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Precision Dairy Farming: The Next Dairy Marvel? Jeffrey Bewley PhD PAS Jeffrey Bewley, PhD, PAS 15 ème Carrefour des Productions Animales
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Precision Dairy Farming - Accueil - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech 2010/Bewley.… · Precision Dairy Farming: ... dairy farming (i.e. genetics, nutrition, reproduction, ... Precision Dairy

Jun 28, 2018

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Page 1: Precision Dairy Farming - Accueil - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech 2010/Bewley.… · Precision Dairy Farming: ... dairy farming (i.e. genetics, nutrition, reproduction, ... Precision Dairy

Precision Dairy Farming:The Next Dairy Marvel?

Jeffrey Bewley PhD PASJeffrey Bewley, PhD, PAS

15ème Carrefour des Productions Animales

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What is Kentucky Famous For?What is Kentucky Famous For?

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Kentucky Dairy Industry

90,000 dairy cows across 958 dairy farms90,000 dairy cows across 958 dairy farms

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However You Say It!However You Say It!

Thank you very muchMerci beaucoup

Vielen Dank Dank u zeer

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Technological MarvelsTechnological Marvels

• Tremendous technological progress in• Tremendous technological progress in dairy farming (i.e. genetics, nutrition,

)reproduction, disease control)

M d d i f h b• Modern dairy farms have been described as “technological marvels” (Philpot, 2003)

Th t “t h l i l l” i th• The next “technological marvel” in the dairy industry may be in Precision Dairy Farming

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Changing Dairy LandscapeChanging Dairy Landscape

• Fewer, larger dairy operations

• Narrow profit margins

• Increased feed and labor costs

• Cows are managed by fewerCows are managed by fewer skilled workers

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Consumer-Centric ApproachConsumer Centric Approach• Continuous quality assuranceContinuous quality assurance

• “Natural” or “organic” foodsNatural or organic foods

• Pathogen-free foodPathogen free food

• Zoonotic disease transmissionZoonotic disease transmission

• Reducing the use of medical treatmentsReducing the use of medical treatments

• Increased emphasis on animal well-beingIncreased emphasis on animal well-being

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Information EraInformation Era

• Unlimited on-farm data storage• Unlimited on-farm data storage

• Faster computers allow for more• Faster computers allow for more sophisticated on-farm data mining

• Technologies adopted in larger industries (i.e. automobile or personal computing industries)personal computing industries) reduce costs for applications in

ll i d t ismaller industries

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PDF: Key ElementsPDF: Key Elements• Using technologies to measure g g

physiological, behavioral, and production indicatorsp

• Supplement the observational ppactivities of skilled herdspersons

• Focus on health and performance at the cow levelthe cow level

• Optimize economic, social, andOptimize economic, social, and environmental farm performance

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PDF: Key ElementsPDF: Key Elements

• Make more timely and informed decisions• Make more timely and informed decisions

• Minimize medication (namely antibiotics)• Minimize medication (namely antibiotics) through preventive health

• Precision Dairy Farming is inherently an interdisciplinary field incorporating conceptsinterdisciplinary field incorporating concepts of informatics, biostatistics, ethology, economics animal breeding animaleconomics, animal breeding, animal husbandry, animal nutrition and process engineeringengineering

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Precision Dairy Practice M t L lManagement Levels

• Management by exception (i.e. low milk yield, activity)• Risk management (i.e. alerts on withhold cows)• Record keeping (i.e. breeding details, quality

assurance)Operational

assurance)

• Proactive management strategies (i.e. predicted calving, predicted heat)

• Intra-herd comparison (i.e. breaking herd into virtual groups)

Tacticalgroups)

• Long-term decision making and benchmarking (i.e. response to grain, achievement of cow performance targets, labor efficiency)Strategic

Adapted from Eastwood, 2008

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PDF BenefitsPDF Benefits

• Increased efficiency• Increased efficiency• Reduced costs• Improved product quality

Mi i i d d i t l• Minimized adverse environmental impacts

• Improved animal health and well-being• Risk analysis and risk management• Risk analysis and risk management• More objective (less observer bias and

influence)

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Ideal PDF TechnologyIdeal PDF Technology

E l i d l i bi l i l• Explains an underlying biological process• Can be translated to a meaningful action• Low-cost• Flexible robust reliable• Flexible, robust, reliable• Information readily available to farmer• Farmer involved as a co-developer at all stages

of development, not just beta-testing (Eastwood, 2008)

• Commercial demonstrations• Continuous improvement and feedback loops

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PDF ExamplesPDF Examples• Precision (individual) feeding( ) g• Regular milk recording (yield and

t )components)• PedometersPedometers• Milk conductivity indicators• Automatic estrus detection• Body weight

T t• Temperature

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Recent or Future TechnologiesRecent or Future Technologies

• Lying behaviorLying behavior• Ruminal pH• Heart rate• Global positioning systems• Global positioning systems• Feeding behavior• Blood analyses

R i i• Respiration rates • Rumination timeRumination time• Locomotion scoring using image analysis

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AfiMilkAfiMilk

• Afilab milk anlayzer• Afilab-milk anlayzer– Fat, protein, lactose, SCC,

bloodblood

• Pedometer + (lying behavior)

• Fat protein ratios-ketosisFat protein ratios ketosis and SARA IDH t d t ti• Heat detection

• Mastitis detection• Calving time prediction

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Milk measurementsMilk measurements• Progesterone

– Heat detection– Pregnancy detectionPregnancy detection

• LDH enzymeE l titi d t ti– Early mastitis detection

• BHBA– Indicator of subclinical ketosis

Urea• Urea– Protein status

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Monitor Parameter Measured3-D acceleration/movement BehaviorElectromyogram Muscle activitySkin potential Vegetative-nervous reactionSkin resistance Vegetative-emotional reactionSkin temperature/Environmental temperature

Thermoregulationtemperature

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Body Condition Scoringy g

• 100% of predicted BCS were within 0.50 points of actual BCS.• 93% were within 0.25 points of actual BCS.

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Body Condition Scoring

BCS 2.50 BCS 3.50Predicted BCS 2.63Posterior Hook Angle 150.0°

Predicted BCS 3.32Posterior Hook Angle 172.1°

Hook Angle 116.6° Hook Angle 153.5°

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IceTag Activity MonitorIceTag Activity Monitor• On-farm evaluation of lying time:On farm evaluation of lying time:

• Identification of cows requiring q gattention (lameness, illness, estrus)

• Assessment of facility• Assessment of facility functionality/cow comfort

• Research exploring lying time ×milk yield interaction

• Potential metric to assess animal well-beingg

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Possible PDF TechnologiesPossible PDF Technologies• Stress levels (direct or indirect)Stress levels (direct or indirect)

• Pregnancy

• Environment gas levels (i.e. methane)

• Air born pathogen levels

• Pollutants

Z• Zoonoses

• Image analysis for anatomical• Image analysis for anatomical measurements

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Genetic EvaluationsGenetic Evaluations

• Precision Dairy Farming technologies• Precision Dairy Farming technologies may provide information previously

funavailable for genetic evaluations

N i d t it (i f d i t k• New or improved traits (i.e. feed intake, lameness, BCS, heat tolerance, fertility)

• Improved data accuracy (i.e. yield, fat, t i SCC h lth t it )protein, SCC, health traits)

I l i f f ti t it ?• Image analysis for conformation traits?

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Genetic EvaluationsGenetic Evaluations

• Could bull studs supplement• Could bull studs supplement technology costs in large progeny test h d i h f d t ?herds in exchange for data?

• Reduction in data collection costs• Reduction in data collection costs

• May be a new form of productMay be a new form of product differentiation

• More data, fewer erroneous measurementsmeasurements

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GenomicsGenomics

• Precision Dairy Farming/genomic• Precision Dairy Farming/genomic synergies may lead to improvement in health traits

• For some traits, not yet able to account for genetic variationg

• But, need enough phenotypic data to , g p ypmatch the SNP (single nucleotide polymorphisms) data firstpolymorphisms) data first

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Potential LimitationsPotential Limitations• Slow adoption ratesS o adopt o ates• Who pays for what?

A i l ID d• Animal ID read errors• Animal ID transfers• Equipment failure• Data transfer errors/bottlenecks• Data transfer errors/bottlenecks• Manufacturer differences• Sensor drift?• Quality controlQ y• Trait heritability limits

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PDF Reality CheckPDF Reality Check• Maybe not be #1 priority for commercialMaybe not be #1 priority for commercial

dairy producers (yet)

• Many technologies are in infancy stage

• Not all technologies are good investments

• Economics must be examined

• Sociological factors must be considered

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Purdue/Kentucky Investment ModelPurdue/Kentucky Investment Model

• Investment decisions for PDF technologiesFl ibl ti l b d t f ifi• Flexible, partial-budget, farm-specific

• Simulates dairy for 10 years• Simulates dairy for 10 years• Includes hundreds of random values• Measures benefits from

i t i d ti it i limprovements in productivity, animal health, and reproduction, p

• Models both biology and economics

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Automatic BCS InvestmentAutomatic BCS Investment

• Benefits• Benefits– Reduced ketosis, milk fever, and metritis– Improved conception rate at first service– Improved efficiency from minimizing BCS p y g

loss• CostsCosts

– InvestmentV i bl– Variable costs

• Management levelg• 1000 simulations

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Net Present Value (NPV) Si l ti R ltSimulation Results

13,40%

Positive NPV

Negative NPVNegative NPV

86,60%•Results from 1000 simulations•Positive NPV=“go” decision/make investment

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Tornado Diagram for F t Aff ti N t P t V lFactors Affecting Net Present Value

NPV establishesestablishes

what the value of future

earnings from ea gs oa project is in

today's money.

BMPAF-Best Management Practice Adherence Factor

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Reasons for Slow PDF AdoptionReasons for Slow PDF Adoption

Reason % #Not familiar with technologies that are available 54.89% 101Undesirable cost to benefit ratio 41.85% 77Too much information provided without knowing what to do with it 35.87% 66N t h ti t d t h l 30 43% 56Not enough time to spend on technology 30.43% 56Lack of perceived economic value 29.89% 55Too difficult or complex to use 28 80% 53Too difficult or complex to use 28.80% 53Poor technical support/training 28.26% 52Better alternatives/easier to accomplish manually 23 37% 43Better alternatives/easier to accomplish manually 23.37% 43Failure in fitting with farmer patterns of work 21.74% 40Fear of technology/computer illiteracy 21.20% 39gy p yNot reliable or flexible enough 17.93% 33

Russell and Bewley, 2009

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Sociological FactorsSociological Factors

• Labor savings and potential quality of life• Labor savings and potential quality of life improvements affect investment decisions (Cantin 2008)(Cantin, 2008)

• Insufficient market research• Farmers overwhelmed by too many options

(Banhazi and Black, 2009)(Banhazi and Black, 2009)– Which technology should I adopt?– End up adopting those that are interesting

or where they have an expertise– Not necessarily the most profitable ones

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Technology PitfallsTechnology Pitfalls• “Plug and play,” “Plug and pray,” or “Plug and g p y, g p y, g

pay”

• Technologies go to market too quickly

not fully-developed– not fully-developed

– software not user-friendly

• Developed independently without consideration f i t ti ith th t h l i dof integration with other technologies and

farmer work patterns

• Too many single measurement systems

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Technology PitfallsTechnology Pitfalls

• Inappropriate process models• Inappropriate process models

• Lack of large-scale commercial field• Lack of large-scale commercial field trials and demonstrations

• Technology marketed without adequate interpretation of biological significanceinterpretation of biological significance of data

• Information provided with no clear ti laction plan

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Australian Case StudyAustralian Case Study• R&D tends to focus on the device rather than

the management system within which the device will be used

• “Return on investment is only achieved th h b t i t i ththrough subsequent improvement in the farming system and it is here that people are k ”key”

• Not enough focus on farmer adaptation andNot enough focus on farmer adaptation and learning

N d f l d i f l• Need more formal and informal user networks Eastwood, 2008

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ConclusionsConclusions

• New era in dairy management• New era in dairy management

• Exciting technologies available and in g gdevelopment

• Technologies may have considerable impact• Technologies may have considerable impact on genetic evaluations

• Investment profitability depends heavily on management after purchaseg p

• Adoption rates affected by sociological f t d t h l d l tfactors and technology development strategies

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Any Questions?

Jeffrey Bewley, PhD, PAS407 W P Garrigus Building407 W.P. Garrigus BuildingLexington, KY 40546-0215

Phone: 859-257-7543Fax: [email protected]