Purdue University Writing Lab Cross-referencing: Using APA Format A workshop brought to you by the Purdue University Writing Lab (and Ms. Tronko!)

Purdue University Writing LabCross-referencing:Using APA FormatA workshop brought to you by the Purdue University Writing Lab(and Ms. Tronko!)

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Purdue University Writing LabWhy Use APA Format?(American Psychological Association)Allows readers to cross-reference your sources easilyProvides consistent format within a disciplineGives you credibility as a writerProtects yourself from PLAGIARISM!

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Purdue University Writing LabCross-Referencing Your SourcesCross-referencing allows readers to locate the publication information of source material. This is of great value for researchers who may want to locate your sources for their own research projects.

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Purdue University Writing LabUsing a Consistent FormatUsing a consistent format helps your reader understand your arguments and the sources theyre built on. It also helps you keep track of your sources as you build arguments.

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Purdue University Writing LabEstablishing Credibility The proper use of APA style shows the credibility of writers; such writers show accountability to their source material.

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Purdue University Writing LabAvoiding PlagiarismProper citation of your sources in APA style can help you avoid plagiarism, which is a serious offense. It may result in anything from failure of the assignment to expulsion from school.

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Purdue University Writing LabAPA Style: General GuidelinesYour essay should be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11") with 1" margins on all sides. You should use 10-12 pt. Times New Roman font or a similar font.Include a page header at the top of every page. To create a page header, insert page numbers flush right. Then type "TITLE OF YOUR PAPER" in the header flush left

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Purdue University Writing LabNo Extra Spacing Between Paragraphs Bellamy wrote his novel in the late nineteenth century when class conflict dominated much of industrial society, and consequently his novel is a response to the drastic economic, social and cultural changes of his time. The Gilded Age reinforced distinctions between the rich and the poor, as well as differences between rich and poor interests. It is therefore easy to comprehend Bellamys rationale for producing a society which eliminates all class distinctions.Bellamy addresses many of the predominate problems of the nineteenth century, and via his cooperative commonwealth, offers thorough explanations of how these problems are corrected in the twenty-first century.

Bellamy wrote his novel in the late nineteenth century when class conflict dominated much of industrial society, and consequently his novel is a response to the drastic economic, social and cultural changes of his time. The Gilded Age reinforced distinctions between the rich and the poor, as well as differences between rich and poor interests. It is therefore easy to comprehend Bellamys rationale for producing a society which eliminates all class distinctions. Bellamy addresses many of the predominate problems of the nineteenth century, and via his cooperative commonwealth, offers thorough explanations of how these problems are corrected in the twenty-first century.

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Purdue University Writing LabAPA Style: General GuidelinesYour essay should include four major sections: Title Page AbstractMain BodyReferences

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Purdue University Writing LabAPA Style: Title Page

Running Head: THE EFFECT OF DIVORCE ON CHILDREN 1

The Effect of Divorce on Children

Jane SmithHSB 4MIMs. TronkoNovember 14, 2009Page number begins on title pageRunning Head appears only on title page thereafter just THE EFFECTS OF DIVORCE ON CHILDREN in capitals

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Purdue University Writing LabAPA Style: AbstractTHE EFFECT OF DIVORCE ON CHILDREN2

Abstract

Write a concise summary of the key points of your research. (Do not indent.) Your abstract should contain at least your research topic, research questions, participants, methods, results, data analysis, and conclusions. You may also include possible implications of your research and future work you see connected with your findings. Your abstract should be a single paragraph double-spaced. Your abstract should be between 150 and 250 words.

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Purdue University Writing LabAPA Style: Parenthetical Citations in the Body of the PaperWhen summarizing facts and ideas from a sourceSummarizing means to take ideas from a large passage of another source and condense them, using your own wordsWhen paraphrasing a sourceParaphrasing means to use the ideas from another source but change the phrasing into your own words using a thesaurus to change a few key words does not count!

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Purdue University Writing LabAPA Style: Parenthetical Citations in the Body of the PaperAuthors last name and year of publication must appear in the text For example: According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners. APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199). Note: Commas and p for page

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Purdue University Writing LabThere are many different combinations and variations within APA citation format.

If you run into something unusual, look it up! Handling Quotes in Your Text

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Purdue University Writing LabReferencesNote: Not Works Cited PageA complete list of every source that you make reference to in your essayProvides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any sources cited in your essay.

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Purdue University Writing LabMost citations should contain the following basic information:Authors namePublication dateTitle [italicized]Publication placeReferences Page

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Purdue University Writing LabA Sample References PageTHE EFFECT OF DIVORCE ON CHILDREN12

References

Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. A List Apart: For

People Who Make Websites, 149. Retrieved from

http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving

Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Use the symbol for and between authorsOnly 1st letter of title capitalized

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Purdue University Writing LabBookAuthor, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.

An Entry in An EncyclopediaBergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

References: Some Examples (Print)

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Purdue University Writing LabReferences: Some Examples (Web)Online PeriodicalAuthor, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Online Periodical, volume number (issue number if available). Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/WebsiteBernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 149. Retrieved from http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving

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Purdue University Writing LabWhat other types of sources might you need to list on your References page?

Study the basics of APA citation format. When something odd comes up, LOOK IT UP or ASK!!!References

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Purdue University Writing LabNOW YOU KNOW!Purdue University Writing LabIt is your responsibility to properly cite your sources in all the work you do for this class. Failure to do so will result in negative consequences.

Consider yourself warned!

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*Rationale: Welcome to Cross-referencing: Using MLA Format. This presentation is designed to introduce your students to the purposes of documentation, as well as methods for effectively using parenthetical citations and a Works Cited page. The twenty-two slides presented here are designed to aid the facilitator in an interactive presentation of strategies for using MLA style. This presentation is ideal for the beginning of a research unit in a humanities course or any assignment that requires MLA documentation.This presentation may be supplemented with OWL handouts, including Using MLA Format. (http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_mla.html), Paraphrase: Write It in Your Own Words (http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_paraphr.html), Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing (http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_quotprsum.html), and Avoiding Plagiarism (http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html).

Directions: Each slide is activated by a single mouse click, unless otherwise noted in bold at the bottom of each notes page.

Writer and Designer: Jennifer Liethen KunkaContributors: Muriel Harris, Karen Bishop, Bryan Kopp, Matthew Mooney, David Neyhart, and Andrew KunkaDeveloped with resources courtesy of the Purdue University Writing LabGrant funding courtesy of the Multimedia Instructional Development Center at Purdue University Copyright Purdue University, 2000.*Key Concepts: This slide allows the facilitator to explain the purposes for using MLA documentation. MLA format provides writers with a system for cross-referencing their sourcesfrom their parenthetical references to their works cited page. This cross-referencing system allows readers to locate the publication information of source material. This is of great value for researchers who may want to locate your sources for their own research projects. The proper use of MLA style also shows the credibility of writers; such writers show accountability to their source material. Most importantly, the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarismthe purposeful or accidental use of source material by other writers without giving appropriate credit. The next slide provides additional information on plagiarism.

Click to reveal each item.*This slide explains the importance of cross-reference your sources.

It may be helpful to discuss this in terms of a community. Writers of research papers enter a community of reseachers by sharing the sources theyve found.*Using APA properly will allow you to communicate more effectively with other researchers who also use APA. When a style is used consistently, others can easily find where youve listed your resources.*This slide explains how using APA can establish your credibility as a researcher.*Key Concepts: Plagiarism is a serious offense in the university system, and may result in punishments ranging from failure of the assignment, failure of the course, or expulsion from school.

There is a handout on OWL about plagiarism and can be found at http://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops/hypertext/ResearchW/plag.html

Click to reveal each item.

*Rationale: This slide establishes the two areas of MLA documentation, the Works Cited page and parenthetical citations.*Rationale: This slide establishes the two areas of MLA documentation, the Works Cited page and parenthetical citations.*Key Concepts: This slide emphasizes the need to keep parenthetical citations within a paper brief. The information provided in the body of the paper should be just enough so that a reader could easily cross-reference the citation with its matching entry on the Works Cited page. The following slides give examples of how to use parenthetical references.

Click to reveal each item.*Key Concepts: The next two slides explain the occasions in which MLA citations will be necessary, as well as explains the differences between quoting, summarizing, and paraphrasing. Students will be most familiar with the need to site for quotations, but the facilitator should stress that if the idea comes from someone else, the source material should be cited.*Key Concepts: This slide explains explains the differences between summarizing and paraphrasing. The facilitator may stress that if the idea comes from someone else, the source material should be cited.

Click to reveal each item.*Examples: The two examples in this slide illustrate methods for including parenthetical citations in the text. If the authors name is listed in the preceding sentence, only the page number of the quotation should appear in the parenthetical citation following the sentence. If the authors name does not appear within the sentence, the parenthetical citation should include the authors last name and the page number. In either case, a reader should be able to cross-reference back to the Works Cited page and locate all of the publication information needed to find Wordsworths work, in this case an excerpt in an anthology:

Wordsworth, William. Preface to Lyrical Ballads. 1802. Romanticism: An Anthology. Ed. Duncan Wu. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell Ltd., 1995. 250-69.

The facilitator may also note that the parenthetical reference is located before the period.*Rationale: This slide reminds participants that MLA reference guides should be consulted to answer questions about parenthetical references or Works Cited page entries. At this point, the facilitator may choose to field questions regarding MLA documentation.*Key Concepts: This slide explains the purpose of a works cited page. Students may also understand this to be called the bibliography page. The facilitator may stress that each source referenced within the paper should also appear on the works cited page. The works cited page appears at the end of the paper.*Rationale: This slide shows the basic information needed for entries on the works cited page.*Key Concepts: This slide offers students a sample of what a Works Cited page looks like.* For this particular paper, four sources were used. The first and second sources are reprints of earlier published novels, hence the use of the two dates. The second source has three dashed lines in place of the author, Charles Dickens. This is to indicate that the same author wrote both concurrently listed works. The third source is a book published in 1958. Note the abbreviations for University and Press. The fourth source is an article from a continually paginated journal.The facilitator may choose to explain the form of this page. Note that Works Cited is centered at the top. All sources are double spaced and alphabetized according to author. All lines after the first line of an entry should be indented five spaces. The facilitator may also choose to reference students to the final pages on the Writing Lab MLA handout, which also offers a sample Works Cited.

* From I am Born: The Birth of Identity in David Copperfield and Bleak House by Jennifer L. Kunka, Purdue University (unpublished manuscript).*Examples: This slide provides examples of a few commonly used citation formats. The web page example will prove to be the most confusing for students (particularly because MLA just released information on citing web pages). The web page example lists the authors name (if available), the title of the article in quotation marks, the title of the web site underlined or italicized, the date of publication, the publisher, the date information was accessed by the user, and the web address in brackets. Students may not find all of this information when they look at a web page, particularly the authors name, the date, and the publisher. The facilitator should remind students that they should list in order the information that they do have.

Click to reveal each example.*Examples: This slide offers examples of citations for a newspaper article and for a source (in this case, a newspaper article) with no author. The facilitator might ask students how to alphabetize a source with no author within a Works Cited page. They should alphabetize according to their next best piece of information--here, the first word of the article, Cigarette.

Click to reveal each example.*Activity: This slide allows participants a moment to ask questions of the facilitator. If students are working on a research assignment, they may have specific questions that pertain to their own papers. The facilitator may answer questions using the MLA Handbook or the MLA handout from the Writing Lab. *Rationale: As the presentation concludes, the facilitator can remind students that they can come to the Writing Lab for extra help with MLA style.

Click mouse after the title question.