PRESENTATION

PRESENTATIONABIDA ALEEM

DA NEELUM HIGH SCHOOLTIME GRADE 4

The History of TimeBeginning of Time

Sand of Time The first Tick

Galileo ,s DiscoveryThe contest

Time for Change

The Beginning of Time     The Egyptians were the first people who created a twenty-four hour

day.  Time was a little bit different in those days.  The night was divided up into twelve hours, which were designated by the position of stars in the sky.  The day was divided into ten hours and a shadow clock was used to keep track of these hours.  The twilight hours were the hours before dawn and after sunset.

   The Egyptians thought they were the first to invent the shadow clock, but they were mistaken.  At the same time, the Chinese, Babylonians, Greeks and the Romans were using instruments to tell time.  Sundials were used in some of these groups, not because they work better, just because that's how they decided to tell time.

      After a while, the Egyptians and other ancient societies realized that the sun rose and set in different places in the summer and winter.  In fact, the sun never took the same course on any one day throughout the year!  They tried everything, until they realized that if they would just put the post of the sundial in at a special angle, it would work all year.  

The Sands of Time   The major fault with sundials and shadow clocks is obvious...They

don't work at night!  Amenophis I, the king of Egypt, wanted to know what time it was all through the night without having to check the position of the stars.  As you can imagine, it would be inconvenient to get up and out of bed every time you want to know the time.  So, Prince Amenemhet made the king a clepsydra or a water clock.  He took a big bucket of water, filled it with water up to a specific line.  He then cut a small hole in the bottom of the bucket and marked off lines on the bucket after each hour had passed. 

    There were, of course, some problems with this water clock as well.  Water would flow more slowly or quickly when the temperature changed.  This is where sand came into effect.  The inventor of the sand clock is unknown but the sand clock or hourglass was commonly used in ancient times and is still used today.  They are often found in board games or are used as kitchen timers.  Is there an hourglass in your home?

The First Tick  The first mechanical clocks had a weight that would slowly

lower, moving gears which moved a hand which showed the hour.  They could only be build in tall towers because the weights needed to fall a great distance or else the clocks would only work for a short amount of time.   People were amazed that these clocks were only off about 2 hours a day.  Think if our clocks today were off by that much?  If we were 2 hours late for school, we could blame it on the clock. 

    While these clocks were inaccurate long ago, some of them were created with such care that they still work today.  In Normandy, France, a big clock exists that was built in 1389.  In Salisbury, England you can see the oldest clock in the world, built in 1386.  Today, cuckoo clocks are still built using a weight-dropping mechanism.

Galileo's Discovery  Galileo made an amazing contribution to the world of time,

simply by not paying attention in church.  The year was 1581 and Galileo was 17.  He was standing in the Cathedral of Pisa watching the huge chandelier swinging back and forth from the ceiling of the cathedral.  Galileo noticed that no matter how short or long the arc of the chandelier was, it took exactly the same amount of time to complete a full swing.  

   The chandelier gave Galileo the idea to create a pendulum clock.  While the clock would eventually run of energy, it would keep accurate time until the pendulum stopped.  If the pendulum was set swinging again before it stopped, there would never be a loss in accuracy.  Because of this, pendulums caught on and are still widely used today.   Can you imagine making such a big discovery?

The Contest   When sailors sailed across the ocean, they could only tell their position using

two methods.  When they were traveling from North to South, they could tell their position using Polaris, the North Star.  But, when they were traveling from East to West, they ran into a problem.  Pendulum clocks couldn't be used because the pendulums were highly sensitive and could be easily shaken, making the clocks inaccurate.   In 1707, a British fleet crashed into the Scilly Islands, killing two thousand soldiers and destroying four ships.  Seven years late, the British government offered twenty thousand pounds to whoever built a clock that would keep accurate time at sea.   This clock would have to be accurate to the second, so as to avoid another unfortunate accident.

    John Harrison, a carpenter, was the winner of the contest.  In 1728, John heard about the contest and began work on a solution.  Thirty-three years and three enormous clocks, John's small fourth clock was tested.  When the testing crew arrived in Jamaica 161 days later, the clock was only five seconds off.  John Harrison collected his prize money at the age of seventy-nine.

Time for Change   Since 1761, timekeeping has significantly changed.  In 1900,

pendulum clocks had been finely tuned so as to only be off by 1/100 of a second each day.  In the '20s, scientists discovered quartz crystals could keep even more accurate time than a pendulum and were only off about 1/500 of a second each year.  Half way through the 20th century, atomic clocks were built that would only be off by one second every 300 million years.   Who really needs a clock that accurate? 

    It is evident that times have certainly changed.  Clocks have made major leaps and bounds since the days of the shadow clock.  Now we have accurate, reliable clocks that we can use day and night.   Some of our clocks will run for years without so much as a change of batteries or a twist of a little knob.  We have certainly developed the concept of time and incorporated it into every moment of our lives.

Long Term GoalTo empower to explore to encourage and to

excel in education by incorporating 21 st century skills.

SHORT TERM GOAL

To enable the student to think deeply about the mathematical concepts they learn .

To collaborate ideas and peers and teaches mathematical concepts using higher order thinking.

To use teaching to create new ideas.Train students to be critical friend and good

listener.

Lesson Plan Subject: MathTopic: TimeGrade:4Learning Objectives:At the end of the topic students will be able to understand toWhat is difference between long hand and short hand in clock?

Show the difference through clocks (analyzing)Judge weather the time is correct or wrong in the clocks and

present your argument through clocks (evaluation)Plan your daily pray time through pictures and show the time in

clocks (creativity)To teach application of time skills.TO Teach reading time before or after the hour.

Resources Material /Teaching Aids:Charts, Clock, Paper plate, Chalks ,Duster AppleMethodology:Introduction :Time (quarter or half)Explanation:The teacher will explain the topic by using every day object. Teacher will

teach them about half an apple, half a cookie, half a pie e.t.c show them with paper that when you cut the paper in half , you have two pieces now teach them concept of half on the clock that the long hand down on the six is half way to the next hour. Once they are comfortable with half teach them quarter concept , have them learnt that ¼ th is a quarter now teacher will teach them again with everyday objects. An apple cut in4 pieces one pieces is quarter and so on .

use another paper plate and show them that by cutting the paper plate in four even pieces you have four quarter . Now using clock and show them quarter on the clock . Practice using the real clock.

TIME LINE August : I will focus on questioning skills.September : I will enhance their communication skills . I will do collaborative work.

October: I will focus encouragement rather than praise November: I will success fully adopt 21st century teaching approach in my class

ACTIVITY Do exercise A,B on page 40 in text book.ACTIVIITY: Class discussion, board activity.Home Assignment: Make clock with the help of

card.

Telling Time Questions Grade 4 - MathematicsDirections: Answer the following questions. Also write at least 10 examples of your own.

Q 1: QUARTER AFTER 7 = ________7:257:307:307:15

Q 2: QUARTER TO 10 = ___________9:1510:4510:159:45

Q 3: QUARTER AFTER NINE = ______9:158:459:309:05

Q 4: QUARTER TO 12 = ____________-12:1512:3011:1511:45

Solution to Anticipated Challenges

Problem: Availability of the suitable materials. Solution: Using library resources, Internet .

Problem: Student may become little confused at first. Solution: To remove confusion, I will wisely make groups classify their confusion.

Problem : Some other teachers and parents might disagree with this methodology. Solution: I will get the support of the principal and have meeting with the parents convince them that new methodology will greatly help students in their learning .

Problem : unseen holidays. Solution : Extra classes.

Resources

Other teachers who teach same grade and subject

Internet

Intel teach program getting started cause manual

Math's text book