Prezentation solar ear

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Cooling and Heating Cooling and Heating (large) facilities with the (large) facilities with the supporting power of thesupporting power of the

…the absorption cooling process converts water heated to 80 degrees by fossil fuels or the power of the sun to cold water of about 8

degrees…

sunsun

Project designed and build by SOLID & UNIproject

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Reasons for the use of Reasons for the use of solar energy for heating solar energy for heating and coolingand cooling Reduces operational costs of facilities Reduces dependency on fossil energy

supply and/or electricityContributes to a healthy environment

by cooling without the use of toxic gases

Use of renewable energy contributes to the reduction of CO2 emissions

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Saving money through Saving money through Solar energy utilisationSolar energy utilisation Amortisation after only

5 years possible** Conventional heating /

cooling systems do not have an amortisation potential

Low operational costs facilitate higher profits

0

10

20

30

40

50

1 Year 2nd 3rd 4th

Electricity

Oil

Saving*

** Depending on sun days and subsidies made available

through national environmental agencies*accumulative

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Solar applications in Solar applications in EuropeEuropeOn the increase with; Greece being the largest

user of installed solar an collectors with annual sun radiation* of 1500 kWh/m2

GR is followed closely by Germany & Austria with an annual radiation of only950 – 1200 kWh/m2

Mediterranean countries with values of >1500 kWh/m2 utilize solar energy least

Solar Utilisation in the EU

2340585

450320311292250213

39763705

0 3000Glazed Collectors

todate in 1000 m2

Netherlands

Portugal

Switzerland

Italy

Denmark

Spain

France

Austria

Germany

Greece

* Global radiation / year [kWh/m2]

installed

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The Potential of Solar The Potential of Solar Power Power utilization in Europeutilization in EuropeGermany and Austria located in areas of Europe which have a relatively low radiation utilize solar sun power more to those with higher values

www.meteonorm.com

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The reduction of CO2 emissions was agreed at Kyoto** & adopted by the EU

50% of the green house effect iscaused by burning of fossil fuels (CO2)and 22% by CFCs & HFC gasesused in conventional cooling

A reduction can only be achieved if;– renewable energy systems are used – cooling systems are used which do

not use toxic gases (absorption cooling)

Solar utilisation reduces Solar utilisation reduces CO2 emissions….CO2 emissions….Gasses Responsible for the Green

House Effect

N2O5%

Methan13% CO2

50%

H2O10%

CFC&HFC*

22%

CO2 CFC&HFC* Methan H2O N2O

*Chloro- & Hydrofluorocarbons**reduction by 8% until 2012

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to support political programmes in reducing CO2 emissions…

The EU target until 2012…The EU target until 2012…

886 1145 14952109

3164

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12900

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27000

0

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20000

25000

30000

Annually installed collector area (1000 m2)

As one way forward can be rated the annual increase in the production of glazed solar panels for the use of;

sanitary hot water central heating pool heatingwith a large potential

in absorption cooling

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Solar energy is available Solar energy is available throughout the year to;throughout the year to; Heat during the cold months with temp.< 60oC Cool, using an absorption thermo chemical

process during hot months with temp. > 80oC

FOR MORE INFO...

on the absorption cooling process see slides 10 & 11

*high yield in summer, **low yield in winter

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Solar Harvest in Kosovo

Cooling*Heating**

Heating**

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Components in the Components in the utilisation of solar energy utilisation of solar energy facilitating coolingfacilitating cooling Solar collectors achieve yields up to 0,6 kW/m2

Modern heat exchangers have low heat losses Use of large buffer storage tanks to retain

collected energy Separating sanitary water from buffer water Absorption cooling requiring heat > 80oC which

is achievable through solar energy in summer Tele-monitoring of the controls (also from

abroad) to optimise efficiency of plant

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The absorption cooling The absorption cooling cyclecycle

…is similar to a vapour compression cycle in that it relies on 3 basic

principals;

1. When liquid is heated it vaporizes (boils) and when gas is cooled it condenses

2. Lowering the pressure of a liquid reduces its boiling point

3. Heat flows from warmer to cooler mediums

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absorption cooling–absorption cooling–continuedcontinued Instead of mechanically compressing a

gas, the absorption cooling relies on a thermo-chemical compressor

Two different fluids are used that dissolve easily in one another;– water under a vacuum as refrigerant – ammonia or LiBr* as an absorbent

The refrigerant (water) can change from liquid to vapour state easily and is circulated through the system driven by the heat of the solar plant >80 degrees

*Lithium Bromide

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The Environmental The Environmental BenefitsBenefits The ammonia used in the closed cooling

system is safe, odourless and non-toxic Ammonia carries no risk to the ozone

layer The hot water heated by the sun used as

the primary energy source carries no risk to the environment

Should a support* energizer be required, waste product combustion can be used as well as any conventional energy source such as gas, oil or electricity

*during periods of reduced solar yield

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1. Solar plant 227m2 (ÖKOTECH, A)2. Heat exchanger (ALFA LAVAL, S)3. Storage tank 4.000l (ANGERER, A)4. Heating manifold (Kosovo/SCG)5. Domestic hot water circuit6. Space heating circuit (radiators, fan coil

units. air handling unit, etc.)

7. Back up heating system (200kW VIESSMANN/WEISHAUPT, Germany (D))

8. Absorption cooling machine (2x45kW YORK, D)

9. Cooling tower (220kW BALTIMORE AIRCOIL, I)

10. Cold water storage tank (1.000l ODOERFER, Austria)

11. Back up chiller (30kW electric compr.YORK, I)

12. Air handling unit (UNIKLIMA, BiH)

Solar Cooling of EAR Solar Cooling of EAR TowerTower

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Cost and Efficiency for Cost and Efficiency for Solar Heating and Solar Heating and Cooling Plants depend Cooling Plants depend on;on;Location of building in respect to the

sunQuality of building in respect to thermal

insulation and glazing standards usedUsable floor area of the buildingBuffer size to store heated water during

periods of reduced solar yieldHeating / cooling requirements of the

users Type of supporting energizer

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Indicative cost for a Indicative cost for a complete solar complete solar heating/cooling plant…heating/cooling plant…Cost per m2 usable area is ~200 €*, for; Design, commissioning of plant (consultant

services) Solar plant for heating/cooling made up of;

– the required solar collectors (~15% of usable floor area)– heat exchanger and pumps– buffer reservoir with separate boiler for sanitary water – absorption cooling machine with cooling tower – fan coil units to dissipate the energy – Waste combustion, gas or oil fired support system

Control components and tele-monitoring*refer to note on the next slide

Recurring Costs 0.5 €/month/m2

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Consultancy Services and Consultancy Services and Tools….Tools…. Calculation of energy needs of facilities

Tele-monitoring of the plant & equipment

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……noting that; noting that; the herein described system is hydraulic

as it is more efficient to air based systems to transport the collected solar energy*

all air ventilation needs are to be dealt with separately which will increase the cost of the plant by up to 50 €/m2 floor area

the energy required to heat or cool the circulated air can be supplied by the described system at no extra cost

The square meter price for solar collectors do not exceed 200 €/m2 with yield of 0,6 kW/m2

* water is a better conductor of energy than air by a factor of 3,500

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Situation in Kosovo…Situation in Kosovo… KEK* produces approx. 3 GW of electricity by

coal per annum (losses not considered) It is assumed that about 2,2 M people live

Kosovo in about 280 T households That puts the per head consumption at 1,364

kW/per annum against Portugal** with 4TkW/a Consumption per household 10,714 kW/annum Noting that about 30% of the population live

in urban centres… It is assumed that people living in towns will

consume double to the pop living in villages

* Kosovo Energy Cooperation

**least consumer in EU

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Household consumption…Household consumption… of people living in towns could be as high as

25,000 kWh* per annum per household This amounts to an energy need of up to 250

kW/h/m2 usable floor area assuming a 100 m2 dwelling, against current EU needs of 100 kW/h/m2 (in similar climatic conditions)

This energy need can be reduces by 20%, if;– the facility receives thermal insulation (external)– the facility receives air tight windows / doors– the windows / doors receive thermal glazing – the roof / basement are sufficiently insulated

* Hot water boiler, e-stove, washing machine, accumulators, fridge, lights, etc.

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What actions should be What actions should be set to reduce the energy set to reduce the energy need?need?

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Energy consumption of a medium sized house should be reduced from 250 kW/m2 per year to at least 100 kW / m2 / year

To reduce demand by 60% of current e-usage a combination of activities are required

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Energy saving in Energy saving in residential housesresidential houses Further savings can only be achieved if

alternative energy systems are used for;– Heating or cooling a facility (15%)– Heating up sanitary water (15%)– Cooking (10%)

For the hydraulic systems solar plants are recommended whilst for cooking, gas is the only real feasible alternative

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Potential Saving per Potential Saving per householdhouseholdBy an annual electrical consumption of 25 mWh, or 2,083 kWh* per month, installing alternative heating systems for; hot water, can save 6,5 mWh per annum central heating, save 6,0 mWh per annum cooking with gas instead of electricity the total electrical power thereby saved per

annum will amount to ~15 mWh, saving 750 €** from theannual electricity bill

**Electrical cost per kWh = 0,05 €

*Hot water boiler, e-stove, washing machine, accumulators,fridge, lights, etc.

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Producing components that can be used to utilize solar power, e.g.;– Solar collectors – Boilers (used as buffer storage tanks)– Making and installing solar heaters– Making and installing central heating systems for

residential and public buildings– Photovoltaic technology and their applications

Thermal insulation;– Material production, also organic – Providing thermal façades to facilities

Market Potentials for Market Potentials for Kosovo?Kosovo?

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Companies involved in Companies involved in the Solar the Solar Plant at the EAR Plant at the EAR Tower* Tower* Installation; SOLID/UNIPROJECT, Kosovo

Technical Design: iC Consulenten, Austria Solar cooling/heating; SOLID GmbH, Austria Solar collectors; GLUATMUGL of ÖKOTECH, Austria Supplementary heating boiler (Oil); VIESSMANN, G Supplementary Oil burner; WEISHAUPT, Germany Absorption machine; YORK/YAZAKI, Germany Buffer boilers; ANGERER, Austria Control systems & technology; SCHNEID Electr., A Tele-monitoring; SOLID & SCHNEID Electronic, A

* In Pristina / KOSOVO