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Pre-Stack Pro Getting started guide - Sharp Reflections...8 Sharp Reflections 2015 File Number Introduction • New feature in version 4.4: 1D Model Builder • Creates 3 synthetic

Apr 21, 2020

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Page 1: Pre-Stack Pro Getting started guide - Sharp Reflections...8 Sharp Reflections 2015 File Number Introduction • New feature in version 4.4: 1D Model Builder • Creates 3 synthetic

Pre-Stack ProGetting started guide

Version 4.4

Page 2: Pre-Stack Pro Getting started guide - Sharp Reflections...8 Sharp Reflections 2015 File Number Introduction • New feature in version 4.4: 1D Model Builder • Creates 3 synthetic

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• New Features- Synthetic modelling

- 1D Model Builder

- Processing algorithms Dip Filter

Tau-P Deconvolution

Velocity Converter

- New Attributes

- Cultural Data and Coordinate Reference System

- Multi-azimuth data support

- Utilities

• Improvements of existing features- Well Log Viewer

- Wavelet Tool

- Data Comparator

- 2D SEG-Y loading

Contents

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SYNTHETIC MODELLING

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1D synthetic modelling

Interpretation-Processing > Generate synthetic gather ...

Define logs and wavelet

for synthetic

Define geometry for output.

Can be copied from an

existing dataset in the

volume pool.

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1D synthetic modelling

Modelling options

Zoeppritz, Aki-Richards, etc

Can make synthetic with no NMO

correction for offset synthetics (but not

for angle synthetics)

If a T-D table exists in the well it can

be used. In that case the Fit Accuracy

parameter controls how closely the T-

D table is honoured.

If there is no T-D table or it is not

desired to use it, a single time-depth

pair can be entered manually and the

T-D curve is obtained from that point

and the integrated sonic log.

A simple overburden model can be typed in to define

what happens above the start of the logs. This is

important when creating offset synthetics, as it

affects the angle-to-offset relationship considerably.

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1D synthetic modelling

Log preconditioning

Logs can be de-spiked and

blocked if desired.

Spikes are identified by looking for

deviation from a moving window

average (the min amplitude) and a

maximum width (in depth). They are

replaced by interpolated values.

Blocking is based on identifying jumps

in the logs by comparing moving

window statistics. A block boundary is

defined if a jump exceeds a fraction of

the local value.

The maximum block thickness is also

specified to ensure that detail is not

lost in the blocking process.

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1D MODEL BUILDER

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Introduction

• New feature in version 4.4: 1D Model Builder

• Creates 3 synthetic logs at any well, Vp, Vs and density

( logs called .SynthModel_Vp, _Vs and _Rho )

• These logs are made from at least 3 user defined layers.

( Top, Target and Bottom layers + any added inbetween)

• The Target layer has a fixed top MD, from which the model is built

• All the layers have a thickness to define their top / base from this

• Layer properties can be defined as follows -

• : Vp, Vs, Rho by manual entry of values,

• : Vs, Rho by Castagna and Gardner equations

• : Vp, Vs, Rho by well facies or zone, averages

• : Vp, Vs, Rho by «Reservoir» Castagna fluid substitution

• : Vp, Vs, Rho by «Reservoir» Gassmann fluid substitution

• A Synthetic gather is created using ‘Start Synthetic Gather Algo..’

• Any model input log update, forces a redraw of this synthetic

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• Interpretation Processing 1D Model Builder

Introduction

• New feature in version 4.4:

• Creates 3 synthetic logs at any well - Density, Vp and Vs

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Model setup

Select Well for log use/save

Enter Target layer top depth ( MD )

( 2000 = model reference datum )

Choose which layers will be ‘reservoir’ and have fluid

substitution options

Enter layer thickness in m

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• Vs, Density coefficient selection

Layer properties definition

Shale coeffs

Sandstone coeffs

Select Preset lithology or enter

values into coefficient boxes

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Layer properties definition

Shale zone Vp, Vs Rho averages

• Vp, Vs, Density facies/zone averages 1

Zones created in Well Log Viewer, can be used to

calculate an average Vp, Vs, Rho - in this case for

Shale

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• Vp, Vs, Density facies/zone averages 2

Layer properties definition

Shale zone Vp, Vs Rho averages

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• Vp, Vs, Rho, from fluid substitution – reservoir layers only

Layer properties definition

Castagna equation – consolidated sands

Gassmann equation – soft sands

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• Example from Fred Hilterman’s 2001 SEG DISC book :

Seismic amplitude interpretation - 9000ft GOM AVO

Final 5 layer model

Brine filled Sand

Gas filled Sand

Calculated by Gassmann fluid sub, = 25%

Shale Vp = 2600 m/s, Sst (Brine) Vp = 3000 m/s, Vs & Rho from equations

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• Angle gather - with bpass wavelet 5-15-45-55

Calculate synthetic gather

Click on «Start Synthetic Gather algo» takes the model logs and

creates a gather synthetic.

The wavelet applied comes from the project wavelet list.

Use the «Tie log depth» modelling option to ensure the synthetic Target layer top is at the right

TWT.

( MD = TVDss = 2000m = 2.0secs )

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View results in Data Comparator

Data Comparator allows wiggle trace display

Also amplitude extractions can be made for the brine and gas

cases and visually compared in the plots above the gathers.

( blue = brine, red = gas )

The first gather is with a 50m gas reservoir thickness

The 2nd with only 10m

The thinning of the layer has dimmed the AVO response but

it stays opposite in polarity

Brine Sand

Gas Sand

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PROCESSING

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Dip Filter

• Processing Dip Filter

• Attenuate given dips on pre-stack volume in the offset class domain or post-stack

Section size and overlap. Recommends large section and overlap

of 50% in all axis

Definition of dip to remove

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Tau-P deconvolution

• Processing Tau-P deconvolution

• Predictive gaped deconvolution in Tau-P domain. Targets short period multiples. Input is non NMO corrected gathers

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Tau-P deconvolution

Definition of both design and application windows

Graphical gap design. Shift + Mouse left button

to move the line.

Tau-P transform parameters and operator length parameters.

NB: Operator length correspond to the active part of the operator.

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• Processing Velocity converter

• Input a velocity volume and convert to Interval/RMS on the fly.

Velocity converter

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NEW ATTRIBUTES

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Dip-Steered Semblance

Stack with dipping events and its inline slope attribute

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• Go to Attributes -> Dip-steered semblance

• The algorithm takes as input a seismic volume and its inline and crossline slopes computed per offset classes.

• Semblance is a measure of the coherence of seismic data and is equal to the energy of a stacked trace divided by the energy of all the traces that make up the stack. The stencil within which the semblance is computed will use the inline and crossline slopes to follow dipping events, resulting in a better estimation of the signal coherency for structures with large dips than with conventional vertical moving windows.

Dip-Steered Semblance

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• Slopes can be calculated with Attributes -> Structural Dip

• For time domain data the slopes will be measured in slowness along the inline and crossline direction

• This attributes are derived from the second-moment matrix of the seismic that involves the computation of the gradient in a stencil

Dip-Steered Semblance

Dipping event

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• The user has to specify 2 parameters for slope calculation

• Noise scale: defines the resolution of the filter.

• Integration scale: gives a trade of between edge-enhancing diffusion and coherency enhancing diffusion behavior

Dip-Steered Semblance

Positive slope

associated to the

dipping event

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Signal to Noise Ratio

Signal to Noise Ratio extracted at top reservoir

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• Go to Attributes -> Signal to Noise Ratio

• S2N is defined as the ratio between the signal power to the noise power. Two methods have been implemented to estimate this measure. A correlation method based on the assumption that the form and phase of the signal is consistent across neighbor traces and that the noise is spatially incoherent and uncorrelated to the signal. The stack method makes the assumption that the seismic wavelet is stable in a given spatial window and that the noise is white.

Signal to Noise Ratio

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Signal to Noise Ratio

• Correlation method

• The user specifies the size of the stencil (in space and time) and the maximum time shift which corresponds to the half-length of the correlation window

• Xc = average correlation coefficient between central and neighbors traces

• Ac = auto-correlation coefficient of the central trace

• S2N = Xc/(Ac-Xc)

Region with high signal

to noise ratio

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Signal to Noise Ratio

• Stack method

• The user specifies the size of the stencil (in space and time)

• Since the noise is assumed to be white its spatial average value inside the stencil is zero

• Therefore the energy of the signal is the spatial some of the square of the stacked trace and the energy of the noise is the total energy minus the energy of the signal

Region with low signal to

noise ratio

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• Go to Attributes -> Geometric Properties

• Input has to be an horizon or a stack volume (in this case the computation will be done for every time slices)

• Curvature attributes are calculated by locally fitting (in a least-square sense) a second order 2D polynomial to the input horizon

• Outputs will be the maximum and minimum curvature as well as the maximum dip angle and azimuth

Geometric Properties

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Geometric Properties

Maximum dip angle computed on a synthetic checkerboard

Horizontal dip (0 degree) at the top of the anticline

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Examples

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Examples

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Example

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Examples

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COORDINATE REFERENCE SYSTEMS (CRS) AND CULTURAL DATA

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• Project CRS is defined in Project->Edit Project Geometry in the tab Project CRS

Project Coordinate Reference System (CRS)

Green: Currently chosen Project CRS

Blue: Cursor marked CRS

Complete definition of Project CRS –

in Well-Known Text (WKT) format

Name of CRS

Number in the IOGP’s EPSG Geodetic Parameter

Dataset. IOGP : International Association of Oil &

Gas Producers. EPSG : European Petroleum

Survey Group. www.epsg.org

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• Open Project CRS tab in Project->Edit Project Geometry

• Choose a new CRS from the predefined list

• Double click on the new CRS (turns green), and Save

Choosing a new CRS

Filter used to reduce the number of

possible CRS’s. Only CRS’s that fit

the filter will be visible. Use wildcard *

between text strings.

After double clicking on a given CRS,

it will be chosen as the Project CRS. Notice that whenever the user marks a CRS by

clicking on it, it will turn blue. When choosing a new

CRS by double clicking on it, the new CRS will look

blue. If the user moves the cursor to another CRS and

marks it by clicking once – this CRS will turn blue,

while the chosen Project CRS will be visible as green.

The CRS Definition will be updated

when choosing a new Project CRS.Save the new Project CRS

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• Project Import Import Cultural Data...

• Input a file or directory with cultural data in shapefile format.

Cultural data - import

Shapefile format

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Cultural data – in File Manager

Imported cultural data visible in File Manager

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Cultural data – in Map Viewer

Turn visualization on/off, and change color.

Example from the Norwegian

Continental Shelf: Block data

and discoveries.

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• The shapefile contains information about the UTM zone for the imported cultural data.

• PSPRO will convert or transform the imported cultural data to the project defined coordinate reference system.

• There is no coordinate conversion or transformation for project data (seismic, horizons, well locations etc.).

• It is still the user’s responsibility to import project data in a consistent way, i e. that the coordinates for all project data are imported with the same UTM zone.

Cultural data and coordinate reference system

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UTILITIES

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Unit conversion

• Utilities Unit converter

In any viewer, click on the read out value to change

the units.

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• Utilities Trace header interpolation

• Workflow for interpolating a stack and using the header for SEG-Y output

- Interpolate the stack volume

- Interpolate the original headers to the same geometry

- In SEG-Y output, used the interpolated header to copy the X/Y locations

Trace header interpolation

Same grid as the volume you want to output Tick off to create a new header

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SUPPORT OF MULTI AZIMUTH DATA

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Import of Irregular files

• Pre-Stack Pro currently do not handle the import of 5D irregular SEGY files.

• For this you will need the tool Seismic Data Certification developed by Fraunhofer ITWM.

• Please contact directly Dr. Norman Ettrich to request the binary and user manual: [email protected]

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2D Viewers

COV gathers displayed in the prestack viewer

Switch between the first fold axis and the second fold axis

Browse through first/second fold classes

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2D Viewers

• Supported input data are:

-COV (common offset vectors)

-COCA (common offset common azimuth)

-CICA (common incidence angle common azimuth)

COCA/CICA gather = polar binning - COV gather= Cartesian binning

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2D Viewers

Look at your COCA/CICA gather along the offset/angle direction for constant azimuth

sectors

Look at your COCA/CICA gather along azimuth direction for constant offset/angle slices

Look at your COV gather along the Offset X direction

Look at your COV gather along the Offset Y direction

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Algorithms

• Most algorithms have been extended to handle 5D data.

• However, the following ones can’t currently have multi-azimuth gathers as input:

-EPS 3D - Structural Dip

-Q Models & Filters - Multi Well Scalar

-Tau-p decon - AVO Scaling

-Semblance Optimization - RMO

-Continuous Velocity Analysis – Offset Interpolation

-Dip Filter

-PCube

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Algorithms

• In addition, some algorithms will only allow COCA or CICA gathers (mostly for Geophysical reasons):

-Offset to Angle (and reciprocal)

-Radon

-2D ECED

- AVA attributes

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Algorithms

Linear Radon muting on COCA gathers

Change the preview for different

second fold (azimuth/Offset Y)

values

Create a 5D mute (one mute per

azimuth sector) by right clicking

on a control point

Gather displayed along

the first fold

(offset/angle/offset X)

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5D Horizon Tracking

Parameters for 5D extension are

the same as for the classic 4D

extension.

5D gathers

3D horizon

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5D Horizon Tracking

Extend your horizons to prestack both in the offset and azimuth

direction

Horizon extend along the offset direction

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5D Horizon Tracking

Extend your horizons to prestack both in the offset and azimuth

direction

Horizon extend along the azimuth direction

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COCA Sectorization

Rebin your data from COV (Cartesian) to COCA (polar)

Stack together all the traces falling in

the same bin or select the trace that is

the closest to its center

Select the desired number

of azimuth sectors

Choose an appropriate number of

Offsets

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WELL LOG VIEWER

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Well Log Editor Custom edits

1. Create a temporary copy for editing

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Well Log Editor Custom edits

2. Combine logs and choose

Custom merge

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Well Log Editor Custom edits

3. Choose 2nd log and use Custom

Equation to create a new log.

In this example we are creating a Vp/Vs ratio

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Manage Wells T/D Tables

Several T/D tables can be associated to one well

One must be active and applied to the wellpath for the stretch

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Well Log Set

1. Manage Log Set

2. Create a set and move logs to it.

Log set can then be manipulated as a group

of objects.

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WAVELET TOOL

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New Features

• Setting the default sample interval

• Reorganised menus

• Automatic zero-phasing on load

• Creating spectra from well logs

• Coloured inversion workflow

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Set the default sample interval

• This value is used as the default sample interval for any new wavelets

created in the wavelet tool.

• Wavelets loaded from the project keep their original sample interval.

• If it is changed during a session, any wavelets already in the tool are

not resampled, they keep their original sample interval. Any wavelets

created after the change will have the new default sample interval.

• This is just the default value for the sample interval. The individual

GUIs for adding wavelets still allow you to change the sample interval

for individual wavelets.

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Reorganised function menus

• The tabs have been

replaced by a drop-

down menu list.

• There is an item for

coloured inversion

to clarify the

workflow.

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Zero-phasing on load from project

• Since the first step in many workflows is to zero-phase

the extracted spectra, an option has been added to

“Load from project” to perform this automatically.

• It is On by default, so don’t forget to switch it off if you

need the phase information too.

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Creating spectra from well logs

Choose a t-d table

from drop-down list

Start and end depths (in MD) for the spectral

analysis can be typed in or defined by tops.

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Coloured inversion

• The key steps in the

coloured inversion

workflow are collected in

the CI Function group to

clarify the workflow.

• The tools have been

modified to include

spectral smoothing,

tapering, and filtering

where necessary instead

of having to use

separate functions.

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DATA COMPARATOR NEW FEATURES

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Attributes computation

1. Select input volume

2. Select attribute

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Amplitude extraction

1. Right click and select

«Extract amplitude on all panels»

2. Parameters window opens

3. The amplitude extraction is done

on all visible panels

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Use of points set

Points Set are Seed points put a different locations.

It allows you to cycle through all locations on all panels.

1. Activate it by clicking on the flag icon

2. Choose the SeedPoints set and go trough each

location.

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New icons and other features

• 1. Set the width of all panels

• 2. Toggle on/off the read out extraction for all panels

1 2

• A horizon that has been snapped on one panel can be used for Amplitude Extraction on another panel, when dragging the horizon on the panel there is now a small pop-up that asks whether the horizon should just be displayed on the panel or used for an extraction.

• The Datapanels can now be reordered using Drag & Drop in the tree and resized manually via the context menu or all at once via a toolbar button.

• The y− axes of the amplitude plots are now synchronized by default if the Data panel display data from the same domain. This can be disabled in the Control Tab.

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2D SEG-Y LINES

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2D SEG-Y lines import

Necessary keys are:

- Line number

- CDP number

- World X and Y coordinates

- Fold

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2D SEG-Y lines import

A path representing the line position will be created

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• It is possible to import several lines as a batch

• The lines position can be displayed on a map using the corresponding arbitrary paths

2D SEG-Y lines import