sal;

EMP_NO NAME DESIG DEPART BP DA MA ALLOW DED 122 Sam Lecturer CE 5000 20 120 400 300

34 Aravind Engineer EEE 8000 20 222 600 250

111 Ravi Designer IT 10000 100 150 300 500

Result:-



Page 89

Viva Questions:

1. What do you mean by cursor?

The cursors are the memory areas or work areas used for internal

processing of data. These are capable are storing the data on which SQL

operations can be performed.

2. What are the operations required for cursors?

The following operations are required for the cursor

a. Declare a cursor along with SQL statement

b. Open a cursor

c. Fetch data from cursor

d. Closed the cursor

3. What is the use of %notfound?

The %notfound evaluates to true if the data manipulation language

statement does not return any row. Otherwise it evaluates to false.

4. What is the use of fetch command?

The fetch command retrieves the current row and places the pointer to the

next row.

5. What is the use of close command?

After processing the last row in the active set, the cursor is closed using

close command.


Page 90

Aim:

Develop visual basic form with suitable Labels & Textboxes for the columns

of a table. Add command buttons to perform the following: Insert Record, Delete

Record, Update Record, and Locate Record.

Table Creation :(Database connection)

SQL> create table stud(Regno number(8),name varchar2(8),Department

varchar2(8),subject1 number(1),subject2 number(3),subject3 number(3),total

number(4),avg number(4));

Table created.

SQL> insert into stud values('1001','mathu','Mech',90,90,90,270,90);

1 row created.

SQL> select * from stud;

REGNO NAME DEPARTME SUBJECT1 SUBJECT2 SUBJECT3 TOTAL AVG -------- -------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ -------- -----

1002 Hari EEE 40 45 50 135 45

1001 Mathu Mech 100 99 99 298 99

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

19. DML Using ADO Creation


Page 91

Program:

Imports System.Windows.Forms.Form

Imports System.Data

Imports System.Data.OracleClient

Imports System.Data.OracleClient.OracleConnection

Public Class Form2

Dim dr As OracleDataReader

Dim x As Integer

Dim oda As New OracleDataAdapter

Dim cmd As New OracleCommand

Dim con As New OracleConnection

Private Sub Form2_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As

System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load

Dim cnstr As String

cnstr = "Data Source=orcl;User ID=scott;Password=tiger;"

con = New OracleConnection(cnstr)

End Sub

Private Sub cmdinsert_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As

System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click

If TextBox1.Text = "" Then

MsgBox("Enter the Regno")

TextBox1.Focus()

ElseIf TextBox2.Text = "" Then

MsgBox("Enter the Name")

TextBox2.Focus()


MsgBox("Enter the Department")

TextBox3.Focus()


MsgBox("Enter the subject1")

TextBox4.Focus()



Page 92


TextBox5.Focus()



TextBox8.Focus()

Else

Try

con.Open()

cmd = New OracleCommand("insert into stud values('" &

TextBox1.Text & "','" & TextBox2.Text & "','" & TextBox8.Text & "','" &

TextBox3.Text & "','" & TextBox4.Text & "','" & TextBox5.Text & "', '"

& TextBox6.Text & "', '" & TextBox7.Text & "')", con)

x = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery()

If (x = 1) Then

MsgBox("1row created")

Else

MsgBox("no rows created")

End If

con.Close()

Catch ex As Exception

MsgBox(ex.Message)

End Try

End If

End Sub

Private Sub cmdclickme_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As


TextBox6.Text = Val(TextBox3.Text) + Val(TextBox4.Text) +

Val(TextBox5.Text)

TextBox7.Text = Val(TextBox6.Text) / 3

End Sub

Private Sub cmdupdate_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As


con.Open()


Page 93

cmd = New OracleCommand("update stud set regno='" & TextBox1.Text &

"',name='" & TextBox2.Text & "',department='" & TextBox8.Text & "',subject1='" &

TextBox3.Text & "',subject2='" & TextBox4.Text & "', subject3='" & TextBox5.Text

& "',total='" & TextBox6.Text & "', avg='" & TextBox7.Text & "' Where regno ='" &

TextBox1.Text & "'", con)


If (x = 1) Then

MsgBox("1row updated")

Else

MsgBox("no rows updated")

End If

con.Close()

End Sub

Private Sub cmddelete_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As


con.Open()

cmd = New OracleCommand("delete from stud where regno='" &



If (x = 1) Then

MsgBox("1row deleted")

Else

MsgBox("no rows deleted")

End If

con.Close()

End Sub

Private Sub cmdview_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As


con.Open()

cmd = New OracleCommand("select * from stud where regno='" &


dr = cmd.ExecuteReader


Page 94

If dr.HasRows Then

While dr.Read

TextBox1.Text = (dr(0))








End While

Else

MsgBox("no rows")

End If

con.Close()

End Sub

Private Sub cmdclear_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As


TextBox1.Text = ""

TextBox2.Text = ""

TextBox3.Text = ""

TextBox4.Text = ""

TextBox5.Text = ""

TextBox6.Text = ""

TextBox7.Text = ""

TextBox8.Text = ""

End Sub

Private Sub cmdexit_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As


End

End Sub

End Class


Page 95

output:

Database output:

SQL> select * from stud;

REGNO NAME DEPARTME SUBJECT1 SUBJECT2 SUBJECT3 TOTAL AVG -------- ------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------- ----

1002 Hari EEE 40 45 50 135 45

1003 Silviya IT 89 90 99 278 93

1001 Mathu Mech 100 99 99 298 99

Result:-

The above program was successfully and the output was verified.


Page 96

Viva Questions:

1. DATA NAMESPACE:

SYSTEM DATA:

Contain fundamental classes with the core ADO.Net functionality. These

include dataset and data relation which allow you to manipulate structured

relation data.

System.Data.Oracleclient:

It contains classes to connect the Microsoft oracle server database. These

classes like oracle command and connection provide all the same properties and

method as the counter parts in system data.oracle namespace.

Data object:

Allow to store a local disconnected copy of data, they don’t store a

connection to a data store.

Dataset:

Dataset class and disconnect information drawn by direct connection and

allows you to manipulate the data’s. The data is a class no direct connection to a

data source.

Data table:

Add information in to a dataset in one table at a time data table object

represent one of this table.

Data row:

It represents a single row of information into the table.

Data column:

Data column object not contain any actual data.

20. Navigation object using ADO creation


Page 97

Aim: To develop a visual basic application with suitable Lables&Textboxes for

the columns of a table. Add command buttons to perform the following:

display records,Previous,Next,First and Last. Use the ODBC driver to connect the

application with the oracle.

Table creation:

SQL> create table biodata(name varchar2(8),sex varchar2(6),status

varchar2(9),Qualification varchar2(9),percentage number(4),designation

varchar2(12),Exprience varchar2(6),address varchar2(14),email_id

varchar2(15),phoneno number(10));

Table created.

SQL> insert into biodata

values('Magesh','FEMALE','Married','Msc.MPhil','89','Lecturer','3years','Te

nkasi','www.gmail.com','9790894132');

1 row created.


values('Christy','FEMALE','Married','MCA','92','Lecturer','3years','SURANDA

I','[email protected]','9894677898');

1 row created.


values('Jency','FEMALE','unMarried','BE','94','Lecturer','2years','TIRUNELV

ELI','[email protected]','9987543784');

1 row created.


Page 98


values('Malar','FEMALE','unMarried','MCA','99','Lecturer','1years','CHENNAI

','[email protected]','9876540902');

1 row created.


values('kanaga','FEMALE','Married','MCA','87','Lecturer','3years','CHENNAI'

,'[email protected]','9890456778');

1 row created.

SQL> select * from biodata;

NAME SEX STATUS QUALIFICA PERCENTAGE DESIGNATION EXPRIE ADDRESS EMAIL_ID PHONENO

---- --- ------ -------- ----------- ------------ ------ -------- ------- -------- Magesh FEMALE Married Msc.MPhil 89 Lecturer 3years Tenkasi www.gmail.com 9790894132

Christy FEMALE Married MCA 92 Lecturer 3years SURANDAI [email protected] 9894677898

Jency FEMALE unMarried BE 94 Lecturer 2years TIRUNELVELI [email protected] 9987543784

Malar FEMALE unMarried MCA 99 Lecturer 1years CHENNAI [email protected] 9876540902

kanaga FEMALE Married MCA 87 Lecturer 3years CHENNAI [email protected] 9890456778

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

Program:

Imports System.Data

Imports System.Data.OracleClient

Imports System.Data.OracleClient.OracleConnection

Imports System.Data.OracleClient.OracleDataReader

Public Class Form3

Inherits System.Windows.Forms.Form

Private WithEvents mycurrencymanager As CurrencyManager

Dim con As New OracleConnection

Dim ds As New DataSet

Dim cmd As New OracleCommand

Dim dr As OracleDataReader


Page 99

Private Sub Form3_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As

System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load

Dim cnstr As String

cnstr = "Data Source=orcl;User ID=scott;Password=tiger;"

con = New OracleConnection(cnstr)

Dim oda As New OracleDataAdapter("select * from biodata", con)

oda.Fill(ds, "biodata")

con.Open()

TextBox1.DataBindings.Add("text", ds.Tables!biodata, "name")

TextBox2.DataBindings.Add("text", ds.Tables!biodata, "sex")

TextBox3.DataBindings.Add("text", ds.Tables!biodata, "status")

TextBox4.DataBindings.Add("text", ds.Tables!biodata, "qualification")

TextBox5.DataBindings.Add("text", ds.Tables!biodata, "percentage")

TextBox6.DataBindings.Add("text", ds.Tables!biodata, "Designation")

TextBox7.DataBindings.Add("text", ds.Tables!biodata, "Exprience")

TextBox8.DataBindings.Add("text", ds.Tables!biodata, "Address")

TextBox9.DataBindings.Add("text", ds.Tables!biodata, "EMail_id")

TextBox10.DataBindings.Add("text", ds.Tables!biodata, "Phoneno")

mycurrencymanager = CType(Me.BindingContext(ds.Tables!biodata),

CurrencyManager)

MsgBox("connection success")

con.Close()

End Sub

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As


mycurrencymanager.Position = 0

MsgBox("FIRST RECORED")

End Sub

Private Sub cmdfirst_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As


mycurrencymanager.Position = 0

MsgBox("FIRST RECORED")

End Sub


Page 100

Private Sub cmdprivous_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As


If mycurrencymanager.Position > 0 Then

mycurrencymanager.Position -= 1

MsgBox("PRIVIOUS RECORED")

End If

End Sub

Private Sub cmdnext_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As


If mycurrencymanager.Position < mycurrencymanager.Count Then

mycurrencymanager.Position += 1

MsgBox("NEXT RECORED")

End If

End Sub

Private Sub cmdlast_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As


mycurrencymanager.Position = mycurrencymanager.Count

MsgBox("LAST RECORED")

End Sub

Private Sub cmdclear_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As


TextBox1.Text = ""

TextBox2.Text = ""

TextBox3.Text = ""

TextBox4.Text = ""

TextBox5.Text = ""

TextBox6.Text = ""

TextBox7.Text = ""

TextBox8.Text = ""

TextBox9.Text = ""

TextBox10.Text = ""

End Sub


Page 101

Private Sub cmdexit_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As


End

End Sub

End Class

Output:

Result:-

The above program was successfully and the output was verified.


Page 102

Viva Questions:

Oracle Connection:

These object represent and sql statement or stored procedure are back you can used in future for to read, update or modify the data.

To used your command you must be use a data adapter or use one of the following

Execute Non Query:

It allows you to execute the command without retrieving any information. This is ideal for add , update, delete operation using SQL statement.

Execute Reader:

Create or Reader connection which provides a fast forward connection only that allows you to retrieved rows from the data source.

Execute ScalerL:

These also create a reader but only return a single value. The first column from the first row of the resulting rows.

This method cannot be used if you are using an SQL statement or stored procedure that return a value instead of row set.


Page 103

1. Transaction Control Language

Extra Programs


Page 104

Aim:

To Execute all the TCL Commands.

Table Creation:

create table emp(empnum varchar2(8),empname varchar2(8),desig

varchar2(14),doj date,salary number(8));

Table created.

To Insert the Record:

insert into emp values('&empnum','&empname','&desig','&doj','&salary');

old 1: insert into emp values('&empnum','&empname','&desig','&doj','&salary')

new 1: insert into emp values('1001','mathu','designeng','12-sep-07','30000')

1 row created.

old 1: insert into emp values('&empnum','&empname','&desig','&doj','&salary')

new 1: insert

insert into emp values('1002','raj','manager','14-sep-07','35000')

1 row created.

To View the Record:

select * from emp;

EMPNUM EMPNAME DESIG DOJ SALARY 1001 mathu designeng 12-SEP-07 30000

1002 raja manager 14-SEP-07 35000

A.COMMIT:

Commit

Commit complete.

insert into emp values('1003','Vishal','operator','12-feb-03','4000')

1 row created.


Page 105

select * from emp;


1002 raj manager 14-SEP-07 35000

1003 Vishal operator 12-FEB-03 4000

Rollback

Rollback complete.

select * from emp;

EMPNUM EMPNAME DESIG DOJ SALARY 1001 mathu designeng 12-SEP-07 30000 1002 raja manager 14-SEP-07 35000

B.COMMIT(savepoint)

commit;

Commit complete.

insert into emp values('1003','barath','operator','12-may-03','4000')

1 row created.

select * from emp

EMPNUM EMPNAME DESIG DOJ SALARY 1003 barath operator 12-MAY-03 4000 1001 mathu designeng 12-SEP-07 30000 1002 raja manager 14-SEP-07 35000

savepoint id;

Savepoint created.

rollback to savepoint id

Rollback complete.

select * from emp;

EMPNUM EMPNAME DESIG DOJ SALARY 1003 barath operator 12-MAY-03 4000 1001 mathu designeng 12-SEP-07 30000 1002 raja manager 14-SEP-07 35000

Relatioonal Datab

Aim:

T

Create

create s

Sequen

Reffer

select o

select o

insert in

1 row c

EMPN100100

8

base Mana

To perform

e sequen

sequence o

nce created

rence seq

order_seq.n

order_seq.c

nto emp v

created.

NUM E01 mat02 raja har

agement Sy

m the auto

nce:

order_seq

d.

quence:

nextval fro

currval fro

alues(orde

EMPNAMEthu a ri

2.

ystem

increment

increment

om dual;

N

om dual;

C

er_seq.nex

E DEdesignemanageaccoun

2 Seq

t using Da

t by 1 star

NEXTVAL 1

CURRVAL 6

xtval,'hari',

ESIG eng er

ntant

quence C

ata object.

rt with 1 m

,'accounta

DOJ 12-SEP-14-SEP-02-MAY-

Creation

maxvalue 9

ant',sysdat

SA07 3007 35-09 4

n

9999 cycle

te,'4000')

ALARY 0000 5000 4000

e;


Page 107

Altering a sequence:

alter sequence order_seq increment by 2 cache 30;

Sequence altered.

select order_seq.currval from dual;

CURRVAL 12

select order_seq.nextval from dual;

NEXTVAL 14

select order_seq.nextval from dual;

NEXTVAL 16

Dropping a sequence:

drop sequence order_seq

Sequence dropped.

select order_seq.currval from dual;

select order_seq.currval from dual

*

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-02289: sequence does not exist

3. View


Page 108

Aim:

To view the record using the Data object.

create view emp_view as select * from emp

View created.

select * from emp_view;



8 hari accountant 02-MAY-09 4000

View can be created with specific columns from the table:

create view emp_view1 as select empnum,desig,salary from emp;

View created.

select * from emp_view1

EMPNUM DESIG SALARY 1001 designeng 30000

1002 manager 35000

8 accountant 4000

A view based on two tables(join view)

select * from emp;

EMPNUM EMPNAME DESIG DOJ SALARY

1001 mathu designeng 12-SEP-07 30000


8 hari accountant 02-MAY-09 4000

select * from empl;


Page 109

EMPNUM NAME ADDR 1001 mathu tenkasi

1002 raja madurai

create view sal_view as select e.empnum,e1.name,e1.addr from emp e,empl e1

where e.empnum=e1.empnum;

View created.

select * from sal_view

EMPNUM NAME ADDR 1001 mathu tenkasi

1002 raja madurai

Information about view:

select view_name,text from user_views;

VIEW_NAME TEXT

EMP_VIEW select "EMPNUM","EMPNAME","DESIG","DOJ","SALARY"

from emp

EMP_VIEW1 select empnum,desig,salary from emp

SAL_VIEW select e.empnum,e1.name,e1.addr from emp e,empl e1

where e.empnum=e1.empnum

Deleting a view:

drop view sal_view;

View dropped.

select * from sal_view;

select * from sal_view

*

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-00942: table or view does not exist

4. Synonyms


Page 110

Aim:

To Modify the Table name using data object.

Create synonym command:

create synonym e for emp;

Synonym created.

select * from emp;


1001 mathu desigeng 12-SEP-09 34000

1002 raja manager 03-FEB-06 45000

select * from e;




Create synonyms for table of other users:

connect student/comp

Connected.

create synonym t for system.emp;

Synonym created.

select * from t;




Rename Synonyms:


Page 111

rename e to m;

Table renamed.

select * from e;

select * from e

*

ERROR at line 1:


select * from m;




Removing synonyms:

drop synonym m;

Synonym dropped.

select * from m;

select * from m

*

ERROR at line 1:


Rdbms Manual 0

Documents

relational

empsal se

table cr reated

mitha connec

prabh hu selva

user idscott

data sourceorcl

load dim cnstr