Purdue University Writing Lab Cross-referencing: Using APA Format A workshop brought to you by the Purdue University Writing Lab (and Ms. Tronko!)

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Cross-referencing:Using APA Format

A workshop brought to you by the Purdue University Writing Lab

(and Ms. Tronko!)

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Why Use APA Format?(American Psychological Association)

Allows readers to cross-reference your sources easily

Provides consistent format within a discipline

Gives you credibility as a writer

Protects yourself from PLAGIARISM!

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Cross-Referencing Your Sources

Cross-referencing allows readers to locate the publication information of source material. This is of great value for researchers who may want to locate your sources for their own research projects.

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Using a Consistent Format

Using a consistent format helps your reader understand your arguments and the sources they’re built on.

It also helps you keep track of your sources as you build arguments.

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Establishing Credibility

The proper use of APA style shows the credibility of writers; such writers show accountability to their source material.

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Avoiding Plagiarism

Proper citation of your sources in APA style can help you avoid plagiarism, which is a serious offense.

It may result in anything from failure of the assignment to expulsion from school.

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APA Style: General Guidelines

Your essay should be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11") with 1" margins on all sides. You should use 10-12 pt. Times New Roman font or a similar font.

Include a page header at the top of every page. To create a page header, insert page numbers flush right. Then type "TITLE OF YOUR PAPER" in the header flush left

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No Extra Spacing Between Paragraphs

Bellamy wrote his novel in the late nineteenth century when class conflict dominated much of industrial society, and consequently his novel is a response to the drastic economic, social and cultural changes of his time. The Gilded Age reinforced distinctions between the rich and the poor, as well as differences between rich and poor interests. It is therefore easy to comprehend Bellamy’s rationale for producing a society which eliminates all class distinctions.

Bellamy addresses many of the predominate problems of the nineteenth century, and via his cooperative commonwealth, offers thorough explanations of how these problems are corrected in the twenty-first century.

Bellamy wrote his novel in the late nineteenth century when class conflict dominated much of industrial society, and consequently his novel is a response to the drastic economic, social and cultural changes of his time. The Gilded Age reinforced distinctions between the rich and the poor, as well as differences between rich and poor interests. It is therefore easy to comprehend Bellamy’s rationale for producing a society which eliminates all class distinctions. Bellamy addresses many of the predominate problems of the nineteenth century, and via his cooperative commonwealth, offers thorough explanations of how these problems are corrected in the twenty-first century.

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APA Style: General Guidelines

Your essay should include four major sections:

Title Page Abstract Main Body References

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APA Style: Title Page

Running Head: THE EFFECT OF DIVORCE ON CHILDREN 1

The Effect of Divorce on Children

Jane Smith

HSB 4MI

Ms. Tronko

November 14, 2009

Page number begins on title page

“Running Head” appears only on title page – thereafter just “THE EFFECTS OF DIVORCE ON CHILDREN” in capitals

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APA Style: Abstract

THE EFFECT OF DIVORCE ON CHILDREN 2

Abstract

Write a concise summary of the key points of your research. (Do

not indent.) Your abstract should contain at least your research

topic, research questions, participants, methods, results, data

analysis, and conclusions. You may also include possible

implications of your research and future work you see connected

with your findings. Your abstract should be a single paragraph

double-spaced. Your abstract should be between 150 and 250

words.

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APA Style: Parenthetical Citations in the Body of the Paper

When summarizing facts and ideas from a source Summarizing means to take ideas from

a large passage of another source and condense them, using your own words

When paraphrasing a source Paraphrasing means to use the ideas

from another source but change the phrasing into your own words— using a thesaurus to change a few key words does not count!

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APA Style: Parenthetical Citations in the Body of the Paper

Author’s last name and year of publication must appear in the text For example:

According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.

APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

Note: Commas and “p” for page

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There are many different combinations and variations within APA citation format.

If you run into something unusual, look it up!

Handling Quotes in Your Text

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ReferencesNote: Not Works Cited Page

A complete list of every source that you make reference to in your essay

Provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any sources cited in your essay.

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Most citations should contain the following basic information:

Author’s name Publication date Title [italicized]

Publication place

References Page

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A Sample References PageTHE EFFECT OF DIVORCE ON CHILDREN 12

References

Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. A List Apart: For

People Who Make Websites, 149. Retrieved from

http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving

Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing

manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American

Psychological Association.

Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing

up poor. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Use the symbol for “and” between authors

Only 1st letter of title capitalized

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BookAuthor, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work:

Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.

An Entry in An EncyclopediaBergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia

britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia

Britannica.

References: Some Examples (Print)

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References: Some Examples (Web)

Online PeriodicalAuthor, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication).

Title of article. Title of Online Periodical, volume number (issue number if available). Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

WebsiteBernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web.

A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 149. Retrieved from http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving

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What other types of sources might you need to list on your References page?

Study the basics of APA citation format. When something odd comes up, LOOK IT UP or ASK!!!

References

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NOW YOU KNOW!

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It is your responsibility to properly cite your sources in all the work you do for this class.

Failure to do so will result in negative consequences.

Consider yourself warned!