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PROSPECTS FOR CO 2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, AND NEGATIVE EMISSIONS Professor Sally M. Benson Department of Energy Resources Engineering School of Earth, Energy, and Environmental Sciences Stanford University
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PROSPECTS FOR CO2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, … · PROSPECTS FOR CO 2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, AND NEGATIVE EMISSIONS Professor Sally M. Benson Department of

Apr 16, 2020

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Page 1: PROSPECTS FOR CO2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, … · PROSPECTS FOR CO 2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, AND NEGATIVE EMISSIONS Professor Sally M. Benson Department of

PROSPECTS FOR CO2 CAPTURE,

SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION,

AND NEGATIVE EMISSIONSProfessor Sally M. Benson

Department of Energy Resources Engineering

School of Earth, Energy, and Environmental Sciences

Stanford University

Page 2: PROSPECTS FOR CO2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, … · PROSPECTS FOR CO 2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, AND NEGATIVE EMISSIONS Professor Sally M. Benson Department of

Topics

1. Landscape for CO2 capture, utilization, negative emissions,

and sequestration

2. Status of CO2 sequestration in deep geological formations

3. Conditions for Successful Scale-Up of CCS & Negative

Emissions Using BECCS (Bioenergy + CCS)

Page 3: PROSPECTS FOR CO2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, … · PROSPECTS FOR CO 2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, AND NEGATIVE EMISSIONS Professor Sally M. Benson Department of

Landscape for CO2 capture, utilization, sequestration,

and negative emissions

Page 4: PROSPECTS FOR CO2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, … · PROSPECTS FOR CO 2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, AND NEGATIVE EMISSIONS Professor Sally M. Benson Department of

Pathways and End States

Biological

Cryogenic

Sorbent

Solvent

CO2

Emissions

(~36 GT)

Capture and

Conversion Processes

Capture

Sources

Concentrate

d

Sources(e.g., power

plants, gas

cleanup, biomass

combustion, or

fermentation)

Capture Products

Gaseous or

Supercritical

Carbon

Organic

Carbon

Electrochemical

Mineralization

Air Capture(e.g., in terrestrial

and marine

ecosystems, and

direct air-capture

with chemicals or

weathering)

Membrane

Advanced

Combustion

Minerals• Ex situ carbonate

formation

Chemicals and Materials• Plastic

• Cement

• Construction materials

Fuel• CH4

• Liquid fuels

• Biomass

Thermo-

chemical

Photo-

electrochemical

Grasslands and agriculture • Management practices

• Crop selection

• Biochar

• Enhanced species

• Microbial enhancement

Forests • Reforestation

• Afforestation

• Land management

• Enhanced species

Wetland creation and

restorationOcean

• Direct CO2 injection

• Ocean fertilization

• Alkalinity augmentation

• Oil and gas reservoirs

• Saline formations

• Basalt formations

• Shale and coal

Geological Formations

CO

2S

eq

ue

str

atio

n

Inorganic

Carbon

CO

2R

eu

se

Modified from SEAB Report, 2016. CO2 Utilization and Negative Emissions

Page 5: PROSPECTS FOR CO2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, … · PROSPECTS FOR CO 2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, AND NEGATIVE EMISSIONS Professor Sally M. Benson Department of

Biological

Cryogenic

Sorbent

Solvent

CO2

Emissions

Concentrate

d

Sources(e.g., power

plants, gas

cleanup, biomass

combustion, or

fermentation)

Electrochemical

Mineralization

Air Capture(e.g., in terrestrial

and marine

ecosystems, and

direct air-capture

with chemicals or

weathering)

Membrane

Advanced

Combustion

Minerals• Ex situ carbonate

formation

Chemicals and Materials• Plastic

• Cement

• Construction materials

Fuel• CH4

• Liquid fuels

• Biomass

Thermo-

chemical

Photo-

electrochemical

Grasslands and agriculture • Management practices

• Crop selection

• Biochar

• Enhanced species

• Microbial enhancement

Forests • Reforestation

• Afforestation

• Land management

• Enhanced species

Wetland creation and

restorationOcean

• Direct CO2 injection

• Ocean fertilization

• Alkalinity augmentation

• Oil and gas reservoirs

• Saline formations

• Basalt formations

• Shale and coal

Geological Formations

CO

2S

eq

ue

str

atio

n

Inorganic

Carbon

CO

2R

eu

se

Carbon Capture and Storage Today

Gaseous or

Supercritical

Carbon

Organic

Carbon

Modified from SEAB Report, 2016. CO2 Utilization and Negative Emissions

Page 6: PROSPECTS FOR CO2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, … · PROSPECTS FOR CO 2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, AND NEGATIVE EMISSIONS Professor Sally M. Benson Department of

Biological

Cryogenic

Sorbent

Solvent

CO2

Emissions

Concentrate

d

Sources(e.g., power

plants, gas

cleanup, biomass

combustion, or

fermentation)

Gaseous or

Supercritical

Carbon

Organic

Carbon

Electrochemical

Mineralization

Air Capture(e.g., in terrestrial

and marine

ecosystems, and

direct air-capture

with chemicals or

weathering)

Membrane

Advanced

Combustion

Minerals• Ex situ carbonate

formation

Chemicals and Materials• Plastic

• Cement

• Construction materials

Fuel• CH4

• Liquid fuels

• Biomass

Thermo-

chemical

Photo-

electrochemical

Grasslands and agriculture • Management practices

• Crop selection

• Biochar

• Enhanced species

• Microbial enhancement

Forests • Reforestation

• Afforestation

• Land management

• Enhanced species

Wetland creation and

restorationOcean

• Direct CO2 injection

• Ocean fertilization

• Alkalinity augmentation

• Oil and gas reservoirs

• Saline formations

• Basalt formations

• Shale and coal

Geological Formations

CO

2S

eq

ue

str

atio

n

Inorganic

Carbon

CO

2R

eu

se

Example of Possible CO2 Utilization in the Future

Modified from SEAB Report, 2016. CO2 Utilization and Negative Emissions

Page 7: PROSPECTS FOR CO2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, … · PROSPECTS FOR CO 2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, AND NEGATIVE EMISSIONS Professor Sally M. Benson Department of

Biological

Cryogenic

Sorbent

Solvent

CO2

Emissions

Concentrate

d

Sources(e.g., power

plants, gas

cleanup, biomass

combustion, or

fermentation)

Gaseous or

Supercritical

Carbon

Organic

Carbon

Electrochemical

Mineralization

Air Capture(e.g., in terrestrial

and marine

ecosystems, and

direct air-capture

with chemicals or

weathering)

Membrane

Advanced

Combustion

Minerals• Ex situ carbonate

formation

Chemicals and Materials• Plastic

• Cement

• Construction materials

Fuel• CH4

• Liquid fuels

• Biomass

Thermo-

chemical

Photo-

electrochemical

Grasslands and agriculture • Management practices

• Crop selection

• Biochar

• Enhanced species

• Microbial enhancement

Forests • Reforestation

• Afforestation

• Land management

• Enhanced species

Wetland creation and

restorationOcean

• Direct CO2 injection

• Ocean fertilization

• Alkalinity augmentation

• Oil and gas reservoirs

• Saline formations

• Basalt formations

• Shale and coal

Geological Formations

CO

2S

eq

ue

str

atio

n

Inorganic

Carbon

CO

2R

eu

se

Example of Possible CO2 Negative Emissions in the Future

Modified from SEAB Report, 2016. CO2 Utilization and Negative Emissions

Page 8: PROSPECTS FOR CO2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, … · PROSPECTS FOR CO 2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, AND NEGATIVE EMISSIONS Professor Sally M. Benson Department of

Biological

Cryogenic

Sorbent

Solvent

CO2

Emissions

Concentrate

d

Sources(e.g., power

plants, gas

cleanup, biomass

combustion, or

fermentation)

Gaseous or

Supercritical

Carbon

Organic

Carbon

Electrochemical

Mineralization

Air Capture(e.g., in terrestrial

and marine

ecosystems, and

direct air-capture

with chemicals or

weathering)

Membrane

Advanced

Combustion

Minerals• Ex situ carbonate

formation

Chemicals and Materials• Plastic

• Cement

• Construction materials

Fuel• CH4

• Liquid fuels

• Biomass

Thermo-

chemical

Photo-

electrochemical

Grasslands and agriculture • Management practices

• Crop selection

• Biochar

• Enhanced species

• Microbial enhancement

Forests • Reforestation

• Afforestation

• Land management

• Enhanced species

Wetland creation and

restorationOcean

• Direct CO2 injection

• Ocean fertilization

• Alkalinity augmentation

• Oil and gas reservoirs

• Saline formations

• Basalt formations

• Shale and coal

Geological Formations

CO

2S

eq

ue

str

atio

n

Inorganic

Carbon

CO

2R

eu

se

Example of Possible CO2 Negative Emissions in the Future

Modified from SEAB Report, 2016. CO2 Utilization and Negative Emissions

Page 9: PROSPECTS FOR CO2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, … · PROSPECTS FOR CO 2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, AND NEGATIVE EMISSIONS Professor Sally M. Benson Department of

A Rich Landscape of Options, But…

Key issues affecting feasibility of CCUS and negative emissions

Need gigatonne scale solutions (36 GT emissions today from fossil fuels)

Energy inputs for capture and conversion are large (~20% to >>100% primary energy content of fuels)• Consequently, carbon-free energy is needed for these processes

Systems accounting for environmental and societal impacts and life-cycle emissions of CO2 management options

Permanence of sequestration options

Cost

Time and resources to scale-up of new solutions

Page 10: PROSPECTS FOR CO2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, … · PROSPECTS FOR CO 2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, AND NEGATIVE EMISSIONS Professor Sally M. Benson Department of

Readiness for CCUS and Negative

Emissions at Scale

Here Today Coming Soon On the Horizon

• CO2 capture from high

purity sources

• CO2 capture from natural

gas cleanup

• CO2-enhanced oil recovery

• CO2 storage in saline

aquifers in sedimentary

formations

• Others (e.g. reforestation)?

• CO2 capture from coal and

natural gas power plants

• Co-optimized CO2 +

storage

• Bioenergy + CCS for

negative emissions

• Direct air capture

• Electrocatalysis of CO2 for

CO production

• Advanced energy

conversions for CO2

capture

• Sequestration as minerals

in basalt

• Soil carbon enhancement

• Many others

Page 11: PROSPECTS FOR CO2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, … · PROSPECTS FOR CO 2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, AND NEGATIVE EMISSIONS Professor Sally M. Benson Department of

About 4% per Year Reductions in Emissions Will

be Needed to Limit Warming to 2o C

The red shaded areas are the chance of exceeding different temperatures above

pre-industrial levels using the cumulative emissions concept

Source: Jackson et al 2015b; Global Carbon Budget 2015

Don’t have time to wait

Scale-up needs to begin

happening now

Carbon capture from

concentrated emission

sources with geological

sequestration is the only

option available at scale

today

Page 12: PROSPECTS FOR CO2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, … · PROSPECTS FOR CO 2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, AND NEGATIVE EMISSIONS Professor Sally M. Benson Department of

Status of CO2 sequestration in deep geological

formations

Page 13: PROSPECTS FOR CO2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, … · PROSPECTS FOR CO 2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, AND NEGATIVE EMISSIONS Professor Sally M. Benson Department of

Options for Geological Storage

13

Page 14: PROSPECTS FOR CO2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, … · PROSPECTS FOR CO 2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, AND NEGATIVE EMISSIONS Professor Sally M. Benson Department of

Basic Concept of Geological Storage of CO2

Injected at depths of 1 km or deeper into rocks with tiny

pore spaces

Primary trapping Beneath seals of low permeability rocks

Image courtesy of ISGS and MGSC

Courtesy of John Bradshaw

Page 15: PROSPECTS FOR CO2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, … · PROSPECTS FOR CO 2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, AND NEGATIVE EMISSIONS Professor Sally M. Benson Department of

Secondary Trapping Mechanisms Increase

Storage Security Over Time

15

Solubility trapping

CO2 dissolves in water

Residual gas trapping

CO2 is trapped by capillary

forces

Mineral trapping

CO2 is converted to minerals

Adsorption trapping

CO2 adsorbs insoluble

organic mater in shale and

coal

Page 16: PROSPECTS FOR CO2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, … · PROSPECTS FOR CO 2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, AND NEGATIVE EMISSIONS Professor Sally M. Benson Department of

Prospectivity for Storage Around the World

Image from Bradshaw and Dance 2005

~5,000 to 25,000 GT of sequestration capacity: DeConnick and Benson, 2014.

Page 17: PROSPECTS FOR CO2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, … · PROSPECTS FOR CO 2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, AND NEGATIVE EMISSIONS Professor Sally M. Benson Department of

CO2 Storage Safety and Security Pyramid

Regulatory Oversight

Contingency Planning and Remediation

Monitoring

Risk Assessment and Safe Operations

Storage Engineering

Capacity Assessment, Site Characterization, and Selection

Fundamental Sequestration and Leakage Mechanisms

Financial

Responsibility

Page 18: PROSPECTS FOR CO2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, … · PROSPECTS FOR CO 2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, AND NEGATIVE EMISSIONS Professor Sally M. Benson Department of

Environmental Risks of CCS Appear

Manageable, but Regulations are Needed.

Page 19: PROSPECTS FOR CO2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, … · PROSPECTS FOR CO 2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, AND NEGATIVE EMISSIONS Professor Sally M. Benson Department of

CCS Continues to Expand Worldwide

Val Verde

Gas Plant

(1.3 Mt/yr)

19901980 2000 2010 20201970

Enid

Fertilizer Plant

(0.7 Mt/yr) Shute Creek

Gas

Processing

(7 Mt/yr)

Sleipner Vest

Gas

Processing

(1 Mt/yr)

Great Plains

Synfuel and

Weyburn

(3 Mt/yr)

In Salah Gas

Project

(1.1 Mt/yr)

Snohvit

Gas Project

(0.7 Mt/yrPort Arthur

SMR Project

(1Mt/yr)

Operating Industrial Scale Projects (~ 19 Mt/year)

+

65 Mt/year of CO2-EOR)

Under Construction Industrial Scale Projects (9 Mt/year)

Agrium Fertilizer Project (0.6 Mt/yr)

Sturgeon Refinery Project (1.2 Mt/yr)

Kemper County IGCC (3.5 Mt/yr)

Lost Cabin Gas Plant (1 Mt/yr)

ADM Ethanol Plant (1 Mt/yr)

Gorgon Gas LNG Plant Project (3-4 Mt/yr)

Quest Upgrader Project (1.2Mt/yr)

Boundary Dam Power Post-Combustion (1 Mt/yr)

Updated from DeConninck and Benson, 2014. Annual Reviews in Energy and Environment.

Page 20: PROSPECTS FOR CO2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, … · PROSPECTS FOR CO 2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, AND NEGATIVE EMISSIONS Professor Sally M. Benson Department of

Twenty Years of Progress

Regulatory Oversight

Contingency Planning

and Remediation

Monitoring

Risk Assessment and

Safe Operations

Storage Engineering

Site Characterization

and Assessment

Fundamental Storage

and Leakage Mechanisms

Financial

Responsibility

Understanding, quantification and time-scales for secondary trapping processes

show these can play an important role in mitigating risks.

Globally harmonized capacity assessment showing 5,000 to 25,000 GT

sequestration capacity .

Identification of the need for and strategies for to manage pressure buildup to

mitigate risks of induced seismicity and leakage.

Experience from 13 industrial scale and over 20 pilot scale projects show risks are

well understood and manageable.

Development and demonstration of many methods for monitoring CO2 leakage and

tracking plume migration.

Developed methods for contingency planning and remediation of leakage from

wells and fault zones.

Government regulations for CO2 storage have been developed in the U.S., Europe,

Canada, and Australia.

Insurance policies are available for CO2 storage projects. Long term liability

approaches have been developed in some countries.

Page 21: PROSPECTS FOR CO2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, … · PROSPECTS FOR CO 2 CAPTURE, SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION, AND NEGATIVE EMISSIONS Professor Sally M. Benson Department of

Conditions for Successful Scale-Up of CCS

& Negative Emissions Using BECCS

Cost reductions for CO2 capture

Strong support for climate action

Confidence about secure carbon sequestration

A price on carbon > $30/tonne CO2

Prioritization of emissions reductions using an economy-wide strategy

Constructive engagement of communities at sequestration sites

DeConninck and Benson, 2014. Annual Reviews in Energy and Environment.