(r. 1924-1953). 1878 –1953 Joseph Dzhugashvili Gori, Georgia Peasant – Father Boot maker “Pocky” (Age 7) 1899 expelled from Seminary School 1902 imprisoned.

(r. 1924-1953)

• 1878 –1953

• Joseph Dzhugashvili

• Gori, Georgia

• Peasant – Father Boot maker

• “Pocky” (Age 7)

• 1899 expelled from Seminary School

• 1902 imprisoned – exiled to Siberia

• 1904 – Escaped Siberia

• 1905 met Lenin

• 1911 editor of Pravda

• 1917 – Commissar of Nationalities

• 1878 –1953• “Man of Steel”• “Socialism in One Country”• General Secretary of the Communist Party

(1922)• Power – command of bureaucratic and

administrative control• Admission to the party and promotion

within it• 10,000 appointments – regional, district,

city , and town party secretaries

“WE ARE FIFTY OR ONE HUNDRED YEARS BEHIND

THE ADVANCE COUNTRIES. WE MUST MAKE GOOD THIS DISTANCE IN TEN YEARS”

- Stalin

• Lev Davidovich Bronshtein• Trotsky (1879 – 1940)• Commissar for War• Leader of the Red Army• “Permanent Revolution”• World Revolution • Left wing Bolsheviks• 1927 expelled from the

Communist party• 1929 exiled from Russia

• Revokes the NEP

• Five-Year Plans – Rapid Industrialization

• “Collectivization” - Agricultural

• “Revolution from above”

• Cultural Revolution

• Worker/Police State

• Totalitarian Dictatorship

• Cult of Personality

• 5 YEAR PLANS (1928) – first of many• Economic, social, and political revolution• Rapid Industrialization• Revoked the NEP (too capitalistic)• Iron, Steel, machines, electric, transportation• Economic Growth – Heavy Industry• 111% coal, 200% iron, 335% electric

production• Increased output – higher wages, better housing• 2nd only to the U.S

• 25 million migrated to cities

• Production = 1928-1937 – 4x’s

• Hired Foreign Engineers

• Unemployment unknown

• Women worked in factories

• Personal Advancement – incentives, pensions, education, medical services

• 1928-1937• Steel production 4 million to 18 million tons• Coal output 36 to 128 million tons• Production of capital goods and armaments • Quadrupled production of heavy machinery • Doubled oil production• Weapons increase tenfold or more• Real wages declined 43% b/w 1928-1940• Housing and consumer goods declined• Human cost?

• “WORKER STATE” – right to employment, leisure time, annual paid vacations, social security, old-age, accident, sickness insurance, medical and hospital care

• Labor Conditions? – lateness, absence, fined sent to Labor Camps

• GULAG

• Glavnoe Upravlenie ispravitel’no-trudovykh LAGerei• Main administration of Corrective Labor Camps• Soviet system of forced labor camps• Origins 1917 Revolution • Height during the reign of Stalin• White Sea-Baltic Sea Canal (1931-33) – 141 mile canal• 100,000 prisoners – pickaxes, shovels, wheel barrels

created in just 20 months – SUCCESS?• Kolyma - harshest of all the camps “means death”• Arctic region – harsh temperatures, insufficient rations,

sleep, and clothing – 12-16 hour work day

• More people passed through the GULAG than the Nazi concentration camps; yet, the GULAG is still not nearly as well know. WHY?

• Nazi camps used to “exterminate”• GULAG – weapon of ongoing political control over

one country• “trials” – 5 minutes – sentences 8-10 years• Article 58 – (1928) – anti-Soviet activity• 25% “political prisoners”• Mining, rail construction, arms & chemical

factories, electricity plants, fish canning, airport, apartment, and sewage construction

• Collective Farms or “Collectivization” (1929)• Agricultural output• 25 Million Farmers• Forced farmers to pool their land, livestock, equipment• Lenin’s NEP produced Kulaks – well-to-do peasants –

peasant capitalists - or anyone who resisted collectivization • refused – 1932 entire class eliminated – forced labor camps,

or killed • ‘liquidation” of the entire class

• Artificial famine – 10 million died

• Peasants “cursed problem”• War against peasants• New socialist state• 1929 forced consolidation

peasant farms = state controlled

• Kulaks refused – 5 million – liquidated

• Output 1928-38 identical to 1913

• Wide spread famine

• Ukraine 1932-33 – approximately 6 million died

• Millions migrated to cities

• Overcrowding, sewage, housing

• OUTCOME – Production of food did not increase

“Annihilate the Kulaks as a class!”

c. 1929

• Secret Police (NKDV), Purge Trials (1936-1939) – accused of disloyalty – enemies

• 1937-1938 – “Great Terror”

• Shot 1500 people a day

• Eliminate opposition - - high Soviet leaders, civilian party members, major party leaders, army officers, diplomats, intellectuals, Old Bolsheviks

• Mid 1930’s• Officials, workers, peasants,

intellectuals, military• Sergei Kirov (1888-1934)- #2

man assassinated• Millions killed, exiled, sent to

labor camps• OUTCOME – consolidation

of power – new Communists loyal to Stalin

• “What role did Stalin play in the history of our country?”

• POSITIVE 53%

• NEGATIVE 33%

• Had difficulty answering the question 14%

2003 – 50th anniversary of Stalin’s death BBC World News Service

• 1878 –1953• Preserved some

revolutionary goals• No hereditary Czar, no

privileged class, improved standard of living

• New upper class – professionals, factory managers

• Single leader

• Revolutionary transformation

• Treated as a benevolent "guide" for the nation

• Transformation to a better future cannot occur without him

• Superman

• Propaganda

• Hero Worship – “Uncle Joe”

“”A single death is a tragedy, a million is a statistic” - STALIN

“Ideas are far more powerful than guns. We don't allow our enemies to have guns, why should we allow them to have ideas?” - STALIN

20+ Million Deaths = Starvation, Forced Labor Camps, Purges