Presentation Solar Technologies Leonardo Energy - ICREPQ Congress 2009

ICREPQ – April 2009

Fernando Nuño

www.leonardo-energy.org

[email protected]

New Technologies for Small and Medium Scale Solar Power Plants


Index

Leonardo ENERGY Initiative

Solar energy : why should it make sense?

CPV review– Technology– Resources on Leonardo ENERGY

CSP review– Technology– Small scale application– Upcoming resources on Leonardo ENERGY


What is Leonardo ENERGY?

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Energy professionals

Community of Sustainable

Energy professionals

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Power Quality Transformers Motors Energy Efficiency Eco-design Renewables

Resource Centre for Professional

Training and Information

Resource Centre for Professional

Training and Information

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Publication and spreading platform

Publication and spreading platform

Let the World know about your findings through Leonardo ENERGY


Conferencing interactive

system

Conferencing interactive

system

Kind invitation to actively participate…

You are all invited to make your presentation

You are all invited to make your presentation

You are all invited to

attend

You are all invited to

attend

http://www.leonardo-energy.org/discussion-webinars


… past webinars remain recorded and discussion open

PV installations – Case studies

CPV technology CSP technology Solar resource

analysis EU RES Directive

explanation Ocean Grids Project Analysis with

RETScreen

Thermography for industry and buildings

Legal & Policy issues EU’s 27 EE Action

Plans Smart metering Thermal energy

storage Heat Pumps

Renewables and Distributed Generation

Renewables and Distributed Generation

Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency Power QualityPower Quality

Power Quality measurement

Thermography applied to electrical issues

Link between PQ and Energy Efficiency


But not only on the web

Low Carbon Electricity Systems Congress16th June 09

Arnhem – The Netherlands

Low Carbon Electricity Systems Congress16th June 09

Arnhem – The Netherlands

Large-scale wind energy systems Electricity storage Quality of supply

Smart Grids Concentrated Solar Power

Ocean Energy – State of the Art Electric Vehicles

Strategic Energy Technology Plan

Participation is free of charge, but seating is limited

Register at: http://www.leonardo-energy.org/


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Leonardo ENERGY’s footprint

1.4 million visits / yearFrom 227 countries

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One reference site + 4 language chapters

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Information centers…


Example of Renewables on Leonardo ENERGY

We’ll go accross some available resources on Concentration Photovoltaics

And we’ll present what is upcoming about Concentration Solar Thermal Power


Index






Solar roadmap – Increasing role in the coming years


Where does solar energy make sense?

Source : Schott Solar


Why solar energy fits well in hot climates

Spanish average load profile vs average irradiationSpanish average load profile vs average irradiation

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Concentration technologies

CSPCSP

CPVCPV

CONCENTRATION SOLAR POWER : thermal process– Heating a fluid– Generating mechanical power through a thermodynamic cycle (rankine, brayton, stirling…)– Converting mechanical power into electrical power (alternator)

CONCENTRATION PHOTOVOLTAICS : photovoltaic process– Concentrate solar radiation on the PV cell– Direct generation of electrical power

Solar Field

Power Block

Solar Field

Power Block

Both work only with Direct Irradiation (Diffuse Irradiation is

lost)

Both work only with Direct Irradiation (Diffuse Irradiation is

lost)


Index






CPV - General features

In spite of its childhood (much less mature than CSP), already several MW installed around the world

The big cost reduction is still to come, essentially by means of mass production


CPV – The strategy

Substitution of the expensive semiconductor material with a cheap optical system and low-cost mechanics

Use of best efficiency cells

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CPV - Advantages

No water needsNo water needs

Time to OperationTime to OperationLess sensitive to hot climatesLess sensitive to hot climates

Modular / ScalableModular / Scalable


CPV - Disadvantages

Sensitivity to cloudsSensitivity to clouds

No easy storage possibilities

No easy storage possibilities

These issues difficult their integration to grid

No dispatchable generation

No dispatchable generation

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CPV – Components: Multi-Junction cells

The principle is that each material operates at different wavelengths, the total covering a large spectrum


CPV – Components: Cells - Technology evolution

In 2009 an average production efficiency higher than 40% should be the rule for multi-junction cells


CPV – Components: Concentrator - Technologies

Refractive Elements

(Lenses)

Reflective Elements

(Mirrors)

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CPV – Components: Concentrator - Technologies

Central tower CPVCentral tower CPV

Developed by Solar Systems in Australia


CPV – Components: Tracking system

Light needs to be focused at the cell, not close to the cell The higher concentration ratio, the lower angle tolerance

Need for increased accuracy

Need for increased accuracy

In practice, 0.1% accuracy is currently reached Solid structures are required New structural concepts are being developed


CPV – Potential for cost reduction

Flat PV : module reaches 45% of cost

share

Flat PV : module reaches 45% of cost

share

40% of remaining costs are proportional to area

40% of remaining costs are proportional to area

Reductions in module cost and required area would lead to drastic decrease of Levelized Cost of Energy

Source : Concentrix


CPV – Area reduction

For the same surface, almost 50% more installed power

For the same surface, almost 50% more installed power

To reach the same power, 30% less need

for materials

To reach the same power, 30% less need

for materials

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Cross-PV-technology comparison

Each system is 10 MWp

Annual NDI is 2200 kWh/m2

Flat-plate PV

CPV

Crystalline Thin-film

c-Si Static

optimally tilted

c-Si Single

horizontal axis

(N-S)

c-Si Single

tilted axis (0,

20º)

c-Si Single

vertical axis

(azimutal)

c-Si Two axes

a-Si Staticoptim

ally tilted

CdTe Staticoptim

ally tilted

CIS Staticoptim

ally tilted

Module Efficiency (%) 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 6 7.5 9 23

System efficiency (%) 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 5.3 6.6 8.0 20

Initial annual electricity yield per kWp (kWh/kWp·year)

1380 1725 1835 1863 2001 1380 1380 1380 1870

Module (m2/ kWp) 8 8 8 8 8 17 13 11 5

Initial investment (€/kWp) 5500 6500 6500 6500 7000 5500 5500 5500 7000

LEC (€/kWh) 0.332 0.334 0.315 0.310 0.311 0.332 0.332 0.332 0.354

Land needed (Ha) 16 28 40 56 80 34 26 22 60


CPV available resources on Leonardo ENERGY

Documentary series

Documentary series

Webinars : recorded and

upcoming

Webinars : recorded and

upcoming

Technology Industry representatives

interviews

E-learning courseE-learning course

Upcoming

http://www.leonardo-energy.org/drupal/discussion-webinars


Index






CSP Technology overview

Parabolic TroughsParabolic Troughs

Parabolic Dishes with Stirling Engine

Parabolic Dishes with Stirling Engine

Central TowerCentral Tower

Fresnel ConcentratorsFresnel Concentrators


CSP Technology review Parabolic TroughsParabolic Troughs

Structure Parabolic Mirror

Receiver


CSP Technology review Parabolic TroughsParabolic Troughs

Solar Field

Power Block


CSP Technology review

Melted Salts

Hot Storage

Sol

ar F

ield

Melted Salts

Cold Storage

Steam Generator

Steam Turbine

Superheated Steam (100 bar, 380ºC)

Reheated Steam (17 bar, 371ºC)

Condenser

Pre-heater

Re-heater

Oil Expansion Tank

Deaerator

Oil 395ºC

Oil 295ºC

HFT (Heat Transfer Fluid)Technology in commercial operation

HFT (Heat Transfer Fluid)Technology in commercial operation



CSP – Technology review

Steam is generated directly in the collecting solar field, so no need for heat exchange, reducing costs and increasing efficiency


DSG (Direct Steam Generation)Coming soon…

DSG (Direct Steam Generation)Coming soon…


CSP : Project Development – Technological issues

MirrorsMirrors Thin glass, thick glass, metal…

Absorber TubeAbsorber Tube

Support Structure

Support Structure

Thermal storageThermal storage

Manufacturers oligopoly, but upcoming new developments with low vacuum or not vacuum Extremely critical and technical product (lasting vacuum, layers stability, high

transmissivity of glass, high absorptivity and low emissivity of absorber, junctions metal/glass, dilatation management…)

Several structures available in the market (Solargenix, Skal-ET, LS3, Sener Trough…)

Continuous evolution to comply with alignment requirements at the lowest cost

Liquid salts is the technology used for the moment, but many other are in development : concrete, phase change…


Small scale CSP : the concept

Solar FieldSolar Field Thermal Storage

Thermal Storage Power BlockPower Block

Cooling System

Cooling System

Electricity

Solar Field : low cost, even if temperature is not very high (<300 ºC)

Power block : efficient at small scale (0,5 to 2 MW) and flexible operation


Solar field : low cost / moderate temperature

Parabolic troughParabolic trough Absorber tubes without vacuum (or very little), without junction glass/metal. Cheaper

selective surface. Lower efficiency, lower cost, but competitive for operating temperatures <300ºC

New reflectors at lower cost, testing new materials, composites…

FresnelFresnel Important potential for cost reduction : almost flat reflectors, less

occupation of land, lighter structures, lower material requirement, simpler construction, better integration to the environment.

Upcoming new concepts

Upcoming new concepts

Multi-tower : distributed small central towers with heliostat fields around.


Power block : efficient at low temperature and small size

ORCORC

Organic Rankine Cycle : good candidate as efficiency remains high for small Temperature differentials and maintains efficiency in partial load operation

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SteamSteam


Thermal storage : allows dispatchability and a higher load factor

OilOil Expensive, but could make sense as it flows directly from solar

field to storage. It saves heat exchangers and temperature management required by melted salts.

Phase Change Materials

Phase Change Materials

This option would need heat exchangers and further technological development.

ConcreteConcrete Potential for low investment and cheap operation. Needs

further technological development.


Cooling system

WetWet

Heat rejection is employed in a Multiple Effect Desalination (MED) device

DryDry

CogenerationCogeneration

DesalinationDesalination

Heat rejection is not anymore a problem but a value

3 to 4 m3 / MWh electricity generated + mirror cleaning (0,1 m3 / MWh e)

Only mirror cleaning required (0,1 m3 / MWh e), but Bigger investment in cooling towers by about 50%. Fans parasitic consumption : 6% to 8% of gross electricity generation + 15ºC in condensing temperature, - 7,5% electricity generation


Upcoming resouces about CSP on LE

Documentary seriesDocumentary series

WebinarsWebinars

ConferenceConference

Congress “Low Carbon Electricity Systems”– 16th June 2009 in Arnhem, Netherlands– By Luis Crespo, secretary of Protermosolar, the CSP Spanish association

Upcoming along 2009

In progress


Thank you!


Waiting for your participation!

[email protected]

Let the World know about your findings through Leonardo ENERGY!

Presentation Solar Technologies Leonardo Energy - ICREPQ Congress 2009

Technology

cpv components

solar systems

cpv advantages

solar radiation

solar roadmap

schott solar

mechanical power

cpv general features