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An AIA Continuing Education ProgramCredit for this course is 1 AIA/CES Learning Unit

Lighting Design 101 Color & Light

Frankie Cameron2425 ENTERPRISE DR. STE.900Mendota Heights, MN [email protected] ext 2552

An American Institute of Architects (AIA) An American Institute of Architects (AIA) Continuing Education ProgramContinuing Education Program

Approved Promotional Statement: Ron Blank & Associates is a registered provider with The American Institute Of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates Of Completion for non-AIA members available on request."

This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA or Ron Blank & Associates of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

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Course Format: This is a structure, web-based, self study course with a final exam.

Course Credit: 1 Health Safety & Welfare (HSW) learning unit (LU)

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Design professionals please make sure and print your certificate after successfully completing a course. All AIA and non- AIA members will be sent a copy of your certificate to the email address you provided in your Ron Blank account.

An American Institute of Architects (AIA) An American Institute of Architects (AIA) Continuing Education ProgramContinuing Education Program

Learning Objectives

At the conclusion of this course the designer will be able to:•Define the “Layers of Lighting”•Design a lighting plan based on the “Layers of Lighting” technique•Know the difference in bulb technologies and select the correct bulb for any application•Help their clients make informed decisions on energy saving technologies

Following the presentation you Following the presentation you will be asked to take a short quizwill be asked to take a short quiz

Introduction

• This course is intended to provide information on the lighting technologies available today and their intended use

• This course covers the “Layers of Lighting” technique

• This course defines color temperature and how to use this to select the proper lighting for an application

What is Expected of a Residential Lighting Design?

• It should enhance the space’s overall style with the correct quality and quantity of light

• It should provide sufficient lighting to accommodate how the space is used and the tasks that will be performed

• It should be appropriate for the budget and client sensitivities• It should consider how much energy and waste will be

produced• It should enhance the style and design of the space – not

detract from it• It should use proper bulbs and color temperature• It should make use of the proper switch and dimmer

placement and capabilities

The Kelvin Scale

The following slide shows the Kelvin Scale, it is important to remember the following:•All bulbs are rated according to this scale which indicates their color temperature•General residential/typical incandescent lighting is between 2700K and 3000K, which produces a slightly warmer light•Many fluorescent bulbs can now produce light in that same range•Make sure when selecting bulbs that they have the correct color temperature for the space

The Kelvin Scale

Lighting Design Concepts

Your lighting designs should follow the same concept as the interior design – whether that is cool and contemporary or warm and traditional.

.

The Layers The Layers ApproachApproach

As taught by Jim Benya

in his book Lighting Design Basics, Wiley Press

The Layers Approach

• The ambient layer is general overhead lighting such as, recessed or ceiling mounted

The Layers Approach

• The ambient layer is general overhead lighting such as, recessed or ceiling mounted

• Task lighting is oriented to any area where tasks will be performed such as desk lamps or under-cabinet lights

The Layers Approach

• The ambient layer is general overhead lighting such as, recessed or ceiling mounted

• Task lighting is oriented to any area where tasks will be performed such as desk lamps or under-cabinet lights

• The focal layer is used to focus attention to artwork or displays

The Layers Approach

• The ambient layer is general overhead lighting such as, recessed or ceiling mounted

• Task lighting is oriented to any area where tasks will be performed such as desk lamps or under-cabinet lights

• The focal layer is used to focus attention to artwork or displays

• Decorative lighting is any lighting chosen to enhance the overall feel of a space

The Layers Approach

The Ambient Layer• Provides overall lighting in a room• Provides the light for moving around and

basic visual recognition• Does not illuminate specific tasks

Ambient Lighting (General Lighting)

Here you see cove lighting that is meant to reflect off a white ceiling and is meant to produce a soft even glow. As mentioned, Ambient Lighting could also be recessed lights or ceiling mounted fixtures or even track lighting.

The Layers Approach

Light levels are critical• More contrast between the ambient lighting and

task lighting in a room will create a space that feels more dramatic

• However if the ambient light levels are closer to the task light levels the space will appear brighter, cheerier, and more relaxing

Note: This is easy to achieve with up lighting.

The following slides provide examples

High contrast between ambient

and task light levels, create drama!

This space clearly shows a high contrast between the recessed, ambient lighting and the task lighting provided by the under-cabinet and hood lights, creating a very dramatic quality. This is easily achieved with dimmers.

Similar ambient and task light levels create a

brighter, cheerier, friendly space.

This space shows more consistent lighting in the overhead recessed and the under-cabinet and pendant lights. This appears to be a bright and sunny space.

The Layers Approach

The Task Layer• The task layer lights a work space where tasks

should occur such as a table or a desk• These luminaries include table lamps, floor lamps,

desk lamps, drafting lamps, under cabinet lights, and shelf lights

Ambient and Task Lighting

This is an example of task lighting as recessed down lights that are positioned directly above the work surfaces, the table and the countertop.

The Layers Approach

The Focal Layer• Focal lighting’s primary purpose is to illuminate

features, artwork and displays• Most of the time it should be designed to be

adjustable in case the display changes, for example, from one painting to two

• Track lighting is most popular use of focal lighting; most museums use track lighting for this reason

• The actual light is meant to be innocuous – the idea is to draw attention to the display not the lights

Ambient, Task, and Focal Lighting

This slide shows recessed, adjustable lights being used for the focal layer. Recessed lighting works for this application but will not suffice if the display is changed.

The Layers Approach

The Decorative Layer• The “jewelry of architecture”• Purpose is to ornament space, add style and

fashion• Avoid counting on the decorative light to suit a task

lighting need, unless it is a directional fixture

Ambient, Task, Focal, and Decorative Lighting

Chandelier

This example shows a chandelier as the decorative layer in this space but could also include wall sconces.

Case Study 1

The following slide shows an example of the “Layers of Lighting”•The pendant in this example is both decorative and ambient because it directs the light upwards and reflects off the white ceiling and spreads diffuse light into the kitchen•The task layer includes both the under cabinet and hood lights as well as the recessed fixtures that focus light onto the work surfaces•The focal layer includes the interior cabinet lights and the backsplash lights that highlight the displays

Ambient Recessed cans, up-lit pendant

Task Under cabinet, hood light, recessed cans

Focal Cabinet lights, backsplash

Decorative Pendant

Case Study 2

• In the following example, the ambient lighting is the cove lighting that is dimmable for different ‘scenes’ in this space

• The decorative layer is the chandelier and wall sconce• The task lighting is the recessed and under cabinet

lighting

• Note: this space is another example of a dramatic space created by the high contrast between the ambient layer and task layer light levels. This is easily created with the up lit cove lighting and dimmer.

AmbientCove

Decorative Chandelier and Sconce

Task Recessed and Under cabinet lighting

Case Study 2

Case Study 3

• In the following example, the pendant and wall sconces provide both ambient and decorative lighting

• The recessed lights provide the task and focal lighting

Decorative and AmbientChandelier and Sconce

Task Recessed

FocalRecessed

Case Study 3

Case Study 4

• The following space shows the chandelier and wall sconces providing the decorative and ambient lighting

• The recessed lights provide both task and focal lighting

Decorative and AmbientChandelier and Sconce

Task Recessed

FocalRecessed

Case Study 4

Case Study 5

• The next slide shows recessed lights providing the ambient lighting

• The task lighting is provided by the under cabinet lights and the pendants and chandelier

• Note: The pendants and chandelier can serve as both decorative and task lights because they are directional fixtures that focus their light down onto the eating areas or work surfaces.

• Note: This is another good example of a brighter and cheerier space because the ambient and task light layers are at a similar level.

AmbientRecessed cans

Task Under cabinet lights, Pendants, Chandelier

Decorative Pendants, Chandelier

Case Study 5

Things to Things to Remember:Remember:Room by RoomRoom by Room

A basic list of lighting considerations

Foyer & Major Spaces

Ambient and focal lighting are important in these spaces and no task lighting may be required at all. Some form of decorative lighting is good in order to set the tone.•A chandelier or sconce(s) is expected.•Warm the floor with down-lighting•Accent light art walls

Living Room

It is important to highlight the fireplace if there is one. This could be to draw your attention to a piece of art above the mantel or to accent the stone surround.

Generally, good overall lighting is required and should be dimmable to achieve different ambiance for this space according to the current use. For example, you may need more light if you are reading or playing a board game, and less if you are entertaining.

Dining Room

The dining room is often an area that is not thought of as requiring much of a lighting plan, but it is important to think both in terms of usage and aesthetics. Task oriented lighting may be required for the table area, decorative lighting is a must and focal lighting is often required for decorative objects. Dimmable lighting is also necessary to create the appropriate moods in this space. You may want higher light levels for a family dinner and lower light levels for a more intimate occasion.

Kitchens

Kitchens are much more task oriented than most other spaces in a home, therefore, they require enough lighting for the task at hand, whatever that may be.•Under-cabinet lights•Down-lights for islands and peninsulas•Down-light for the sink•High light levels otherwise

Bedrooms

Bedrooms are the one place that lower light levels are acceptable, especially if task lamps are provided in appropriate areas, such as a reading chair and bedside tables. Bedrooms should be a relaxing space; therefore high light levels are not needed.•Conducive to sleep•Create a refuge from more active and social spaces

Bathrooms

Bathrooms are also very task oriented and should have the proper amount of lighting in the right areas, like the vanity, shower or bathtub.•Light the vanity•Light the Face•Light the tub and shower

Other Things to Remember

• Don’t over do the controls, keep it simple.• Look for opportunities for task lighting; ask how the

space is to be used if it is not apparent.• LED’s are perfect for night lights or stairways.• Don’t over do day lighting or energy savings will be

lost in heating and cooling costs. • Focal lighting needs to be properly installed and

adjusted to draw attention to the artwork or display.• Don’t forget exterior spaces! These areas can

utilize the same lighting techniques.

Day-lighting: Day-lighting:

Important things to consider

Natural Light

Natural lighting is so important to our psyche but don’t forget how the space functions at all times of the day or night. Make sure to provide enough artificial lighting to compensate for overcast days or night time.

TechnologyTechnology

Incandescent

Pros• Last 750 to 1000 hours• Dimming can extend

lamp life• Color temp is about

2700K• Pleasing color• Inexpensive

Cons• Least energy efficient• Loses 95% of energy to

heat

These lamps are generally preferred for the color rendering quality; they have a slightly warmer light which we find pleasing to the eye. However, there are fluorescent lamps now available with the same color temperature.

Incandescent

Halogen

These bulbs offer a similar color temperature to incandescent bulbs but last longer and are slightly more energy efficient. However, they do get extremely hot.•Moderate life (2000 to 4000 hours)•Dimmable•Appealing color•Slightly more efficient than incandescent•Color temp is 2800 to 3100K•Heat is a problem

Halogen

Fluorescent

Fluorescent bulbs are becoming the obvious replacement for incandescent bulbs as we are moving towards higher energy saving standards. They do contain a small amount of mercury but if recycled properly, they actually cause less mercury to be exposed to the atmosphere through lowered energy consumption. For recycling information in your area visit www.earth911.org.

Fluorescent

Pros• Good energy efficiency• Good to excellent color• Dimmable• Many more decorative

fixture styles available

Cons• Sensitive to cold• Contain Mercury

Energy Saving Lighting

Neon & Cold Cathode

• Last 20,000 to 40,000 hours• Reasonable energy efficiency• Dimmable• Great for cove lighting

Cold Cathode Fluorescent Shelf Lighting

Here are two examples of cold cathode shelves; you can see that they emit a slightly cooler, bluish light.

Cold Cathode Fluorescent Shelf Lighting

LED: The LED: The Technology Technology and The and The EnvironmentEnvironment

LED: The Technology and The Environment

In our ever-growing need for energy efficiency in everything from autos to light bulbs, more and more research is being put into the technology of LEDs. In the past few years, LEDs have gradually replaced incandescent and fluorescent bulbs in many applications, including traffic lights, flashlights and reading lamps. While compact fluorescent bulbs are still the best choice for cost-effective energy efficiency, LEDs are rapidly rising as the newest contender on the market.

The incandescent bulb has changed little since its invention in 1879 by Thomas Edison. A regular 40-watt incandescent bulb burns through a lot more energy than it needs to produce the light you see. It typically converts only about 5% of the expended energy into visible light, while the remaining 90-95% is lost in heat. On the other hand, LED light bulbs generate very little heat, transferring most of their energy directly into light.

LED: The Technology and The Environment

The latest technology allows the LED light bulb to produce about the same amount of light as a compact fluorescent bulb (CFL). However, LED light is completely directional, unlike incandescent and fluorescent bulbs which splash light in all directions. LEDs focus their light in one direction, so that you have light exactly where you want it, which is great for task lights but is undesirable in ambient or general lighting fixtures. CFL and incandescent bulbs are better choices for general lighting.

LED: The Technology and The Environment

LED light bulbs emit a pleasing white light into a space. Unlike the yellowish light we're so used to seeing from incandescent bulbs, the white light cast by LEDs typically has a slightly bluish tinge and is closer to the color temperature of daylight. The white light of LEDs is easier on your eyes and has also been proven to be effective in treating Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). We have recently seen LEDs in warmer white light as well.

LED: The Technology and The Environment

Because of advancing technology and improvements to the manufacturing processes, LED bulbs will soon become more affordable to the average consumer. The Department of Energy has estimated that LED lighting could reduce U.S. energy consumption for lighting by 29% by 2025, saving the nation's households about $125 billion in the process.

LED: The Technology and The Environment

LED Benefits - At A Glance:

• Saves money on electricity • Light is comparable to the color of daylight • Uses only 2-10 watts of electricity (1/3rd to 1/30th of

incandescent or CFL) • Long lasting - up to 60,000-hour bulb life • Runs cool (warm to the touch) - generates little heat compared

to standard bulbs • Works with most dimmer switches • Instant on/off • Works in cold weather • Can sustain moderate power surges • Durable bulbs - no fragile filaments to break • Directional lighting generates less wasted light • Works with sensor-activated lights

LED’s

Pros• These light sources offer an extremely long lamp life,

approximately 60,000 hours (depending on the bulb type and manufacturer).

• They are available in many colors excellent for special effects and are now offered in warmer white light comparable to incandescent bulbs.

• They are extremely small.• Offer energy savings of up to 90 percent over

incandescent bulbs.• Some manufacturers are already producing decorative

fixtures with LED technology.Cons• They are expensive but are becoming more affordable.• There are no standards in place to test LED’s.

LED Applications for the Home

LEDs are great for unusual lighting applications or for areas that will be difficult for bulb replacement.

• Step lights• Marker sconces• Unusual lights• Exterior• Color changing

cove lights• Under and inside

cabinet lights• Special effects

• Suitable for interior or exterior

• Used for cove lighting, under or over cabinets, bookshelves or toe kicks

• About 60,000 hours of illumination

• Emits little heat and is cool to the touch

• 85% energy savings compared to incandescent rope lights

• Color temp is 4000 degrees Kelvin

LED Rope Lights

Course Summary

By now you should be able to: • Define the “Layers of Lighting”• Design a lighting plan based on the “Layers of

Lighting” technique• Know the difference in bulb technologies and select

the correct bulb for any application• Help your clients make informed decisions on

energy saving technologies

Please proceed to take the short quizPlease proceed to take the short quizto receive 1 AIA/CES Learning Unitto receive 1 AIA/CES Learning Unit

Frankie Cameron2425 ENTERPRISE DR. STE.900Mendota Heights, MN [email protected] ext 2552

An AIA Continuing Education ProgramCredit for this course is 1 AIA/CES Learning Unit

Lighting Design 101 Color & Light

Course sponsor