Project & Quality Management Day 3 Technology Project Management
Project & Quality Management
Day 3 Technology
Project Management
Syllabus Core: PQM
Three main topics
Project Management
• Quality Management
• Reliability Management
Project Management• Overview of project management,• Project planning;
→Work Breakdown Structure,→The Gantt Chart,→Network Diagram,→Critical Path Diagram,
• Project planning for Technology projects, • Using Microsoft Project to generate charts.
Structure of the Presentation
What is Project Management?
A set of techniques used for managing projects
Origins in industry - large projects
• Bridge Building
• New Product Development
• Road Building
What is a Project?
“Any task within an organisation that does not fit neatly into ‘business-as-usual’”
• Port Tunnel
• Luas
• Development of New Engine
• Set up a Quality System in Company
• Technology Design & Make project.
What is a Project?Projects have the following characteristics:
• Each project is specific and unique.
• Each project has a specific deliverable item when complete.
• This deliverable is aimed at meeting a specific need or purpose.
• There is usually a specific due date for completion of the project.
Design is not necessarily a central part of the project activity.
What is Managed?
PM focuses on the management of resources and time in a systematic manner.
• The administration of the project
• The supervision of the project
• The organisation of the project
What is Managed?
For the student it means:
• Analysing the objectives of the project,
• Defining the tasks needed to achieve these objectives,
• Controlling the execution of them.
Who manages the projeect?
Large projects usually involve a project team.
Project Manager
Specialist Specialist Specialist
Projects have 3 objectives,
Finish on time.
Meet the specifications that satisfy the brief.
Meet the budget.
Students are the project managers of their own tasks!
What do Project Managers do?
Importance of Planning
Unexpected events may happen during the project and may cause delays.
Breakdown of machinery,Problems with resources/supplies,Labour shortages, etc.
Project planning can minimise the effect of these unexpected delays.
Project Planning
What is a project plan?
• Can be as simple as a list of sequences for a small project
• Can be more complex with charts, tables, costings etc. for a larger project
Project Planning
1. Analyse the brief,
2. List the steps involved,
3. Draw up a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS).
A WBS is a diagram that shows→ Primary Tasks→ Sub-Tasks
Example
Draw up a Work Breakdown Structure for the erection of a garden shed.
1. The shed will come prefabricated but will need to be assembled.
2. A foundation will need to be prepared in advance.
List of Tasks
No. Activity
1 Order Shed
2Buy Blocks, Sand &
Cement
3 Build Foundation
4 Assemble Shed
WBS for Garden Shed
Garden ShedPrepare Foundation
Buy Blocks and Cement
Place order for shed
Assemble Shed when it arrives
The Gantt Chart – a Preview
A Gantt Chart is a horizontal bar chart showing the times for each task
Looking at the Gantt Chart
• Delivery time for the shed is nine days,• One day for buying materials,• Two days for making the foundation,• One day for assembly.
Note:
• Making the foundation is timed so that it is ready just in time for the delivery of the shed
• Could have been completed at an earlier date if desired.
Exercises
Redraw the Gantt chart so that the maximum amount of time is allowed for the curing of the foundation.
Buy Blocks
Build Foundation
Assemble
Day 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Order Shed from Supplier
ExercisesShown is a picture of a Christmas Tree Star
1. Draw a WBS for the Star
2. Draw a Gantt chart for manufacturing the Star
List of Tasks:Star
No. Activity Time
1 Mark Out Star 1
2 Drill Holes 1
3 Cut Out & File 3
4 Solder Circuit 2
5 Assemble 2
6 Test 1
WBS for Star
Star
Mark Out Drill Cut Out & File
Solder Circuit
Assemble Test
Circuit
Structure
Sub Task
Sub Task
Gantt Chart for Star
Cut Out & File
Drill
Solder Circuit
Day 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Mark Out
Assemble
Test
Network DiagramsFor larger or more complex projects a
network diagram is required.
Network Diagrams show:
1. The relationships between the tasks,2. The sequence in which each task is
performed,3. The interdependencies between the
tasks.
Drawing up a Network Diagram
• Start with task list and draw up a WBS
• Decide on the order of tasks
WBS
Network Diagram
Gantt Chart
Sample WBS
A WBS needs to be analysed and redrawn frequently to arrive at the best production sequence.
(Use ‘Post its’)
Network Table
Task Predecessor
A -
B -
C A
D B
E B
F C,D
G E
The tasks and theirpredecessorscan be drawn as a table
Part Complete Network Diagram
Note that task C has A as a predecessor
D and E have B as predecessors.
A and B have no predecessors and are connected to the starting node.
Complete Network Diagram
Task Predecessor
A -
B -
C A
D B
E B
F C,D
G E
Exercise:Complete the diagram using the remainder of the tasks
Network Diagram for Garden Shed
Draw up a network diagram for the garden shed project described previously.
Some Definitions and TermsTerms used for network diagrams:Activity – A task or set of tasks required by the project.Network – Diagram of nodes representing activities
connected by directional arrows that defines the project and shows the relations between all of the activities. Networks are usually drawn with a ‘Start’ node on the left and a ‘Finish’ node on the right.
Path – A series of connected activities in the networkCritical Path – the set of activities on a path from the
project’s start event to its finish event that if delayed, will delay the completion date of the project.
Critical Time – The time required to complete all activities on the critical path.
Adding Times to the Network Diagram
• Duration of each task can be added to network diagram
• From this, start and finish times can be found for each task
• Some tasks can be allowed to vary their start and finish times without affecting overall time taken
Example
Task Predecessor Duration
A - 5 (days)
B - 4
C A 3
D A 4
E A 6
F B,C 4
G D 5
H D,E 6
I F 6
J G,H 4
Consider the following project
Network with Tasks & Times
Adding Further Information
We can add the following information to each node in the diagram:
Earliest Start Time (EST)Earliest Finish Time (EFT)
Latest Start Time (LST)Latest Finish Time (LFT)
Critical Path Diagram
Critical path in orange
See notes for a detailed explanation
Conclusions from Critical Path Diagram
• Critical path is path that requires the most time (A-E-H-J)
• Critical time is 21 days which is the earliest possible completion time
• Any delay on critical path will delay the project
• Some delay (within limits) can be tolerated on other tasks.
Critical Path Diagram for the Garden ShedComplete the critical path diagram for the garden shed
State critical path and critical time
Solution
CP: Order Shed – AssembleCT= 10 Days
Slack = LFT-EFT = LST-EST
Calculating Activity Slack
Slack or Float is the amount of time a non-critical task can be delayed
Slack = Latest Finish Time – Earliest Finish Time
or
Latest Start Time – Earliest Start Time
Slack Times from Shed Example
Both non-critical tasks have a slack of (9-3)=(7-1)=(7-1)=(6-0) = 6 days
The Gantt Chart
• Generated from network diagram
• Gives visual representation of activities and times
• Gantt charts can show:• Timeline for each task• Dependencies of tasks• Critical path
Network DiagramUsing the Network Diagram from previous example
Application of PM to Tech. ProjectsNow we will apply the techniques we have
met to a hypothetical LC project.
The procedure for project work is:• List the tasks and sub-tasks involved• Draw up a WBS• Draw up a Network Table• Draw up a Network Diagram• Insert times and determine the Critical
Path
Consider the following project brief
Design and manufacture a personal alarm that will incorporate an electronic circuit as well as a suitable casing
From analysing the brief:• General plan on how to approach the project• Identify the main tasks involved• Derive a Work Breakdown Schedule• Draw up a Network Diagram• Add times and find the critical path, critical
time and slack for the activities.
A possible WBS for the project
Personal Alarm
Research Circuit
Design Circuit
Order Components
User Survey Design Casing
Manufacture & Assemble
Test
Design Specification
Order Materials
Casing
Circuit
Sub Task
Sub Task
Network TableFirst draw up a list of tasks and preceding tasks
Task Description Duration Predecessor
A Research Circuit 14 -
B User Survey 7 -
C Device Spec 1 B
D Circuit Design 3 A
E Order Components 10 D
F Design Casing 7 C
G Order Materials 7 F
H Manufacture and assembly
7 E,G
I Test 4 H
Network Diagram
7
7
Critical Path Diagram
CP = Circuit Research -Circuit Design-Order Components-Build-Test
CT = 38 class periods
Gantt Chart for Project
Student Workbook
List the tasks needed to complete the project
Example 2
List the tasks
Estimate the times
Draw up WBS and Gantt chart
Example – Contains circuit
List the tasks & Estimate timesOrder tasks and optimise themDraw up WBS and Gantt chartEstimate project duration
Example:
Example