public distribution system

Chapter - 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

“Food security is achieved when all people, at all times, have physical and

economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs

and food preferences for an active life” (Rome Declaration on World Food

Security World Food Summit, 1996).

Hunger is the most deplorable manifestation of poverty. This can manifest

itself in the form of starvation, chronic under nutrition or specific nutrient

deficiencies. A staggering 5 per cent of rural and 2 per cent of urban population of

India do not get adequate food throughout the year. Moreover, the indicators on

nutrition are awesome and classing us quite low in terms of Human Development

Index. India was a famine-ridden country during the British times. The process of

faminization has been discussed by a whole gamut of social scientists, political

leaders and social workers. Even the British government took the task of knowing

the reasons behind famines. The early debate surrendering the measures to combat

famines was construction of railways versus investment in irrigation. After

Independence, the Food Grain Procurement Commission (1950) suggested

Department of PG Studies in Economics Shikaripura Page 1

rationing. Food grain Inquiry Committee (1957) suggested maintenance of Buffer

stock to combat sudden frustration in food supply.

During the 60s and 70s, India started importing food grain from USA under

PL-480 agreement, war with Pakistan and growing incidence of crop failures led

India to think about self-sufficiency in food. The second and third year plans

which gave emphasis on industrialization, faced a lot of criticisms. The

government became more aware about shortage in food production. IADP and

IAAP programmes were adopted in the early 1960s to combat the evil of food

shortage green revolution technology was adopted to increase domestic food

production.

In 1965, Food Corporation of India and Agricultural price commission

(later its name was changed to commission of agricultural costs and prices) were

established. Public Distribution System (PDS) became a part of our food policy

whose main objective was to provide food supply at cheaper rates to urban

consumers through ration shops and Fair price shops. Creation of buffer stock

through levy, and offering Minimum Support Price (MSP) to avoid distress sales

by farmers were also the objectives of PDS. The Public Distribution System (PDS)

in India is more than half a century old as rationing was first introduced in 1939 in

Bombay by the British Government as a measure to ensure equitable distribution

of food grains to the urban consumers in the face of rising prices. Thus, rationing

in times of crisis like famine was the historical precursor to the national policy of


stabilization and management of food grains. Among the number of price central

conferences held during 1940-42, the sixth held in September, 1942 laid down the

basic principle of a Public Distribution System for India.

Targeted Public Distribution System

Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) is a means of distributing food

grain and other basic commodities at subsidized prices through Fair Price Shops.

Every family is supposed to have a ration card. In 1997, the TPDS became

targeted wherein different ration cards were issued to households. Below poverty

line (BPL) and those Above the Poverty Line (APL), and each category has

different entitlements. Today, both BPL and APL households are emitted to 35 kgs

of grain per month, but the issue price is higher for APL households. The BPL

quota for each state is determined by the Planning Commission’s estimates of

poverty in the state, which is in turn calculated on the basis of the National Sample

Survey Organization’s (NSSO) consumption expenditure surveys (CES).

History of public distribution system

Pre-Independence Era

The origin of Public Distribution System in India dates back to the Second World

War period. At the start of the Second World War in 1939 when shortages of

various essential commodities were anticipated and the State had an obligation to

maintain supply lines for the conduct of the war while, at the same time,

supplying essentials to the citizens also, the Government of India decided to

impose controls on distribution of certain commodities under the Defense of India

Rules 1939.


1939 the prices of food grains started rising. The price of major food grains

namely, rice and wheat sharply increased by 2.5 times during the war period. The

Government tried to control the prices when it fixed the maximum price of wheat

in 1941. However, there was no control either on supply or on movement of

wheat which resulted in the failure of the wheat price control.

During 1942 a serious shortage of food grains developed and large sections of

people were deprived of any supply at all. Are examining the situation in depth,

the Government of India promulgated Rule 81-D under the Defense of India Rules

which empowered the province all Governments to regulate the shops dealing in

food grains and even take over their business, if necessary.

. A plan for the food economy of India called "The Basic Plan" was drawn up and

put into operation from of April, 1943. On the basis of the anticipated harvest of

the two major seasons, (Kharif and Rabi) the Government of India ordered

procurement from surplus States and allocation of food grains to the deficit States.

The first Food grain Policy Committee was set up in 1943 to recommend a sound

and effective food policy for the country. The Committee stressed the need for

continuing the rationing in the urban centers and also inclusion of certain rural

areas under the scheme. The committee also asked for a reserve stock to be

created as per specific scheme outlined. Food rationing which was introduced to

cover 13 cities in 1943 was extended to 103 cities and towns in 1944 and

extended to 771 towns and rural pockets in 1946.

The procurement in surplus States did not work out satisfactorily and the main

source of supply during the period 1943-47 was imports. The food situation in

1943 was critical and the Government of India modified the basic plan in such a

way as to license more private dealers to encourage them to bring out the hidden

stocks. This was first tried in the Eastern region..


The Post Independence Period

India obtained independence in the year 1947 and the second Food grains Policy

Committee was set up in that year. The committee recommended to reduce the

area of state intervention in the food market. Accordingly, the recommendation

was to scrap the rationing system, to reduce the import of food grains and

liberalize internal trade of food grains. The Government started to implement these

recommendations seriously. However, liberalization of internal trade in a shortage

situation resulted in sharp increase in food grain prices and very soon, the

Government reverted to the price control mechanism.

In 1952 the Foodgrains (licensing and procurement) Order was passed and fair

price shops were opened to prevent undue rise in prices consequent on the

relaxation of controls.

In 1953-54 the food zones which were introduced during the war period to restrict

the movement of foodg rains were also abolished. But the zonal system was re-

introduced

In 1955 for wheat and rice. The year 1955 was an important one since it was

during this year that the Essential Commodities Act was enacted. This Act which

is in force even to-day, has the objective of holding control over the production,

supply and distribution of and trade and commerce in certain essential

commodities. A number of Control Orders have been promulgated under this Act

to cover various essential commodities

1956-1965 wheat and rice imported from the U.S.A. under PL 480 was pumped

into the Public Distribution System at prices which were lower than the domestic

ones. The avowed purpose was to protect the vulnerable auctions of the population

against the riding prices. The establishment of the


Food Corporation of India in 1965 with the objective of building up buffer stocks

of food grains to achieve food security was a major land-mark of the Indian Food

Policy. From 1965 onwards the public distribution system became an important

element in the planning process. The old fair price shops scheme was re

designated as Public Distribution System.

Statement of the Problem

Number of research studies by individuals, institutions and government

agencies have been conducted on the subject PDS. Planning Commission in the

‘Mid term appraisal of various areas covered by researchers on PDS.

The planning commission’s report says that ‘with a network of more than

4,00,000 FPS, the PDS in India are perhaps the largest distribution machinery of

its type in the world. PDS is said to distribute each year commodities worth

Rs. 15,000 crore to about 16 crore families. The huge network can play a more

meaningful role of only the system is able to translate into micro level and macro

level self-sufficiency by ensuring availability of food grains for the poor

households.

Need for the Study

India is second largest country in the world in the manner of population. It

is most important considerable plus point of the India, because it involve large

human capital. Even we all Indians are thinking that, we will the Indian peoples.

We know that the Indian common man is facing lots of problems today. Recently,

most of Indian people are struggling with the bread and butter due to the


continuously increasing prices of food grains, vegetables, pulses and other cereals.

Food security implies access by all people at all times to sufficient quantities of

food to lead an active and healthy life.

As for as the question of enough purchasing capacity is concerned, it

involves the introduction of employment generation of programmes. So that, the

income and purchasing power of the people increases. To tackle the quantitative

and qualitative aspects of the food security problem, the government of India

relied on the following three food based safety nets.

1. Public Distribution System (PDS)

2. Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) and

3. Mid-day meals programme (MDM).

As for as the issue of providing purchasing power to the people is

concerned, various employment programmes have been introduced from time to

time. Even amongst these, PDS has been focus of most of the attention and debate

over the years.

The poor impact of the scheme in poor states (Bihar and West Bengal) also

underlines the need for strengthening PDS in these states. As long as the

development process is not able to reduce poverty continuance of the Public

Distribution Scheme in poor states stands justified. Rather, the need of the hour is

to encourage proper targeting to achieve better results to pursue PDS.


Objectives

1. To trace the evolution of the PDS scheme.

2. To evaluate performance of the scheme in the recent years.

3. To identify the problems in the operation of the scheme.

4. To seek opinion of beneficiaries through a case study.

Methodology

a. Area of Study

The broad geographical area of the present study was restricted to the

shimoga district in Karnataka. However, the focus was on shikaripura taluk, were

targeted public distribution scheme was the target group in the proposed study.

b. Sources of Data

The present study has depended on both primary and secondary data

The primary data has been gathered through personal administration of

appropriately prepared open ended interview schedules to the beneficiaries in the

study area of shikaripura talluks

Secondary data for the study has been gathered from published sources

such as various titles, journals, periodicals and reports on the subject. For the

purpose of gathering the latest information on the topic internet sources were also

consulted.


Sample size and sampling design

From the shikaripura taluks, most backward dry area and most forward

irrigated areas of 100 beneficiaries are selected with the help of random sampling

technique,

Chapterization

This study has been planned in Five chapters as follows :

Chapter - 1 : Introduction

This chapter provides a brief background, Introduction, statement of the

problem, need for the study, objectives, hypothesis, methodology, chapterization

and review of literature, scope and relevance of the study.

Chapter 2 Review of Literature

This chapter provides detailed description regarding subject matter form various

scholar’s

Chapter - 2 : Evolution of TPDS Scheme in India and Karnataka

This chapter deals with the PDS scheme in India and brief introduction,

evolution of TPDS in Karnataka.


Chapter – 4 : Performance of TPDS Scheme : An Overview

This chapter deals with the TPDS scheme performance need and

importance for the specially a poor people in briefly discussion and briefly a

TPDS scheme performance in recent years, scheme activities and discussion.

Chapter – 5 : TPDS Scheme in Chitradurga Taluk : An Evaluation

This chapter provides a TPDS scheme introduced in this scheme activities,

statistics, in Chitradurga taluk PDS scheme related APL, BPL, AAY and Fair

Price Shops (FPSs). Statistics in recent years and Chitradurga taluk background

briefly introduction and this scheme overall information and Chitradurga taluk an

evaluation and PDS scheme evaluation of the study.

Chapter -6 : Summary and Conclusion

The major Findings and Suggestions are given by the researcher in this

chapter prior to a formal conclusion.


Chapter 2

Review of Literature

Rajpurohit (1978) studied the “Urban dwellers and rural poor” should be

included under target groups. The sixth five year plan identified 50.8 per cent of

rural population and 38 per cent of urban population as target groups. However, in

practice each state has followed its own criteria.

Subba Rao (1980) worked on “The political economy of public

distribution system in Tamil Nadu” estimated food requirement for the state of

Andhra Pradesh under certain assumptions. While working out these estimates he

has assumed a supply level of 12 ozs (340 grams) per consumption unit. He

concluded that ultimately the benefit of public distribution is zero or negligible.

Gupta basing on certain assumption has projected food grains required for PDS

upto 1980, for all India, such projections are assumed to help makers in their

procurement effects.

P.S. George (1984) has analyzed the “Public distribution of food grains and

their income distribution of effects in Kerala”. He estimated the possible impact of

rationing on incomes of the consumers using the relationship. The results shows

that the system is economically viable. Further ration rice according to this study,

accounted for a major share of rice consumption of consumers belonging to low

income groups. The criteria of identifying target groups differed across studies.

Rajkrishna suggested that the beneficiaries of the distribution system could be


arrived at by deducting from the total population i) the number of income – tax

assess, and ii) cultivators households multiplied by five which is the average size

of the family.

VKRV Rao (1985) his study on “In the study of analysis : National sample

survey” in the study analyses the National Sample Survey (NSS) data for 1973-74

on household expenditure and food consumption by per capita expenditure class.

The study shows that proportion of total expenditure spent on food decreases with

increasing consumption expenditure class. The calorie distribution by expenditure

class given NSS data for 1971-72 showed that if 2750 calories is taken as

minimum required intake per consumer, 51.4% of consumer in rural areas and

65.5% in the urban areas were not getting adequate nutrition. Nutritional poverty

is undoubtedly linked with high inequality that exists in the distribution of

purchasing power.

Cornia and Stewart (1993) worked on “Two errors of targeting” one of

the arguments made by proponents of Targeted PDS is that the scheme will be

able to reach the poor or needy more effectively than the universal PDS. There are

two types of errors that occur in any targeted welfare programme due to imperfect

measurement. Errors of wrong exclusion (type-I errors) refer to the exclusion of

genuinely poor or deserving households from a programme.

Radhakrishna et al. (1997) worked on “India’s public distribution system :

A national and international perspective”, states food subsidization has a very long

tradition in India. For most of the last three decades, it has accounted for more


than two per cent of total government expenditure and its cost peaked in 1993-94

at 55 billion rupees (roughly 1.8 billion 1993US$), almost 50 per cent of the total

expenditure allocated to poverty alleviation programmes and approximately 0.8

per cent of Gross Domestic Product. The bulk of these sums sustained the Public

Distribution System (PDS hereafter), which is one of the oldest and largest

poverty alleviation programmes in the world. The programme mainly supplies

rice, wheat, edible oils, sugar and kerosene at subsidized prices through a network

of retail outlets known as Fair Price Shops.

Jos Mooij (1998) worked on “Dilemmas in Food Policy about institutional

contradictions and vested interests”. The public distribution system (PDS) is one

of the most important and costly welfare programmes in India. Till 1997 the PDS

a more or less universal programme, which distributed food to rich and poor

cardholders alike. The universal set-up changes in 1997, when the government of

India introduced targeting. The implementing of targeting proved however

difficult.

Mahendra Dev (2000), his study on “Food security : PDS vs EGS – Tale

of two states”, reveals that there are several ways in which food security can be

improved. The strategies constitute several policies. India’s strategies in this

regard comprise economic growth, direct anti-poverty programmes, which include

wage-employed and self-employed target programmes, public distribution system

(PDS) nutrition-based programmes and provision of health facilities.


Ravi Srivastava (2000) a detailed study on “Food security and Targeted

PDS in U.P.”. The study was carried among 2250 households across 120 villages

found that multiplicities of agencies, poor coordination and low administrative

accountability have combined to cripple the delivery machinery.

A recommendation of the High Level Committee on Long Term Grain

Policy (2000) was that instead of the current distinction between APL, BPL and

Antyodaya in terms of issue pricing for rice and wheat, there should be a single

issue price for grain issued by the FCI from its warehouses. This recommendation,

sometimes identified with the return to universal PDS from TPDS adopted in

1997, has been criticized on a number of grounds. First that if the same price for

BPL and APL households was charged, this would not be financially viable for the

BPL. If existing AAY and BPL cardholders were charged a higher price, there

might be pressure to keep the uniform CIP low as high common price for BPL and

APL would have adverse consequences for the poor. On the other hand, a low CIP

would increase even further the fiscal subsidy. Third any widening in the effective

reach of PDS due to its universalization would put unbearable pressure for the

supply for grain into the PDS.

Taimini (2001) the World Bank defined “Food security as access by all

people at all times to enough food for an active and healthy life”. However, FAO

defined food security as ensuring that all people at all times have both physical

and economic access to basic food they need. World Food Summit 1996 in world


food summit plan of action stated that Food security exists when all people at all

times have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to

meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.

Madhura Swaminathan (2002) worked on “Weakening welfare : The

public distribution of food in India” has criticised the targeted PDS that is based

on the narrow definition of absolute income poverty. She has cited the example of

the inefficiency in survey techniques used in a village in Maharashtra to target the

BPL households due to which, the original BPL households were excluded from

the TPDS. She has discussed the major drawbacks of the use of income poverty

line as an indicator of the eligibility of a family for access to PDS.

“NIRDs study on leakages in PDS” (2003) found that nor drawing and

partial drawing of quota was substantially contributes for leakages. Though

number of studies has been conducted on PDS, the effectiveness of PDS has not

been studied and measured quantitatively. This study shows that how for the rural

population have been benefited in PDS in terms of the objectives of PDS.

Srinivas and Thaha (2004) analysed the “Food security has also been a

recurring theme” raised in specific contexts in various force convened by the

United National the conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de

Janeiro in 1992 emphasized the need to ensure food security at all levels within the

framework of sustainable development as defined in Agenda 21. The joint

FAO/WHO conference on nutrition, held in Rome in 1992, declared “Hunger and


malnutrition are unacceptable in a world that has both knowledge and resources to

end this human catastrophe and recognized that access to nutritionally adequate

and safe food is a right of each individual.

The Economic Survey Reports (2012) from West Bengal, Bihar,

Jharkhand, Orissa, Assam and Madhya Pradesh reveal that the gigantic scheme a

lifetime for India’s hungry millions is in shambles, despite the apex courts specific

order s to provide subsidized food grain regularly to all poor people. Every month

over 4.2 million tonnes of rice and wheat are allotted by the Central Government

for distribution through a network of merely half a million Fair price shops spread

across all states and union territories.

Reethika Khera (2012) worked on “PDS and other sources of household

consumption”, this article examined the government of India’s 1997 criteria for

selection of households for below poverty line ration cards. The main conceptual

problems are that the criteria are static and uniform across the entire country.

Using primary data (collected in 2002) from 400 randomly selected households

from eight villages of Rajasthan, the exercise here calculates the proportion of

‘wrongly excluded’ (i.e., who qualify according to government criteria but did not

get a BPL card) and ‘wrongly excluded’ households. Of the one-third of sample

households that were classified as BPL, nearly a quarter have been wrongly

includes. Besides, 44 per cent of the households which should have been counted


as BPL were wrongly excluded. However, one must consider the appropriateness

of the selection criteria along with these large selection errors.

Suryanarayana, M.S. (2012) his work on “Commentary on agflation and

public distribution system have been raised”, 1) A case for universalisation of the

PDS and 2) its implications for procurement and buffer stocks it would be

important to examine the issues in the context of the latest available information

on the current state of the PDS. It would be with while the examine, the PDS and

its profile across socio-economic groups and the likely implications for food

security in era of food inflation.

G. Suryanarayana (2009) undertook “A study on PDS in India with

reference to Andhra Pradesh during 1985”. The major findings of the study were

urban people were getting more benefits through PDS than rural and tribal people.

Niehaus Paul (2009) analyzed targeting with agents: Theory and evidence

from India’s Targetted Public Distribution System. Targeting economic assistance

to the poor is a central problem in development.

The statutory targeting rules are frequently violated. In principle this could

reflect either officials use of soft information to improve targeting or corruption.

The evidence does not support the former view excessive each payments for BPL

cards are widespread and household specific prices respond to household

eligibility criteria in a manner consistent with systematic profit maximization by

officials.


Sharad Joshi (2011) worked on “Wrong approach to food security” reveals

that coupons would work better than PDS as a food security mechanism. It is not

surprising that the largest support for PDS comes from regions where pilferage is

maximum.

1.9. Limitations of the Study

The present study has been restricted to Chitradurga taluk of Chitradurga

district in Karnataka state. The study has been restricted only towards an

evaluation of performance of targeted public distribution scheme. Since the study

is a micro one, it assumes relevance in its own way.

References

1. Choudhary, R.C. and Rajkutty (ed.) (1998). “Five years of rural

development in India : Retrospect and Prospect”, NIRD, Hyderabad, p. 22.

2. Cornia, G.A. and Stewart, F. (1993). Two errors of targeting. In: Lipton, M.

and J. Vander Gaag (ed.) : Including the poor : World Bank, Washington

DC, pp. 67-90.

3. George, P.S. (1984). “Some aspects of public distribution of food grains in

India”. Food Insecurity Atlas of Rural India, Chennai, pp. 47-54.

4. Jean Dreze (1995). “Famine prevention in India”. (ed: Sen, Dreze and

Hussain), Political Economy of Hunger, Clerendon Press, Oxford, p. 180.

5. Jos Mooij (1998). “Dilemmas in Food Policy about institutional

contradictions and vested interests”. Economic and Political Weekly, p.

144.


6. Madhura Swaminathan (2002). “Weakening welfare : The public

distribution of food in India”. Leftword Books, New Delhi, p. 53.

7. Mahendra Dev (2000). “Food security : PDS vs EGS – Tale of two states”.

Economic and Political Weekly, 31(27), pp. 1752-1764.

8. Niehauspaul (2009). Theory and evidence from India’s targeted public

distribution system. Economic and Political Weekly, 32(20-21), pp. 1201-

1220.

9. Radhakrishna, R., Subba Rao, K., Indrakanth, S. and Ravi, C. (1997).

“India’s public distribution system : A national and international

perspective”. World Bank Discussion, p. 380.

10. Rajpurohit (1978). “Urban dwellers and rural poor”. The Food Insecurity

Atlas of Rural India, Chennai, p. 62.

11. Rao, VKRV (1985). “In the study of analysis : National sample survey

organization”. Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi, p. 30.

12. Reethika Khera (2012). “Access to the targeted public distribution system :

A case study in Rajasthan”. Economic and Political Weekly, p. 5.

13. Sharad Joshi (2011). “Wrong approach to food security”. The Hindu,

Businessline, p. 7.

14. Srinivas and Thaha (2004). “Calories and Things : Reflections on

nutritional norms, poverty lines and consumption behaviour in India”.

Economic and Political Weekly, 40(43), pp. 22-28.

15. Subba Rao (1980). “The political economy of public distribution system in

Tamil Nadu”. In: Vikram K. Chand (ed.), Reinventing Public Service

Delivery in India, Sage Publications, New Delhi, p. 10.


16. Suryanarayana, G. (2009). “Economic reform versus food security :

Kerala’s Gordian Knot”. Journal of International Development, Asian

Experience, Sage Publications, New Delhi, 13(2), pp. 239-253.

17. Taimini (2001). “India’s food policy since independence. Journal of Indian

School of Political Economy, Vol. 8(2), pp. 661-668.

18. Vyas (2005). “Ensuring food security”. Notes, in Economic and Political

Weekly, p. 4407.


Chapter - 3

EVOLUTION OF TARGETED PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION

SCHEME IN INDIA AND KARNATAKA

India

PDS is operated under the joint responsibility of the Central and the State

Governments. The Central Government, through ECI, has assumed the

responsibility for procurement, storage, transportation and bulk allocation of food

grains to the states. The operational responsibility including allocation within

state, identification of families below the poverty line, issue of ration cards and

supervision of the functioning of FPS rest with the State Governments. the

States/Union Territories for distribution. Some States/UTs also distribute

additional items of mass consumption, through the PDS outlets, such as cloth,

exercise books, pulses, salt, tea, etc.

Public Distribution of essential commodities had been in existence in India

during the inter-war period. PDS, with its focus on distribution of food grains in

urban scarcity areas, had emanated from the critical food shortages of 1960. PDS

had substantially contributed to the containment of rise in food grains prices and

ensured access of food to urban consumers. As the national agricultural production

had grown in the aftermath of Green Revolution, the outreach of PDS was

extended to tribal blocks and areas of high incidence of poverty in the 1970s and

1980s.


Evolution of Public Distribution System in Karnataka

Public distribution of essential commodities had keen in existence in India

during the inter-war period, PDS, with its focus on distribution of food grains in

urban scarcity areas, had emerged from the critical food shortages of 1960. PDS

had substantially contributed to the containment of rise in food grains prices and

ensured access of food to urban consumers. As the national agricultural production

had grown in the after moth of Green Revolution, the outreach of PDS was

extended to tribal blocks and areas of high incidence of poverty in the 1970s and

1980s.

PDS, till 1992, was a general entitlement scheme for all consumers without

any specific target. Revamped Public Distribution System (RPDS) was launched

in June 1992 in 1775 blocks throughout the country. The Targeted Public

Distribution System (TPDS) was introduced with effect from June 1997.

The state policy of excluding ineligible BPL families in the state through

certain socio-economic criteria did not work effectively due to relaxation of

many of these criteria by the State Government and issue of BPL ration cards

on self declarations by the applicants without scrutiny. This, on the other hand,

led to inclusion of ineligible beneficiaries in the BPL list and the number of

ration cards exceeded the projected households in the state.

Consequent upon abnormal increase in the number of BPL ration cards, the

State Government was saddled with additional financial burden of Rs. 1,034.82


crore to supply food grains at subsidized rates. The scale of issue of food grains

was also drastically reduced to cater to the increased number of beneficiaries.

There were instances of improper documentation, miss reporting of the scale

transactions, regularizes in the working of Fair price shops (FPS) etc., which

could have led to diversion of PDS commodities to black market. The

Department, however, failed to notice these irregularities due to lack of an

effective monitoring mechanism.

Organizational Setup

The Principal Secretary, Department of Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer

Affairs (FC&CA) assisted by the Commissioner (FC&CA) was responsible for

implementation of the scheme at the state level. The commissioner was assisted by

the Deputy Commissioners, Deputy Directors (FC&CA) and Chief Executive

Officers of Zilla Panchayats at the district level and by the Tahsildars and

Executive Officers of Taluk Panchayat taluk level.

Involvement of Panchayat Raj Institutions to Monitor the PDS

Distribution Scheme

In pursuance of the guidelines issued by GOI, the State Government has

issued instructions, involving Panchayat Raj Institutions in public distribution

system, to make it more effective and transparent. Grama Panchayat is entrusted

with monitoring and supervision of PDS at the Panchayat level as well as to create

awareness to the consumers about the PDS.


Food Security Committee has been constituted in every Grama Panchayat

under the chairmanship of social justice chairman with one SC, two ST and one

lady member of Grama Panchayat and Panchayat secretary will be the Member

Secretary of Committee. This committee is responsible for monitoring of Fair

price shops in the Grama Panchayat jurisdiction. It has power to inspect with 2/3 rd

quorum and check the stock receipts and distribution of food grains to card holder

with the food inspector.

It can also check sales register, book of accounts etc. To facilitate non-

ration card holders to get new ration cards, issue of applications, collecting

applications with affidavit, verification and issue of ration cards through the

Nemmadi Kendras is under progress.


Chapter- 4

PERFORMANCE OF TARGETED PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION

SCHEME : AN OVERVIEW

. Targeted Public Distribution Scheme (TPDS)

Till 1992, the PDS was a general entitlement scheme for all consumers

without specific targets. The RPDS was launched in 1992 in 1775 blocks in tribal,

hill and drought prone areas. PDS, as it stood earlier, had been widely criticized

for its failure to serve the population Below Poverty Line (BPL), its urban bias,

limited coverage in the states with high concentrates of rural poor and lack of

transparent and accountable arrangements for delivery.

The Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) was introduced in June

1997. It envisaged that the Below Poverty Line (BPL) population would be

identified in every state and every BPL family would be entitled to a certain

quantity of food grains at specially subsidized prices. While BPL population were

offered food grains at half the economic cost, the APL, who were not to have a

fixed entitlement to food grains, were supplied grains at their economic cost. Thus,

TPDS intends to target to target the subsidized provision of food grains to poor in

all areas unlike RPDS which laid stress on all in poor areas.


The Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution in 1997,

issued guidelines for the implementation of TPDS. The salient features are the

following.

1. TPDS proposed to issue 10 kg of food grains per BPL family. (revised

to 20 kg from April, 2000) at specially subsidized rates. The average lifting

of food grains by the state in the last 10 years would be the allocation to the

state in the first year. Out of this, the quantity in excess of BPL

entitlement, known as transitory allocation, would benefit the APL

population but at a price that is not subsidized.

2. States should design credible financial and administrative arrangements

to ensure the physical movement of food grains to the FPSs and subsequent

issue to the poor. The provision of subsidy would be conditional on this.

3. Specially subsidized food grains to the beneficiaries of EAS and JRY

will be issued at the rate of 1 kg per person per day. Provision of food

coupons to the EAS and JRY beneficiaries was made which they can

exchange for food grains at the FPSs.

4. The BPL population in any state could be seen at the provisional

estimates reached by the planning commission, for the year 1993-94 by the

Expert Group Methodology. This should form the macro estimate of BPL

population at the state level.


5. In June 1997, the Government of India launched the Targeted Public

Distribution System (TPDS) with focus on the poor. Under the TPDS states

are required to formulate and implement foolproof arrangements for

identification of the poor for delivery of food grains and for its distribution

in a transparent and accountable manner at the FPS level.

6. The scheme when introduced, was intended to benefit about 6 crore

families for whom a quantity of about 72 lakh tonnes of food grains was

earmarked annually. The identification of the poor under the scheme is

done by the state as per state-wise poverty estimates of the planning

commission for 1993-94 based on the methodology of the ‘Expert Group on

Estimation of Proportion and Number of Poor’ chaired by Late Prof.

Lakdawala. The allocation of food grains to the states/UTs was made on

the basis of average consumption in the past i.e., average annual off-take of

food grains under the PDS during the past ten years at the time of

introduction of TPDS.

7. The quantum of food grains in excess of the requirement of BPL

families was provided to the state as ‘transitory allocation’ for which a

quantum of 103 lakh tonnes of food grains was earmarked annually. Over

and above the TPDS allocation, additional allocation to states was also

given. The transitory allocation was intended for continuation of benefit of

subsidized food grains for continuation of benefit of subsidized food grains

to the population Above Poverty Line (APL) as any sudden withdrawal of


benefits existing under PDS from them was not considered desirable. The

transitory allocation was issued at prices which were subsidized but were

higher than the prices for the BPL quota of food grains.

8. Keeping in view the consensus on increasing the allocation of food

grains to BPL families and to better target the food subsidy, Government of

India increased the allocation to BPL families from 10 kg to 20 kg of food

grains per family per month at 50% of the economic cost and allocation to

APL families at economic cost w.e.f., 1.4.2000. The allocation of APL

families was retained at the same level as at the time of introduction nof

TPDS but the Central Issue Prices (CIP) for APL were fixed at 100% of

economic cost from that date so that the entire consumer subsidy could be

directed to the benefit of the BPL population. However, the CIPs fixed in

July and December 2000 for BPL and AAY respectively and in July 2002

for APL, have not been revised since them even though procurement costs

have gone up considerably.

9. The number of BPL families has been increased w.e.f., 1-12-2000 by

shifting the base to the population projections of the Registrar General as

on 1-3-2000 instead of the earlier population projections of 1995 with this

increase the total number of BPL families is 652.03 lakh as against 596.23

lakh families. Originally estimated when TPDS was introduced in June

1997.


10. The end retail priced is fixed by the states/UTs after taking into account

margins for wholesalers/retailers, transportation charges, levies, local taxes

etc. Under the TPDS, the states were requested to issue food grains at a

difference of not more than 50 paise per kg over and above the CIP for BPL

families. Flexibility to states/UTs has been given in the matter of fixing the

retail issues prices by removing the restriction of 50 paise per kg over and

above the CIP for distribution of food grains under TPDS except with

respect to Antyodaya Anna Yojana where the end retail price is to be

retained at Rs. 2/a kg for wheat and Rs. 3/a kg for rice.

Need for a Programme like Targeted Public Distribution Scheme

In India, the problems of chronic hunger and malnutrition persist on a

massive scale. The prevalence of malnutrition is one of the highest in the world,

higher than in some very poor countries of sub-Saharan Africa. PDS in India is the

oldest and one of the most comprehensive anti-poverty programmes in terms of

budgetary expenditure of the central and state governments. From the mid 1960s,

it has evolved into a price support, rationing and subsidy programme.

Jean Dreze and Amartyasen make a clear distinction between the ‘problems

of chronic hunger (involving sustained nutritional deprivation on a persistent

basis) and that of famine (involving acute starvation and a sharp increase in

mortality).


1. Through case studies of several countries, the book discusses the

differences in strategies and policies required to dealt with the two sets of

problems.

2. In the case of India, there is plenty of evidence, starting from the

colonial period, on the nature of government interventions during famines,

the last of which the Great Bengal famine occurring under colonial rule in

1943-resulted in an estimated 3 million deaths.

3. Dreze and Sen argue convincingly that Post-Independence India has

dealt effectively with periods of food shortages, droughts and other food

crisis in a way that prevents a famine situation. However, 1 contends that

the country has failed to ensure adequate access to food for all its people.

The Public Distribution System (PDS) in India is a food rationing

mechanism that entitles households to specified quantities of selected commodities

at government subsidized prices. A network of fair price shops sells the

commodities. In most parts of the country, upto 1997, the PDS was universal and

all rural and urban households with a registered residential address were entitled

to rations. Eligible households were given a ration card that entitled them to buy

fixed rations of selected commodities.


Performance of TPDS

a. PDS System in India

PDS also has become a corner stone of government development policy and

it tied to implementation of most rural development programmes. PDS is also a

key driver of public sentiment and is an important and very visible metric of

government performance. One of the main problems with this system is the

inefficiency in the targeting of beneficiaries and the resulting leakage of subsidies.

Several opportunities to manipulate the system exist with widespread collusion

across the supply chain.

b. Objectives of Public Distribution System (PDS)

India’s Public Distribution System (PDS) with a network of 4.78 lakh Fair

Price Shops (FPSs) is perhaps the largest retail system of its type in the world.

Since 1951 public distribution of food grains has been retained as deliberate social

policy by India with the objectives of

Providing food grains and other essential items to vulnerable sections of the

society at reasonable (subsidized) prices.

To put an indirect check on the open market prices of various of various

items.

To attempt socialization in the matter of distribution of essential

commodities.


The operational details of the PDS differ from state to state. Though the

policy of setting up of Fair Price Shops (FPS) owes its initiation to national food

policy, its implementation remains the direct responsibility of the state

governments. In order to operate the PDS effectively, the central government

issues guidelines from time to time to the states regarding the operational details

of the PDS. The operational responsibilities including allocation within the state,

identification of families below poverty line, issue of ration cards, supervision and

monitoring the functioning of FPS rest with the state governments. The food and

civil supplies department of the state government is mainly entrusted with the task

of monitoring PDS in the state.

c. Performance Evaluation of TPDS

Only 22.7% FPS are viable in terms of earning a return of 12% on capital.

The off take by APL card holders was negligible except in Himachal

Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal.

The off take per BPL card was high in West Bengal, Kerala, Himachal

Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

The off take by the poor under TPDS was substantially higher than under

universal PDS.

There are large errors of exclusion and inclusion and ghost cards are

common.


High exclusion errors mean a low coverage of BPL households. The survey

estimated that TPDS covers only 57% BPL families.

Errors of inclusions are high in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil

Nadu. This implies that the APL households receive an unacceptably large

proportion of subsidized grains.

Leakages vary enormously between states. In Bihar and Punjab, the total

leakage exceeds 75% while in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, it is between

50% and 75%.

Leakage and diversion imply a low share of genuine BPL households of the

distribution of the subsidized grains. During 2003-04, it is estimated that

out of 14.1 million tonnes of BPL quota from the central pool, only 6.1

million tonnes reached the BPL families and 8 million tonnes did not reach

the target families.

Leakage and diversion raised the cost of delivery. For every 1 kg that was

delivered to the poor, GOI had to issue 2.32 kg from the central pool.

During 2003-04, out of an estimated subsidy of Rs. 7258 crore under

TPDS, Rs. 4125 corer did not reach BPL families. Moreover, Rs. 2579

crore did not reach any consumer but was shared by agencies involved in

the supply chain.


Public Distribution Scheme (PDS)

The PDS is a major state intervention in the country aimed at ensuring food

security to all the people, especially the poor. The PDS operates through a large

distribution network of around 4.89 lakh fair price shops (FPSs) and is

supplemental in nature. Under the PDS the central government is responsible for

the procurements and transportation of food grains upto the principal distribution

centres of the FCI while the state governments are responsible for the

identification of families living below the poverty line, the issue of ration cards

and the distribution of food grains to the vulnerable sections through FPSs.

PDS seems to have failed in serving the second objective of making food

grains available to the poor. If it had, the consumption levels of cereals should not

have fallen on average-as it has consistently over the last two decades.

With a view to improving its efficiency, the PDS was redesigned as TPDS

with effect from June 1997. The TPDS envisages identifying the poor households

and then giving them a fixed entitlement of food grains at subsidized rate prices.

Under the TPDS, higher rates of subsidies are being given to the poor and the

poorest among the poor. The APL families are also being given food grains under

TPDS but with lower subsidy. The scale of issue under TPDS for Antyodaya

cardholders began with 10 kg per family per month which has been progressively

increased to 35 kg per family per month with effect from April 2002.


. Coverage of Commodities Supplied through TPDS

If nutrition security is one of the considerations of TPDS, the government

may explore the possibility of including more commodities under TPDS. For

example, cereals such as Jowar, bajra and also pulses could be introduced in TPDS

because of nutritional considerations. The consumption of pulses is low for the

poor. Operational details of supplying these commodities, particularly pulses have

to be worked out. It is true that presently the country has a shortage of these

commodities. However, the introduction of these commodities may encourage

production of these crops especially in dry areas. The National Food Security

Mission has identified pulses as an area of focus.

Steps taken to strengthen the TPDS and Plan Schemes

The GOI has taken following measures to strengthen TPDS and check

diversion of food grains meant for TPDS.

a. Citizens Charter

A citizen’s charter has been issued in November 1991 for adoption by the

state governments to provide services in a transparent and accountable manner

under TPDS instructions have been issued for involvement of PRIs in

identifications of BPL families and in vigilance committee.

b. PDS (Control) Order, 2001

The order, interalia, covers a range of areas relating to correct identification

of BPL families, issue of ration cards, proper distribution and monitoring of PDS


related operations. Contraventions of the provisions of the order are punishable

under the Essential Commodities Act, 1955. Clearly, these do not seem to have

had much impact the since the NSSO estimates of 2006 suggest that the extent of

leakage and diversion of grain has only increased.

c. Strengthening of PDS

Food Credit Cards / Computerization of PDS Operations

A new scheme ‘computerization of PDS operations’ with a token provision

of Rs. 5 crore was introduced in 2006-07. The computerization of PDS operations

would be an improvement on existing system of ration cards, that an improvement

on existing system of making entries etc. the new system will have personal details

of all members of the family including their entitlement and the entire network of

PDS from taluk to state level will be linked. With this kind of system in place, the

objectives of Food Credit Card Scheme of checking diversion of food grains and

eliminating the problem of bogus ration cards are expected to be met.

. Curbing Leakages / Diversion of Food Grains meant for TPDS

This is a new scheme introduced during the Eleventh Five Year Plan to

strengthen the PDS. The scheme aims at taking effective measures to curb

diversion and leakages through global positioning system, radio frequency

identification device etc.


. Generating Awareness amongst TPDS Beneficiaries about their

entitlement and Redressal Mechanism and Monitoring

A mass awareness campaign on the rights and entitlements of TPDS

beneficiaries is proposed through newspaper advertisements, bill boards, poster

printing of annual calendar on the themes of TPDS and audio-visual publicity

measures such as short spots/quickies, audio Jingles, TV serials/ documentaries.

Training and Awareness of Negotiable Warehouse Receipt System

This is a new scheme for the Eleventh Five Year Plan. The warehousing

receipts at present do not enjoy the fiduciary trust of depositors and banks, as there

is fear of not being able to recover the loans in events such as fraud or

mismanagement on behalf of the warehouse or insolvency of depositor. The legal

remedies are also time consuming and inadequate. In this context, it is proposed to

develop a negotiable warehouse receipt system will result in increase in the

liquidity in the rural areas, encouragement of scientific warehousing of goods,

lower cost of financing etc.

In addition, a number of plan schemes have been introduced :

a. Construction of Godowns

The scheme was conceived during the Fifth Five Year Plan to build and

increase the storage capacity available with FCI for storage of food grains.


b. Integrated Information System for Food Grains Management (IISFM)

The main objective of the IISFM project in the FCI, initiated in 2003-04, is

to put in place an online MIS that would give the stock position in any depot at

any given point of time.

Food Management

The main objective of the Department of Food, Civil Supplies and

Consumer Affairs is to provide food security and ensure availability of essential

commodities at subsidized prices, particularly to the poorer section of the society

as well as promoting and protecting the welfare of the Consumers.

Targeted Public Distribution Scheme (TPDS)

a. Anthyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY)

Families of primitive tribes, the poorest of the poor, individuals of 60 years

and above age who do not have families or fixed income and any type of help,

widows, families suffering from chronic diseases/ physically handicapped are

eligible to get ration cards under this scheme.

The target by GOI and the number of beneficiaries identified-11,99,700.

Annual Income Criteria:- Rs. 12,000/- & below in Rural areas. Rs.17,000/-

& below in Urban areas.


b. Food grains entitlement to the beneficiaries

Food grains : 29 kg of rice at Rs.3.00 per kg, 6 kg of wheat Rs.2.00 per kg,

Sugar :1-2kg at Rs. 13.50 per kg.

Kerosene: Rural areas : 4 litres, Urban Areas : 4 to 6 litres. Informal

Rationing Areas: 6 to 8 litres. Retail Issue Price: Rs.9.30 to Rs.l0.50 per

litre.

Informal Rationing Area-population of 40,000 and above.

c. Akshaya (BPL) /EBPL

Families of below poverty line, agricultural labourers, scheduled castes &

scheduled tribes are eligible to get ration cards under this scheme.

Food grains entitlement to the beneficiaries : 4 kg of rice and 1 kg of wheat

per unit with maximum of 25 kg of Rice/Wheat / Ragi @ Rs.3.00 per Kg.

Sugar:1-2kg of sugar at Rs.13.50 per kg. Kerosene: Rural areas : 4 litres,

Urban Areas : 4 to 6 litres.

Informal Rationing Areas : 6 to 8 litres. Retail Issue Price: Rs.9.30 to

Rs.l0.50 per litre.

Annual Income Criteria: Rs. 12,000/- & below in Rural areas. Rs.17,000/-

& below in Urban areas.


Working of Public Distribution Scheme (PDS)

With the scare of rising food prices and the volatility in food output being

seen all around the globe, there is a renewed focus on the sustainability and

efficacy of India’s biggest intervention in the food market. The Public Distribution

System (PDS) seeks to ensure availability of essential commodities like wheat,

rice, sugar, edible oils and kerosene to the consumers, through a network of outlets

or Fair Price Shops (FPS). There is a network of about half a million PDS retail

outlets in the country. PDS is operated under the joint responsibility of the central

and state governments. 70% of the poor use the PDS in Andhra Pradesh,

Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Between 50 to 60% of the poor use the PDS in

Assam, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Orissa. Participation rates of the poor vary

between 6 to 22% in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.

Extra Below Poverty Line

Government of India has identified only 3129 lakh families as Below

Poverty Line. Government of Karnataka has identified 78.37 lakh families through

a survey. Thus to this 47.08 lakh excess Below Poverty Line families, Government

of Karnataka purchases food grains at Above Poverty Line price and distributes

the same to the beneficiaries as per the scheme of Below Poverty Line. The

additional subsidy is being borne by the State Government.


Families having any one or more of the following are not eligible to get

benefits under the above two schemes

i. More than 3 hectares of irrigated land and dry land.

ii. Land line telephone connection.

iii. Automobile vehicle owners more than 100 c.c HP.

iv. Availed bank loan of more than Rs.l.00 lakh.

v. Persons having irrigation facilities by owning a borewell.

vi. Income Tax payee.

vii. Government employees & persons drawing more than Rs.l,000/- salary

per month by working in Government/Non-Government/Private

establishments.

viii. Registered Contractors, APMC Traders, Commission Agents and

dealers in Seeds and Fertilizers.

The present living condition of the families is to be considered while

selecting the beneficiaries.

Above Poverty Line (APL)

The families who are ineligible to get ration cards under AAY and BPL

scheme are eligible to get APL ration cards. Under this category Kerosene is

issued to non-LPG cards.


Existing Ration Cards as on 3 1-03-2013

1. Anthyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) - 11,99,700

2. Below Poverty Line (BPL) - 66,37,868

Total BPL - 78,37,568

3. Above Poverty Line (APL) - 54,02,980

Grand Total - 1,32,40,548

Allotment of food grains by government of India (per month) (31-03-2013)

(in mt)

Category Rice Wheat Ragi

AAY 34709 7282 0

BPL 55820 10522 1190

APL 54890 5156 0

Kerosene : 49416 KL per month Sugar : 8697 MT per month.

Food grains and Kerosene are being distributed through a network of

following wholesalers, retailers and fair price shops.

i. Wholesale Nominees

Food grains : 165 - Karnataka Food and Civil Supplies Corporation (KFCSC)

102 - Taluk Agricultural producers Cooperative Marketing Societies

(TAPCMS)

Kerosene wholesalers : 348


ii. Number of Fair Price Shops

Food grains :

Individuals : 11276

KFCSC : 200

Cooperatives : 8896

Total : 20372

Kerosene retailers : 25740

Table 3.2. Taluk covered under Mobile Fair Price Depots

DistrictTaluk covered under

mobile Fair Price Depots

Whether remote, inaccessible or

hilly

Mysore H.D. Kote, Nanjangud,

Periyapatna and Hunsur

Hilly and remote

Dakshina Kannada Belthangadi/Puttur Hilly and remote

Kodagu Madikeri and Somwarpet Hilly, remote and farflung areas

Raichur Devadurga Lingasgur Farflung and remote areas

Gulbarga Gulbarga Farflung and remote areas

Source : Director of Food and Civil Supplies

Allotment and Off-take of Commodities

The allotment and off take of commodities under Targetted Public

Distribution System for the years 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 (upto October 2012)

are as follows :


Allotment and off-take of commodities under TPDS for the year 2011-2012 (in

mt)

Sl. No. Commodity Allocation Off take

1 Rice 1576501.02 1554679.71

2 Wheat 293862.42 258292.61

3. Sugar 92163.04 57723.71

4 Kerosene oil (KLS) 599231.14 593740.14


Allotment and off-take of commodities under TPDS for the year 2012-2013

(in mt) (upto October 2012)

Sl. No. Commodity Allocation Off take1 Rice 954838.93 940183.282 Wheat 162882.04 161552.743. Sugar 62100.01 33224.134 Kerosene oil (KLS) 347295.00 344202.93


Budget Allocation, Expenditure and Food Subsidy

Under PDS food grains are distributed at subsidized rates. The budget

allocation and expenditure figures towards subsidy and transportation charges for

the last 3 years are as under.

Budget allotment and Expenditure (Rs. In lakhs)

Year Budget allotment Expenditure

2006-07 75000.00 74965.60

2011-2012 65000.00 64994.00

2012-2013 (upto Dec, 08)

83000.00 52739.00



Food Subsidy

The State Government is incurring around Rs. 830 crores for the year

2012-2013 on food subsidy. The category wise details of central issue price, the

State retail issue price and rate of subsidy borne by the State Government per

quintal are as follows :

. Year-wise Distribution of Ration to Ration Card Holders

Sl. No.

Particulars (Rs/QuintalAAY BPL EBPL

Rice Wheat Rice Wheat Rice Wheat

1 Central Issue Price 300 200 565 415 830 610

2 State Subsidy 48 38 314 158 579 353

3 Wholesale Margin 19 15 20 20 20 20

4 Wholesale Issue Price 271 177 271 277 271 277

5 Retail Margin 29 23 29 23 29 23

6 Retail Issue Price (Per Qtl) 300 200 300 300 300 300

7 Retail Issue Price (Per Kg) 3.00 2.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00


. Procurement, Stocks and Off-take

Food Corporation of India is the sole agency for procurement of coarse

grains. Karnataka Food and Civil Supplies Corporation, Karnataka State

Warehousing Corporation and Karnataka State Marketing Federation are the sub-

agents for Food Corporation of India under the Minimum Support Price operations

of coarse grains. Procurement for different years is shown below.


Procurement stocks and off-take food grains (in mts)

Sl. No. Year Maize Jowar Bajra Ragi Levy Rice

1 2006-07 Nil Nil Nil Nil 1461.24

2 2011-2012

2431.62 816.49 Nil 10703.077 Nil

3 2012-2013

48887.40 Nil Nil 1760.20 57744.40


Monitoring and Public Distribution Scheme

The public distribution system in being monitored in the following manner.

Supervision by Panchayat Raj Institutions.

Vigilance committees at Fair Price Shop level.

Food Security Committee at District level

Aahara Bhadrata Samiti— Grama Panchayat

Aahar adalat

Jana Spandana

a. Constitution of Vigilance Committee

7 member committee for each FPS, it consists of S women members from

BPL or AAY cardholders (1 SC, 1 ST, 2 BCM, and 1 General) Other 2 members -

1 Elected Gram Panchayat member and 1 Representative of local Women’s self

help group.


b. Constitution of Food Security Committee

A three member committee consisting of Secretary in-charge of the district

as the chairman, Deputy Commissioner and CEO of Zilia Panchayat are the

members.

c. Constitution of Food Security Committee at Grama Panchayat

Chairman of committee is the chairman of Social Justice Committee,

Members: I SC, 2 ST, I woman Gram Panchayat member, Member Secretary is

Gram Panchayat Secretary. Members of Food Security Committee with 2/3rd

quorum can inspect the stocks and accounts of FPS along with the Food Inspector.

Distribution

To deliver the food grains to distribution point the following followed.

In two Stages:

1st Stage-From FCI to Taluk Level wholesale godown

2nd Stage-From wholesale godown to Rural FPS.

Entire cost of transportation of food grains is borne by Government

No door delivery in Urban Areas

Kerosene is also transported to the door steps of FPS.


Computerization of Public Distribution System and Points of Sale

Devise

i. The computerization of the public distribution system has been

undertaken as noted below

Creation of a citizen data base

Capturing digital photographs and bio-metrics of the family members above

the age of 12 years.

Issue of permanent computerized ration cards.

Computerizing the whole process of Public Distribution System.

ii. Fair Price Shop - Point of Sale (POS) devise

A proposal regarding providing of hand held device to all the Fair Price

Shops to monitor the off take information of the beneficiaries precisely with bio-

metric finger print without giving any scope for the FPD owners to indulge in

malpractices is under progress.

Nemmadi Kendras

Facilitation of non-ration card holders to get new ration cards, issue of

applications, collecting applications with affidavit, verification and issue of ration

cards through the “Nemmadi Kendras” is under progress.


Fair Price Shops 31-03-2013

Sl. No. DistrictsFair Price Shops (31-03-2013) (Nos.)

Rural Urban Total

1 Bangalore 468 1754 2222

2 Bangalore(R) 751 167 918

3 Chitradurga 525 53 578

4 Davanagere 609 153 762

5 Kolar 940 263 1203

6 Shimoga 400 176 576

7 Tumkur 874 237 1111

8 Chikmagalur 432 70 502

9 Dakshina Kannada 409 127 536

10 Udupi 242 48 290

11 Hassan 595 212 807

12 Kodagu 275 12 287

13 Mandya 636 87 723

14 Mysore 600 458 1058

15 Chamaraja Nagar 412 57 469

Southern Karnataka 8168 3874 12042

16 Belgaum 1260 310 1570

17 Bijapur 695 105 800

18 Bagalkot 477 124 601

19 Dharwad 273 267 540

20 Gadag 249 114 363

21 Haveri 328 91 419

22 Uttara kannada 342 66 408

23 Bellary 454 148 602

24 Bidar 462 267 729

25 Gulbarga 1068 253 1321

26 Raichur 594 112 706

27 Koppal 399 53 452

Northern Karnataka 6601 1910 8511

State 14769 5784 20553



District-wise Ration Card Holders

Sl. No.

DistrictsRation card holders (31-03-2013) (Nos.)

Green Saffron Others Total

1 Bangalore 470832 144716 805180 1420728

2 Bangalore(R) 331132 41011 61220 433363

3 Chitradurga 241361 33808 20735 295904

4 Davanagere 254361 57974 33999 349428

5 Kolar 383169 36261 99071 518501

6 Shimoga 221924 68677 79665 370266

7 Tumkur 400511 97950 67928 566389

8 Chikmagalur 184287 38329 34407 257023

9 Dakshina Kannada 128492 137044 100992 366528

10 Udupi 86604 74513 42438 203555

11 Hassan 286858 44085 48552 379495

12 Kodagu 78547 41334 7091 126972

13 Mandya 296516 120657 47438 464611

14 Mysore 371362 66440 189728 627530

15 Chamaraja Nagar 157641 36130 25716 219487

Southern Karnataka 3896691 1038929 1664160 6599780

16 Belgaum 560359 123065 191719 875143

17 Bijapur 247033 84965 47316 379314

18 Bagalkot 244663 65841 46244 356748

19 Dharwad 207399 36158 110007 353564

20 Gadag 136629 32319 37509 206457

21 Haveri 219283 47733 31580 298596

22 Uttara kannada 191400 48065 53142 292607

23 Bellary 285829 60106 90906 436841

24 Bidar 201444 22725 42472 266641

25 Gulbarga 444058 76486 149777 670321

26 Raichur 193585 90213 52161 335959

27 Koppal 165536 45098 20090 230724

Northern Karnataka 3097218 732774 872923 4702915

State 6993909 1771703 2537083 11302695



. Fair Price Shops as on 31-03-2013

Sl. No. DistrictsFair Price Shops (31-03-2013) (Nos.)

Rural Urban Total

1 Bangalore 468 1400 1868

2 Bangalore(R) 288 67 355

3 Ramanagara 459 100 559

4 Chitradurga 526 52 578

5 Davanagere 617 155 772

6 Kolar 465 174 639

7 Chikkaballapura 460 103 563

8 Shimoga 406 176 582

9 Tumkur 871 235 1106

10 Chikmagalur 435 67 502

11 Dakshina Kannada 416 118 534

12 Udupi 240 48 288

13 Hassan 638 216 854

14 Kodagu 256 21 277

15 Mandya 634 86 720

16 Mysore 614 451 1065

17 Chamaraja Nagar 385 58 443

Southern Karnataka 8178 3527 11705

18 Belgaum 1331 333 1664

19 Bijapur 692 105 797

20 Bagalkot 509 137 646

21 Dharwad 273 242 515

22 Gadag 249 113 362

23 Haveri 336 94 430

24 Uttara kannada 258 68 426

25 Bellary 451 148 599

26 Bidar 471 267 738

27 Gulbarga 1117 253 1370

28 Raichur 554 125 679

29 Koppal 399 51 450

Northern Karnataka 6740 1936 8676

State 14918 5463 20381



District-wise Ration Card Holders as on 31-03-2013(Numbers)

Sl. No. Districts BPL Antyodaya APL Total

1 Bangalore 473417 34667 1102951 1611035

2 Bangalore(R) 120841 15500 68253 204594

3 Ramanagara 162112 20229 90368 272709

4 Chitradurga 238202 47378 88639 374219

5 Davanagere 372894 53933 144410 571237

6 Kolar 207760 33127 106390 347277

7 Chikkaballapura 174240 32789 87431 294460

8 Shimoga 225888 41463 151743 419094

9 Tumkur 541457 56307 203584 801348

10 Chikmagalur 212147 23537 85114 320798

11 Dakshina Kannada 158633 15881 205412 379926

12 Udupi 99611 17873 122100 239584

13 Hassan 410706 25098 130127 565931

14 Kodagu 99799 6128 66232 172159

15 Mandya 393057 37209 181559 611825

16 Mysore 555978 51104 172978 780060

17 Chamaraja Nagar 158331 36075 71897 266303

Southern Karnataka 4605073 548298 3079188 8232559

18 Belgaum 666460 96677 585771 1348908

19 Bijapur 347446 56556 174955 578957

20 Bagalkot 316982 47660 184357 548999

21 Dharwad 349994 32809 174314 557117

22 Gadag 184079 31737 95519 311335

23 Haveri 286401 50536 103562 440499

24 Uttara kannada 183105 16895 132684 332684

25 Bellary 414043 66486 186830 667359

26 Bidar 297434 45175 194437 537046

27 Gulbarga 609610 104530 309546 1023686

28 Raichur 316212 60279 156509 533000

29 Koppal 229649 42062 98660 370371

Northern Karnataka 4201415 651402 2397144 7249961

State 8806488 1199700 5476332 15482520



National Food Security Act

Available from 4, June 2009 onwards by the Ministry of Consumer Affairs,

Food and Public Distribution. Its objective is to ensuring food security to the

Below Poverty Line (BPL) people in urban and rural areas. Under the new act, the

government would provide 251 lakh tonnes of food grains for BPL categories with

subsidy amounting to Rs. 40,380 crore.

The scheme purposes to provide BPL families with 25 kgs of grain per

month at Rs. 3/kg. the stocks of food grains (wheat and rice) in the central pool as

on June 1, 2009 were 204.03 lakh tonnes of rice and 331.22 lakh tonnes under

TPDS and 50 lakh tonnes under other welfare schemes, Pawar added.

Looking at the popularity of the National Rural Employment Guarantee

Scheme (NREGS) which helped the congress to win the 2009 parliamentary

elections, the newly constituted government has thought of bringing the Food

Security Act. Prathibha Patil on June 4, 2009 said that a National Food Security

Act would be formulated whereby each Below Poverty Line (BPL) family would

be entitled by law to get 25 kg of rice or wheat per month at Rs. 3/kg a promise

made by the congress before general elections, 2009. Many would agree that the

proposal for a Food Security Bill has come at the right point of time when the

world has already witnessed food crisis in 2012 that pushed millions of people to

the brink of poverty and under nutrition.


Key Features for the New Act

Below Poverty Line (BPL) households: All BPL households shall be

entitled to 35 kg of food grains each month at Rs. 3/kg for rice and Rs. 2/kg for

wheat under the Public Distribution System. Each nuclear family shall be treated

as a separate household. A new methodology for the BPL Census is being

proposed based on simple, transparent and verifiable criteria. For instance, in rural

areas any household that meets any two simple inclusion criteria (such as

landlessness and being SC/ST) shall be entitled to a BPL card. Households

meeting any of six exclusion criteria will not be entitled to BPL cards. Extensive

transparency safeguards will also be introduced in the Public Distribution System

(PDS).

The proposed Act demands for continuation of existing food related

schemes such as : Integrated Child Development Services, Mid-Day Meal

Scheme, Public Distribution System, Antyodaya, National Maternity Benefit

Scheme/Janani Suraksha Yojana, National Social Assitance Programme including

Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme, Indira Gandhi National Widow

Pension Scheme and Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme, National

Family Benefit Scheme and Rajiv Gandhi National Creche Scheme. All the

pensions in various such schemes have been elaborately discussed in the proposed

Act.


The proposed act has asked for severe penalties against individuals and

organizations / companies who are held responsible for violation of food safety

norms and standards that affects the public. It has demanded for severe

punishment to those who push for baby food instead of breast milk.

The draft right to food act has safe guards against encroachments by

corporate lobbies and private contractors in food nutrition related schemes.

Challenges to PDS

There are many systematic challenges that plague the PDS system today :

a. PDS Leakages

The TPDS currently suffers from a number of issued that make it difficult

for it to meet its objective of ensuring that the allotted quota of specified food

articles reaches the intended under privileged/needy segments of society.

A large number of families living below the poverty line have not

been enrolled and therefore do not have access to ration cards.

A number of bogus ration cards which do not correspond to real

families, exist in the BPL/AAY categories. Food drawn on the basis of

these bogus cards is a significant leakage from the system, as it does not

reach the intended beneficiaries. Additionally, these extra cards inflate the

number of BPL and AAY cards in circulation and further reduce the

amount of food available to every rightful beneficiary family.


A number of instances where benefits are being availed in the names

of rightfully entitled families without their knowledge. This shadow

ownership is possible due to inefficiencies in ration card issuance and

distribution.

Errors in categorization of families that lead to BPL families getting

APL cards and vice versa.

b. Scale and Quality of Issue

The scale of issue and the quality of food grains delivered to the

beneficiaries is rarely in conformity with the policy. Many FPS are open only for a

few days in a month and beneficiaries who do not visit the FPS on these days are

denied their right. The FPS also used multiple excuses to both charge higher rates

and deliver reduced quantity of food grains.

There are significant differences in the manner in which the centre and

states arrive at the number of BPL families. This mismatch usually means lower

allotments for each family as states arrive at higher number of BPL families.

c. System Transparency and Accountability

The most serious flow plaguing the system at present is the lack of

transparency and accountability in its functioning. The system lacks transparency

and accountability at all levels making monitoring the system extremely difficult.


d. Grievance Redressal Mechanisms

There are numerous entities like vigilance committee, anti-hoarding cells

constituted to ensure smooth functioning of the PDS system. Their impact is

virtually non-existent on the ground and as a result, malpractices abound to the

great discomfiture of the common man.

Apart from the challenges described, transportation of food grains and

appointment of dealers of Fair price Shops have also become difficult issues.

Viability of the FPS is already a major concern and this would get amplified once

PDS leakages are brought under control.

Reforming Public Distribution Scheme

The UID programme will create a database of all unique residents in the

country. The PDS system currently serves the largest number of residents in India

and efforts are under way to improve the efficiency of the system. There are

several benefits that will accrue to the PDS system and the VID programme if an

alignment and synergy is established.

Procurement Policy

a. Existing Policy of Food grains Procurement

The Central Government extends price support to paddy, coarse grains and

wheat through the FCI and State Agencies. All the food grains conforming to the

prescribed specifications offered for sale at specified centers are bought by the


public procurement agencies at the Minimum Support Price (MSP). The producers

have the option to sell their produce to FCI/State Agencies at MSP or in the open

market as is advantageous to them. Food grains procured by the State

Governments and their agencies are ultimately taken over by the FCI for

distribution through out the country.

b. Objectives of food grains procurement by Government Agencies

To ensure that farmers get remunerative prices for their produce and do not

have to resort to distress sale.

To service the TPDS and other welfare schemes of the Government so that

subsidised food grains are supplied to the poor and needy.

To build up buffer stocks of food grains to ensure food grain security.

c. Procurement of rice under levy system

Rice also procured by the government through statutory levy on rice millers

and rice dealers. The percentage of levy rice is fixed by State Governments with

the approval of Central Government taking into account requirements for the

Central Pool, domestic consumption and marketable surplus. Prices of levy rice

are fixed by the Government of India before commencement of every Kharif

Marketing Season.


. Benefits of PDS

The PDS system stands to benefit from the legislative technology and

administrative infrastructures that are being created for the implementation of the

UID programmes. The key ones are explained below :

a. Better identification

Integration with the UID programme will lead to better identification of

individuals and families leading to better targeting and increased transparency and

therefore better functioning of the system and increased public approval.

b. Off-take Authentication

The UID database will maintain details of the beneficiary that can be

updated from multiple sources. The PDS system can use this database for

authentication of beneficiaries during the off take recording process. A mechanism

of verifying the ID of the person at the time of delivery of grains will help in

improving the targeting of the grains.

c. Legislative Support

The legislative support in form of the need for submitting the UID number

for several transactions will push residents to acquire a UID. The most

convenience mechanism will be for residents to get a ration card and this will

create a supporting environment for computerization of ration cards.


d. Duplicate and Ghost Detection

The IUDAI will provide duplicate detection infrastructure to the PDS

programme. It can also assist in the development of special tools to assist in the

assessment of eligibility of applicants.

e. Domestic LPG Linkage

The issue of domestic LPG by oil companies LPG by oil companies can be

made conditional to the production of an APL (non-kerosene) ration cards making

enrolment a compulsory affair.

f. Support for PDS reform

The UID will become an important identifier in banking services and day-

to-day needs of the resident. This can support the PDS reform by as an example

providing the banking account number for a family to affect direct cash transfer.

With the Mammoth Food Security protect on cards, there is urgent need to

rethink the PDS centrality in the distribution edifice since an estimated two thirds

of PDS grain get diverted to the open market. Alternatively, the delivery system

must be considered, such as Smart Card-routed direct cash transfers to women

heads of households in place of food subsidy. This way, food gets sold at market

price, limiting incentives for pilferage. Another option is bar coded food coupons

as are being piloted in Andhra Pradesh for use in all shops.


Chapter - 5

TARGETED PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SCHEME IN

CHITRADURGA TALUK : AN EVALUATION

Public Distribution System has been existence in India since the inter-war

period. It had its origin with focus on distribution of food grains in urban scarcity

areas when the county passed through critical food shortages. Now PDS is evolved

as the important poverty alleviation programme in India.

Public Distribution System (PDS) is a poverty alleviation programme and

contributes towards the social welfare of the people. Essential commodities like

rice, wheat, sugar, kerosene and the like are the supplied to the people under the

PDS at reasonable prices. PDS is a boon to the people living below poverty line.

PDS is the primary social welfare and anti-poverty programme of the Government

of India. Revamped Public Distribution System (RPDS) has been initiated by the

government of India from the year 1992 in order to serve and provide essential

commodities to the people living in remote, backward and hilly areas.

Government introduced Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) in the

year 1997. Central Government and State Governments have been actively

involved in steering the operations for the success of the PDS in India.

In Chitradurga taluk ration card holders and fair price shops in Chitradurga

taluk.


Table 4.1

Ration card holders as on 31-03-2009 in Chitradurga taluk

Sl. No.

Taluks

No. of Fair Price

Shops till the end of 31-03-2009

Ration card holders as on 31-03-2009 in Chitradurga taluk

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 Challakere 113 (112)

56173 (38092)

15833 (15534)

3799 (3449)

9489 (5464)

1236 (1236)

8681 (8681)

95211 (72456)

2 Chitradurga 138 (141)

50409 (36286)

12678 (12210)

11685 (10956)

26115 (13506)

9152 (3047)

3047 (9152)

113086 (85157)

3 Hiriyuru 88 (88)

46379 (30983)

13303 (12801)

3019 (2808)

8995 (5481)

1734 (1734)

6897 (6897)

80327 (60704)

4 Holalkere 91 (94)

37090 (26489)

10791 (10574)

1235 (1131)

2685 (1512)

486 (486)

5395 (5395)

57682 (45587)

5 Hosadurga 93 (97)

39669 (27751)

10580 (10353)

2255 (1764)

4319 (2988)

524 (524)

5653 (5653)

63000 (49033)

6 Molakalmuru 44 (46)

23167 (15035)

4667 (4438)

1149 (1076)

2878 (1457)

418 (418)

4155 (4155)

36434 (26579)

Total 567 (577)

252887 (174636)

67852 (65910)

23142 (21184)

54481 (30408)

13550 (7445)

33828 (39933)

445740 (339511)

Source : Chitradurga District at a Glance, 2012-2013

In Chitradurga district 2010-11 dates in TPDS scheme ration card holders

in APL (Above Poverty Line) 22863 and BPL Card Holders 73357 and also

Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) card holders 340592. In total district fair price

shops 576.

In the same Chitradurga Taluk 2009-10 dates in this scheme Antyodaya

Anna Yojana beneficiaries (AAY) are 9152 and BPL (Below Poverty Line)

beneficiaries 48565 and also APL Card holders are 12969 in Chitradurga taluk.

There are total 113 Fair Price Shops in this taluk in the year of 2009-10. Source :

This data total shows that collected District Food and Civil Supply Department

and Taluk Office, Chitradurga.


4.1. Data Analysis and TPDS Scheme Evaluation

In this chapter, the researcher has evaluated in the Targeted Public

Distribution Scheme in the Chitradurga taluk. The about the APL, BPL, AAY

ration card holders, programme of standard of living, measurement evaluation of

implementation of scheme in Chitradurga taluk.

The researcher has studied the evaluation of performance of targeted public

distribution scheme in the Chitradurga taluk. In that, Chitradurga taluk

Thuruvanuru hobli, the researcher has taken a Thuruvanuru and Koonabevu, the

researcher has taken 2 villages, Thuruvanuru and Koonabevu. Then in Chitradurga

Kasaba hobli, the researcher has taken 2 villages namely Mallapura and Medehalli.

Table 4.2

Classification of respondents on caste-wise distribution

Sl. No. Respondents

Hoblies

TotalTuruvanuru Kasaba

V1 V2 V1 V2

1 SC 16 25 8 2 51

2 ST 7 Nil Nil 2 9

3 Others 2 Nil 17 21 40

Total 25 25 25 25 100

Source : Data collected through primary investigation


0

5

10

15

20

25

No

. of

Res

po

nd

ents

V1 V2 V1 V2

Turuvanuru Kasaba

SC

ST

Others

Fig. 4.1. Classification of respondents on caste-wise distribution

Table 4.2 indicates the classification of respondents on the basis of caste-

wise distribution. Scheduled caste respondents were 51 in number and were

selected from the hoblies of Turuvanuru and Kasaba. The ST respondents as the

tables shows were 9 in the hoblies selected for the study. Other castes were

specified under the hoblies of Turuvanuru and Kasaba numbering 40. A total of

100 caste-wise distribution respondents were selected for the study.


Table 4.3 Classification of respondents on sex-wise distribution

Sl. No. RespondentsHoblies

TotalTuruvanuru KasabaV1 V2 V1 V2

1 Male 16 20 17 12 652 Female 8 6 8 13 35

Total 24 26 25 25 100

Source : Data collected through Primary Investigation

0

4

8

12

16

20

Re

sp

on

de

nts

V1 V2 V1 V2

Turuvanuru Kasaba

Male

Female

Fig. 4.2. Classification of respondents on sex-wise distribution

Table 4.3 indicates the classification of respondents on the basis of sex-

wise distribution. Male category respondents were 65 in number and were selected

from the hoblies of Turuvanuru and Kasaba. The female respondents as the tables

shows were 35 in the hoblies selected for the study. A total of four villages namely

Turuvanuru (V1), Koonabevu (V2) and Mallapura kasaba hobli village (V1) and

Medehalli in the same (V2). Totally two hoblies a total of 100 sex-wise

distribution respondents were selected for the study.


Table 4.4

Classification of respondents on the basis of marital status

Sl. No.Marital status

Hoblies


V1 V2 V1 V2

1 Married 24 24 25 24 97

2 Unmarried 1 1 Nil 1 3

Total 25 25 25 25 100


0

4

8

12

16

20

24

28

Re

sp

on

de

nts

V1 V2 V1 V2

Turuvanuru Kasaba

Married

Unmarried

Fig. 4.3. Classification of respondents on the basis of marital status

Table 4.4 indicates the classification of respondents on the basis of marital

status. Married respondents were 97 in number and were selected from the hoblies

of Turuvanuru and Kasaba. The unmarried respondents as the tables shows were 3

in the hoblies selected for the study.


Table 4.5

Classification of respondents on the basis of House condition

Sl. No.House

condition

Hoblies


V1 V2 V1 V2

1 Own 22 17 21 21 81

2 Rented 3 8 4 4 19

Total 25 25 25 25 100


Table 4.5 indicates the classification of respondents on the basis of house

condition. Own house respondents were 81 in number and were selected from the

hoblies of Turuvanuru and Kasaba. The rented house respondents as the tables

shows were 19 in the hoblies selected for the study.

Table 4.6

Classification of respondents on house structure

Sl. No.House

structure

Hoblies


V1 V2 V1 V2

1 Hut Nil 4 1 1 6

2 Tiles 4 8 14 13 39

3 Sheeted house 20 13 7 11 51

4 RCC 2 Nil 2 Nil 4

Total 25 25 25 25 100



0

4

8

12

16

20

Ho

use

str

uct

ure

V1 V2 V1 V2

Turuvanuru Kasaba

Hut Tiles

Sheeted house RCC

Fig. 4.4. Classification of respondents on house structure

Table 4.6 indicates the classification of respondents with house structure as

the basis for the study of hoblies selected 6 had hut structure. The number of

respondents with tiled house structure 39. The sheeted house classification of

respondents numbered 51. the RCC classification of respondents was 4 for all the

hoblies.

Table 4.7

Classification of respondents on the basis of educational status

Sl. No.Educational

status

HobliesTotalTuruvanuru Kasaba

V1 V2 V1 V21 Illiterate 11 10 5 3 292 P.E 8 9 10 10 373 SSE 5 3 5 4 174 PUE 1 2 2 3 85 Degree Nil 1 2 3 66 P.G. Nil Nil 1 2 3

Total 25 25 25 25 100



0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Ed

uca

tio

nal

sta

tus

V1 V2 V1 V2

Turuvanuru Kasaba

Illiterate P.E SSE PUE Degree P.G.

Fig. 4.5. Classification of respondents on the basis of educational status

Table 4.7 indicates the educational status-wise distribution of respondents

on. The illiterates in the hoblies selected were 29. The primary education status of

the respondents numbered 37. The secondary school education respondents

aggregated 17. The pre university education respondents totalled 8. The degree

respondents showed 6 and post graduation respondents numbered 3 in the selected

area.


Table 4.8

Age-wise distribution of the respondents

Sl. No.

AgeSC ST Others

TotalV1 V2 V3 V4 V1 V2 V3 V4 V1 V2 V3 V4

1 18 to 35 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 3 1 1 2 18

2 35-50 5 8 4 3 5 5 1 2 4 4 2 2 45

3 Above 50 5 4 2 1 8 4 2 2 2 2 2 3 37

Total 11 13 7 5 15 11 5 5 9 7 5 7 100


Table 4.8 reveals age-wise distribution of respondents. The respondents

from the age group of 18-35 totalled 18. The respondents between 35-50

numbered 45. The above 50 respondents according to the age-wise distribution of

the respondents numbered 37.

Table 4.9

Classification of respondents on income group

Sl. No.Income group

(Rs.)

No. of Respondents Percentage (%)SC/ST Others

1 Below 20000 20 15 35

2 20000-50000 15 10 25

3 50000-100000 15 10 25

4 Above 100000 10 5 15

Total 60 40 100



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Per

cen

tag

e

Below 20000 20000-50000 50000-100000

Above100000

Income group

Fig. 4.6. Classification of respondents on income group

Among total of 100 surveyed people, 35% of people have income below

Rs. 20000. The 25% of persons hold earning income ranging between 20000-

50000. 25% of persons have been earning income between 50000-100000 annual

income and only 15% of persons are earning income above 100000. It is clear

from the above table, below 20000 income holders that is mostly lower middle

class people (i.e., 35%) are largely under the Public Distribution System.


Table 4.10

Occupation-wise distribution of respondents

Sl. No.

Occupation Hoblies

TotalTuruvanuru KasabaV1 V2 V1 V2

1 Agriculture 15 14 14 10 532 Cooli 5 8 7 11 313 Business/self employment 2 1 1 2 64 Govt. job 1 1 1 1 45 Others 2 1 2 1 6

Total 25 25 25 25 100


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

No

. of

Res

po

nd

ents

V1 V2 V1 V2

Turuvanuru Kasaba

Agriculture Cooli Business/self employment Govt. job Others

Fig. 4.7. Occupation-wise distribution of respondents

Table 4.10 reveals the occupational-wise distribution of respondents. Total

of 53 hold on to agricultural occupation 31 are coolies. The business/ self

employed are 6 in number. Those holding govt. jobs are 4 and others 6 in

numbers.


Table 4.11

Caste and landholding-wise status of the respondents

Sl. No. Caste/land holding Dry Wet Total

1 SC 8 1 9

2 ST 19 4 23

3 Others 8 13 21

Total 35 18 53


Table 4.11 indicates that land holding wise status of the respondents. The

total number of 9 belong to SC and 23 belong to ST and 21 belongs to others to

land holding.

Table 4.12

Types of land holding distribution of respondents

Sl. No.Type of land

holding

Hoblies


V1 V2 V1 V2

1 Dry land 15 12 4 4 35

2 Wet land 2 1 12 3 18

Total 17 13 16 7 53


Table 4.12 shows type of land holding distribution of respondents. Dry land

respondents totalled 35 and wetland respondents numbered 18. A total of 53

respondents under the land holding distribution of the respondents. Another 47

respondents allied activities, students, cooli, small business/ self employed and

landless people.


Table 4.13

Average education and average income level of the respondents

Sl. No.

Type of land holding

Hoblies


V1 V2 V1 V2

1 Average education 3.64 4.52 4.04 5.28 17.48

2 Average income level 131.24 136.80 488.08 57.08 81.32


0

50100150

200250300

350400450

500

No

. of

Re

sp

on

de

nts

V1 V2 V1 V2

Turuvanuru Kasaba

Averageeducation

Averageincome

Fig. 4.8. Average education and average income level of the respondents

Table 4.13 reveals the average education and average income level at 17.48

respondents under average income level remained at 81.32. A total number of 100

respondents education level is average another 83 respondents are students, house

wives, allied activities, old age persons others etc. a total number of 100

respondents, 19 respondents income level is average, children, students, old age

persons, housewives etc. in non-income group level.


Table 4.17 Different types of ration card-wise beneficiaries

Sl. No. Card SC/ST Others Total

1 APL 7 11 18

2 BPL 46 24 70

3 AAY 7 5 12

Total 60 40 100


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

No

. of

Res

po

nd

ents

APL BPL AAY

SC/ST

Others

Fig. 4.9. Different types of ration card-wise beneficiaries

Table 4.16 different types ration card-wise beneficiaries were determined.

The beneficiaries with the above poverty line APL ration cardholders totalled 18.

The beneficiaries with the below poverty line BPL ration cardholders numbered

70. With Antyodaya Anna Yojana AAY the beneficiaries numbered 12. A total of


100 ration cardholders beneficiaries in different types of ration cardholders were

selected for the research field.

Table 4.18

Ration card holding-wise beneficiaries

Sl. No. Obtained the ration card SC/ST Others Total

1 Grama Panchayat 20 Nil 20

2 Fair Price Shop 20 20 40

3 Taluk Office 10 20 30

4 Others 10 Nil 10

Total 60 40 100


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Ob

tain

ed

th

e r

ati

on

ca

rd

GramaPanchayat

Fair PriceShop

Taluk Office Others

SC/ST

Others

Fig. 4.10. Ration card holding-wise beneficiaries

Table 4.18 shows ration card-wise holding beneficiaries. Those who get

ration card from Grama Panchayat, numbered 20. those from Fair Price Shops

numbered 40. Those who get ration card from Taluk office totalled 30 and others


totalled 10. A total of 100 ration cardholding beneficiaries were selected for the

research.

Table 4.21

Problem based-wise opinion of ration card scheme beneficiaries

Sl. No.

ParticularsSC/ST Others Total

Yes No Yes No Yes No

1 Mediators 10 Nil Nil Nil 10 Nil

2 Black market 10 Nil Nil Nil 10 Nil

3 Political influence Nil Nil 10 Nil 10 Nil

4 Fair price shops 5 Nil 5 Nil 10 Nil

5 Time problem 20 Nil 15 Nil 10 Nil

6 Less commodities 10 Nil 5 Nil 15 Nil

7 Ration cards 5 Nil 5 Nil 10 Nil

Total 60 Nil 40 Nil 100 Nil



0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Yes No Yes No

SC/ST Others

Mediators

Black market

Political influence

Fair price shops

Time problem

Less commodities

Ration cards

Fig. 4.11. Problem based-wise opinion of ration card scheme beneficiaries

Table 4.21 shows the list of problems based on opinion of ration card

beneficiaries. All yes respondents were discovered. Those who faced mediators

numbered 10. Those who black market numbered 10. Those who political

influence numbered totalled 10. Those who faced fair price shops related problems

totalled 10. Those who suggested the maximum time problem numbered 35. The

card holders who faced the problem of less commodities numbered 15. The

problem of ration card for the beneficiaries numbered totalled 10. A total of all yes

respondents of 100 was selected fore the research.

Table 4.22

Quantity items as per Fair Price shops-wise PDS scheme

Sl. Quantity SC/ST Others All


No. itemsQty

(kg/ltrs)Benefi ciaries

PriceQty

(kg/ltrs)Benefi ciaries

PriceQty

(kg/ltrs)Benefic iaries

Price

1 Rice 4-28 60 3-3.50 4-28 40 3.50 4-28 100 3.50

2 Wheat 2-3 60 3-3.50 2-3 40 3.50 2-3 100 3.50

3 Sugar 1/2-3 60 14-16 1/2-3 40 14-16 1/2-3 100 14-16

4 Kerosene 2 1/2 -5 60 14-15 2 1/2 -5 40 14-15 2 1/2 -5 100 14-15

5 Others Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil


Table 4.22 shows food grains quantity items as per fair price –wise PDS

scheme. Total of 60 beneficiaries for SC and ST and others 40 beneficiaries were

selected for rice item 4 to 28 kg/ltrs the price was 3.50 for the quantity of wheat

item 2 to 3 kg/ltr the price 3.50 for sugar ½ to 3 kg the price was 14 to 16 for 2 ½

to 5 litre kerosene the price was 14 to 15. A total of 100 ration card holder

beneficiaries quantity items as per fair price –wise PDS scheme were selected for

the research field.

Table 4.23

Quantity items FPS food grains quantity wise opinion of TPDS beneficiaries

in the four villages

Table 4.23 the quantity items under quality-wise opinion of TPDS scheme

beneficiaries in four villages. The quality for SC/ST beneficiaries with respect to

wheat showed medium of 25. The quality for SC/ST beneficiaries with respect to

all quantity items was good. The quantity items under the quality others showed

good response for the beneficiaries in the four villages rating it to be good. A total

of 100 ration card scheme beneficiaries was the quantity items under quality-wise

opinion of the TPDS fair price shops of food grains almost all quantity item


qualities more number of PDS scheme beneficiaries good opinion were selected

for the four villages in the research field.

Table 4.24

Marriage/special occasion time purchase more items opinion of beneficiaries

Sl. No. Caste Yes No Total

1 SC/ST 60 Nil 60

2 Others 40 Nil 40

Total 100 Nil 100


Table 4.24 examines marriage/special occasional moment for purchasing

more items according to beneficiaries. The SC respondents Yes 60 numbers. The

others also respondents Yes with 40 respondents. A total of 100 ration cardholders

beneficiaries marriage/special occasion time purchase more items opinion. All 100

respondents in four villages selected for the field research yes opinion.

Table 4.25

Actual price/paid price-wise FPS quantity items PDS scheme beneficiaries

Sl. No.

Quantity items

SC/ST Others All

Actual price

Paid price

Benefi ciaries

Actual price

Paid price

Benefi ciaries

Actual price

Paid price

Benefi ciaries

1 Rice 25 3.50ps 60 25 3.50ps 40 25 3.50ps 100

2 Wheat 15 3.50ps 60 15 3.50ps 40 15 3.50ps 100

3 Sugar 30 14 60 30 14 40 30 14 100

4 Kerosene 30 14 60 30 14 40 30 14 100

5 Others Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil



Table 4.25 indicates the actual price/paid price-wise fair price shop quantity

items PDS scheme beneficiaries. Total SC/ST is 60. Rice item actual price 25 paid

price 3.50ps. In the same the total others 40 beneficiaries actual price 25 in rice

item paid price give to 3.50ps. All total rice items was same in the same condition

in our study.

Next item wheat total SC/ST 60 beneficiaries’ actual price 15 paid price is

3.50ps. In the same others 40 beneficiaries same prices for the condition of all

total wheat items. Sugar item SC/ST group beneficiaries give actual price 30 paid

price 14 Rs. Others and all groups of the same condition of the sugar items.

Another item is kerosene total number of beneficiaries SC/ST 60 and others 40

respondents. Kerosene in the quantity item actual price 30 paid price 14 Rs. in the

same whole condition of fixed by the kerosene.

And lastly others items was not supplied/available in the study area.

Table 4.26

TPDS scheme satisfactory in different group of the beneficiaries opinion

Sl. No.

Particulars SC/ST Others TotalPercentage

(%)1. Govt. scheme satisfactory

a. Yes 40 30 70 70b. No 20 10 30 30 All 60 40 100 100

2 If yes, how as it caused change a. Socially Nil 20 20 20b. Financially 60 20 80 80c. Others Nil Nil 100 100

3 Satisfactory with PDS card holding a. Yes 60 40 Nil 100b. No Nil Nil Nil Nil


All 60 40 Nil 1004 Is ready reach right persons

a. Yes 40 10 50 50b. No 20 30 50 50 All 60 40 100 100

5 Black market opinion a. Yes 10 10 20 20b. No 50 30 80 80 All 60 40 100 100

6 Monthly regularly getting PDS and FPS shops goods a. Yes 60 40 100 100b. No Nil Nil Nil Nil All 60 40 100 100


Table 4.26 shows the opinion of the beneficiaries of public distribution

scheme satisfactory. Total number of SC/ST group 60 and others groups is 40. A

total of 100 ration card holders were selected for the study to obtain opinion of the

different group of the recent targeted public distribution scheme.

i. Government scheme satisfactory : 100 respondents were selected for the study.

Among them 60 respondents were SC and others were 40. On the basis of

beneficiaries opinion indifferent group with TPDS scheme, 40 per cent ST and

others. 30 per cent were found satisfactory. Remaining 30 per cent of beneficiaries

were not satisfied with Government scheme.

ii. If yes, how as it caused a change : It is found that respondents were benefited

economically from this scheme. It has been helped them to get provisions with a

low price. Among the 100 respondents 2 per cent were benefited socially, 80 per

cent were benefited economically with this scheme.


iii. Satisfactory with PDS card holding : It is found that from the field survey, the

respondents were satisfactory with PDS card holding cent percent (100 per cent)

of the respondents opines that they have benefited through PDS system to get their

provisions.

iv. Do you feel that the PDS cards are not going to the deserving : It shows that

from the field survey 50 per cent of the respondents opines Yes. The TPDS

scheme has been reached right persons. Among them 20 respondents were SC/ST

and 10 per cent respondents belongs to others. Remaining 50 per cent respondents

opinion that the TPDS scheme did not reach right the persons among them 20 per

cent SC/ST and 30 per cent were others.

v. Black market opinion : From the field survey, it has observed that fair price

shops will not providing the rations with actual quantity. The fair price shops are

selling rations as illegally 50 per cent of the respondents opinion is that the ration

is selling through corruption. And 50 per cent of the respondents respond respect

to this No.

vi. Monthly/regularly getting from Fair Price Shops (FPS) commodities on the

basis of justice : It is found that from field survey the respondents were found

satisfactory in getting rations through PDS and FPS shops regularly monthly cent

percent of the respondents opines that they are getting monthly regularly PDS and

FPS shops good.


Chapter - 5

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

This chapter is devoted for a brief summary followed by a conclusion. The

main purpose of this study is to know the evaluation of performance of Targeted

Public Distribution Scheme a study in Chitradurga taluk how they are improving

with the new PDS scheme performance and opinion of the beneficiaries about this

scheme, collected information through field survey.

Targeted Public Distribution Scheme : A Study on Public Distribution

Scheme was taken upto address the functioning of the scheme and to know the

class of beneficiaries who are being benefited by the scheme. The objectives of

this is:

1. To trace the evolution of the PDS scheme.


2. To evaluate performance of the scheme in the recent years.

3. To identify the problems in the operation of the scheme.

4. To seek opinion of beneficiaries through a case study.

Summary Findings

The findings of present study are listed below.

1. Majority of the respondents in the study area were Scheduled Caste

people representing 51 in number of respondents.

2. Majority of respondents in the study were male representing 65 in

number of respondents.

3. The study reveals that most of the beneficiaries belong to the age group

of 35-50 years.

4. Majority of the respondents in the study area were married status

representing 97 in number of respondents.

5. The study reveals that most of the beneficiaries belong to the 81 in

number of respondents living in own/self house.

6. Majority of the respondents in the study area were house structure

sheeted house living 51 in number of respondents.

7. The study reveals that out of 100 respondents. 37 respondents have

studied upto to primary education, 17 respondents secondary school level, 8


and 6 respondents upto PUC and Degree level and post graduation level

only 3 respondents and 29 in number of respondents in illiterate.

8. The study reveals that 35 respondents households had income below

20000 Rs. 35% per cent for annual income above Rs. 100000 15 per cent

for annual income.

9. Majority of the respondents representing 53 in number of beneficiaries

depend on agriculture and allied activities.

10. The study reveals that 23 in number of respondents were highest in SC

caste landholding wise status in the study area.

11. The majority of the respondents 35 in number of respondents were

owning only dry lands.

12. The majority of the respondents 17.48 ratio of the average education

level in the study area. The another majority of the respondents 81.32 ratio

of the average income level in the study area.

13. Majority of the respondents 45 in number respondents most loans and

saving in the institution of banks.

14. The study found that majority of the respondents 100 in number of

beneficiaries SC/ST 60 in number and others is 40. Total 100 in number of

caste wise distribution of the ration cardholders in the study area.


15. The study found that majority of the sample respondents 70 in number

of beneficiaries more below poverty line BPL card beneficiaries more in the

study area APL cardholders are 18 then Antyodaya Anna Yojana

cardholders number in low level of number 12. A total of 100 ration

cardholders selected were the research field.

16. The study reveals that 45 in number of respondents were help obtained

by the ration card department officers and list of 5 in number of ration

cardholders help obtained by village elite persons.

17. The majority of the ration card beneficiaries 65 in number monetary

details wise of owning the ration card government fees pay the ration card.

18. The majority of the beneficiaries most opinion were 35 in number. Lack

of time problem another problem wise opinion of beneficiaries mediators

opinion 10 numbered. Black market opinion 10, political influence 10, fair

price shops faraway /distance problem 5, less commodities problem 15, and

lastly ration card corrupt problem opinion 10 in numbered. A total of 100

beneficiaries in different problem opinion of Yes in this study area.

19. Majority of the beneficiaries in the study area were PDS scheme

quantity items rice, wheat, sugar and kerosene. Total all items in the same

rate of the different ration card level. Total SC/ST beneficiaries 60 and 40

in number of others groups. Total all category group opinion in the same

situation.


20. Majority of the beneficiaries in the study area were PDS scheme actual

price/paid price-wise FPS quantity items paid price is same in all 100

beneficiaries says about the opinion in the study area.

21. Others quantity items cloth soap, not for available in the four selected

villages only main items rice, wheat, sugar and kerosene. This type of

availabilities distribution in the study area.

22. Majority of the same respondents 100 in number of beneficiaries

opinion of marriage/special occasion moment for purchasing more items for

this moment given by fair price shops. But this situation higher price fixed

for this items. In the study area only this moments availability of main

items rice, wheat, sugar distribution of this moment.

23. The study reveals that 100 respondents opinion of fair price shops

quantity items quality wise opinion of the beneficiaries rice, wheat, sugar,

kerosene, rice is quality 100% good, wheat is medium level, sugar and

kerosene is also good opinion of beneficiaries in the study area.

24. PDS scheme satisfactory of the beneficiaries opinion

i. Government Public Distribution Scheme (PDS) satisfactory :

Majority of the respondents in the study area 70% of Yes beneficiaries

more useful of this scheme and satisfaction.

ii. If Yes, how as it caused a change


Majority of the respondents opinion of in the study area 80% of the

beneficiaries opinion more financially.

iii. Satisfactory with PDS ration card holding

Majority of the respondents opinion of in the study area 100 in number of

beneficiaries most useful in the ration card opinion is good this PDS ration

card.

iv. Is ready reach right eligibility persons ration cards

More than 50% of the ration card corrupt in the study area remaining 50%

of ration card reach for the poor people or eligibility beneficiary.

v. Black market opinion

Majority of the respondents opinion of this point 80% ‘No’ answer in the

selected for beneficiaries.

vi. Monthly regularly getting PDS scheme and fair price shops

commodities on the basis of justice

The study reveals that out of 100 in number of ration card holders yes

answer of good opinion of this point.

25. Majority of the respondents opinion of in the study area 40 suggestion

requires beneficiaries towards government providing distribution ration

card is quality.

26. Majority of the ration card holders socio-economic condition 0.64% of

agricultural asset holders of the study area and study reveals that non

agricultural or consumer durables have 90% of the ration card holders in

the study area.

Suggestions


In the process of an evaluation of performance of targeted public

distribution scheme, the research study suggest as follows:

1. The beneficiaries are to be properly identified.

2. The available goods and services must be reserved for respective

cardholders.

3. The demand for kerosene is high, so they should provide that in

large quantities with minimum price.

4. The fair price shops goods should be regularly available to the

targeted people through proper channel.

5. Citizens Vigilance Committee.

6. Control over the black market this point alternative suggested by

the government rural committee and clean hand committee.

7. Fraud should be eliminated by strengthening the effective

targeting of the public distribution scheme.

8. Regular working of every time in fair price shops (FPS) in rural

area.

9. Food subsidy should be reach to all the BPL families in rural

area.

10. The government should extend the fair price shops (FPS) timings

to the availability of targeted people.


11. The government should avoid the non-targeted people through

proper way or channel.

12. Only 15 per cent of the respondents getting benefits from the

TPDS scheme. But it has to be increased according to the total population

level or size.

13. The PDS scheme given by the government or disadvantaged so

it has to increase in more advantages level of the ratio.

14. Public participation should be there in public distribution

scheme.

. Conclusion

Public Distribution System (PDS) aims at poverty alleviation programme

and has contributed towards the total welfare of the people. Essential commodities

like rice, wheat, sugar, kerosene are supplied to the people under the PDS at

reasonable prices. PDS was a boon to the people who have been living in the

below poverty line. PDS is the primary social welfare and antipoverty programmes

of the government of India.

Government introduced Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) in the

year 1997. Central Government and State Governments have been actively

involved in steering the operations for the success of the PDS it is not possible to

neglect the PDS in India because majority of the Indian population are living in


rural areas and their standard of living is also poor and they cannot afford to pay

the prevailing market prices for the essential commodities.

The scheme promoted the social and economic status of the rural families

socially, where enough public participation was involvement. Many rural poor

were getting food security and goals of it reached the successful in time.

This Public Distribution System came into existence with the object of

providing qualitative products at reasonable rates.

Thus, public distribution systems according to our study reveals that though

it has many drawbacks. It has been helpful to people in many respects such as

providing goods like kerosene, wheat and rice etc.

Many people suggest that it should improve the quality, quantities

reservation of products etc.

Targeted public distribution system is a good scheme for the rural and

backward areas people. Thus public distribution system is a well planned and

systematized process with public welfare objectives.

Corruption, lack of awareness and undesirable techniques of both

organizers and users are playing a crucial role in increasing poverty and failure of

various ongoing anti-poverty programmes.


Only 15 per cent of the respondents getting benefits from the TPDS

scheme. But it has to be increased according to the total population level or size.

Targeted Public Distribution System in recent years, the performance and

evaluation of the scheme is in progress. But there is a need for the necessary steps

to be taken by the government for the improvement of the scheme in remotest

areas who are those living in below poverty line, to meet their basic needs through

the scheme like Public Distribution Scheme (PDS).

QUESTIONNAIRE

AN EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE OF TARGETED PUBLIC

DISTRIBUTION SCHEME : A STUDY IN CHITRADURGA TALUK

M.Phil., Programme 2010-11

INTERVIEW SCHEDULE FOR FIELD SURVEY

Guide : Research Student :

Dr. T.R. Manjunath Elayaraja. K.Professor M.Phil., StudentDOS in Economics DOS in EconomicsKuvempu University Kuvempu UniversityShankaraghatta - 577 451 Shankaraghatta - 577 451

INTERVIEW SCHEDULE FOR BENEFICIARIES

1. Ration Card Holders Name :


2. Sex :

3. Age :

4. Village :

5. Hobli :

6. Taluk :

7. Marital Status: Married / Unmarried

8. Caste :

SC ST OBC General

9. House :

Own Rented

10. Housing Structure :

Hut Tiled house Sheeted house RCC

11. Occupation :

Agriculture Cooli BusinessCaste oriented

occupationSelf

EmploymentGovt.

Employment

12. Education :

Illiterate Primary Secondary PUC DegreePost

Graduate

13. Details of Family members :

Sl. No.

Name Sex Age EducationMain

occupationAllied

activities Income monthly

14. Do you own any land? : Yes / No

15. Land holdings (in acres) :


Sl. No.

Land OwnLeased

outLeased in

Net operating ratio

Total

1 Irrigated 2 Dry

16. Loans and savings in the institution :

Sl. No. Institution Loans Savings Remarks 1 Banks 2 LIC/PLI3 Post offices 4 Private

17. Income sources :

Sl. No.

Sources Income Sl. No. Sources Income

1 Agriculture 4 Pvt/Govt. employment 2 Business 5 Self employment 3 Dairy 6 Cooli

18. Do you have a ration card? : Yes / No

19. If yes, what kind of card do you have?

APL BPL AAY

20. From which department have you obtained the ration card?

a. Grama Panchayat

b. Fair Price Shop (FPS)

c. Taluk Office

d. Others

21. How did you help obtained the ration card?

a. Own

b. Department officers

c. Mediators


d. G.P. Members

e. Village elite person

f. Others

22. The Monetary details of you owning the ration card?

Sl. No. Particulars Amount

1 Government fees

2 Friends / Relatives

3 Middlemen

4 Officials

Total

23. The commodities you obtain from a Fair Price Shop having a APL card?

Sl. No. ParticularsQuantity (unit

in kg/litres)Total

Quantity Price1 Rice 2 Wheat3 Sugar 4 Kerosene 5 Soap6 Cloth

24. The commodities you obtain from a Fair Price Shop having a BPL card?


in kg/litres)Total

Quality Price1 Rice 2 Wheat3 Sugar 4 Kerosene 5 Soap6 Cloth

25. The commodities you obtain from a Fair Price Shop having a AAY card?


in kg/litres)Total

Quality Price


1 Rice 2 Wheat3 Sugar 4 Kerosene 5 Soap6 Cloth

26. Do you like to spend more on special occasions

like marriage and so on? : Yes / No

27. If yes, how much would you spend?

Sl. No. Particulars Price

1 Rice 2 Wheat3 Sugar 4 Kerosene 5 Soap6 Cloth

28. Did the government schemes initiative cause any changes in

your life? : Yes / No

29. If yes, how has it caused a change?

a. Socially

b. Financially

c. Others

2. Has PDS helped you a lot? : Yes / No

3. Do you feel that the PDS cards are not giving to the deserving? Yes /

No

4. Can you easily avail more commodities from Fair Price Shops?

Yes/No

5. Do they provide the commodities in Fair Price Shops on the basis of

justice? : Yes / No

6. If No, how often they give and what items they give?


Sl. No. Particulars Months1 Rice 2 Wheat3 Sugar 4 Kerosene 5 Soap6 Cloth

7. Do they exploit you by any means for giving the items ? : Yes / No

8. Give details regarding the total consumption and total commodity ratio?

Sl. No. Items From FPS Total consumption surplus 1 Rice 2 Wheat3 Sugar

9. In your PDS and other distribution systems suffer from following

problems?

a. Lack of time

b. Scarcity of goods

c. Distance of Fair Price Shops

d. Political influence.

10. What is your opinion about PDS and Fair Price Shops?

a. Middleman

b. Block market

c. Political influence

d. Others

11. Give suggestions regarding to the solving of problems of the new TPDS

scheme

a. Required beneficiaries get the use of this scheme

b. Department officers every time visit to the enquiry to the FPS

c. Control over the mediators and political influence

d. Control over the block market business

e. All of the above.

12. Socio-economic condition of ration card holders


Sl.No. Particulars Quantity ValueAgriculture

1 Bullock Cart 2 Plough 3 Bullocks 4 Tractor Tiller 5 Sprayer 6 Tube well 7 Cows 8 Buffalos 9 Sheep/Goat 10 Chickens

Non-Agricultural (Consumer durables)1 Cycle/ Motor bike 2 Radio / TV3 Wall clock 4 Tailoring Machine 5 Tables / Chairs 6 Mobiles 7 Telephone 8 Show pieces 9 Gas stove


public distribution system

Documents

food supply

food policy

food preferences

nutritious food

adequate food

food corporation of

background food security

management of food grains