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Psyc Psyc 363 363 Cognitive Psychology Cognitive Psychology Cognitive Psychology Cognitive Psychology Arlo Arlo Clark Clark-Foos Foos Part IX Part IX Memory Coding Memory Coding Memory Coding Memory Coding
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PsycPsyc 363 363 Cognitive PsychologyCognitive …acfoos/Courses/363/09_MemoryCoding...PsycPsyc 363 363 Cognitive PsychologyCognitive Psychology ArloArlo Clark Clark ... •• Does

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Page 1: PsycPsyc 363 363 Cognitive PsychologyCognitive …acfoos/Courses/363/09_MemoryCoding...PsycPsyc 363 363 Cognitive PsychologyCognitive Psychology ArloArlo Clark Clark ... •• Does

PsycPsyc 363363Cognitive PsychologyCognitive PsychologyCognitive PsychologyCognitive Psychology

ArloArlo ClarkClark--FoosFoosPart IXPart IX

Memory CodingMemory CodingMemory CodingMemory Coding

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Review of Memory so farReview of Memory so farReview of Memory so farReview of Memory so far

STM/WM and LTM relationshipSTM/WM and LTM relationshipSTM/WM and LTM relationshipSTM/WM and LTM relationship

ForgettingForgetting

Memory ErrorsMemory Errors

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STM/LTMSTM/LTMSTM/LTMSTM/LTM

Clear relationship?Clear relationship?Clear relationship?Clear relationship?

Multi vs. Single Store ModelsMulti vs. Single Store Models

Focus on Processing/CodingFocus on Processing/Coding

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More Clinical EvidenceMore Clinical EvidenceMore Clinical EvidenceMore Clinical Evidence

Korsakoff’s SyndromeKorsakoff’s SyndromeKorsakoff s SyndromeKorsakoff s Syndrome

STM vs. LTMSTM vs. LTM

What is at the root of the problem?What is at the root of the problem?

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Let me into LTMI’ve been in STM

long enough!g g

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Memory CodingMemory CodingMemory CodingMemory Coding

Levels of Processing (LOP)Levels of Processing (LOP)Levels of Processing (LOP)Levels of Processing (LOP)

What is this effect due to?What is this effect due to?

Encoding and RetrievalEncoding and Retrieval

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Levels of ProcessingLevels of ProcessingLevels of Processing Levels of Processing

3 main levels3 main levels3 main levels3 main levels

Best memory?Best memory?

El b tiEl b tiElaborationsElaborations

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RogersRogers KuiperKuiper && KirkerKirker (1977)(1977)Rogers, Rogers, KuiperKuiper, & , & KirkerKirker (1977)(1977)

Is this the whole story?

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Remembering with a Stone Age Remembering with a Stone Age B iB iBrain Brain ((NairneNairne & & PandeiradaPandeirada, 2008), 2008)

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Problems with LOPProblems with LOPProblems with LOPProblems with LOP

1 Measurement1 Measurement1. Measurement1. Measurement

2 S i l St2 S i l St2. Serial Stages2. Serial Stages

3. Circularity3. Circularity

4. Overspill Coding4. Overspill Coding

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Is the LOP test biased?Is the LOP test biased?Is the LOP test biased?Is the LOP test biased?

Default mode of processing duringDefault mode of processing duringDefault mode of processing during Default mode of processing during recall/recognition test?recall/recognition test?

Maybe the cards are stacked against Maybe the cards are stacked against the other levels?the other levels?the other levels?the other levels?

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MorrisMorris BransfordBransford & Franks (1977)& Franks (1977)Morris, Morris, BransfordBransford, & Franks (1977), & Franks (1977)

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MorrisMorris BransfordBransford & Franks (1977)& Franks (1977)Morris, Morris, BransfordBransford, & Franks (1977), & Franks (1977)

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Transfer Appropriate Processing (TAP)Transfer Appropriate Processing (TAP)Transfer Appropriate Processing (TAP)Transfer Appropriate Processing (TAP)

ProcessingProcessingProcessingProcessing

C iti O tiC iti O tiCognitive OperationsCognitive Operations

Match: Encoding & RetrievalMatch: Encoding & Retrieval

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Light & CarterLight & Carter--SobellSobell (1970)(1970)Light & CarterLight & Carter SobellSobell (1970)(1970)

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Light & CarterLight & Carter--SobellSobell (1970)(1970)Light & CarterLight & Carter SobellSobell (1970)(1970)

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TAPTAPTAPTAP

Richard L. Marsh’s $50 bet…Richard L. Marsh’s $50 bet…

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Encoding Specificity (ES)Encoding Specificity (ES)Encoding Specificity (ES)Encoding Specificity (ES)

Stimulus/Context PropertiesStimulus/Context PropertiesStimulus/Context PropertiesStimulus/Context Properties

CircumstancesCircumstances

Test Room?Test Room?

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Godden &Godden & BaddeleyBaddeley (1975)(1975)Godden & Godden & BaddeleyBaddeley (1975)(1975)

Different environmentsDifferent environmentsDifferent environmentsDifferent environments•• Different roomsDifferent rooms•• Underwater / Out of WaterUnderwater / Out of Water•• Underwater / Out of WaterUnderwater / Out of Water•• Internal context as environment?Internal context as environment?

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Godden &Godden & BaddeleyBaddeley (1975)(1975)Godden & Godden & BaddeleyBaddeley (1975)(1975)

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BowerBower MonteiroMonteiro & Gilligan (1978)& Gilligan (1978)Bower, Bower, MonteiroMonteiro, & Gilligan (1978), & Gilligan (1978)

StateState--dependent retrievaldependent retrievalStateState dependent retrievaldependent retrieval

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Access to MemoryAccess to MemoryAccess to MemoryAccess to Memory

YesYes--No Responses and MemoryNo Responses and MemoryYesYes No Responses and MemoryNo Responses and Memory

(Craik & Tulving, 1975)

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Accessing LongAccessing Long--Term MemoryTerm MemoryMiller’s Miller’s JunkboxJunkbox MetaphorMetaphor

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Accessing LongAccessing Long--Term MemoryTerm MemoryFoos’sFoos’s Rabbit MethodRabbit Method

Subtle clues to PreferenceSubtle clues to PreferenceSubtle clues to PreferenceSubtle clues to PreferenceRR--AA--BB--BB--II--TT

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State Dependent MemoryState Dependent MemoryState Dependent MemoryState Dependent Memory

EichEich (1995): Mood congruent memory(1995): Mood congruent memoryEichEich (1995): Mood congruent memory(1995): Mood congruent memory•• Different from mood dependent memoryDifferent from mood dependent memory•• Does mood at retrieval affect which memories Does mood at retrieval affect which memories

are retrieved?are retrieved?

Lewis, Critchley, Smith, & Dolan (2005)

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Elaborations in MemoryElaborations in MemoryElaborations in MemoryElaborations in Memory

Levels ofLevels of ProcessingProcessingLevels of Levels of ProcessingProcessing•• It’s all about It’s all about encodingencoding!!

•• What about TAP, ES, context/stateWhat about TAP, ES, context/state--dependent memory mood congruentdependent memory mood congruentdependent memory, mood congruent dependent memory, mood congruent memory?memory?

All problems for LOPAll problems for LOP whywhy??All problems for LOP…All problems for LOP…whywhy??

LongLong term memory is dependent uponterm memory is dependent uponLongLong--term memory is dependent upon term memory is dependent upon connections made between STM and LTM.connections made between STM and LTM.

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Elaborations in MemoryElaborations in MemoryElaborations in MemoryElaborations in Memory

Remember the Spreading ActivationRemember the Spreading ActivationRemember the Spreading Activation Remember the Spreading Activation Model?Model?

ConnectionsConnections

Better Model:Better Model:ElaborationsElaborations(Anderson & Reder, 1979)

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CraikCraik & & TulvingTulving (1975)(1975)El b iEl b ion Elaborationson Elaborations

Could the wordCould the word penpen fit in this sentence?:fit in this sentence?:Could the word Could the word penpen fit in this sentence?: fit in this sentence?: She dropped her ______.She dropped her ______.

Could the word Could the word hillhill fit in this sentence?: fit in this sentence?: The young child ran quickly down the The young child ran quickly down the y g q yy g q y______.______.

Could the word Could the word watchwatch fit in this sentence?: fit in this sentence?: The little old man hobbled across the room The little old man hobbled across the room and dropped his ______ in the jug.and dropped his ______ in the jug.

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DursoDurso & Johnson (1979) & Johnson (1979) El b iEl b ion Elaborationson Elaborations

or

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DursoDurso & Johnson (1979) & Johnson (1979) El b iEl b ion Elaborationson Elaborations

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ReviewReviewReviewReview

Encoding in LTMEncoding in LTMEncoding in LTMEncoding in LTM•• Related to retrieval Related to retrieval

from LTMfrom LTMfrom LTMfrom LTM

•• We hold theseWe hold these•• We hold these We hold these truths to be self truths to be self evident that NOT evident that NOT all memories are all memories are created equal.created equal.

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Quality of MemoryQuality of MemoryQuality of MemoryQuality of Memory

Related to depth of processing but not theRelated to depth of processing but not theRelated to depth of processing but not the Related to depth of processing but not the same…same…

Goal: Estimate quality/properties of a Goal: Estimate quality/properties of a retrieved memory.retrieved memory.

New Recognition Memory Test:New Recognition Memory Test:g yg y•• Remember vs. Know Remember vs. Know ((TulvingTulving, 1972), 1972)

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Remember/Know ParadigmRemember/Know ParadigmRemember/Know ParadigmRemember/Know Paradigm

Standard Recognition + extraStandard Recognition + extraStandard Recognition + extra Standard Recognition + extra judgment for ‘old’ itemsjudgment for ‘old’ items..

1.1. Study: Learn a list of words.Study: Learn a list of words.22 R iti T tR iti T t J d li t fJ d li t f2.2. Recognition TestRecognition Test: Judge a list of : Judge a list of

words as ‘old’ or ‘new’words as ‘old’ or ‘new’33 F ‘ ld’ d d id ifF ‘ ld’ d d id if3.3. For ‘old’ words, decide if you:For ‘old’ words, decide if you:

1.1. RememberRemember22 KnowKnow2.2. KnowKnow

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Instructions for RespondingInstructions for RespondingInstructions for RespondingInstructions for Responding

RememberRemember: Conscious recollection of: Conscious recollection ofRememberRemember: Conscious recollection of : Conscious recollection of the item on the list.the item on the list.•• Episodic Episodic memory (“temporallymemory (“temporally--linked”)?linked”)?

KnowKnow: Abstract knowledge that the : Abstract knowledge that the it th t d li t Aki tit th t d li t Aki titem was on the study list. Akin to item was on the study list. Akin to familiarity;familiarity; there is no specific detail there is no specific detail associated with this memory.associated with this memory.associated with this memory.associated with this memory.•• Semantic Semantic memory (“familiarity”)?memory (“familiarity”)?

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GardinerGardiner (1988) &(1988) & RajaramRajaram (1993)(1993)Gardiner Gardiner (1988) & (1988) & RajaramRajaram (1993)(1993)

Levels of Processing and RLevels of Processing and R--KKLevels of Processing and RLevels of Processing and R KK•• Shallow: RhymeShallow: Rhyme•• Deep: Associate (synonym or antonym)Deep: Associate (synonym or antonym)•• Deep: Associate (synonym or antonym)Deep: Associate (synonym or antonym)•• Predictions?Predictions?

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SummarySummarySummarySummary

Memory CodingMemory CodingMemory CodingMemory Coding

Levels of ProcessingLevels of ProcessingLevels of ProcessingLevels of Processing

TAP and ESTAP and ESTAP and ESTAP and ES

ElaborationsElaborationsElaborationsElaborations

Q lit f MQ lit f MQuality of MemoryQuality of Memory

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Before we move on Please learn the following words for aBefore we move on Please learn the following words for aBefore we move on…Please learn the following words for a Before we move on…Please learn the following words for a later memory testlater memory test

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DOORDOOR

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GLASSGLASS

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PANEPANE

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SHADESHADE

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LEDGELEDGE

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SILLSILL

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HOUSEHOUSE

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OPENOPEN

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CURTAINCURTAIN

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FRAMEFRAME

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VIEWVIEW

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BREEZEBREEZE

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SASHSASH

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SCREENSCREEN

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SHUTTERSHUTTER

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Thank you!Thank you!