PROBIOTIC
PROBIOTIC
MC LCMC LC1DANH MC BNG3DANH MC HNH & TH4CHNG 1 : TNG QUAN51.1.Khi nim v probiotic61.2.Tc dng ca probiotic61.3.C ch hot ng ca probiotic61.4.Tnh hnh s dng probiotic Vit Nam71.5.Sn phm Probiotic8CHNG 2 : SN PHM PROBIOTICS102.1.Sa Chua112.2.Phn Loi Sa Chua112.3.Qu Trnh To Sa Chua122.4.C Ch Qu Trnh Ln Men132.5.Vi sinh vt trong ln men sa chua:15CHNG 3 : QUI TRNH CNG NGH183.1.Qui Trnh Cng Ngh193.2.Thuyt minh quy trnh203.2.1Sn xut men ci203.2.1.1.Sa nguyn liu:203.2.1.2.Trn Tun Hon203.2.1.3.Lc203.2.1.4.ng ha203.2.1.5.Thanh trng, lm ngui213.2.1.6.Nhn ging-lm lnh213.2.1.7.Quy trnh ly mu v kim tra cht lng.213.2.2Sn xut dch sa chua223.2.2.1Trn tun hon223.2.2.2Lc233.2.2.3ng ha233.2.2.4Thanh trng233.2.2.5Lm ngui233.2.2.6Ln men233.2.2.7Lm lnh243.2.2.8Phi trn243.2.2.9ng gi243.2.2.10Bo qun:253.2.2.11Tiu chun quc gia v sa chua (TCVN 7030:2002 )25KT LUN27TI LIU THAM KHO28
DANH MC BNGTRANGBng 1.1. Mt s thc phm probiotics hin nay trn th gii9Bng 3.1. Thng s kim tra cht lng trong sut quy trnh sn xut men ging21Bng3.2. Ch tiu ha l sa chua theo tiu chun Vit Nam.24Bng 3.3. Hm lng kim loi nng24Bng 3.4. Ch tiu vi sinh vt sa chua theo tiu chun Vit Nam25
DANH MC HNH & TH TRANGHnh 1.1. Mt s loi sa chua Vit Nam10Hnh 1.2. Streptococcus lactis (Dr. Arthur Siegelman)16Hnh 1.3 Lactobacillus bulgaricus16Hnh 1.4. Streptococcus thermophilus (Dennis Kunkel Microscopy16Hnh 3.1. S Qui Trnh Sn Xut Sa Chua18
CHNG 1 : TNG QUAN
1.1. Khi nim v probioticT Probiotic c bt ngun t Hy Lp. Probiotic l nhng vi sinh vt nh vi khun hay nm men m c th thm vo thc phm vi mc ch iu chnh qun th sinh vt ng rut ca sinh vt ch (Parker, 1974).Van De Kerkove (1979), Barrows v Deam (1985), Lestradet (1995) cng cho rng probiotic c s dng nh mt liu php trong vic cha tr bnh tiu chy hay nh l cch phng bnh ngi v ng vt gim n mc ti thiu s pht tn ca vi sinh vt ng rut, s khng li liu php sinh hc v s di cn ca chng vim d dy rut. Probiotic cng c nhn thy l c nhng nh hng c li trn sc khe ca sinh vt ch (Fuller, 1989).Nm 1992 Havenaar m rng nh ngha v probiotic: Probiotic c nh ngha nh l s nui cy ring l hay hn hp cc vi sinh vt sng m c nh hng c li cho sinh vt ch bng cch ci thin nhng c tnh ca vi sinh vt bn a.1.2. Tc dng ca probiotic Tiu ha thc n v lm gim bt s ri lon tiu ha y mnh s tng hp vitamin B Bo v chng li E.coli, Salmonella v s ly nhim nhng vi khun khc Ci thin s dung np lactose Ci thin chc nng min dch Gip ngn chn nhng ch lot trong h thng tiu ha Ngn chn nhng chng vim Gim cholesterol1.3. C ch hot ng ca probiotic Tc ng khng khun ca probioticLm gim s lng vi khun ngn chn cc mm bnh.Tit ra cc cht khng khun. Vi khun probiotic to ra cc cht a dng m c ch c vi khun Gram dng v Gram m, gm c cc acid hu c, hydrogen peroxide v cht dit vi khun lm bng vi khun. Nhng hp cht ny c th lm gim khng ch nhng sinh vt mang mm bnh c th sng c m cn nh hng n s trao i cht ca vi khun v s to ra cc c t. iu ny c thc hin bng cch gim pH khoang rut thng qua s to ra cc acid beo chui ngn d bay hi, ch yu l acetate, propionate, v butyrate, nht l acid lactic.Cnh tranh vi cc ngun bnh ngn chn s bm dnh vo ng rut.Cnh tranh dinh dng cn thit cho s sng st ca mm bnh.Tc ng khng c t. Tc ng ca probiotic trn biu m ruty mnh s lin kt cht gia nhng t bo biu m. Gim vic kch thch bi tit v nhng hu qu do b vim ca s ly nhim vi khun.y mnh s to ra cc phn t phng v nh cht nhy. Tc ng min dch ca probioticProbiotic nh l phng tin phn pht cc phn t khng vim cho ng rut.y mnh s bo hiu cho t bo ch lm gim p ng vim.To p ng min dch lm gim d ng. Tc ng ca probiotic n vi khun ng rut
Probiotic iu chnh thnh phn cu to ca vi khun ng rut. S sng st ca probiotic c tiu ha nhng phn khc nhau ca b phn tiu ha th khc nhau gia cc ging. Khi tp trung khoang rut, chng to nn s cn bng tm thi ca h sinh thi ng rut, s thay i ny c nhn thy mt vi ngy sau khi bt u tiu th thc phm c probiotic, ph thuc vo cng dng v liu lng ca ging vi khun. Kt qu ch ra rng vi s tiu th thng xuyn, vi khun nh c mt cch tm thi trong rut, mt khi chm dt s tiu th th s lng vi sinh vt probiotic s gim xung. iu ny th ng cho tt c cc loi probiotic.Vi khun probiotic iu ha hot ng trao i cht ca sinh vt ng rut. Probiotic c th lm gim pH ca b phn tiu ha v c th theo cch s gy cn tr cho hot ng tit ra enzyme ca sinh vt ng rut.1.4. Tnh hnh s dng probiotic Vit NamHin nay Vit Nam ang y mnh vic nghin cu sn xut probiotic dng trong chn nui v nui trng thy sn. Tuy nhin sn phm tinh ch th gi thnh cn cao nn nc ta hin nay vn s dng ngun nguyn liu ch yu l cc loi ph phm ca ngnh nng nghip. Do gi thnh ca probiotic gim xung nhiu v cng gip cho vt nui tiu ha tt hn, gim t l bnh v gp phn ci thin mi trng.T b khoai m m ngay c ng vt cng ch, cc chuyn gia thuc Vin Sinh Hc Nhit i to ra thc n kch thch tng trng cho mi vt nui k c thy sn.ProBio-S li l ch phm dng lng, c sn xut bng cch cho b ti vo nhng bao ti ln ri cy ch phm EM-S cha nhiu chng vi sinh vt hu ch nh Bacillus sp., Lactobacillus sp., Saccharomyces sp. vi t l 1lt EM-S/25kg b (1ml cha 1010 t bo vi sinh vt hu ch). Ba ngy lm cho lng vi sinh vt tng mnh. Vi nhng chng vi sinh vt hu dng ni trn, ch phm ProBio-S gip cn bng h sinh thi vi sinh vt ng rut ca vt nui cng nh gim lng vi sinh vt c hi. Nh th m vt nui tiu ho tt hn, gim t l bnh ng rut, tng trng nhanh hn. Gi thnh ca ProBio-S l 5.000-6.000 ng/kg. Kt qu th nghim s b trn 15-20 con ln 1 thng tui cho thy sau ba thng c n hai ch phm trn, ln tng trng nhanh hn 1,1-1,3kg so vi nhng con i chng (ch n thc n bnh thng)Ch phm Probiotic Bio I v Bio II gm hn hp cc vi sinh vt sng v enzyme tiu ha dng trong chn nui v nui trng thy sn nhn c gii thng WIPO dnh cho nh khoa hc n xut sc nht (V Th Hnh)Trong thy sn, cng ty cng ngh ha sinh Vit Nam sn xut nhng sn phm phc v cng tc mi trng nui tm, c t hiu qu:- BIO - DW - lm sch nc, nn y ao nui; ngn chn dch bnh; tng sn lng tm, c.- BIO - PROBIOTIC - Thc n b sung cho tm, c.- EMC - Phc hp vi sinh vt c li, VITAMIN v cc ENZYME hu hiu dng nui tm, c1.5. Sn phm ProbioticSn phm probiotic rt a dng v chng loi cng nh sn phm chc nng. Ngy nay cc sn phm ny c s dng rng ri trong cc ngnh thc phm, y dc , nng nghip, cng nghip
Bng 1.1. Mt s thc phm probiotics hin nay trn th giiTn sn phmNc sn xutCc loi vi khun
ACO-yoghurtThy SS.thermophilus;L.bulgaricus;L.acidophilus
Culturaan MchL.acidophilus; B.bifidum
AB-yoghurtan MchL.acidophilus; B.bifidum
BiogardecL.acidophilus; B.bifidum; S.thermophilus
BifighurtcS.thermophilus; B.longum
GefilacPhn LanL.rhammosus
YakultNht BnL.casei
Miru MiruNht BnL.acidophilus; L.casei
Mil Mil ENht BnB.bifidum; yoghurt culture
BiokysSlovakiaB.bifidum; L.acidophilus; Pedicoccis acidilactici
Actimet OrangecL.acidophilus
CHNG 2 : SN PHM PROBIOTICS
2.1. Sa ChuaSa chuahay yaourt lsn phm b sac sn xut bivi khunln mencasa. Mi loi sa c th dng lm sa chua, nhng trong cch ch to hin i, sabc dng nhiu nht. Sa chua c v yaourt l sn phm ln menlactict sa b ti, sa bt hay sa ng vt ni chung sau khi kh cht bo v thanh trng vi khun gy bnh bng phng php Pasteur nhit 80-90C.
. Hnh 1.1. Mt s loi sa chua Vit Nam2.2. Phn Loi Sa Chua Truyn thngTrong quy trnh sn xut sa chua truyn thng, sa nguyn liu sau khi c x l, cy ging ri c rt vo bao b. Qu trnh ln men din ra trong bao b lm xut hin khi ng v to cu trc c trng cho sn phm. Sn phm c cu trc gel mn. Hin iSa chua dng khuy (Stirred type): Khi ng xut hin trong sn phm sau qu trnh ln men b ph hu mt phn do s khuy trn c hc. Trong quy trnh sn xut sa chua dng khuy, sa nguyn liu c x l v cy ging ri ln men trong thit b chuyn dng, tip theo l qu trnh lm lnh v rt sn phm vo bao b. Sa chua dng khuy s khng c cu trc gel mn v ng nht nh sa chua truyn thngSa chua ung (Drinking type) hay sa chua dng lng: Khi ng xut hin trong sn phm sau qu trnh ln men b ph hu hon ton. Sn phm c dng lng, khi s dng, ngi tiu dng khng cn dng mung. im khc bit l sau qu trnh ln men, ngi ta s dng phng php khuy trn hoc phng php ng ho ph hu cu trc gel ca khi ng v lm gim nht cho sn phm.2.3. Qu Trnh To Sa ChuaSa ln men thnh sa chua do vi khun lactic v hin tng ny gi l ln men lactic. Sa chua c v snh, st do vi khun lactic bin dch trong sa thnh dch cha nhiu axit lactic:Glucozo + (xt)vi khun lactic -->axit lactic+ nng lng (t)T lm cho pHtrong sa gim thp, gy kt taCasein(1 loi protein trong sa) t lm sa t lng tr thnh stCc qu trnh sinh ho sy ra trong sa :Sa ti l mi trng thch hp cho s xm nhp v pht trin ca cc loi vi sinh vt.Do s pht trin ca vi sinh vt nn trong sa ti c sy ra nhiu qu trnh sinh ho phc tp,trong c bin i c li nh s ln men lactic,nhng ch yu l cc qu trnh bin i c hi,lm gim cht lng ca sa v cui cng l dn n h hng. Mt s qu trnh bin i ch yu xy ra trong qu trnh bo qun sa tiS ln men lactic: hay cn gi l s ln men chua ca sa.chng phn gii dng lactose thnh nhiu cht phc tp,ch yu l to thnh acid lactic.s ln men lactic c ng dng trong sa chua.S ln men lactic xy ra ch yu do tac ng ca vi khun lactic.vi khun lactic khng bn vng di tc ng ca nhit cao,khi dun nng sa ti 60-650Ctrong khong 15-39 pht vi khun lactic s b tiu dit.S ln men bulitic: l qu trnh bin i khng c li cho sa chua .di tc ng ca vi khun ny,ng lactose v cc mui ca acid lactic b ln men to thnh acid butyric,mt s cht kh mt s hp cht acidlm gim cht lng ca sa.vi khun butyric hot ng mnh nhit khon 400CS thi ra: hin tng sa ti b thi ra l do nhiu loi vi sinh vt pht trin phn hu cc hp cht protein ca sa thnh nhng sn phm c mi thi kh chi.ngoi ra bn thn cc loi vi khun gy thi ra c th t tit ra cc cht c hoc phn gii protein thnh cc cht c lm cho sa b nhim c, cht lng ca sa gim dn thm ch khng cn dng lm thc phm c na.2.4. C Ch Qu Trnh Ln MenTrong cc sn phm ln men t sa, ngi ta nhn thy c 3 dng ln men chnh: ln men ru, ln men lactic (thng gp), ln men butyric.Ln men lactic: l qu trnh ln men ch yu ca cc sn phm sa chua. Da vo thnh phn ca sn phm ln men m ngi ta chia thnh: ln men lactic in hnh v ln men lactic khng in hnh. Trong mi trng sa, vi khun lactic tng hp enzyme lactase.
Enzyme lactaseLactose glucose + Galactoseng Galactose chuyn ha thnh glucoseGlactose + ATP Galactose 1 phosphates + ADPGalactose 1 phosphates Glucose 1 - phosphatGlucose 1 phosphate Glucose 6 - phosphatGlucose 6 phosphate Glucose + H3PO4ng Glucose chuyn ha thnh acid pyruvic theo chu trnh glycoside ca Embden Meyerhof.
Acid pyruvic tip tc chuyn ha thnh acid lactic di tc dng ca enzyme lactase dehydrogenase
Lactase dehydrogenaseAcid PyruvicAcid LacticCH3CH3
C O CH OH
COOH COOH
Bn cnh , di tc dng ca enzyme decarboxylase ca vi khun lactic, acid pyruvic cng chuyn thnh andehyt acetic.
DecarboxylaseCH3CH3
C O C O
COOHHAcid pyruvic Andehyt aceticC ch ng t sa trong sn xut sa chua c:Acid lactic ng vai tr rt quan trng i vi s ng t sa trong qu trnh sn xut sa chua c.Bnh thng cc micelle casein trong sa tch in m nn chng y nhau v in lm cho cc micelle casein tn ti di dng keo.Acid lactic to ra t qu trnh ln men s lm gim ph ca sa. khi pH ca sa bng pI ca casein cc micelle casein b trung ha v in tch v micelle casein s ng t to thnh gel. Khi pH gim xung pI, cc micelle casein c ti ha tan. V l c s ny c ng dng trong sn xut sa chua khi dng qu trnh ln men ca sa chua c pH = 4.7. cn sa chua ung th pH = 4.1Acid lactic cn tham gia phn ng vi caseinate calcium to qun sa.NH2-R(COO)2Ca + 2CH2CHOHCOOH NH2-R(COOH)2 + (CH2CH0HCOO)2Ca
Acid lacticAcid ceiseic (qun sa)Lactate calciumCaseinnate calcium
Cc calcium phosphate keo s lm ha tan v to ra Ca2+. Cc ion ny lm cho khi ng t bn cht hn.2.5. Vi sinh vt trong ln men sa chua:Ty theo tng loi sn phm theo nhu cu th trng v c trng sn phm ca mi quc gia m cung cp thm mt s chng vi khun lactic trong qu trnh ln men. Chng hn, c yu cu ch c S.thermophilus v mt chng Lactobacillus ty ; Anh li cho php cho vo L.bulgaricus vi mt chng vi khun lactic khc. Mt s ni sn xut sa chua vi c hai chng L. bulgaricus v S. thermophilus.Trong sn xut sa chua Vit Nam thng s dng 2 loi sau: Lactobacillus bulgaricus v Streptoccocus thermophilus [1]. Lactobacillus bulgaricus (L. bulgaricus) l vi khun ln men in hnh, pht trin tt nhit 45 500C trong mi trng c acid cao. L. bulgaricus c th to ra trong khi sa n 2,7% acid lactic t ng lactose. pH ti thch ca L. bulgaricus l 5,2 5,6.Streptoccocus thermophilus (S. thermophilus): Pht trin tt nhit 500C v sinh sn tt nhit 37- 400C. y cng l vi khun lactic ln men in hnh c kh nng chu nhit n 650C trong 30 pht. pH ti thch ca S. thermophilus l 6,6 6,8.Trong sn xut sa chua, vic cy hn hp 2 loi vi khun ny cho kt qu tt hn l ch s dng ring tng loi. L. bulgaricus c cha enzyme phn gii protein nn c kh nng phn tch c mt s amino acid t casein. Cc amino acid ny, quan trng nht l valine, t cung cp ngun c cht c cha nit d hp thu v thc y s sinh trng ca cu khun. Streptococcus thermophilus s thc y qu trnh sinh trng ca cu khun Lactobacillus bulgaricus thng qua vic hnh thnh acid formicTrong sn xut sa chua bng nui cy hn hp hai loi trn cho thy: giai on u ca qu trnh sn xut, pH ca sa thch hp cho loi Streptococcus hot ng chim u th v m bo cho qu trnh ln men lactic c bt u. Hot ca cc enzyme phn hu casein ca Lactobacillus kch thch s pht trin ca Streptococcus, acid tng ln. pH ca sa thay i lm cho Streptococcus kh pht trin. Lc ny Lactobacillus s thay th ch v s vn cc ca sa bt u.Sa chua c th c sn xut t sa ti t nhin hoc sa bt ho tan vi sa ti. Sau khi thanh trng nhit 950C, sa c lm lnh n nhit 42-460C v cy hai loi vi khun trn thc hin qu trnh ln men nhit 40-500C trong thi gian 2-3h. sn phm c chua nh v thm, ngi ta c th s dng t bo ca vi khun Streptococcus giai on non v khi mi trng ln men c acid thp. Ngc li, mun sa chua c acid cao th cn s dng t bo Streptococcus gi hn hoc s dng Lactobacillus.
Hnh 1.2. Streptococcus lactis (Dr. Arthur Siegelman)Hnh 1.4. Streptococcus thermophilus (Dennis Kunkel Microscopy)Hnh 1.3 Lactobacillus bulgaricus
CHNG 3 : QUI TRNH CNG NGH
3.1. KCSSn xut men ciTrn tun honNc, bt sa gyLcng haThanh trngLm nguiNhn gingLm lnhTr lnhCnCn650C60 700C150 bar950C5 pht420C430CpH: 4,54 6h
