Prenatal

Genes & Genes & ChromosomesChromosomes

GametesGametesMale & female reproductive cellsMale & female reproductive cells

ZygoteZygoteThe new cell formed at conceptionThe new cell formed at conception

GenesGenesBasic units of genetic informationBasic units of genetic information

DNADNAThe biochemical basis of heredityThe biochemical basis of heredity

ChromosomesChromosomesThread-like structures in the nucleus of a cell which contain genetic Thread-like structures in the nucleus of a cell which contain genetic materialmaterial

The Human The Human GenomeGenome

Genetic Genetic ComplimentComplimentOver 25,000 genes in human Over 25,000 genes in human genamegename

DNA Creates DNA Creates ProteinsProteinsDNA is DNA is notnot the blueprint for who the blueprint for who & what you are& what you are

Contribution of Contribution of the Parentsthe ParentsEach parent gives 23 Each parent gives 23 chromosomes at conceptionchromosomes at conception

ConceptionConceptionUnion of Egg & Union of Egg & SpermSpermProduces the zygoteProduces the zygote

Zygote grows through Zygote grows through cellular divisioncellular division

Specific genes on Specific genes on chromosomes chromosomes determine what the determine what the cells of the body will docells of the body will do

Multiple BirthsMultiple BirthsStatisticsStatistics1 in 86 Caucasians & 1 in 70 1 in 86 Caucasians & 1 in 70 African AmericansAfrican Americans

TwinsTwinsMonozygoticMonozygotic

Identical twinsIdentical twins

DizygoticDizygotic

Fraternal twinsFraternal twins

Basic GeneticsBasic GeneticsDominant TraitDominant TraitTrait expressed when 2 traits Trait expressed when 2 traits competecompete

Recessive TraitRecessive TraitTrait that expresses itself only Trait that expresses itself only when paired with another of the when paired with another of the same kindsame kind

GenotypeGenotypeUnderlying genetic materialUnderlying genetic material

PhenotypePhenotypeObservable traitObservable trait

HeterozygousHeterozygousWhen genes for characteristics When genes for characteristics differdiffer

HomozygousHomozygousWhen genes for characteristics are When genes for characteristics are the samethe same

Polygenetic InheritancePolygenetic InheritanceWhen a combination of genes is When a combination of genes is responsible for a particular trait responsible for a particular trait

X-linked GenesX-linked GenesRecessive genes on the X Recessive genes on the X chromosomechromosome

Behavioral Behavioral GeneticsGenetics

Study of the Study of the Effects of Effects of Genetics on Genetics on BehaviorBehavior99% of all gene sequences is shared 99% of all gene sequences is shared by by ALLALL humans humans

Genetics produces predispositionsGenetics produces predispositions

Personality TraitsPersonality TraitsMany personality traits have genetic Many personality traits have genetic

links: shyness, sociability, links: shyness, sociability, moodiness, temperament, moodiness, temperament, assertiveness, depression, AD/HD, assertiveness, depression, AD/HD, schizophreniaschizophrenia

Heredity & Heredity & EnvironmentEnvironment

Heredity & Environment Work Heredity & Environment Work TogetherTogetherGenetics is under the influence of the environmentGenetics is under the influence of the environment

e.g. height, language, & temperamente.g. height, language, & temperament

Interaction of Many FactorsInteraction of Many FactorsMany traits reflect Many traits reflect multifactoral transmissionmultifactoral transmission

Determined by a combination of genetic & Determined by a combination of genetic & environmental environmental factorsfactors

Question is: How much is nature & how much Question is: How much is nature & how much is nurture?is nurture?

All data suggests it’s a combinationAll data suggests it’s a combination

PersonalityPersonalityGenetic Genetic FactorsFactorsGenetic roots to many traitsGenetic roots to many traitsThe “Big Five”The “Big Five”Twin StudiesTwin Studies

Cultural Cultural DifferencesDifferencesSocial determinantsSocial determinantsUnderlying social temperamentUnderlying social temperamentPredispositions toward particular Predispositions toward particular philosophiesphilosophies

Psychological Psychological DisordersDisorders

SchizophreniaSchizophreniaTends to run in familiesTends to run in families

Monozygotic twins have Monozygotic twins have 50% chance of developing 50% chance of developing itit

Sensitivity to stressSensitivity to stress

Other DisordersOther DisordersMajor depression, Major depression, alcoholism, autism, AD/HDalcoholism, autism, AD/HD

Heredity & Heredity & EnvironmentEnvironmentInfluences of each changes Influences of each changes over person’s life-timeover person’s life-time

Prenatal Prenatal GrowthGrowth

FertilizationFertilizationThe union of the egg & spermThe union of the egg & sperm

BlastocystBlastocystThe fertilized egg as it begins to germinateThe fertilized egg as it begins to germinate

FetusFetusA developing child from 8 weeks onA developing child from 8 weeks on

TeratogenTeratogenA factor that produces birth defectsA factor that produces birth defects

Stages of Prenatal DevelopmentStages of Prenatal DevelopmentGerminal Stage: Fertilization to 2 weeksFertilization to 2 weeks

Zygote divides turning into a blastocyst that implants into uterine wall

Embryonic Stage: 2 weeks to 8 weeks2 weeks to 8 weeks

The 3 dermal layers begin developing; neurogenesis begins at over 100,000 per minute

Fetal Stage: 8 weeks to birth8 weeks to birth

Major organs begin differentating, brain begins developing; sexual differentiation

Pregnancy Pregnancy ProblemsProblems

InfertilityInfertility15% have 15% have fertility problemsfertility problemsA negative correlation with ageA negative correlation with age

Different causesDifferent causesIllicit drugs, cigarettes, Illicit drugs, cigarettes, hormone imbalances, stresshormone imbalances, stress

TreatmentTreatmentFertility drugs, artificial Fertility drugs, artificial insemination, IVFinsemination, IVF

Miscarriage & Miscarriage & AbortionAbortion15% - 20% of 15% - 20% of pregnancies end pregnancies end in miscarriagein miscarriage

Abortion is Abortion is voluntary ending voluntary ending of pregnancyof pregnancyDifficult choice but it doesn’t Difficult choice but it doesn’t produce long-lasting emotional produce long-lasting emotional problemsproblems

Threats to Threats to DevelopmentDevelopment

TaratogensTaratogensDrugs, chemicals, Drugs, chemicals, viruses, etc.viruses, etc.

Timing & quantity of Timing & quantity of the exposure is the exposure is importantimportant

Especially Especially problematic problematic during during periods of rapid periods of rapid prenatal developmentprenatal development

Poverty increases the Poverty increases the chances of exposurechances of exposure

Threats to Threats to DevelopmentDevelopment

Mother’s DietMother’s DietDeveloping fetus needs the appropriate Developing fetus needs the appropriate nutrientsnutrients

Mother’s AgeMother’s AgeUnder 16, over 30, & over 40 greatest riskUnder 16, over 30, & over 40 greatest risk

Down’s Syndrome in 1 of 100 over 40 birthsDown’s Syndrome in 1 of 100 over 40 births

Adolescent pregnancies more likely to be Adolescent pregnancies more likely to be premature & still-bornpremature & still-born

Prenatal SupportPrenatal SupportYounger mothers generally have adverse Younger mothers generally have adverse social & economic factorssocial & economic factors

Mother’s HealthMother’s HealthRubella prior to 11Rubella prior to 11thth week can produce week can produce blindness, deafness, heart defects, or brain blindness, deafness, heart defects, or brain damagedamage

Chicken pox & mumps increase miscarriageChicken pox & mumps increase miscarriage

Some STD can be transmitted to fetusSome STD can be transmitted to fetus

Mother’s Drug UseMother’s Drug UseSome OTC remedies can cause problemsSome OTC remedies can cause problems

Mother’s Use of Mother’s Use of Alcohol & TobaccoAlcohol & TobaccoFAS in 1 of 750 births of alcohol usersFAS in 1 of 750 births of alcohol users

Smoking reduces oxygen content & Smoking reduces oxygen content & increases carbon monoxideincreases carbon monoxide

Threats to Threats to DevelopmentDevelopment

Father’s Effects22ndnd hand smoke affects hand smoke affects the mother’s health the mother’s health which affects the fetuswhich affects the fetus

Use of alcohol & illicit Use of alcohol & illicit drugs can damage drugs can damage spermsperm

Physical & emotional Physical & emotional abuse affects the stress abuse affects the stress level of the motherlevel of the mother