Principles of Information Systems - Chapter 11

Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

Specialized Business Information Systems

Chapter 11


Principles and Learning Objectives

• Artificial intelligence systems form a broad and diverse set of systems that can replicate human decision making for certain types of well-defined problems.

– Define the term artificial intelligence and state the objective of developing artificial intelligence systems.

– List the characteristics of intelligent behavior and compare the performance of natural and artificial intelligence systems for each of these characteristics.

– Identify the major components of the artificial intelligence field and provide one example of each type of system.



• Expert systems can enable a novice to perform at the level of an expert but must be developed and maintained very carefully.

– List the characteristics and basic components of expert systems.– Identify at least three factors to consider in evaluating the

development of an expert system.– Outline and briefly explain the steps for developing an expert

system.

– Identify the benefits associated with the use of expert systems.



• Virtual reality systems have the potential to reshape the interface between people and information technology by offering new ways to communicate information creatively.

– Define the term virtual reality and provide three examples of

virtual reality applications.

• Special-purpose systems can help organizations and individuals achieve their goals.

– Discuss examples of special-purpose systems for organizational and individual use.


An Overview of Artificial Intelligence


The Nature of Intelligence

• Learn from experience & apply the knowledge• Handle complex situations• Solve problems when important information is

missing• Determine what is important


The Nature of Intelligence

• React quickly & correctly to new situations • Understand visual images• Process & manipulate symbols• Be creative & imaginative• Use heuristics


The Difference Between Natural and Artificial Intelligence


The Major Branches of ArtificialIntelligence


An Overview of Expert Systems


Characteristics of an Expert System

• Can explain their reasoning or suggested decisions• Can display “intelligent” behavior • Can draw conclusions from complex relationships• Can provide portable knowledge• Can deal with uncertainty• Not widely used or tested


Characteristics of an Expert System

• Limited to relatively narrow problems• Cannot readily deal with “mixed” knowledge• Possibility of error• Cannot refine its own knowledge• May have high development costs• Raise legal and ethical concerns


Capabilities of an Expert Systems

• Strategic goal setting• Planning• Design• Decision-making• Quality control and monitoring• Diagnosis


Capabilities of Expert Systems


When to Use Expert Systems

• High payoff• Preserve scarce expertise• Distribute expertise• Provide more consistency than humans• Faster solutions than humans• Training expertise


Components of an Expert System


Knowledge Base

• Assembling human experts

• The use of fuzzy logic

• The use of rules

• The use of cases


Knowledge Base


Inference Engine

• Backward chaining

• Forward chaining

• Comparison of backward and forward chaining


The Use of Rules


The Knowledge Acquisition Facility


Components of an Expert System

• The explanation facility• The knowledge acquisition facility• The user interface


Expert Systems Development


Participants in Developing and Using Expert Systems

• Domain expert• Knowledge engineer• Knowledge user


Participants in Developing and Using Expert Systems


Domain Experts

• Recognize the real problem• Develop a general framework for problem solving• Formulate theories about the situation• Develop and use general rules to solve a problem• Know when to break the rules or general principles• Solve problems quickly and efficiently


Expert Systems Development Tools and Techniques


Expert Systems Development Tools and Techniques


Expert Systems Development Alternatives


Applications of Expert Systems and Artificial Intelligence

• Credit granting and loan analysis• Stock picking• Catching cheats and terrorists• Budgeting


Applications of Expert System and Artificial Intelligence

• Information management and retrieval• Games• Virus detection• Hospitals and medical facilities


Virtual Reality


Virtual Reality

• Enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment

• Immersive virtual reality - user becomes fully immersed in an artificial, three-dimensional world that is completely generated by a computer

• Virtual reality system - enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment


Segway


Interface Devices

• Head-mounted display (HMD)• Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor (BOOM)• CAVE• Haptic interface


Forms of Virtual Reality

• Mouse-controlled navigation• Stereo projection systems• Stereo viewing from the monitor via stereo

glasses


Useful Applications

• Medicine – used to link stroke patients to physical therapists

• Education and training – used by military for aircraft maintenance

• Entertainment – Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones


Useful Applications

• Real Estate Marketing and Tourism– Used to increase real estate sales– Virtual reality tour of the White House


Other Specialized Systems

• Segway Personal Transporter

• Adaptive brain interface technology

• Personal awareness assistant (PAA)


Summary

• Artificial intelligence - used to describe computers with ability to mimic or duplicate functions of the human brain

• Intelligent behavior - includes the ability to learn from experience

• Expert systems - can explain their reasoning (or suggested decisions) and display intelligent behavior

• Virtual reality systems - enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment

• Special-purpose systems - assist organizations and individuals in new and exciting ways. For example, Segway

Principles of Information Systems - Chapter 11

Education

use of expert systems

applications of expert

capabilities of expert

overview of expert systems

expert systems high

expert system limited

specialpurpose systems

diverse set of systems