Present boring (active) Past bored (passive) Time Reason Manner Addition Condition Relative Clause.

• Present boring (active)

• Pastbored (passive)

• Time• Reason• Manner• Addition• Condition• Relative Clause

• When we opened the cupboard, we found a skeleton inside.

(On/ Upon) Opening the cupboard, we found a skeleton inside.

• As he didn’t know what to do, he applied to me for advice.

Not knowing what to do, he applied to me for advice.

Mary smiled warmly. She shook hands with me. Smiling warmly, Mary shook hands with me.

Mary, smiling warmly, shook hands with me.Mary shook hands with me, smiling warmly.

She wrote him a letter and thanked him for his help.

She wrote him a letter, thanking him for his help.

If it is used economically, one tin will last for six weeks.

(If) Used economically, one tin will last for six weeks.

The two survivors, who were worn out by hunger and fatigue, reached the coast.The two survivors, worn out by hunger and fatigue, reached the coast.Worn out by hunger and fatigue,

the two survivors reached the coast.

• The Present (Active) Participle• The Past (Passive) Participle• The Perfect Participle

• The guy who is wearing the chicken costume is my cousin.The guy wearing the chicken costume is my cousin. *** RELATIVE CLAUSE / DEFINING

• Sid, who was watching an old movie, drifted in and out of sleep.Sid, watching an old movie, drifted in and out of sleep. *** RELATIVE CLAUSE / NON-DEFINING

• Because I felt tired, I went to bed early.Feeling tired, I went to bed early.*** REASON

• Ali used a ruler. He measured the length of the

table.Using a ruler, Ali measured the length of the table. *** MANNER

• While she was cooking dinner, she listened to the radio.(While) Cooking dinner, she listened to the radio. ***TIME

• A bomb exploded in front of a bank and caused extensive damage.A bomb exploded in front of a bank, causing extensive damage. ***ADDITION

• If you turn left after the museum, you will see the castle.

Turning left after the museum, you will see the castle.

Rewrite the sentences using participle phrases.

• The student who earns the highest grade point average will receive a reward.

• Religious leaders remain silent and they ignore the fact that one in ten adults is HIV-positive in Nigeria.

• It rained for two weeks on, which completely ruined our holiday.

• As he feared that the allied forces would recognize him, the general never went out in daylight.

• While they were waiting for rescue teams, 850 performers and theatre-goers wereheld hostage by Chechen terrorists.

• The ambulance which was called by a bystander arrived on the scene immediately.The ambulance called by a bystander arrived on the scene immediately.***RELATIVE CLAUSE

• Disney World, which is located in Orlando, Florida, is an amusement park.Disney World, located in Orlando, Florida, is an amusement park.*** RELATIVE CLAUSE

• When he was questioned at the police station, the suspect admitted his guilt. (When) Questioned at the police station, the suspect admitted his guilt. ***TIME

• Because she was alarmed by the great loss of blood, the night nurse ran for the doctor.

(Being) Alarmed by the great loss of blood, the night nurse ran for the doctor. ***REASON

• If it is kept in the fridge, the medicine will be effective for a week.(If) Kept in the fridge, the medicine will be effective for a week. ***CONDITION

• Although he was seriously injured, he managed to give the police information about the accident.Although seriously injured, he managed to give the police information about the accident. ***CONDITION

• Dragged into court, employers will be able to prove themselves innocent of discrimination by keeping records on minority hires.

• (Being) unprepared to govern the country, the new cabinet is facing challenges of high inflation rates, corruption and social injustice.

• Asked about the conditions of the refugees, the war correspondent gave a look of dismay.

• Dogs, well trained, would be more useful than horses in the Arctic.

• Explained in plain English, technology might not seem so mysterious.

• Painted white, the room would look bigger.

It is used to emphasize the completion of an action that has taken place BEFORE the action of the main verb (an earlier time)the fact that the earlier action covers a period of time.

• Having received their final medical check, the astronauts boarded the spacecraft. (After they had received- the completion of an earlier action before the main verb)

• Having ruled the country under dictatorship for many years, the dictator lost his country to the allied forces. (an earlier action covering a period oftime)

• Having been put into the centre of disputes about the sinking of the nuclear submarine, Putin stayed away from media during the Chechen rebel at a Moscow theatre. (= Because he had been put...)

• Having been sacked because of his role in the strike, Jack had to look for another job.(Because he had been sacked....)

• CAUTION!!! We can reduce adverb clauses to a participle only when the subject of the two clauses are the same.

When (the building is) completed, it will be used as a concert hall.

Sometimes, the participle clause contains its own subject:

• The holiday being over, we must now get down to some hard work.

• England is experiencing its hardest winter, some areas having lain under twometers of snow for nearly two months.

Continuous form Participles: to emphasize that the action is happening now or less frequently in the future

• A law currently being debated concerns abortion rights. (= A law that is currently being debated concerns....)

• The movie being shown tomorrow has been made by an anti-abortion group.(=The movie that will be shown tomorrow...)

KEEP time subordinators BEFORE and SINCE:

• BEFORE fleeing the country, the businessman is said to have taken his treasure with him.

• SINCE launching war in the Balkans, the Serbs have been on a massive campaign to erase the evidence of Serbian war crimes.

DELETE AS when it is a time connector:

• AS he gradually got used to living in the States, he became less homesick.

Gradually getting used to living in the States, he became less homesick.

DELETE all three reason connectors BECAUSE, AS, SINCE:

• (Being) Unable to prevent the ever-growingproblem of doping completely, the WADA is seeking new measures to implement.

KEEP AFTER, WHILE or WHEN if the participle phrase follows the main clause:

• The special Forces in Moscow raided the theatre building to save hostages after getting full approval.

• 850 performers and theatre-goers were held hostage by a suicide squad of Chechen terrorists while waiting for rescue teams.

• The ruling party had never thought it would become the first party to govern the country when campaigning for the elections.

KEEP ALTHOUGH,THOUGH, UNLESS

• He won’t resign unless he is forced to do so.He won’t resign unless forced to do so.