Radio Propagation Basics

7/21/2019 Radio Propagation Basics

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/radio-propagation-basics 1/112

1

Radio PropagationRadio Propagation

BasicsBasics

Sami TABBANE

ITU ASP COE Training on

“Wireless Broadband ”

5-8 November 2013 – Nadi (Fiji Islands)

Session 8



2

CONTENTSCONTENTS

I. Introduction

II. Basic mecanisms o! propagation in radio"

mo#i$e en%ironment

III. Inter!erences and noises

I&. Radio Propagation 'ode$s

&. Propagation mode$s ca$i#ration



3

CONTENTSCONTENTS

I. Introduction



The radio-mobile omm!nia"ion hannel#

• $%"remel& variable'

• (non"rollable

Difficulties #

• )n"ii*a"e "he si+nal *o,er in a de"ermina"e *oin"

• oneive a radio s&s"em

• .lan and o*"imie a radio s&s"em

INTRO(UCTION )INTRO(UCTION )*+*+



SNRSNR o#,ecti%eso#,ecti%es

• nalo+!e i%ed lin# 4 d'l!"!a"ions o 1 "o 2 d'

• adio-mobile hannel# .o,eross o 40 "o 50 d6

$ in a radio-mobile hannel #

10

"imes hi+her "hen "he $radio i%ed hannel *oin"-"o-*oin"6

INTRO(UCTIONINTRO(UCTION ))--++



INTRO(UCTIONINTRO(UCTION ))..++

(e!initions/(e!initions/ d' dm' di

• d (deibel) 7 10 lo+10(.r/.")

o+ari"hmi ra"io be",een 2 *o,er levels6

• dm (d millia"")# rela"ive "o 1 m6

• di (d iso"ro*i)# !sed or "he .I$6 n"enna9ain om*ared "o iso"ro*i an"enna6

• dd (d di*ole)# n"enna 9ain om*ared "odi*ole an"enna6 di*ole an"enna has a +ain o 2'14 d om*ared "o iso"ro*i an"enna o 0 di'0 dd or 2'14 di6


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/radio-propagation-basics 7/112:

800 850 900 960

DAMPS 869 894

GSM/NMT 890 915 935 960

EGSM 870 915 925 960

TACS 890 905 935 950

ETACS 872 905 917 950

PDC 940 958

AMPS 824 849 869 894

iDEN 806 821 851 866

ESMR 806 824 851 869

UP-SMR

896-

901

940 -

945

NPCS

901-

902

930-

931

940 -

941

PAGING 929 932

ISM 902 928

1700 1800 1900 2000 2500

PCN/DCS 1710 1785 1805 1880

PCS 1850 1910 1930 1990

ISM 2400-2483.5

0RE1UENC2 AN( S2STE' BAN(S0RE1UENC2 AN( S2STE' BAN(S



SPECTRU' A33OCATION IN EUROPESPECTRU' A33OCATION IN EUROPE


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/radio-propagation-basics 9/112;

CONTENTSCONTENTS

II. Basic mecanisms o! propagation in radio"mo#i$e en%ironment



Réflexion Réfraction

Diffraction

Diffusion

4 BASICS PROPA5ATION 'EC6ANIS'S4 BASICS PROPA5ATION 'EC6ANIS'S

Re!$ection

(i!!usion

Re!raction

(i!!raction



11

Remote DominantReflector

Remote DominantReflector

Co-Channel Mobile

Local Scatterersto Mobile

Local Scatterersto Base

Local Scatterersto Base

Base Station

Local ScatteringMultipath PropagationMobile MotionCellular Spectrum Reuse

FadingIntersymbol InterferenceTime Varying ChannelCo-channel Interference

PROPA5ATION P6ENO'ENAPROPA5ATION P6ENO'ENA



12

PROPRIETIES O0 RA(IO 'OBI3E C6ANNE3PROPRIETIES O0 RA(IO 'OBI3E C6ANNE3

3 "&*es o radio-mobile varia"ion hannel#

5ar+e sale (Pathloss)# F!n"ion o "he dis"ane "ransmi""er-ree*"or #

<edi!m sale (Shadowing) # =ale o "he sie o obs"ales

(e, "ens o me"ers in !rban area and e, me"ers indoor )6 =mall sale (Fast Fading) # rela"ed "o m!l"i*a"h6 =ale on

"he order o hal ,avelen+"h6



13

SI5NA3 ATTENUATION IN (I00ERENT EN&IRON'ENTSSI5NA3 ATTENUATION IN (I00ERENT EN&IRON'ENTS



14

Attenuation d!e "o "he dis"ane be",een "ransmi""er andree*"or (*a"hloss)'

Sado7ing e!!ects'

0ading<!l"i*a"h *ro*a+a"ion > In"ererene a!sed

b& o"her "ransmi""ers

Inter!erences (o-hannel or adjaen" hannel)' Am#ient noise6

The *ro*a+a"ion hara"eris"is de*ends on #

<or*holo+&' ?ei+h"' ombina"ion' ve+e"a"ion

Na"!re e" densi"& o b!ildin+s'

ea"her ondi"ions

(E5RA(ATION UN(ER5ONE B2 T6E 8A&E(E5RA(ATION UN(ER5ONE B2 T6E 8A&E



15

The a""en!a"ion level de*end dire"l& "o "he re@!en&

band#

• 9 * 56:# re@!enies non ae"ed & "he rain or b& "heh!midi"&'

• ; *< 56:# re@!enies ae"ed b& "he rain'

• ; < 56:# re@!enies !n!sable or lon+ *a"hs ando!"door

ATTENUATION IN RE3ATION TO T6E 0RE1UENC2ATTENUATION IN RE3ATION TO T6E 0RE1UENC2



1

Transmitter with a power Pt 6 The *o,er densi"& "o "he

dis"ane d is#

The an"enna is *laed over a dis"ane d ,ill reeive a *o,er

I "he +ain o "he "ransmi""er is Gt :

(Friis model )

The *ro*a+a"ion loss#

r t S P

d

=2

4π .

r t r

P P G

d

=2

4[ ( / )]π λ

)] / (4[ 2

λ π d

GGPP

t r t

r =

( )PL dB

r

t

t r P

P

G G

d

( ) . .. .

.log log= −

= −

10 1010 10

2

24

2

λ

π

PROPA5ATION IN 0REE SPACEPROPA5ATION IN 0REE SPACE



1:

sed ,hen "he . ,ill domina"e / rele"ed *a"hs

The mos" im*or"an" *arame"er# γ (. e%*onen")' em*iriall&

de"ermined '

SI'P3I0IE( 'O(E3SI'P3I0IE( 'O(E3 PAT63OSSPAT63OSS

P r = P t K[d 0 /d] γ γγ γ

a%ec - ≤≤≤≤ γ γγ γ ≤≤≤≤ 8



18

Environment PL exponentFree space 2

Cellular in urban environment 2,7 à 3,5

Cellular in urban mask

environment

3 à 5

Indoor LOS 1,6 à 1,8

Indoor with obstacles 4 à 6

Factory with obstacles 2 à 3Urban Macro cellular 3,7 à 6,5

Urban Micro cellular 2,7 à 3,5

PAT63OSSPAT63OSS E=PONENT &A3UESE=PONENT &A3UES



1;

n"enna o emission and ree*"ion havin+ "he hara"eris"is

Pt 7 10 ' Gt 7 2 di and Gr 7 2 di6

i"h "he re@!en& ;00 <?' ha" is "he reeived *o,er in #

1 me"er o "he "ransmi""erA

2 me"er o "he "ransmi""erA

i"h "he re@!en& 450 <? and a" 1 me"er o "he "ransmi""er '

,ha" is "he reeived *o,erA

E=A'P3E /3OSSES IN 0REE PACEE=A'P3E /3OSSES IN 0REE PACE



20

200 "o 210 d' 0 d more

"han Bii!l" "erres"rials lins 6

ATTENUATION IN CO''UNICATION PER SATE33ITEATTENUATION IN CO''UNICATION PER SATE33ITE



21

dB S/N ratio

0 1'0# 1

1 1'2# 1

2 1'# 1

3 2'0# 1

4 2'5# 1

5 3'2# 1

4'0# 1

: 5'0# 1

8 '4# 1

; 8'0# 110 10'0# 1

20 100'0# 1

30 1 000'0# 1

40 10 000'0# 1

dm 7 10 % lo+ C.o,er in

a""s / 06001D

7 06001 % 10C.o,er in dm / 10 dmD

RE3ATION BETEEN (B AN( S>N RATIORE3ATION BETEEN (B AN( S>N RATIO



22

.rini*al a""en!a"ion !nder+one b& "he si+nal # d!e"o shado,in+ ee"s (na"!ral obs"ales or ar"iiials"r!"!res )6

S6A(O8IN5 E00ECTSS6A(O8IN5 E00ECTS

e dis"in+!ish ",o modes#

.ro*a+a"ion ,i"h dire" vision# noobs"ale be",een "ransmi""er andreeiver

.ro*a+a"ion ,i"ho!" dire" vision#e%is"ene o one or m!l"i*lesobs"ales be",een "ransmi""er andreeiver

PROPA5ATION IT6OUT (IRECT &ISIONPROPA5ATION IT6OUT (IRECT &ISION



23

N3OSN3OS or clutter condition

T,o ases#

n"enna si"!a"ed above obs"ales' and "he

o"her belo,' The ",o an"enna si"!a"ed belo, obs"ales6

PROPA5ATION IT6OUT (IRECT &ISIONPROPA5ATION IT6OUT (IRECT &ISION

PROPA5ATION 8IT6OUT (IRECT &ISIONPROPA5ATION 8IT6OUT (IRECT &ISION



24

• )m*li"!de varia"ion d!rin+ "he reeiver movemen"s behindobs"ales6

• Earia"ions !* "o 20d on "he so!re o handovers and servie@!ali"& varia"ion6

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Distance (metres)

-95

-90

-85

-80

-75

-70

-65

-60

-55

R e c e i v e d P o w e r ( d B m )

Tx B

Tx A

(*lin/do,nlin

PROPA5ATION 8IT6OUT (IRECT &ISIONPROPA5ATION 8IT6OUT (IRECT &ISION

&E5ETATION I'PACT&E5ETATION I'PACT



25

=i+niian" im*a" in r!ral ands!b!rban ones6

0'03 "o 1 d/m be",een 300 <?

and e, 9?6

Ne+le"ed in !rban one6

Rura$ :one # =hado,in+ ee"' di!!usion and a#sorption in "rees

Im*or"an" red!"ion o si+nal *o,er (*ar"i!larl& in ?F/ bands)6





2

8eiss#erger mode$

or 14 ≤ d ≤ 400m

or 0 ≤ d G 14m

i"h ## loss in d'

F# re@!en& in 9?'

d# dis"ane rossed b& "he ,ave "hro!+h "rees (in me"ers)6

The dierene be",een "rees ,i"h and ,i"ho!" leas is # 3"o 5 d6

L F d f = 0 284 0 588

1 33 . .

.

d F L f 45.0 284.0

=


(I00USION P6ENO'ENA(I00USION P6ENO'ENA



2:

Scattering

.rod!ed in *resene o obje"s ,i"h li""le sie # ro!+h

s!raes (G λ)' olia+e' *!bli li+h"in+ ' si+nalin+ *anels' H

;00 <? l ∼ 30 m

2'4 9? l ∼ 13'; m

5'8 9? l ∼ 5'1:5 m

(I00USION P6ENO'ENA(I00USION P6ENO'ENA

E=ERCISE /E=ERCISE / APP3ICATIONAPP3ICATION O0O0 8EISSBER5ER8EISSBER5ER 0OR'U3A0OR'U3A



28

i"h a re@!en& o 1'8 9? a"er ,i"h

;00 <?' or a ran+e o "rees 5m ,ide

ha" is "he *ro*a+a"ion loss A

E=ERCISE /E=ERCISE / APP3ICATIONAPP3ICATION O0O0 8EISSBER5ER8EISSBER5ER 0OR'U3A0OR'U3A

3OSSES (U TO BUI3(IN53OSSES (U TO BUI3(IN5



2;

E?terior 7a$$

<a"erials osses (d).oro!s onre"e '5

einored +lasses 8

onre"e (30 m) ;'5

reinored onre"e ,all (25 m) and

+lasses

11

reinored onre"e ,all (25 m),i"ho!" +lasses

13

Tile 23

Interior 7a$$

.las"er board 1'5ood 1'5

9lass 2

Thi ,all (bris G 14 m) 2'5

ris 2'5

3OSSES (U TO BUI3(IN53OSSES (U TO BUI3(IN5

3OSSES (U TO 8EAT6ER3OSSES (U TO 8EAT6ER



30

3OSSES (U TO 8EAT6ER3OSSES (U TO 8EAT6ER

ain ""en!a"ion ee"' "he mos" im*or"an" on "he si+nal

•

bsor*"ion o "he ener+& b& dro*s o ,a"er and di!sion o "heener+& in dro*s

=ensi"ive a""en!a"ion or hi+h re@!enies s!h 1'5 9?

(0'01 d/m or an in"ensive rain or e%am*le' im*or"an" loss

or sa"elli"e omm!nia"ion)6

Im*or"an" above 10 9?# 0'05 d/m

"o 5 9? or a rain o 25 mm/h ore%am*le6

$ssen"iall& d!e #

• %&+en or 0 9? ≤ ≤ 118 9?'

•

a"er va*or 7 22 9?' 183 9? and325 9?6

(I00RACTION(I00RACTION 0RESNE3 @ONES )*+0RESNE3 @ONES )*+



31

•=hado, ener+& ' or J Fresnel !ones K# a""en!a"ion si"!a"ed !nder"he dire" radi!s 6

• The irs" elli*soid re+ion ,here "he mos" im*or"an" *ar" o "he

ener+& is "ransmi""ed6

• In "his elli*soid# "#S condition6

Trajet A

Trajet B

Zones de

Fresnel

(I00RACTION(I00RACTION 0RESNE3 @ONES )*+0RESNE3 @ONES )*+

(I00RACTION(I00RACTION 0RESNE3 @ONES0RESNE3 @ONES )-+)-+



32

r # $lli*soid radi!s #

E?amp$e/

d 7 20 m' in "he elli*soid en"er and or 9=< band ;00

<?' al!la"e r A

Premier ellipsoïde de Fresnel

r

d1 d2

d

d d

d d r

2121

..

+≅

λ

(I00RACTION(I00RACTION 0RESNE3 @ONES0RESNE3 @ONES )-+)-+

Te !ist 0resne$ E$$ipsoid

(I00RACTION(I00RACTION 0RESNE3 @ONES0RESNE3 @ONES )+)+



33

c* <. r*/ 3OS et c* 9 <. r*/ N3OS

) +) +

(I00RACTION(I00RACTION 0RESNE3 @ONES0RESNE3 @ONES )4+)4+



34

2ndL2ndL 1s"L1s"L3rdL3rdL

* Zones de Fresnel * Zones de Fresnel

) +) +

0IRST 0RESNE3 @ONE0IRST 0RESNE3 @ONE



35

=i"e

=i"e

M The diame"er o Fresnel one de*end on "he la

,avelen+"h and "he dis"anes in"er si"es

M For a minim!m dira"ion loss' "he *rovision sho!ld

be a" leas" 06F1+ 3m

d 2

d 1

adi!s o "he n "h Fresnel

one#

21

21

d d

d d nr

n +=

λ

'U3TIPAT6'U3TIPAT6



3

Origin# <!l"i*les rele"ions on obs"ales aed b& "he,ave6

T,o ee"s#• .osi"ive

• Ne+a"ive

'U3TIPAT6 / POSITI&E E00ECT'U3TIPAT6 / POSITI&E E00ECT



3:

omm!nia"ions an be made in *resene o mas6

aves ba&*assO obs"ales (mo!n"ains' b!ildin+' "!nnels'

!nder+ro!nd *arin+ ' 666)6

Trajet réfléchi (atteint le mobile

situé derrière les batiments)

Trajet direct

bloqué

BS

MS

Re!$ected pat ) reac mo#i$e

situated #eind te #ui$ding +

B$oced

direct pat

'U3TIPAT6 / NE5ATI&E E00ECT'U3TIPAT6 / NE5ATI&E E00ECT



38

(e$aD"spread

# =*eed o "he li+h"

Be*end on # direction' re!$ecti%itD and distance be",een obje"s6

Multipath spreadlonger path - shorter path

=

c

Transmitted signal

Received signals

1

2

3

4

TimeT1 T2 T3 T4

'U3TIPAT6 EN&IRON'ENT'U3TIPAT6 EN&IRON'ENT



3;

7.68Mcps

1111µµµµssss

• eeived si+nal 7 =omme o

a""en!a"ed versions '

dela&ed in *hase and in

"ime o "ransmi""ed si+nals6

• The *ro*a+a"ion modes

inl!des dira"ion'

"ransmission and rele"ion6

a

b c

Excess Delay

R e c e i v e d P o

w e r

a

cb

E=A'P3E / CA3CU3ATION O0 (E3A2 SPREA(E=A'P3E / CA3CU3ATION O0 (E3A2 SPREA(



40

• Pat* 7 1 m

• Pat - 7 1' m• Pat . 7 2'5 m6

1

2

3

Mobile

Base station

..

< >^

...

. ..

-al!la"e "he dela& s*read

a" mobile level

(E3A2 SPREA( AN( CO6ERENCE BAN(I(T6(E3A2 SPREA( AN( CO6ERENCE BAN(I(T6



41

The oherene band,id"h o a hannel orres*ond "o "hese*ara"ion be",een ",o re@!enies as "he orrela"ion a"or

(or similari"& de+ree be",een ",o am*li"!des or *hases o ",o

"ransmi""ed si+nals in "hese re@!enies and derived rom "he

same "ransmi""ed si+nal ) o "he order o 0'56

Beined !s #

Bc = $/%π∆π∆π∆π∆

here

∆ is "he delay spread 6

(E3A2 SPREA( AN( CO6ERENCE BAN(8I(T6(E3A2 SPREA( AN( CO6ERENCE BAN(8I(T6



42

V (*edes"rian) 7 5 m/h

7 1'3; m/s6

9=< arrier # ;00 <?6

Do&&ler s&read'

Ds 7 vL/ 7 1'3;L;00L10/(3L108)

7 4'1: ?6

-oherene "ime#

T c 7 1/4'1: 7 230 ms6

T c G d!ra"ion slo" slo, adin+6



PROB3E' /PROB3E' / INTERS2'BO3INTERS2'BO3 INTER0ERENCE )*+INTER0ERENCE )*+



44

Power

Time

1 2

T 2T

PROB3E' /PROB3E' / INTERS2'BO3INTERS2'BO3 INTER0ERENCE )-+INTER0ERENCE )-+



45

Power

TimeT 2T

2

: Multipath signal components issued from signal

1

1

1'

1''1'''

1''''

1' 1'' 1''' 1''''

INTERS2'BO3INTERS2'BO3 INTER0ERENCE )ISI+INTER0ERENCE )ISI+



4

.rod!ed ,hen "he ener+& o s&mbol is s*read in nei+hbor

s&mbols 6

In"rod!ed b& "he hannel ,hen "he delay spread ,ill be

im*or"an" re*or" "o "he bi" *eriod (more "han 10P)6



(E3A2 SPREA( &A3UES(E3A2 SPREA( &A3UES



48

()&e of en*iron+ent Dela),s&read in -s

Free s*ae

!ral one

=!b!rban one

rban one

Indoor

G 0'2

1 – 50 (R)

0'5

3

0'1

E1UA3I@ATION AN( (E3A2 SPREA( IN 5S'E1UA3I@ATION AN( (E3A2 SPREA( IN 5S'



4;

A$goritm o! &iter#i# $@!alie si+nals o "hesame *o,er havin+ a ma%im!m dela& o 1Qs6

I "he dela& is more im*or"an" I=I6

RA23EI56 0A(IN5 )*+RA23EI56 0A(IN5 )*+



50

Te di!!erence #et7een constructi%e inter!erences )top+ and destructi%es inter!erence

)#ottom+ at " e F -GH 56: is $ess tan <G* nsec in paseG 7itc correspond to a#out . cm+

RA23EI56 0A(IN5 )-+RA23EI56 0A(IN5 )-+



51

• 0ast !ading # o!rs an in"erval o l#26

= 10 GHz

= 1 GHz

= 100MHz

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10Power (dB)

Distance (m)

f

f

f

RA23EI56 -( EN&IRON'ENTRA23EI56 -( EN&IRON'ENT



52

0 1 2 3 10-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

4 5 6 7 8 9

Power (dB)

Time (sec)

0AST 0A(IN5 / NARRO BAN(0AST 0A(IN5 / NARRO BAN(



53

• I lo, "em*oral dis*ersion' s!m o "he radi!s6

• The arrived *hase o eah *a"h han+e d!rin+ "he movemen"

o ree*"or' +ivin+ rise "o s!m o dieren" ve"ors6• Fas" shi" in *hase and am*li"!de observed (!* "o 40d)6

Earia"ions modeled b& a a&lei+h !n"ion (no line!o"!si$ht )or b& ie (more de"erminis")6



RA23EI56 ( EN&IRON'ENTRA23EI56 ( EN&IRON'ENT



55

55

E=A'P3E /E=A'P3E / ((URATION BET8EEN 0A(IN5 6O3ESURATION BET8EEN 0A(IN5 6O3ES



5

" " 7 ;00 <? (λ 7 c#%&& 7 1/3 m)'

16 ha" is "he n!mber o adin+ holes "ha" a ar

moves a" an avera+e o 100 m/h A

26 ha" is "he avera+e d!ra"ion be",een ",o adin+

holes A

A&ERA5E (URATION O0 A 0A(IN5 6O3EA&ERA5E (URATION O0 A 0A(IN5 6O3E



5:

here

β = 2π/λ' (d) as lo+2&() +ives "he avera+e de*"h o adin+

reo+nied6

[ ]2 12π

β

Re

vR

−

(OPP3ER S6I0T )*+(OPP3ER S6I0T )*+



58

(opp$er Spread

here

∆v# rela"ive s*eed o "he "ransmi""erre*or" "o "he ree*"or'

0 # arrier re@!en&'

# eleri"& o "he li+h"'ΨB# an+le be",een "he reeivedsi+nal and "he dire"ion o veloi"&ve"or o "he ree*"or6

=0

f v

c D

∆cosψ

(OPP3ER S6I0T )-+(OPP3ER S6I0T )-+



5;

Nominal frequency

Direct pathReflected path

Mobile direction of move

BS transmitted signal

BS

Doppler shiftDoppler shift

Direct path signalReflected path signal

f f

0

0

0

f

I'PACTS O0 T6E PROPA5ATION INTO 1PSL 'O(U3ATIONI'PACTS O0 T6E PROPA5ATION INTO 1PSL 'O(U3ATION



0

)a+ 5aussian noise

)c+ Pase ,itterG distortion and!reuencD transposition

)#+ 6armonic distortion

)d+ noiseG attenuationG andIntersDm#o$ Inter!erence

# JsinK

a JcosK

0A(IN5 T2PES0A(IN5 T2PES



1

• 0$at !ading / no m!l"i*a"h in"ers&mbol

in"ererene6$% # narro, band' indoor

• Se$ecti%e 0ading in !reuencD /<!l"i*a"h I=I6

$% # roadband' o!"door6

• S$o7 0ading / no Bo**ler ee" 6

$% # iFi ne",or indoor6

• 0ast !ading / Bo**ler ee"' sele"ivehannel in "ime

$% # ell!lar' ars

• Ce$$u$ar #road#and M car

Fas" adin+ > sele"ive in re@!en&6







INTER0ERENCE IN A(ACENTINTER0ERENCE IN A(ACENT C6ANNE3SC6ANNE3S



5

f1 f2 Frequency

Power

Adjacent channels

Interference zone

INTER0ERENCEINTER0ERENCE COCO""C6ANNE3S )*+C6ANNE3S )*+



Mobile

Site C

Site B

Site A

..

< >^

...

. ..

Power

INTER0ERENCEINTER0ERENCE COCO""C6ANNE3S )-+C6ANNE3S )-+



:

C

I

C

j

j J

I =

∈

∑

(1)

(2)

(3)

Frequency

NOISE )*+



8

Interna$ # -omm!"a"ions o !rren" in les lo+i ir!i"s'

om*ara"ors' ele"roni in"err!*"ers' 666 and "he noise*rod!ed in ables and les ele"roni om*onen"s b&

s"a"i ele"roni mehanisms6

E?terna$ # ele"roma+ne"is mo"ors' li+h"in+ o ars'

l!mino!s *anels' 666

NOISE )-+



;

$ner+& (,hi"e noise) +enera"ed b& "hermi noise #

N = 1 B( 0

(here

) 7 1'38610-23 6=6S-1 (ol"mann ons"an")' T &7 2;0 S (7 1: )6

=i+nal *o,er inside "he hannel ,i"h a band,id"hw #

N F = 1 B( 0 Bw

NOISE ).+



:0

Noise # h!man ori+in (li+h"in+' mahines' H)#

∼ +,&-1&2. #" /

"mos*heri *oll!"ion (smo' ie' ,a"er' lo!ds'

breee' H)#

∼ " / #0/-1&2.



CONTENTSCONTENTS



:2

I&. Radio Propagation 'ode$s

i $i!i di $i!i d $$ d $d $

Radio PropagationRadio Propagation 'ode$s'ode$s



:3

• sed ,hen "he *a"hloss is dominan" / rele"ed *a"hs

• <os" im*or"an" *arame"er# + (. e%*onen")' em*iriall&

de"ermined

Pr Pt 34d & #d5$ ,i"h 2 ≤ $ ≤ 8

Simp$i!iedSimp$i!ied pat$osspat$oss mode$mode$






:5

.ro*a+a"ion model is !sed or *redi"in+ "he medi!mval!e o *a"h loss

The orm!la an be sim*liied

d# dis"ane be",een $ and base s"a"ion

# re@!en&

PathLoss = f (d, f )


0 Ai S ' d $0 Ai S ' d $



:

Inini"e s*ae !ll o even' linear' iso"ro*i ideal media'

and is an ideal si"!a"ion

)**liable "o "he ,ireless environmen" ,i"h iso"ro*i*ro*a+a"ion media

This environmen" does no" e%is" in real lie

0ree Air Space 'ode$0ree Air Space 'ode$



Propagation prediction mode$sPropagation prediction mode$s




:8

Bieren" "&*es o models

Sma$$ sca$e/ 4a&lei+h' 4ie' Naa+ami' 666

="andardia"ion' s&s"ems desi+n' 666

3arge sca$e/ !m!ra-?a"a' alish-Ie+ami' 666

=&s"ems *lannin+' 666

Propagation prediction mode$sPropagation prediction mode$s

3arge sca$e propagation mode$s tDpo$ogD3arge sca$e propagation mode$s tDpo$ogD




:;

E?act/ a& "rain+/la!nhin+' o*"is' <a%,ell e@!a"ions ' 66

om*le% "o im*lemen" and !se6

Empirica$# ="a"is"ial meas!remen"s6

$as& "o !se b!" no" a!ra"e6

Semi"empirica$>Semi"e?act/ ombina"ion o *revio!s ones6 om*romise be",een a!ra& and om*le%i"&6

3arge sca$e propagation mode$s tDpo$ogD3arge sca$e propagation mode$s tDpo$ogD







OumuraOumura""6ata6ata mode$mode$ )4+)4+



83

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

Pathloss (dB)

1,800 MHz

900 MHz

450 MHz

200 MHz

Distance (m)

Pathloss (dB)

OCumuraOCumura""6ata6ata mode$mode$ )H+)H+



84

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Pathloss (dB)

Distance (m)

= 20mhb

= 50mhb

= 100mh b

= 180mhb

App$ication Scope

a$!isa$!is""Iegami>COST-*Iegami>COST-* mode$ )*+mode$ )*+



85

App$ication Scope

• Fre@!en& ran+e #800<?X29?

• T= an"enna hei+h" ?b#4X50m

• <obile s"a"ion hei+h" ?m#1X3m

• Bis"ane d#200mX5m

•here is "he ree s*ae *a"hloss#

• 7 106lo+109"> 106lo+109r - 206lo+10 - 206lo+10dm –

32644

u

f rts msd

f rts msd L dB

L dB L dB L dB

L si L L( )

( ) ( ) ( )=

+ +

+ ≤

0







RaD tracingRaD tracing




8;

(c) 3D ray

(b) Transverse

2D ray

(a) Vertical 2D ray

Transmitter

Receiver ..

< >^

...

. ..



M1

M2

(eDgout(eDgout mode$ )*+mode$ )*+



;1

h # hei+h" o "he *oin" om*ared "o ; line (*osi"ive i above ;'

ne+a"ive o"her,ise)'

r # irs" Fresnel elli*soid o ; *a"h6

A

M2

B

a b c

h1

h2

h'2













'easurements campaign'easurements campaign

Site se$ectionSite se$ection



;8

Criteria

The an"enna hei+h" is +rea"er "han 20m

The an"enna is a" leas" 5m "aller "han "he neares" obs"ale

Test preparation

The "es" s&s"em inl!des "es" reeiver' 9.= reeiver' dis"ane

meas!rin+ ins"r!men"' *or"able .-

)"er ins"allin+ "he sele"ed "es" s"a"ion' !sin+ "he *o,er me"er "o

meas!re "he or,ard *o,er and rele"ion *o,er o "he an"enna

-al!la"e "he $I. o "he "es" base s"a"ion6





'easurements campaign'easurements campaign

(ri%e test(ri%e test



101

9.= "o meas!re "he la"i"!de and lon+i"!de o "he s"a"ion

<eas!re "he hei+h" o "he b!ildin+ and an+le ins"r!men"

.or"able "es" e@!i*men" "o ens!re "he normal ,or o "he "es"

base s"a"ion e@!i*men" (,i"ho!" an& in"ererene si+nal in

s!rro!ndin+s)

Resu$ts e?amp$eResu$ts e?amp$e

Propagation mode$s ca$i#rationPropagation mode$s ca$i#ration



102

Mesures réelles et calibrées

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

1 ,

4 4

0 ,

5 1

0 ,

7 7

0 ,

8 2

0 ,

5 2

1 ,

0 0

0 ,

9 7

4 ,

5 9

5 ,

2 1

2 ,

7 1

2 ,

6 7

0 ,

9 1

1 ,

4 7

1 ,

8 8

2 ,

3 3

2 ,

4 7

2 ,

4 0

2 ,

1 3

1 ,

7 6

0 ,

1 0

0 ,

0 9

0 ,

1 1

1 ,

0 1

1 ,

3 1

1 ,

4 3

1 ,

6 9

2 ,

2 4

Distance par rapport à la BTS (en km)

R x L e v

Mesures Réelles

Mesures du modèle calibré

'easurements and ca$i#rated mode$ predictions

<eas!remen"s

-alibra"ed model *redi"ionsBis"ane rom "he T= (in m)



5eograpica$ data#ases




104

Families#

(igita$ terrain map (BT<)6

C$utter6

.( data#ases6

Indoor arcitecture6



((igita$ terrain mapigita$ terrain map




10106





55eograpica$ data#aseseograpica$ data#ases




10;



M (T' (igita$ Terrain 'ode$

M (E' (igita$ E$e%ation 'ode$DTM




111

(E' (igita$ E$e%ation 'ode$

M =o!res

• *a*er ma*s

• sa"elli"e ima+es

• H

M T&*ial resol!"ion#

• 20m – 1000m *er *i%el

DEM



112

TanC DouTanC Dou

Radio Propagation Basics

Documents