Project Report Mineral Exploration Project Phase‐1 (Bauxite) By: Jharkhand Space Applications Center, Ranchi Department of IT, Govt. of Jharkhand In Collaboration with National Remote Sensing Center (NRSC) Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) Department of Space, Govt. of India Balanagar, Hyderabad & Department of Mines and Geology Government of Jharkhand
87
Embed
Project Report Mineral Exploration Project - …jsac.jharkhand.gov.in/Report_PDF/Mineral_exploration...Project Report Mineral Exploration Project Phase‐1 (Bauxite) By: Jharkhand
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Project Report
Mineral Exploration Project Phase‐1 (Bauxite)
By:
Jharkhand Space Applications Center, Ranchi
Department of IT, Govt. of Jharkhand
In Collaboration with
National Remote Sensing Center (NRSC) Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)
Department of Space, Govt. of India Balanagar, Hyderabad
&
Department of Mines and Geology Government of Jharkhand
Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote S
ensin
g da
ta a
nd G
IS a
naly
sis fo
r Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
i
DOCUMENT CONTROL SHEET
1 Document Control Number
JSAC/TECH-REP/DoIT-GoJ/NRIS/10-11/04
2 Title Mineral Exploration Project (Phase-1) - Bauxite 3 Report / Document Type Technical Report 4 Author (s) Dr. Vivek Kumar Singh, JSAC
JSAC, Department of IT, Government of Jharkhand NRSC, ISRO, Department of Space JSAC, Department of IT, Government of Jharkhand DMG,Dept. of Mines & Geology,Jharkhand
6 Project Coordinators Dr. G. Behera,Deputy Director,RS&GIS AA Dr. A.T.Jeyaseelan, Director, JSAC, Ranchi Dr. K.Vinod Kumar, Head,GSD, NRSC, Hyderabad Dr. Jai Prakash Singh, Director, DMG, Jharkhand
7 Beneficiary Department Department of Mines and Geology, Governemnt of Jharkhand.
8 Project Sponsor Department of Mines and Geology,Government of Jharkhand
9 Date of Project Completion
01.10.2010
10 Date of Project Initiation 2009 11 Date of Publication 2010 12 Contents of Report 83 pages, 39 figures, 5 tables and 3 plates 13 Abstract Jharkhand State is one of the leading mineral bearing states
of India and is the store house of more than 30 types of minerals, hence aptly called as “Museum of Minerals”. In Jharkhand, the Bauxite deposits are mainly found in Lohardaga, Latehar, and Gumla districts and the adjoining plateau region; most of the provinces are inaccessible due to deep forest cover and lack of suitable communication. The study is aimed to use ASTER(Advanced Spaceborne Thermal and Reflection Imaging Spectroradiometer) data in conjunction with field spectroscopic data, geochemical data of lateritic Bauxite to map the spatial distribution of Bauxite reserve in the area The study brings out the relation between terrain parameters such as slope, altitude with Bauxite occurrences and also shows the spectral signature of alumina rich bauxite sample can be taken as a criteria to derive ratio image of ASTER Channels for finding Bauxite rich pockets within Lateritic Bauxite/Laterite. Further, the Bauxite area was mapped in 1:25000 scale and presented.
14 Reproduction Rights This final report and its content are the property of JSAC, Ranchi, DMG, Ranchi and NRSC,Hyderabad and shall not be reproduced in part or whole without the written permission from above.
Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s fo
r Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
ii
PREFACE Remote sensing technology has been proved to be highly useful for geological studies both
in the area of accessible and inaccessible terrains. The satellite imagery gives the spatial
distribution of various rock types, their structural relationships and stratigraphic position.
Detailed structural map thus generated using satellite data, many times are of immense help
to mineral exploration projects.
Jharkhand has large deposits of minerals. 40% of the total minerals of the country are
available in the state. The state is the sole producer of Coking coal, Uranium and Pyrite. It
ranks first in the production of coal, Mica, Kyanite and copper in India. Jharkhand holds a
very large potential of bauxite amounting to a reserve of 117.54 MT(Source-IBM as on
1/4/2005) predominantly occurs at the central-western portion of Jharkhand covering
Latehar, Lohardaga and Gumla districts. Though most of the mined bauxite is targeted for
metallurgical purposes for the extraction of metal aluminium, it has variety of uses in other
industries, such as, abrasive, alloy-steel, aluminium, cement, ceramic, chemical, ferro-alloys,
iron and steel.
The main objective of the project is to generate Bauxite Mineral map at 1:25000 scale. A
comprehensive georeferenced geological database is prepared on 1:50,000 scale based on
published geological map of Geological Survey of India (GSI). ASTER has nine channels in
VNIR (Visible-Near-Infrared) and SWIR (Short Wave Infrared) domain ranging broadly
from 0.5- 2.4 micrometer. It has been observed that Bauxite has absorption at 2.26 micro
meters due to gibbsite that is the dominant mineral in Bauxite. These absorption signature
results in low reflectance in Channel 7 (Central wavelength 2.26 micrometer) of ASTER.
Further, ASTER Global Digital Elevation model (DEM) has been used in the study. It is
observed that Bauxite occurrences are governed by slope and altitude. It generally occurs at
low slope region above 980 meter height. Map of Bauxite bearing area that is derived after
interpretation of Aster data has shown good correspondence with the known Bauxite
distribution. The study has derived a comprehensive Bauxite map with new areas of Bauxite
mineralization. The maps need to be validated in field for achieving the better accuracy in
reserve delineation.
Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s fo
r Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
iii
The present scientific investigation is the outcome of the joint collaboration of JSAC,
NRSC; Hyderabad and Dept of Mines & Geology. The financial and technical sanction and
continuous support by Mines and Geology department of Govt. of Jharkhand for successful
completion of this project is highly acknowledged.
Dr. A. T. Jeyaseelan Director, JSAC
Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s fo
r Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to Secretary, Information Technology,
Secretary, Department of Mines and Geology, Government of Jharkhand and Director,
National Remote Sensing Center, Hyderabad for their effort for taking up this collaborative
project of Mineral Exploration project in Jharkhand State.
Authors are grateful to Dr. P.S. Roy; Associate Director(Capacity Building),NRSC and
Dean; IIRS and former Deputy Director, RS&GIS AA for his support and valuable
suggestions during the initial stage of the project for deriving the better outcome in the
research. Authors are also grateful to Shri G. Behera, Deputy Director, RS & GIS AA,
NRSC for his encouragement and overall guidance for on time completion of the project.
We would like to express our sincere gratitude towards Dr. A.T.Jeyaseelan, Director for his
interaction, help, guidance and suggestions throughout the project year and their trust in our
abilities. He was a great source of inspiration and motivation.
We would like to thank Dr. K. Vinod Kumar, Head, Geosciences Division, National Remote
Sensing Center, Hyderabad for his support for making a joint proposal. Authors are grateful
to him for necessary support during our visit to NRSC for spectral profile generation and
map preparation.
Authors are also thankful to Dr. Jai Prakash Singh, Director, Directorate of Geology,
Department of Mines and Geology, government of Jharkhand for his help in providing
literature and deputing Geologists for field work.
We would like to thank Sh. Tapas Ranjan Martha, Scientist, and Geosciences Division
NRSC for his help and valuable suggestions.
We are thankful to Shri Kumar Amitabh ,Geologist of Department of Mines and Geology,
Government of Jharkhand for his help and cooperation during all stages of the project
work.We are also thankful to Sh. Mahendra Pd. Sharma, Shri. Ganesh Prasad
Bhavsinka,Shri Arun Kr. Geologists, Department Mines and Geology for their efforts in
sample collection and field visit. We are thankful to Shri. I. M. Assadullah, Dy. Director,
Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s fo
r Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
v
State Laboratory, Hazaribagh for doing chemical and petrographic analysis of the rock
samples collected from field.
We are thankful to Ms. Nutan U. Toppo, Sh. Nikhil Anurag Toppo and Sh. Dilip Kumar
Thakur for their help at all stages of the project work. We would like to thank staffs of
Administration, Account, Library, and Director’s Office for their support at all stages of the
project work.
Last but not the least, all Scientist, Junior Scientist and STA of Jharkhand Space Application
Center, are also acknowledged for their support.
Arindam Guha Vivek Kr. Singh Reshma Parveen
Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s fo
r Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
vi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction
Remote Sensing technology has proved to be highly useful for geological studies as
it can provide synoptic views of large portions of earth thereby enhancing the information
available from traditional data sources. It is also helpful to study inaccessible and remote
areas. In Jharkhand, Bauxite and Laterite are mainly confined to the inaccessible Pat region
of Gumla, Lohardaga and Latehar districts.
Extensive geological work has been carried out by Geological Survey of India to map
the area on regional scale followed by scattered detailed exploration by State DMG, Bihar
and Jharkhand. In view of modern development in the field of metallurgy low grade of
bauxite have also become important and in this context it was decided to remap the complete
area to delineate potential areas of bauxite along with laterite for reassessment of resource.
Due to difficult terrain and vast area Department of Mines & Geology, Government
of Jharkhand requested Jharkhand Space Applications Centre to identify potential zones of
Bauxite occurrences using Remote Sensing technology and to prepare composite as well as
toposheet wise map on 1:50000 and 1:25000 scales on GIS platform.
This project was initiated with aforesaid objective with distributed responsibilities
with National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Hyderabad, Jharkhand Space Applications
Centre (JSAC), Ranchi and Department of Mines & Geology (DMG).
Objectives
The main objective of the project was to carry out remote sensing based study using
advanced space borne sensor for mapping the spatial distribution of Bauxite and laterite
capping in the pat regions of Gumla, Lohardaga and Latehar districts of Jharkhand on
1:50000 and 1:25000 scales on GIS platform. These maps shall further be used as base maps
for detailed geological exploration to assess the resource and grade of Bauxite.
Study Area
Study area extends between latitude 22˚58’31’’ N to 23˚56’53’’ N and longitude
83˚42’58’’E to 84˚53’40’’ E and distributed in 10 number of toposheets. The total areal
extent of the area is about 6,676.14 sq.km.
Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote S
ensin
g da
ta a
nd G
IS a
naly
sis fo
r Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
vii
Quantum of Work done
The Remote Sensing based study for mapping of Bauxite deposits was carried out in
the total area of 6676.14 Sq Km covering Gumla , Lohardaga and Latehar districts of
Jharkhand. Following Maps are prepared:
Regional Geology
Bauxite mostly occurs as segregated sheets and lenses in horizontal masses of laterite
which occur on peneplained surfaces or as capping on extensive plateaus and flat topped
hills.
Methodology
Co-registration and digitization of available geological maps and further updating of
the litho boundaries using satellite data.
Co-registration, Mosaicking of Aster Level 1A Aster data , Collection of samples of
Bauxite/Laterite from the field for chemical analysis and spectral profile generation
for facilitating image processing.
Integration of Aster derived indices map with Aster-Dem for detecting the variability
in slope, tone, texture and geomorphic variation characteristic of Bauxite for
generation of final Mineral map of Bauxite.
SN Map Scale Total number of Toposheets
Maps Prepared Samples collected
1 1:1,60,000 01 one A total of 45
representative
samples were
collected from
different sectors to
find out the
possible grade of
bauxite in the area.
2 1:50,000 09
(64 M/14,64
M/15,73A/3,73
A/2,73 A/4,73
A/6,73 A/7, 73
A/8,73 A/10,73
A/11)
Nine
3 1:25,000 26 Twenty Six
Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s fo
r Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
viii
Criteria for identification of promising zone
Various geological and geomorphological parameters that control the formation of
Bauxite were integrated together in GIS environment for identification of Bauxite/Laterite
promising zones. Aster image (acquired in VNIR and SWIR regions) has been used in
conjunction with Aster DEM , field studies, spectral profiles of bauxite /Laterite for bauxite
mapping.
Promising Zones
The satellite based study derived map shows good correspondence with known
Bauxite/Laterite distribution .The total area demarcated using aster data is 487.05 Sq Kms.
The total bauxite bearing area demarcated using remote sensing technology has been divided
into different blocks on the basis of proximity and approach.
Sampling & Chemical Analysis
Bauxite/Laterite samples collected from the field were analyzed for different oxides
and hydroxides using wet chemical method at State Laboratory of Department of Mines and
Geology.
Limitations
There are several challenges in obtaining precise, remotely sensed measurements
from the surface. One of the main obstacles is vegetation covers that obscure the rock and
soil surfaces. Atmospheric interference through scattering, absorption by the gasses
comprising the atmosphere or through meteorological factors (wind, moisture etc.) also
effects the measurements in a several ways. Aster not being a hyperspectral instrument
cannot map individual minerals; group of minerals.
Conclusion and Recommendations
ASTER (Advanced Space borne Thermal and Reflection Imaging Spectroradiometer)
data in conjunction with field spectroscopic data, geochemical data of Laterite and Bauxite
has been utilized to map the spatial distribution of Bauxite and Laterite capping.
The present study shows that a total of 487.05 Sq. Km of area is rich in laterite and
bauxite. Using this consolidated information, specific areas of interest may be identified for
evaluation in greater detail through additional investigation which would require detailed
geological mapping, ground geophysical surveys etc.
Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s fo
r Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
ix
CONTENTS Page No. Document Control Sheet i Preface ii Acknowledgement iv Executive Summary vi Content ix List of figures xi List of tables xiii CHAPTER: 1 INTRODUCTION 1-9 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Study Area 2 1.3 General Geology 3 1.4 Mode of Occurences 4 1.5 Objectives 5 1.6 Scope 5
1.6.1 Remote Sensing in Mineral Exploration 5 1.6.2 ASTER Capabilities 8 1.6.3 Suitability of ASTER in Mineral Exploration 9
CHAPTER:2 MATERIAL AND METHODS 10-31
2.1 Data Used 10
2.1.1 ASTER Satellite Data 10 2.1.2 ASTER Global Digital Elevation Data 11 2.1.3 Spectral Profile Datasets 11 2.1.4 Geological Map 13 2.1.5 Geochemical Datasets 13 2.1.6 Chemical Anlysis Procedure 17 2.1.7 Ground Data 20
2.2 Digital Database Preparation 24 2.3 Methods 25 2.4 Result & Discussion 26 CHAPTER:3 THEMATIC MAPPING 32-66 3.1 Introduction 32 3.2 Description of Bauxite Deposits 43
Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s fo
r Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
x
CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSIONS 67 BIBLIOGRAPHY ANNEXURES: Annexure-1: List of Important Villages and Towns. Annexure-2: Flow chart of Methodology used for the present study. Annexure-3: Work order and other related correspondence with DGM. Annexure-4:Composite Bauxite/Laterite bearing map of Study area . Annexure-5: Composite Bauxite/Laterite Gradational map of study area. Annexure-6: Map showing Bauxite and Laterite capping and lease hold areas of Gumla,
Lohardaga and Latehar District.
Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s fo
r Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Location map of study area 3 Figure 2: 3D RGB color composite image cube of the ASTER satellite image 10 Figure 3: Spectral Profile of Bauxite/Laterite Samples 12 Figure 4: Lab Spectra of Gibbsite and Goethite compared 12
with field Bauxite spectra
Figure 5: Regional Geological Map of the study Area (GSI) 15 Figure 6: Locations of field samples of Bauxite, Laterite and its host rock 16
Figure 7: Photograph of Sereka Mines, Serendag Plateau, and Gumla showing 20 the profile of Bauxite deposit Figure 8: Photograph showing Mining Activity, Pakhar Pat 21 Figure 9: Photograph of mining activities in Guradari mines 21 Figure 10: Photograph showing Laterite hillocks in Gumla district 22 Figure 11: Photograph showing host rock Granite 22 Figure 12: Photograph showing host rock Granite 23 Figure 13: Photograph showing Quartzite on the route from Ghagra to Netarhat 23 Figure 14: Known Bauxite mines and its relation to altitude 27 Figure 15: Slope map of the study Area 28 Figure16: Field spectra of Bauxite showing how gibbsite absorption feature 29
shifts with low alumina content Figure 17: Bauxite enrichment map showing different Al2O3 content 31 Figure 18: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite of Study Area 33 Figure 19: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite of SOI toposheet no. 64 M/14 34 Figure 20: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite of SOI toposheet no. 64 M/15 35
& 73 A/3
Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s fo
r Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
xii
Figure 21: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite of SOI toposheet no. 73 A/2 36 Figure 22: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite of SOI toposheet no. 73A/4 37 Figure 23: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite of SOI toposheet no. 73A/6 38 Figure 24: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite of SOI toposheet no. 73A/7 39 Figure 25: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite of SOI toposheet no. 73A/8 40 Figure 26: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite of SOI toposheet no. 73A/10 41 Figure 27: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite of SOI toposheet no. 73A/11 42 Figure 28: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Gulgulpat Block 44 Figure 29: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Jamirapat Block 46 Figure 30: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Luchutpat Block 47 Figure 31: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Daunapat Block 49 Figure 32: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Aksi Block 50 Figure 33: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Darichhapahar Block 51 Figure 34: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Netarhat,Amtipani Block 53 Figure 35: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in BudhaPahar Block 56 Figure 36: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Khamarpat,Bagru Block 58 Figure 37: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Serendag Block 61 Figure 38: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Kondlepat,Purnadih Block 64 Figure 39: Spatial distribution of Bauxite/Laterite in Sukrahatu,Kolda,Pakripat Block 66
Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s fo
r Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
xiii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: ASTER Data Specification (ASTER, 2010) 10 Table 2: Detailed information of ASTER scenes 11 Table 3: Chemical Analysis of field samples of Bauxite and Laterite 13 Table 4: Chemical Analysis of field samples of Bauxite and Laterite provided 14 by DMG Table 5: Blockwise Details of Bauxite/Laterite Deposits 43
Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s for
Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
1
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Remote Sensing technology has been proved to be highly useful for geological studies both
in accessible and inaccessible terrains. Remote Sensing technology is often being used to
generate updated lithological and structural map based on the conjugate analysis of satellite
image signatures and available collateral database. The most fundamental geological
information is provided by the geological map, which gives the spatial distribution of
various rock types, their structural relationships and stratigraphic position. Detail structural
map can also be prepared by using satellite data, which many times are of immense help to
mineral exploration projects. Earlier, Jharkhand Space Application Center has generated GIS
based geo data base at district level for entire state in 10 themes and made it Web enabled
for department of Mines and Geology, Government of Jharkhand.
On request of Department of Mines & Geology, Government of Jharkhand, Jharkhand Space
Applications Center submitted the Project Proposal in collaboration with National Remote
Sensing Center (NRSC), Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), Department of Space,
Government of India, a pioneer organization for Remote sensing Applications in the country
for base metal, diamond, coal, hydrocarbon exploration and other geo-environmental / geo-
engineering and groundwater projects.
The project is an outcome of the satellite based investigation compounded with field survey
jointly carried out by Jharkhand Space Application Centre (JSAC), National Remote
Sensing Center (NRSC) and the experts of Department of Mines and Geology (DMG) to
identify potential zones of Bauxite occurrences. In the project, NRSC has taken crucial role
to develop the methodology for mapping of Bauxite occurrences based on signatures of
Bauxite in ASTER while JSAC have been executed the methodology operationally to derive
Bauxite map for Jharkhand. Before envisaging this project a joint meeting was organized on
February 26-27, 2008 at Ranchi between geologists of DMG, JSAC and NRSC. A brief
presentation was also made to Secretary, DMG on the capabilities and limitation of remote
sensing techniques for mineral exploration. The secretary felt that there is need for scientific
Chapter 1 Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s for
Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
2
extrapolation of existing mineral areas to identify additional area with the advanced remote
sensing and GIS applications .
Detailed discussion was held among DMG, JSAC and NRSC geologists and it was
expressed that most of the mineral occurrence boundaries are made by extending the scanty
borehole data. Hence it was planned that the whole project will be executed in different
phases. In the Phase-I Bauxite mineral mapping has been taken up. This report brings out the
bauxite minerals on 1:25,000 scale.
India is favorably endowed with large reserves (3037 million tonnes of in situ reserve) of
Bauxite (GSI, 1994). In terms of bauxite reserves, India holds the fifth place in the world.
Indian bauxite resources are confined to peninsular shield except few isolated occurrences in
Jammu &Kashmir in the extra peninsular region. In the peninsular region about 85% of the
total reserve is associated with ‘high level’ laterite occurring along the eastern and western
coasts; out of which nearly 74% of the reserve is restricted to east coast. On the other hand,
about 10% of the total reserve occurs amidst inland plateaus. The major bauxite deposits of
India are generally associated with laterite capping as blankets on plateaus of high elevation
from 700 m to 2100 m above the mean sea level (MSL) in parts of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh,
Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. In contrast, there are
coastal and ‘low level’ bauxite deposits exposed along the coastal tracts of Gujarat,
Karnataka and Kerala. (Geological Survey of India, 1994). The present studied area belongs
to the high-altitude bauxite deposits of Jharkhand and restricted in the western part of the
state.
1.2 Study Area
The area (Figure-1) occupies at the central-western portion of Jharkhand and geologically
belongs to the Pre Cambrian shield of Indian Peninsula spread mainly in three districts
namely Latehar, Lohardaga and Gumla. It is located between latitude 22˚58’31’’ N to
23˚56’53’’ N and longitude 83˚42’58’’E to 84˚53’40’’ E. The total extent of the area is
about 6676.14 sq km. Bauxite is found in association with laterite.
Important mines located in this area are Serendag, Bagru, Dudha Katcha, Khamar, Banjari
,Pakhar, Chapuduadhia, Pakri, Oranga etc. The bauxite enrichment is reported at the laterite
cappings in Lohardaga and the adjoining high lands of the Latehar and Gumla district. The
deposit is known as the one of the most important deposits in India.
Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s for
Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
3
Figure 1: Location map of study area
1.3 General Geology
The bauxite bearing areas of Jharkhand belongs to the Indian Peninsula. It consists mainly of
Chotanagpur Granite Gneiss associated with intrusions of quartzite, older rocks and Deccan
traps. Ranchi plateau is the main topographic unit in the area with altitudes between 960 m
and 1075 m above MSL, capped with laterite and bauxite. Bauxite deposits are the result of
silica leaching process of alumina rich rocks and it occurs in form of an extensive blanket
below the laterite cover on the flat topped. It also occurs as segregation, discontinuous
boulders and in blanket form over laterite residuum. The thickness of the deposits in the
ranges from 1 m – 18 m with an average thickness of 6 meters. Under suitable condition of
weathering, chemical alteration and leaching through geological time, the parent rocks have
Chapter 1 Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s for
Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
4
given rise to laterite and bauxite residuum. . The parent rocks which may give rise to bauxite
are silicate rocks with high alumina and less of silica. Granite-Gneiss in association with
intrusions of quartzite and older basic rocks is the main source rock in the area. The
Gondwana formation is present in the northern part of the Ranchi upland. The Pre Cambrian
rocks of Singhbhum lie in the south. At the western side of Jharkhand, Deccan trap is
exposed where Laterite/Bauxite have been reported as cappings. At the eastern side, laterite
appears on the peneplained surface of older rocks. The oldest rock belongs to Dharwar. It is
in turn intruded by the batholithic mass of Chotanagpur granite and further metamorphosed
into various schistose and gneissic rocks. The generalized stratigraphy of the study area is
Tertiary to Recent Laterite , Bauxite and Lithomerge Upper Cretaceous Deccan trap Basaltic lavas
Intratrappean Calcified-Silicified rocks and grit Cuddapah and Earlier Newer Dolerite Chotanagpur Vein rocks,Pegmatite or Graphic granite, Granite Gneiss Aplite, Quartzveins and quartz-tourmaline rock
Psuedo –Diorite Archean Granites and Gneisses Diorite Ultrabasic igneous rocks
Dharwar Phyllites, Mica-schist, Quartzites, Lime- silicate rocks and Basic rocks.
1.4 Mode of Occurrence
Bauxite occurs as segregated sheets and lenses in tropical and sub tropical regions. It also
occurs as present as irregular bodies and as wide spread blanket. Bauxite has also been
reported as irregular bodies, developed near the margin of the plateau.Laterite/ bauxite
profiles in Jharkhand usually maintain the following sequence (Roy chowdhury, 1958).
Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s for
Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
5
i. Top Soil
ii. Laterite
iii. Gray bauxite
iv. Aluminous Laterite
v. Ferruginous bauxite
vi. Bauxite and Lithomerge
vii. Lithomerge clay
------------------------------------------------
viii. Granite gneiss and older rocks
1.5 Objectives
Following are the main objective of the project
1. To carry out remote sensing based study using advanced spaceborne sensor for
mapping the spatial distribution of Bauxite reserve on 1:50,000 scale.
2. To refine the boundaries of known bauxite reserves on 1:25,000 scale using high
resolution remote sensing data.
1.6 Scope
1.6.1 Remote Sensing in Mineral Exploration
Much information about potential areas for mineral exploration can be provided by
interpretation of surface features on aerial photographs and satellite images. From remotely
sensed data, it is possible to decipher the regional lithology, tectonic fabric and also the
geomorphic details of a terrain, which aid precisely in targeting of minerals deposits.
Remote sensing techniques play significant role in locating mineral deposits and in turn
reduces the cost of prospecting and exploration. Remote sensing data, by virtue of its
Younger
Older
Chapter 1 Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s for
Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
6
synoptic overview, multispectral and multi-temporal coverage, can help to rapidly delineate
metallogenic province belts/sites and minerals over a larger terrain. This can help to isolate
potential areas for further exploration.
Spectral signatures, being unique to each material, can be used for differentiating various
materials present in a satellite image. Accordingly, it has been well established that the
VNIR, SWIR and TIR wavelength regions provide complimentary data for geological
Samples collected from field for different grade of Bauxite, Laterite and host rock granite &
granite gneiss and other rock samples of quartzite, Diorite, Dolerite, Biotite Gneiss are
analyzed in State Geological Laboratory, Hazaribagh for geochemical analysis. These are
the methods followed for the determination of Al203, Fe2O3, SiO2 and Loss of Ignition (LOI)
%:
(i) Determination of Alumina (Al2O3) in Bauxite by EDTA Complexometry Principal
method by Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM), which is generally followed by Jharkhand
state Department of Mines and Geology:
Reagents:-
i. Sodium acetate buffer CH3COONa
ii. Xylenol orange.
iii. M/100 Zinc acetate (CH3COO)2Zn.
(i) Sodium acetate buffer – 22 gm sodium acetate + 1000 cc distilled water + 1 cc acetic
acid.
(ii) Xylenol orange –200 mg xylenol orange + 100ml distilled water + 1-2 drop 1:1 HCl.
(iii) Zinc acetate (M/100) – 2.20 gm Zinc acetate + Hot 1000 cc distilled water.
Procedure:-
At first 100 mg sample is taken in Nickel crucible. 8 – 10 Pellets of sodium Hydroxide
(NaOH) is added and melted on low temperature. It is cooled and dissolved in distilled water
in a beaker. Now the solution is heated on hot plate and filtered with 41no. filter paper in
250 ml measuring flask. 250 ml solution is prepared by adding distilled water.
Determination of Al2O3 :-
50 cc solutions are taken from 250ml stock in the beaker. The solution is acidified with very
dilute hydrochloric acid. 25 cc of 0.02 N EDTA is then added to the solution.PH of 5-5.5 is
maintained while adding very dilute ammonia (check with pH paper). 25 cc sodium acetate
buffer is added and the sample is boiled on hot plate. The solution is cooled on water tray
and titrated with M/100 zinc acetate using indicator xylenol orange. The reading (A) is noted
Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s for
Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
18
(ii) Determination of Silica (SiO2) in Bauxite by Gravimetry Principal method by Indian Bureau (IBM):
Reagents:-
i. Hydrochloric Acid
ii. Nitric Acid
iii. 1:1 Sulphuric Acid
iv. Hydrofluoric Acid.
Procedure:-
At first 0.5 gm of 100 mesh is taken in a conical flask and digested with 15 ml of
concentrated Hydrochloric acid and 8 ml of concentrated Nitric acid on a low temperature
hot plate. When the brown fumes are disappeared, the flask is removed from hot plate and
30 ml (1:1) H2SO4 is added, digested and finally fumed copiously. The solution is cooled
and 50 ml distilled water is added, warmed on hot plate and filtered using what man filter
paper no. 41.The filtrate is collected in 250 ml volumetric flask.
The residue along with filter paper is taken in a platinum crucible. The filter paper is burnt
so as to ignite the residue. The dry residue is cooled and weighed. The residue is now
moistened with a few drop of 1:1 sulphuric acid and 10-15 ml hydrofluoric acid is then
added and finally kept on hot plate. Slowly evaporation takes place. When the residue dries
up it is cooled and weighed. The difference of the two weights gives the silica content. The
silica percentage is calculated as follows
SiO2 percentage =
Where,
W1 is the weight of the crucible + material after ignition,
W2 is the weight of the platinum crucible + material after
W3
(W1 – W2) x 100
Chapter 2 Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s for
Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
19
hydrofluorization and,
W3 is the weight of the sample taken.
(iii) Determination of Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3) in Bauxite by Dichromate Principal method by Indian Bureau of Mines in State Geological Laboratory, Hazaribagh.
Reagents:-
i. SnCl2 – 5 gm SnCl2 + 25 cc HCl (concentrated), and then heat and after cooling mix 100 ml distilled water.
ii. Phosphoric acid + Sulphuric acid mixture – 150 ml concentrated H2SO4 and 150 ml concentrated H3PO4 dilute with water to one liter.
iii. Mercuric Chloride (Saturated) – 10 gm HgCl2 salt dissolved in 500 ml of distilled water
iv. Barium Diphenylamine Sulphonate – 250 mg of salt dissolved in 100 cc water. Procedure:-
Firstly 50 ml of main solution (prepared during determination of Silica) is taken in a beaker
and 5 ml concentrated hydrochloric acid is added and heated on hot plate at 200- 2500 C
temperature. Then drop wise Sncl2 (Stannous chloride) is added for reduction when the
solution becomes clear. It is then cooled on water tray. After cooling 10 ml of Mercuric
chloride (HgCl2), 15 ml mixture of H2SO4 + H3PO4 and 15 ml of distilled water is added.
Finally indicator Barium Diphenylamine sulphonate (C24H20BaN2O6S2) is added and titrated
with N/ 10 K2Cr2O7.
Strength of K2Cr2O7 = N/10
1cc of N/10 K2Cr2O7 = 0.007985 gm of Fe2O3
(iv) Determination of loss of ignition (LOI) in Bauxite by Gravimetry Principal method by Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM).
Procedure:-
1 gm of sample is taken in a weighed platinum crucible. At first stage, the sample is heated
gently and then at gradual pace with increasing temperature. The sample is ignited at
100000C for 1 hour and then cooled in a desiccators and then weighed
L.O.I = (A - B) X 100
Where,
Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s for
Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
20
A = initial weight in gm. of the crucible with sample,
B = final weight in gm. of the crucible with the residue after ignition
2.1.7. Ground Data
Samples collection of Bauxite/Laterite and host rock was planned in two phases. Locations
of samples are given in Figure 6. The first phase field work was organised in the month of
January 2010 and 18 samples of different grade ore of bauxite from different lithologic
horizons were collected. During the field visit all the three major plateau areas Netarhat-
Amtipani, Serendag (figure 8) and Sukrahatu-Kolda regions were visited extensively.
During field visit samples were also collected from working mines like, Bagru, Sereka
mines (figure 7), Pakhar Pat (figure 9 ), Gurdari mines (figure 10) and other surrounding
plateau locally called as “PAT”.
Figure 7: Photograph of Sereka Mines, Serendag Plateau, Gumla showing the Profile of Bauxite deposit
Chapter 2 Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s for
Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
21
Figure 8: Photograph showing Mining activity in a mine on Pakhar Pat
Figure 9: Photograph of mining activities in Guradari mines
Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s for
Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
22
Samples of Bauxite, Laterite (figure 11), Granite/Granite Gneiss; (figure 12 & 13), and few
Quartzite samples (figure 14) were collected.
Figure 10: Photograph showing Laterite hillocks in Gumla district
Figure 11: Photograph showing host rock Granite
Chapter 2 Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s for
Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
23
Figure 12: Photograph showing host rock Granite
Figure: 13 Photograph showing Quartzite on the route from Ghagra to Netarhat
Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s for
Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
24
2.2 Digital Database Preparation:
In order to derive information from satellite imagery digital data are processed to derive
useful information from the digital numbers produced by the sensors. The main pre-
processing involves geometric and radiometric correction. In Geometric corrections, the
image is registered to a coordinate system, so the location of every pixel at the earth surface
is known. Radiometric correction enhances the contrast in the image. In addition to these
corrections, there was some striping present in some of the bands; those bands were
destriped in order to remove the striping artefacts from the image data. Striping is usually
caused by some sensors that are out of alignment, defective or not calibrated correctly.
ASTER Level 1A image used for present research comprise a data format with no geometric
and radiometric correction applied to the image. All correction coefficients are supplied in
the header of the HDF file.
These coefficients were extracted from the metadata and used for radiometric correction.
After the images were destriped properly, orthorectification was performed to georeference
the images and correct for errors in image coordinates due to relief displacement, earth
curvature and inter- and intra-telescope parallax errors. SWIR bands suffer from parallax
errors because the sensor arrays for the different bands are not perfectly aligned. This results
in bands that are shifted in space relative to each other. A method for correcting for
geometric errors in the image is orthorectification with a DEM (Digital Elevation Model) as
input. When orthorectification is performed, all errors mentioned above are corrected in the
same process.
Several methods for atmospherically correcting high spectral resolution image raw data are
in common use. The selection of a particular method depends upon data quality, availability
of onboard radiometric calibration, a priori knowledge of the study area, and the availability
of atmospheric parameters and spectral measurements.
ASTER data in the present study is pre-processed using FLASSH algorithm and calibrated
to reflectance data. FLAASH is a first-principles atmospheric correction modelling tool for
retrieving spectral reflectance from hyperspectral and multispectral radiance images. With
FLAASH, it is possible to accurately compensate for atmospheric effects. FLAASH corrects
wavelengths in the visible through near-infrared and shortwave infrared regions, up to 2.5
Chapter 2 Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s for
Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
25
μm. Unlike many other atmospheric correction programs that interpolate radiation transfer
properties from a pre-calculated database of modelling results, FLAASH incorporates the
MODTRAN4 radiation transfer code (ASTER With FLAASH, 2010). It provides accurate,
physics-based derivation of apparent surface reflectance through derivation of atmospheric
properties such as surface albedo, surface altitude, water vapour column, aerosol and cloud
optical depths, surface and atmospheric temperatures from hyperspectral and multispectral
imaging data.
2.3 Methodology
For the purpose of present study ARC/GIS 9.3 software platform is used to create the
geospatial thematic information on slope, elevation from ASTER Global DEM. Geological
map prepared by the Geological Survey of India is also converted to vector format with the
same reference system with that of the ASTER VNIR and SWIR data. Once these thematic
information/maps are created; these maps are brought under GIS platform to understand how
these themes are interplayed for Bauxite formation.
ASTER data is interpreted for delineating the Bauxite exposures from the ASTER VNIR
false colour composite images. Bauxite occupied provinces are delineated from ASTER data
and compared with the distribution of Bauxite as depicted by Geological map prepared by
GSI. It has been observed that laterite/Lateritic Bauxite is characterized by bright tone and
smooth texture in false colour composite. It also has been observed Bauxite occur over
entire plateau top region 980 meter. In effort to understand the role of altitude in localizing
of Bauxite; slope map is also prepared to understand the terrain control of Bauxite
formation. Field work is also carried out to collect samples for chemical analysis to estimate
the alumina content of Bauxite samples and also to use the same sample for spectral analysis
to understand how the chemical composition of Bauxite governs the spectral signatures of
the rock samples. In this connection, spectroscopic profiles for Bauxite samples are collected
and same lateritic bauxite samples are also analyzed to understand the variation in
spectroscopic signatures with the change in alumina content. Field spec 3
Spectroradiometer is used to collect the spectral observation within the spectral range of
350-2500 nm.
The FLAASH corrected reflectance data is used for preparing the aster based indices image.
Before preparing the indices image, biophysical parameter NDVI is calculated to mask the
Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s for
Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
26
forest cover from the ASTER data. Forest cover is well distributed throughout the entire
study area especially along the foot hills of plateau area. The NDVI value is calculated from
the red band and NIR band of the ASTER data and NDVI value greater than 0.5 has been
suppressed. The masked image is devoid of forest/vegetation signature and used for deriving
the mineral indices and indices value therefore is not influenced by forest cover. In the
masked image exposures of laterite and Bauxite appear bright whereas the forested area
becomes darker. The assumption in calculating the mineral indices lies in the fact that
gibbsite; mineral for alumina has characteristic absorption at 2.260 micrometer as evident by
the USGS mineral spectra convolved to ASTER band pass (figure 4). For the purpose of
ASTER indices for delineating Bauxite rich zone within laterite, ASTER channel 7 and
CHANNEL 4 are is used to calculate the Bauxite indices map. Lower the value of indices
map higher is the content of alumina.
2.4 Result & Discussion
Satellite based study often plays crucial role in delineating deposits which have prominent
geomorphic, spectral signatures. Therefore, earlier worker successfully used multispectral
satellite data for Bauxite mapping. Das, 2010 analyzed the spectral signatures of
laterite/bauxite, vegetation and red soil and showed that in TM band 7, vegetation gives low
reflectance and laterite/ bauxite gives high reflectance whereas in Band 4 it is viceversa.
Sanjeevi (2008) used ASTER data to delineate Bauxite and Limestone using integrated
approach with terrain parameters and spectral informations. In his work, study was focused
on image based method for detecting “pure pixels” of Bauxite.
In present study, satellite data is used to update the extent of laterite/bauxite reserve based
on characteristic geomorphic and tonal signatures. Laterite/Bauxite, in the area, occurs on
prominent plateau and laterization is extensive on top. Space borne data of ASTER FCC
image, slope map created from ASTER elevation data are used in conjunction with
field/laboratory based data on oxide concentration, spectral profiles of Bauxite and laterite
samples for Bauxite mapping. Reference geological map prepared by GSI has been used to
validate the Bauxite/Laterite distribution delineated by space borne sensors. It has been
observed that the known mines occur at higher altitude over 980 meter (figure 14) and slope
(figure15) of the terrain remains within 0-10 degree, suitable for slow draining of the rain
water ,to maintain low pH of the solution , and for enriching Al with its reprecipitation.
Chapter 2 Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s for
Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
27
Fig
ure
14:
Kn
own
Bau
xite
min
es a
nd it
s re
lati
on t
o al
titu
de
Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s for
Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
28
Fig
ure
15:
Slo
pe
map
of
the
stu
dy
Are
a
Chapter 2 Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s for
Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
29
As per the understanding of Bauxitisation process; the leaching process increase with
increase of rainwater, which allow to remove dissolved silica in the solution and thus
favours stability of gibbsite in low pH condition. In the solution,concentration of dissolved
free aluminium is higher if it is in equilibrium with gibbsite than with Kaolinite
(Schellmann, 1994). Therefore, it is evident that 980 contours should be taken as the lower
limit of Bauxite occurrence and this observation correspond well with the Bauxite
distribution as visualized by image signatures and and delineated by GSI reference map.
Once the Bauxite distribution is delineated; field spectral analysis is taken as a criterion to
understand how chemical composition of Bauxite influences the spectral signature of the
Bauxite. In this regard, Spectroscopy offers the rapid method for analyzing the mineral
composition from the samples and it is found that the Lateritic Bauxite samples with high
alumina content enhances spectroscopic signature of Gibbsite (figure 16).
Figure 16: Field spectra of Bauxite showing how gibbsite absorption feature shifts with
low Alumina content
Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s for
Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
30
Garu
Toto
Dum
ri
Kisk
o
GUML
A
Nawa
dih
Ghag
hra
Bend
ora
Neta
rhat
Chain
pur
LOHA
RDAG
A
Bish
unpu
rMa
huad
anr
8 9
1
26
73
54
10
04
812
2K
m
Leg
en
d
Res
ult
Valid
ati
on
Lo
cati
on
s
Up
dat
ed
bau
xit
e B
ou
nd
ary
Jhar
kha
nd
LO
CA
TIO
N I
ND
EX
MA
P
Ind
ia
ST
UD
Y A
RE
A
Jh
ark
han
d
GU
ML
A
GIR
IDIH
RA
NC
HI
DU
MK
A
LAT
EH
AR
SIM
DE
GA
KH
UN
TI
PA
LA
MU
CH
AT
RA
GA
RH
WA
WE
ST
SIN
GH
BH
UM
HA
ZA
RIB
AG
H
BO
KA
RO
GO
DD
A
PA
KU
R
DE
OG
HA
R
DH
AN
BA
D
EA
ST
SIN
GH
BH
UM
JAM
TA
RA
SA
HIB
GA
NJ
KO
DE
RM
A
RA
MG
AR
HLO
HA
RD
AG
A
SA
RA
IKE
LA K
HA
RS
AW
AN
Sample
Points
Al2o3%
Fe2o3%
160.02
5.58
259.50
7.90
358.48
7.90
455.60
11.00
553.25
12.70
652.32
9.50
747.45
21.50
846.91
22.30
944.37
19.15
10
37.70
38.30
Fig
ure
17:
Bau
xite
En
rich
men
t m
ap s
how
ing
dif
fere
nt
Al 2
O 3
co
nte
nt
Chapter 2 Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s for
Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
31
The spectral absorption profiles (after convolved to ASTER bandwidth) for the lateritic
Bauxite samples are compared with that of the standard laboratory spectra of alumina
bearing mineral i.e. gibbsite from USGS laboratory (convolved to aster bandwidth). It is
found that lateritic Bauxite samples with high alumina value has the spectral absorption
feature of Gibbsite; this spectral absorption feature shifts from 2.26 micrometer to 2.20
micrometer as alumina content lowers in the Bauxite. This understanding led to the
derivation of ASTER indices image; which enhances this spectral absorption signature and
therefore indices image used as and this observation is used as a basis to delineate the
relative variability within Bauxite. The indices image is classified (figure 17) iteratively to
achieve the congruence between Bauxite enrichment delineated with and chemical data of
oxide concentration collected from different field points
Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
32
Rem
ote S
ensin
g da
ta a
nd G
IS a
naly
sis fo
r Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
CHAPTER-3
THEMATIC MAPPING
3.1 Introduction
This study has been carried out to update the boundary of laterite and bauxite mineralization
in the state of Jharkhand. Present project has covered about 6676.14 sq km area distributed
in Latehar,Gumla and Lohardaga districts of Jharkhand. The area falls under SOI toposheet
[4] ASTER data with FLAASH; Envi Tutorial, (2010).
[5] Clark, R.N., A.J. Gallagher, and G.A. Swayze, (1990a). Material Absorption Band Depth Mapping of Imaging Spectrometer Data Using a Complete Band Shape Least-Squares Fit with Library Reference Spectra, Proceedings of the Second Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) Workshop. JPL Publication 90-54, 176-186.
[6] Crosta, A. P., Filho, C. R. de Souza, Azevedo, F. and Brodie, C. (2003) Targeting
key alteration minerals in epithermal deposit in Patagonia, Argentina, using ASTER imagery and principal component analysis. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 10, pp. 4233-4240.
[7] Drury, S.A., (1987): Image interpretation in Geology. Blackwell Science Inc. USA.
[8] Dyal,R.(1972): Progress Report on the Geological Investigation of Bauxite in Barpat
area, district Ranchi.
[9] Geological Survey of India, (1994). Detailed Information on Bauxite in India; Unpublished Report.
[10] Ghose, P.K., Narayan, T. (1972): A Geological Report on the Investigation in north
Chandipat area, Ranchi District, Bihar. [11] Ghose, P.K. (1972): A Report on the Reconnaissance for Bauxite deposits in South
Western portion of Palamau District.
[12] Ghose, P.K.(1972): A Geological Report on the Investigation of Bauxite deposits in North Chandipat area Ranchi district, Bihar
[13] Hunt G.R., Salisbury, J.W. and Lehnoff, C.J., (1971): Visible and near infrared
spectra of minerals and rocks: III, Oxides and Oxyhydroxides. Modern Geology 2:195-205
[14] Hunt, G.R. and Vincent, R.K. (1968): “The Behaviour of Spectral Features in the
Infrared Emission from Particulate Surfaces of Various Grain Sizes,” Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol.73, No. 18, pp. 6039-6046,
Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s fo
r Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
69
[15] Kruse, F. A., Richardson, L., and Ambrosia, V, G., (1997): Techniques developed for geologic analysis of hyperspectral data applied to near-shore hyperspectral ocean data, In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference Remote Sensing for Marine and Coastal Environments: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Vol. I, pp. 233-246.
[16] Kumar, R. (1979): Progress Report on Detailed Geological Investigation of Bauxite
deposit in Sarwat and adjoining area of Palamau district.
[17] Kumar,S.(1971): Progress Report on the Investigation of Bauxite in Babra pat-Piruapat toil area in Ranchi District, Bihar.
[18] Lyon, R.J.P., (1965): Analysis of rocks and minerals by reflected infrared radiation.
Economic Geology 60:715-736.
[19] Mukherjee, D.K. (1972): Progress Report on the Investigation of Bauxite deposite in Babrapat area in Ranchi district, Bihar.
[20] Mukherjee, D.K. (1971): A Report on the Geological Investigation for Bauxite
Bhagla toil area South Netarhat Plateau (Block) Ranchi district.
[21] Mukherjee, D.K. (1970): A Report on the Geological Investigation for Bauxite in BHAGLATOLI area of South Netarhat Plateau, (Block I of II only) Ranchi District.
[22] Narayan, T. (1973): A Progress Report on the Geological Investigation for Bauxite
in south Chandipat area, Ranchi, Bihar.
[23] Narayan,T.(1971): A Report on the Geological Investigation for Bauxite in North Chandil path area Ranchi district, Bihar.
[24] Prasad, L. (1980): Report on detailed investigation for Bauxite near Sarwat Pahar
area Palamau district. [25] Prasad, S.P., Mukherjee, D.K. (1974): Progress Report on the Investigation of
Bauxite in Barpat area, District-Ranchi.
[26] Prasad, S.P., Mishra, T. N. (1974): Progress Report on the Investigation of Bauxite deposit in Lupungpat area in Ranchi district, Bihar.
[27] Prasad,S.P., Kumar, D. (1973): Progress Report on the Investigation of Bauxite
deposits in Barpat area, Ranchi district.
[28] Prasad, S.P., Prasad,L. (1973): Progress Report on the Investigation of Bauxite deposits in Lupung pat area in Ranchi district.
[29] Prasad, S. (1972): A Report on the Geological Investigation for Bauxite in Dokapat
area of South Netarhat Plateau) Ranchi district.
[30] Prasad, S. (1972): A Report on the Geological Investigation for Bauxite in Dokapat area (South Netarhat Plateau) Ranchi District.
Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s fo
r Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
70
[31] Prasad,S.(1971): A Report on the Geological Investigation for Bauxite Bhagla toil
area(South Netarhat Plateau) Ranchi district
[32] Prasad, S. (1970): A Report on the Geological Investigation for Bauxite in BHAGLATOLI area of (South Netarhat Plateau) Ranchi, District Ranchi.
remote sensing with Near infrared reflectance spectra: Carbonate recognition. Data Mining and Knowledge discovery, 6, pp. 277-293.
[34] Roy, M. (1974): Progress Report on detailed prospecting of Bauxite at Chandipat,
district-Ranchi. [35] Roy Choudhury(1958). Bauxite in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh. Memoir of GSI, Vol.85.
[36] Sandwar, A. N., Prakash, R. K. (1980): A Report on the Investigation of Bauxite
deposits in North Dhanka Toli- Kechkipat area in Ranchi district (Bihar).
[37] Schellmann, W. 1994. Geochemical differentiation in laterite and bauxite formation, CATENA, Volume 21, Issues 2-3, February 1994, Pages 131-143.
[38] Shankar,P.(1972): A Report on the Geological Investigation for Bauxite in
Lupungpat area.
[39] Shankar,P.(1971):A Report on the Geological Investigation for Bauxite in Lupungpat area(South Netarhat Plateau) Ranchi, District.
[40] Shankar, P. (1970): A Report on the Geological Investigation for Bauxite in
Lupungpat area (South Netarhat Plateau) Ranchi, District, Bihar.
[41] Shaw,P.(1971):Report on the Investigation for Bauxite deposits in South Chandi pat area, Ranchi, Bihar.
[42] Singh, S. N., Singh, M. N., (1974): The detailed investigation for Bauxite in Besna
area, Ranchi district.
[43] Singh,M.N.(1971): The detailed investigation for Bauxite in Dauna pat, Ranchi District, Bihar.
[44] Singh,M.N (1970): The detailed investigation of Bauxite in Davnapat ,Ranchi
District,Bihar.
[45] Verma, B.K., Dutta, J. (1971): A short note on the preliminary reconnaissance for bauxite in deposit No. 49 near Gumla, Ranchi district, Bihar.
[46] Zhang, X., Pamer, M., & Duke, N. (2007). Lithologic and mineral information
extraction for gold exploration using ASTER data in the south Chocolate Mountains (California). Isprs Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 62, 271-282.
Jharkhand Space Application Center JSAC
Rem
ote
Sens
ing
data
and
GIS
ana
lysi
s fo
r Min
eral
Exp
lora
tion
in J
hark
hand
71
ANNEXURES
Annexure-1 List of Villages & Towns Sl No Block Name Villages in the block
A GulgulPat Block Birjupur, Kernutoni, Lotatoli, Serangdar B
K KondlePat Block Baldto,Barang,Bartoli,Basartoli,Biar,Bimaria,Birapanrtoli,Ghaghra,Gharanthwtoli,Ghughrutoli,Jakari, Jhandutoli,Jilitigsera,Koliakamtoli,Korla,Manatu,Mundar,Porha,Turltoli,Pakni
Collection and Conversion of Ancillary Data: Conversion of the Data to reference map by digitization, georeferencing
Co-registration and mosaicking of ancillary Data: Comparison of Litho Boundaries delineated in satellite data with that of ancillary data.
Preparation of reference geological and base layer map: Reference geological map to be prepared based on available geological maps and reports for first level ground truthing of the mineral map.
Field Work: Field work for collecting samples for chemical analysis and spectral profile generation for facilitating image interpreparation.
Satellite data procurement and data preprocessing: Co- registration, Mosaicking of level-1A ASTER data, Atmospheric correction of aster data
Image Processing of Satellite data: Image enhancement, derivation of indices images for interpretation from ASTER level 1A data.
Image Interpretation of processed Data: Analysis of Conjugated products of satellite image with Aster-Dem for detecting the variability in slope, tone, texture and geomorphic variation characteristic of Bauxite.