Public attitudes to immigration Findings from Ipsos’s Global @dvisor Credit © European Union, 2012
Sep 14, 2014
Public attitudes to immigration Findings from Ipsos’s Global @dvisor
Credit © European Union, 2012
People on the move… Mass movement of people across borders and continents is a fact of modern, globalised, life. According to the UN, there are 214 million immigrants across the world, with a third resident in Europe. The pattern of migration is away from Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and towards Oceania, North America and Europe.
Total migrant numbers across the world’s continents
Source: UN Migration Statistics International migrant stock: The mid-year (1 July) estimate of the number of people living in a country or area other than that in which they were born. If the number of foreign-born was not available, the estimate refers to the number of people living in a country other than that of their citizenship.
Total international migrant stock (millions and as % of population), 2010
Latin America & The Caribbean
7.47m 1.3%
Northern America
50.04m 14.2%
Europe
69.85m 9.5%
Oceania
6.02m 16.8%
Asia
61.32m 1.5%
Africa
19.26m 1.9%
1.34
-1.08
1.22
-0.53
-1.05
0.10
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Total migrant numbers and net migration over the past 5 years
Source: UN Migration Statistics
Average annual net migration (millions) 2005-10
International migrant stock, 2010 (% of combined total)
33
Europe
29 23
9 3 3
Asia Northern America
Africa Latin America & The Caribbean
Oceania
Immigration on the rise Although the pattern of migration is away from the developing to the developed world, people everywhere see immigration increasing. …and they don’t seem to like it.
85% 85% 80% 79% 78% 77%
80%
10% 10% 14% 12%
16% 18% 14%
5% 4% 5% 8% 6% 4% 6%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
LATAM BRIC Europe Middle East/Africa APAC North America Total
Increased a lot / little Stayed the same Decreased a lot / little
The majority say the number of immigrants in their country has increased over the last 5 years
Over the last 5 years, in your opinion has the amount of migrants in [YOUR COUNTRY] ...?
Source: Global @dvisor, June 2011
And people tend to be more negative than positive about it
Would you say that immigration has generally had a positive or negative impact on [ YOUR COUNTRY]?
18% 18%
28% 28% 26%
21% 21% 22% 26%
23%
30% 33%
42%
29%
54% 53%
46%
36% 35% 31%
45%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Middle East/Africa Europe North America BRIC APAC LATAM Total
Very / Fairly positive Neither positive or negative Very / Fairly negative
Source: Global @dvisor, June 2011
Why the negativity? Firstly, the simple fact is numbers count. Most people think there are too many immigrants in their country.
Just over half of people think there are too many immigrants in their country
59%
58%
56%
51%
46%
44%
52%
23%
21%
19%
25%
32%
33%
25%
13%
15%
21%
21%
16%
18%
19%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
BRIC
Middle East/Africa
Europe
North America
LATAM
APAC
Total
Agree Neither Disagree
Please tell whether you agree or disagree with the following statement: There are too many immigrants in our country
Source: Global @dvisor, June 2011
But the implication of high numbers is the real cause for concern… Many people think immigration makes it harder to find jobs, particularly in Africa, the Middle East and the BRIC nations. And immigration is also seen to add pressure to public services, particularly in the most developed regions of the world.
Many feel immigration makes it more difficult for people to find jobs
59%
55%
50%
49%
45%
44%
48%
17%
21%
21%
29%
21%
27%
23%
20%
21%
25%
20%
31%
26%
25%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Middle East/Africa
BRIC
North America
APAC
Europe
LATAM
Total
Agree Neither Disagree
Please tell whether you agree or disagree with the following statement: Immigrants in [COUNTRY] have made it more difficult for [COUNTRY] people to get jobs
Source: Global @dvisor, June 2011
And people are also wary of the pressure immigration places on public services
61%
56%
51%
46%
44%
42%
51%
22%
19%
24%
30%
32%
36%
26%
13%
19%
18%
18%
19%
17%
18%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
North America
Europe
Middle East/Africa
BRIC
LATAM
APAC
Total
Agree Neither Disagree
Please tell whether you agree or disagree with the following statement: Immigration has placed too much pressure on public services in [COUNTRY] (for example, health, transport, educational services)
Source: Global @dvisor, June 2011
Yet, immigration isn’t entirely seen as a bad thing… People of most regions are split when asked whether they think immigration is good for their national economy. And they tend to be equally divided when considering the cultural benefits of immigration. Notably however, residents of Europe and the Middle East/Africa tend to be more negative on both counts.
Opinion is split on the economic benefits of immigration, although Europeans and residents of the Middle East/Africa are more sceptical
24%
25%
33%
32%
36%
30%
28%
23%
25%
27%
31%
29%
37%
29%
48%
46%
35%
32%
30%
28%
39%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Middle East/Africa
Europe
North America
LATAM
BRIC
APAC
Total
Agree Neither Disagree
Please tell whether you agree or disagree with the following statement: Immigration is good for the economy of [COUNTRY]
Source: Global @dvisor, June 2011
And the same is found when people are asked to consider the cultural benefits of immigration
29%
32%
31%
36%
31%
42%
31%
24%
23%
29%
25%
35%
26%
28%
43%
40%
36%
35%
30%
29%
37%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Europe
Middle East/Africa
LATAM
BRIC
APAC
North America
Total
Agree Neither Disagree
Please tell whether you agree or disagree with the following statement: Immigrants make country a more interesting place to live
Source: Global @dvisor, June 2011
Opinion across the world tends to favour a more selective approach to immigration… In all regions except Latin America, more people agree than disagree that priority should be given to immigrants with higher education and qualifications who can fill shortages among certain professions.
A selective approach to immigration is favoured in most regions of the world
54%
49%
48%
48%
41%
34%
45%
18%
29%
24%
23%
23%
28%
25%
23%
19%
25%
27%
31%
35%
27%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Middle East/Africa
APAC
North America
BRIC
Europe
LATAM
Total
Agree Neither Disagree
Please tell whether you agree or disagree with the following statement: Priority should be given to immigrants with higher education and qualifications who can fill shortages among certain professions in [COUNTRY]
Source: Global @dvisor, June 2011
Focussing on attitudes in Europe…
Patterns of immigration in Europe Europe’s heavyweight economies currently possess the highest numbers of immigrants in absolute terms. But as a percentage of population, the picture is much more mixed.
Total international migrant stock (millions), 2010 International migrant stock as percentage of total population, 2010
Source: UN Migration Statistics
Europe’s big economies have the largest number of migrants, but this is not the case when migrant numbers are considered as a % of the population
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
13.1 10.7 10.4
14.1
7.4
10.5
15.6 14.1
10.1 9.1 8.6
19.6
2.2
8.8
4.4 3.7
15.0
4.2
13.6
35.2
8.1
17.5
0.6 2.4
4.0 1.4
3.8
Net migration patterns in Europe show a difference between the East and the rest Most Eastern European countries had more emigrants than immigrants, on average, between 2005-10. Elsewhere in Europe the opposite holds true; immigrants are the greater number.
Net migration shows many Eastern European countries in the EU27 sent more people than they received on average between 2005-10
Average annual net migration (thousands), 2005-10 Average annual net migration rate (per 1,000 population), 2005-10
Source: UN Migration Statistics
-40.0 -24.0 -20.0
-10.0 -2.0
1.0 4.0 4.0 4.4 5.0 6.0 11.0 15.0 20.0
30.0 30.0 32.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 45.1
100.0 110.0
189.5 330.0
350.0
-100.0 0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0
Romania Poland
Lithuania Bulgaria
Latvia Malta
Slovakia Luxembourg
Slovenia Cyprus
Denmark Finland
Hungary Netherlands
Sweden Greece Austria Ireland
Portugal Belgium
Czech Republic France
Germany United Kingdom
Italy Spain
-1.9 -0.6
-6.0 -1.3
-0.9 2.5
0.7 8.4
2.2 5.8
1.1 2.1
1.5 1.2
3.3 2.7
3.9 9.1
3.8 3.8
4.4 1.6
1.3 3.1
5.6 7.9
-10.0 -5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0
But everywhere immigration is perceived to be on the rise In Eastern Europe rates of immigration have dropped on average over the past 5 years. Yet, Poles as much as other nationalities consider immigration to have increased. Elsewhere, however, the belief that immigration is increasing is matched by the facts – although the rate of increase is low for many countries.
Over the last 5 years, in your opinion has the amount of migrants in [THE COUNTRY]….? Average annual rate of change (percentage), 2005-10
94% 5% 2%
Increased (combined)
Stayed the same
Decreased (combined)
93% 5% 2%
85% 10% 5%
85% 6% 9%
81% 15% 3%
79% 18% 3%
77% 16% 7%
66% 30% 4%
63% 25% 12%
There is a widespread belief that immigration has increased over the past few years. This is the case in all the countries surveyed except for Poland
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
Source: Global @dvisor, June 2011, UN Migration Statistics
Economic concerns are uppermost for Europeans. Immigration is next, but some way behind Concerns with the national economy, unemployment and rising prices predominate in the minds of most Europeans at the current time. Immigration follows, although some countries attach more importance to the issue than others.
Immigration sits below economic concerns for Europeans, although there are differences between nationalities
What do you think are the two most important issues facing [OUR COUNTRY] at the moment?
Source: Standard Eurobarometer 76, November 2011
59%
31% 26%
17%
9% 7% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 3% 3%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
EU27
1% 3%
4% 4% 4%
5% 5% 5%
6% 6% 6%
7% 7%
8% 9% 9% 9%
10% 10%
11% 12%
13% 13% 13%
15% 16%
17% 17%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
Portugal Slovakia
Ireland Slovenia Sweden Greece
Hungary Poland
Spain Italy
Netherlands Denmark
Estonia Germany
EU27 Romania
Finland Bulgaria
Czech Republic Austria France Cyprus
Lithuania Malta
Belgium United Kingdom
Latvia Luxembourg
Immigration
R² = 0.09 0
5
10
15
0 10 20 30
The number of migrants resident in each country does not correlate with the relative importance of immigration to the public.
What do you think are the two most important issues facing [OUR COUNTRY] at the moment? - Immigration
International migrant stock as a percentage of total population, 2010
Lithuania
Latvia
Ireland
Austria
France
Cyprus
Luxembourg
Great Britain
Belgium
Source: Standard Eurobarometer 76, November 2011, UN Migration Statistics
Malta
Czech Republic Bulgaria
Romania Finland
Germany
Estonia Denmark
Spain Netherlands Italy
Greece Hungary Poland
Sweden Slovenia
Slovakia
Portugal
Most Europeans think immigration has had a negative impact on their country, particularly in countries where immigration is seen as an important issue Of the countries surveyed, public opinion in Belgium and Britain is the most negative about immigration - both countries where, on average, immigration is more likely to be seen as an important issue.
In every country except Sweden, people are more likely to feel immigration has had a negative rather than positive impact on their country
Would you say that immigration has generally had a positive or negative impact on [COUNTRY]?
9% 19% 14% 19% 14% 16%
8%
37% 22% 18%
17%
16% 27% 24% 26% 28% 34%
23% 40%
26%
72% 64%
56% 55% 54% 54% 52%
37% 32%
53%
Very / Fairly negative Neither positive or negative Very / Fairly positive
Total
Source: Global @dvisor, June 2011
And with the exception of Poland, where immigration levels are lower, more people agree than disagree that there are too many immigrants in their country
72% 71% 67% 67% 53% 52% 50%
46% 29%
56%
15% 15% 20% 16%
24% 25% 20% 19%
14%
19%
12% 12% 11% 16% 20% 20% 23% 33%
41%
21%
Agree Neither Disagree
Please tell whether you agree or disagree with the following statement: There are too many immigrants in our country
Total
Source: Global @dvisor, June 2011
The perceived negative economic impact of immigration seems to be at the root of concerns With the exception of the Middle East & Africa, Europeans are more sceptical about immigration’s benefit to the economy than people in the rest of the world. There is widespread concern in Europe that immigration places too much pressure on public services – more so than anywhere else in the world. There are also concerns, particularly among residents of Britain, that immigrants make it more difficult to get jobs. Yet, there is no direct correlation between this concern and personal experience of job loss.
In each of the European countries surveyed more people disagree than agree that immigration is good for their national economy. Although some countries are more sceptical than others
18% 13% 27% 24% 30%
23% 29% 28% 28% 25%
20% 23%
22% 27% 22% 30% 26% 17% 34%
25%
60% 57% 49% 45% 45% 44% 42% 36%
34% 46%
Agree Neither Disagree
Please tell whether you agree or disagree with the following statement: Immigration is good for the economy of [COUNTRY]
Total
Source: Global @dvisor, June 2011
Across the world, Europeans seem the most concerned about the impact on public services of high immigration. Once more Poland, where rates of immigration are lower, appears less concerned
76% 70% 68% 59% 58% 56% 56%
40% 27%
56%
14% 16% 18%
13% 22% 21% 21%
28%
17%
19%
8% 11% 10% 21% 18% 18% 20%
29% 39%
19%
Agree Neither Disagree
Please tell whether you agree or disagree with the following statement: Immigration has placed too much pressure on public services in [COUNTRY] (for example, health, transport, educational services)
Total
Source: Global @dvisor, June 2011
62% 54% 52% 52% 46% 41% 37% 35% 23%
45%
16% 14% 18% 24%
25% 22% 27%
13% 30%
21%
20% 27% 28% 23% 28%
34% 34% 42% 45%
31%
Agree Neither Disagree
Concern about immigration’s impact on competition for jobs is lower than in the developing world, and is seen as less of a concern than the impact on services. Yet, the majority in several states still consider it a problem
Please tell whether you agree or disagree with the following statement: Immigrants in [COUNTRY] have made it more difficult for [COUNTRY] people to get jobs
Total
Source: Global @dvisor, June 2011
R² = 0.82 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
The belief that there are too many immigrants strongly correlates with a concern that immigrants place too much pressure on public services…
% Immigration has placed too much pressure on public services
% Agree there are too many immigrants in our country
Great Britain
Poland
Sweden
Belgium Spain
Italy
Hungary Germany
France
Source: Global @dvisor, June 2011
R² = 0.45 10
20
30
40
50
60
70
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
…whereas the correlation is weaker between the perception that there are too many immigrants and the concern that immigrants make it more difficult to find jobs
% Immigrants in (Country) have made it more difficult for (Country) people to get jobs
% Agree there are too many immigrants in our country
Great Britain
Poland
Sweden
Belgium
Spain
Italy
Hungary
Germany
France
Source: Global @dvisor, June 2011
0
50
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Outliers, where personal experience of job loss is lower but concerns about immigration’s threat to the jobs market is still high.
Concern that immigration threatens the jobs market does not always seem to relate to personal experience of job loss
% Thinking of the last 6 months, have you, someone in your family or someone else you know personally lost their job as a result of economic conditions?
% Immigrants in [COUNTRY] have made it more difficult for [COUNTRY] people to get jobs
Great Britain
Poland
Sweden Belgium
Spain
Italy
Hungary
Germany
France
Countries where higher rates of personal experience of job loss combines with a concern that immigrants have made it more difficult to find work. Relatively high personal experience of
job loss is not mirrored by significant concerns about the threat of immigration to the jobs market. This is perhaps due to much lower levels of immigration.
Source: Global @dvisor, June 2011
But only in the UK is a selective approach to immigration supported by the majority Great Britain aside, the majority of Europeans do not agree that priority should be given to immigrants who can fill shortages in skilled professions.
Britons are most likely to favour a selective approach to immigration, but elsewhere in Europe there is less support
58% 45% 42% 42% 41% 38% 36% 36% 35% 41%
22%
25% 28% 27% 16%
30% 25% 26% 12%
23%
18% 29% 26% 28%
40% 28%
36% 37% 40%
31%
Agree Neither Disagree
Please tell whether you agree or disagree with the following statement: Priority should be given to immigrants with higher education and qualifications who can fill shortages among certain professions in [COUNTRY]
Total
Source: Global @dvisor, June 2011
Countries with lower rates of net migration seem more able to appreciate the cultural benefits of immigration. Sweden is the outlier In countries where there is lower average annual net migration (per 1,000 population), the public seem more likely to think immigrants make their country an interesting place to live. Bucking the trend is Sweden, which has a relatively high net migration rate, but its population are the most positive of all about the cultural benefits of immigration.
R² = 0.38 (including Sweden)
R² = 0.63 (excluding Sweden)
0
10
20
30
40
50
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
The outlier. Sweden has a relatively high rate of net migration, yet its population are the most likely to agree that immigrants make their country a more interesting place to live.
Net migration tends to inversely correlate with the belief that immigrants make a positive cultural contribution, particularly when discounting Sweden
Average annual net migration rate (per 1,000 population), 2005-10
Great Britain Poland
Sweden
Belgium Spain
Italy
Hungary
Germany
France
% Agree immigrants make [COUNTRY] a more interesting place to live
Source: Global @dvisor, June 2011, UN Migration Statistics
Swedes and Poles are the most positive about the cultural benefits of immigration. Countries in Southern Europe appear the least positive
44% 39% 35% 33% 28% 23% 19% 18% 18%
29%
23% 14% 30% 24% 28%
24% 21% 26% 28%
24%
30% 32% 32% 42% 41%
46% 60% 53% 52%
43%
Agree Neither Disagree
Please tell whether you agree or disagree with the following statement: Immigrants make [COUNTRY] a more interesting place to live
Total
Source: Global @dvisor, June 2011
Attitudes towards European borders and the Schengen agreement
= countries in the Schengen zone
Handling immigration correctly is seen to be key to strengthening Europe, and most Europeans want the EU to be involved Research has shown that immigration policy is regarded as important to strengthening Europe, more so than defence policy, foreign policy, cultural policy or the single market. Six in ten Europeans want to see decisions about immigration made jointly between national governments and the EU, but there are wide divergences between countries.
Handling immigration policy properly is seen to be key to strengthening Europe European integration has been focusing on various issues in the last years. In your opinion, which aspects should be emphasized by the European institutions in the coming years, to strengthen the European Union in the future?
Source: Standard Eurobarometer 74, February 2011
33%
18% 16% 15%
8%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
Immigration policy Defence policy Foreign policy The single market Cultural policy
EU27
The majority of Europeans favour the involvement of the EU in decision-making about immigration, but there is a wide divergence between countries
71 66 64 57 56 55 49 45 45 41 38 36 34 34 33 33 32 31 31 31 30 30 27 27 27 21 19 19
28 32 35 42 42 43 51 54 50 58 60 60 66 64 64 66 64 66 61
68 70 66 70 69 67 72 76 79
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
National government Jointly with the EU Don't know
For each of the following areas, do you think that decisions should be made by the [NATIONALITY] Government, or made jointly within the EU? Immigration
Source: Standard Eurobarometer 76, November 2011
Yet, when it comes to determining who is allowed to cross the border, there is greater support for national controls Research shows that residents of most European countries think national governments should decide how many immigrants are admitted to their country.
When it comes to letting immigrants in, there seems to be greater support for keeping this as a national prerogative
Some people think that the [NATIONALITY] government should decide how many immigrants are allowed to come to [COUNTRY] each year. Others think that the European Union should decide how many immigrants are allowed to come to each European Union country, including [COUNTRY], each year. Which comes closer to your point of view?
Source: Transatlantic Trends, Immigration 2010
45% 51%
60% 66% 68%
85%
47% 43%
34% 30% 27%
12%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
The [NATIONALITY] government should decide how many immigrants are allowed to come to [COUNTRY] each year The European Union should decide how many immigrants are allowed to come to each European Union country, including [COUNTRY], each year
And on balance, most Europeans favour the reintroduction of border controls between countries in the Schengen zone Outside of Poland, the majority of people in each of the countries surveyed support the reintroduction of border controls. Britons are most in favour, even though their country is not in the zone.
Many Europeans support the reintroduction of border controls in the Schengen zone. This is less the case further East (in Poland and Hungary)
Do you support or oppose the reintroduction of border controls between [COUNTRY] and other countries in the Schengen zone? GB asked: The United Kingdom is part of the European Union, but not part of the Schengen area. There are border countrols between the UK and other countries in the EU. Do you support or oppose the reintroduction of border controls between countries in the Schengen zone?
74% 64% 62% 61% 59% 54% 51% 48%
28%
56%
12% 26% 31% 30% 30% 31% 43% 45% 63%
34%
Oppose border controls Support border controls
Total
Source: Global @dvisor, June 2011
A bordered Europe to control immigration and improve security Improving security and controlling immigration are the major justifications for a reintroduction of border controls.
68% 64% 62% 61% 57% 43% 41% 40% 38%
51%
20% 32% 33% 25% 30% 51% 50% 56% 58%
42%
Economic benefits Control immigration Improve security in the country
Support for reintroducing border controls hinges on a desire to control immigration and to improve security
What is the primary reason you support border controls? Asked only to those who support the reintroduction of border controls
Total
Source: Global @dvisor, June 2011. Figures of less than 10% have been left off the chart for clarity.
But freedom of travel in a borderless zone is seen to be a right by its advocates Among those who oppose the reintroduction of border controls, freedom of movement between countries is seen to be a right of EU membership.
While support for Schengen stems from the perception that freedom of movement within the area is a right of EU membership
What is the primary reason you oppose border controls? Asked only to those who oppose the reintroduction of border controls
86% 81% 75% 74% 72% 71% 69% 62% 62% 72%
10% 14% 19% 13%
11% 15% 11% 11% 17%
10%
Economic benefits
Do not want to show passport when traveling to other countries
One of the rights of being a member of the European Union
Total
Source: Global @dvisor, June 2011. Figures of less than 10% have been left off the chart for clarity.
The European archipelago: Europeans want a tougher approach to immigration, which could mean reintroducing border controls
There seems to be support for a joint European approach to managing immigration.
However, there is an unwillingness to give up what is seen to be a national prerogative, the admission of immigrants, to European control.
The majority of European citizens favour the reintroduction of border controls within the Schengen zone to improve security and control immigration.
Amidst economic difficulties and rising immigration, Europeans want a stronger, more secure Europe where nations are able to effectively regulate immigration and minimize its perceived negative effects.
Ipsos contacts:
Bobby Duffy Managing Director, Ipsos MORI Social Research Institute [email protected] Tom Frere-Smith Senior Research Executive, Ipsos MORI Social Research Institute [email protected]
Technical note Ipsos Global @dvisor is conducted online in 24 countries: LATAM: Argentina, Brazil, Mexico BRIC: Brazil, Russia, India, China Europe: Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Spain, Sweden APAC: Australia, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea North America: Canada, United States of America Middle East/Africa: Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey An international sample of 17,601 adults aged 18-64 in the US and Canada, and age 16-64 in all other countries, were interviewed for this study. Approximately 1000 individuals participated in each country with the exception of Argentina, Belgium, Indonesia, Mexico, Poland, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Sweden and Turkey, where each had a sample of 500. Fieldwork was conducted in June 2011. Results were weighted to balance demographics and ensure that the sample's composition reflected the adult population of each country according Census data. A survey statistic drawn from an unweighted probability sample of this size and a 100% response rate would have an estimated margin of error of +/-3.1 percentage points (sample of 1,000), or +/- 4.5 percentage points (sample of 500), 19 times out of 20, from the same statistic drawn from the entire population of adults in each country if they had been polled. Results are nationally representative. Respondents are general population, with the exception of China, India, and South Africa where the sample is made up of more affluent adults. For more information, please visit: ipsosglobaladvisor.com