Prague

Prague 1

Prague

PragueCzech: Praha

Montage of Prague

FlagCoat of arms

Motto: Praga Caput Rei publicae(Prague, Head of the State; Latin)

Prague

Coordinates: 50°05′N 14°25′E

Country Czech Republic

Founded c. 885

Government

 • Mayor Bohuslav Svoboda (ODS)

Area[1]

 • City 496 km2 (192 sq mi)

Highest elevation 399 m (1,309 ft)

Population (2011-09-30)[2][3]

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 • City 1,262,106

• Density 2,500/km2 (6,600/sq mi)

• Metro 2,300,000

Time zone CET (UTC+1)

 • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)

Postal code 1xx xx

NUTS code CZ01

GDP/capita (PPP) € 42,800(PPS) (2007)[4]

Website praha.eu [5]

Statistics statnisprava.cz [6]

Prague Astronomical Clock was firstinstalled in 1410, making it the

third-oldest astronomical clock in theworld and the oldest one still

working.

Prague (  /ˈprɑːɡ/; Czech: Praha pronounced [ˈpraɦa] ( listen)) is the capitaland largest city of the Czech Republic. It is the fourteenth-largest city in theEuropean Union.[7] It is also the historical capital of Bohemia proper. Situated inthe north-west of the country on the Vltava river, the city is home to about1.3 million people, while its larger urban zone is estimated to have a populationof nearly 2 million.[3] The city has a temperate oceanic climate, with warmsummers and chilly winters.

Prague has been a political, cultural, and economic centre of central Europe withwaxing and waning fortunes during its 1,100-year existence. Founded during theRomanesque and flourishing by the Gothic and Renaissance eras, Prague was notonly the capital of the Czech state, but also the seat of two Holy RomanEmperors and thus then also the capital of the Holy Roman Empire.[8][9] It wasan important city to the Habsburg Monarchy and its Austro-Hungarian Empireand after World War I became the capital of Czechoslovakia. The city playedmajor roles in the Protestant Reformation, the Thirty Years' War, and in20th-century history, during both World Wars and the post-war Communist era.

Prague is home to a number of famous cultural attractions, many of which survived the violence and destruction oftwentieth century Europe. Main attractions include the Prague Castle, the Charles Bridge, Old Town Square, theJewish Quarter, the Lennon Wall, and Petřín hill. Since 1992, the extensive historic centre of Prague has beenincluded in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.

The city boasts more than ten major museums, along with numerous theatres, galleries, cinemas, and other historicalexhibits. A modern public transportation system connects the city. Also, it is home to a wide range of public andprivate schools, including Charles University. Prague is classified as a Beta+ global city according to GaWC studies,comparable to Berlin, Rome, or Houston. Its rich history makes it a popular tourist destination, and the city receivesmore than 4.1 million international visitors annually, as of 2009. In 2011, Prague was the sixth-most-visited city inEurope.[10][11][12]

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HistoryDuring the thousand years of its existence, the city grew from a settlement stretching from Prague Castle in the northto the fort of Vyšehrad in the south, becoming the multicultural capital of a modern European state, the CzechRepublic, a member state of the European Union.

Early history

A view of one of the bridge towers of the CharlesBridge

The area on which Prague was founded was settled as early as thePaleolithic age. Around 200 BC the Celts established an oppidum(settlement) in the south, now called Závist. By the end of the 1stcentury BC, the population was composed mostly of the Marcomanni(and possibly the Suebi), a Germanic people. In the 6th century AD,during the great migration period following the collapse of the Romanempire, the Marcomanni people migrated westwards or wereassimilated into the invading West Slavic people.

According to legends, Prague was founded by the Czech duchess andprophetess Libuše and her husband, Přemysl, founder of the dynasty ofthe same name. By the year 800 there was a simple fort fortified withwooden buildings, occupying about two-thirds of the area that is nowPrague Castle.[13] The first masonry under Prague Castle dates from the year 885.[14]

The other Prague fort, the Přemyslid fort Vyšehrad[15] was founded in the 10th century, some 70 years later thanPrague Castle. Prague Castle is dominated by the cathedral, which was founded in 1344, but completed in the 20thcentury.The region became the seat of the dukes, and later kings of Bohemia. Under Roman Emperor Otto II the area becamea bishopric in 973. Until Prague was elevated to archbishopric in 1344, it was under the jurisdiction of theArchbishopric of Mainz.Prague was an important seat for trading where merchants from all of Europe settled, including many Jews, asrecalled in 965 by the Hispano-Jewish merchant and traveller Ibrahim ibn Ya'qub. The Old New Synagogue of 1270still stands. Prague contained an important slave market.[16]

At the site of the ford in the Vltava river, King Vladislaus II had the first bridge built in 1170, the Judith Bridge(Juditin most), named in honor of his wife Judith of Thuringia. This bridge was destroyed by a flood in 1342. Someof the original foundation stones of that bridge remain.In 1257, under King Ottokar II, Malá Strana ("Lesser Quarter") was founded in Prague on the site of an older villagein what would become the Hradčany (Prague Castle) area. This was the district of the German people, who had theright to administer the law autonomously, pursuant to Magdeburg rights. The new district was on the bank oppositeof the Staré Město ("Old Town"), which had borough status and was bordered by a line of walls and fortifications.

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The era of Charles IV

St. Vitus Cathedral at Hradčany

The precious Czech Crown Jewels are the fourtholdest in Europe

Prague flourished during the 14th-century reign (1346–1378) ofCharles IV, Holy Roman Emperor and the king of Bohemia of the newLuxembourg dynasty. As King of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor,he transformed Prague into an imperial capital and it was at that timethe third-largest city in Europe (after Rome and Constantinople). Heordered the building of the New Town (Nové Město) adjacent to theOld Town and laid out the design himself. The Charles Bridge,replacing the Judith Bridge destroyed in the flood just prior to hisreign, was erected to connect the right bank districts to the Malá Stranaand castle area. On 9 July 1357 at 5:31 am, Charles IV personally laidthe first foundation stone for the Charles Bridge. The exact time oflaying the first foundation stone is known because the palindromicnumber 135797531 was carved into the Old Town bridge tower havingbeen chosen by the royal astrologists and numerologists as the besttime for starting the bridge construction.[17] In 1347, he foundedCharles University, which remains the oldest university in CentralEurope.

He began construction of the Gothic Saint Vitus Cathedral, within thelargest of the Prague Castle courtyards, on the site of the Romanesquerotunda there. Prague was elevated to an archbishopric in 1344, theyear the cathedral was begun.

The city had a mint and was a centre of trade for German and Italianbankers and merchants. The social order, however, became moreturbulent due to the rising power of the craftsmen's guilds (themselvesoften torn by internal fights), and the increasing number of poorpeople.

The Hunger Wall, a substantial fortification wall south of Malá Strana and the Castle area, was built during a faminein the 1360s. The work is reputed to have been ordered by Charles IV as a means of providing employment and foodto the workers and their families.

Charles IV died in 1378. During the reign of his son, King Wenceslaus IV (1378–1419), a period of intense turmoilensued. During Easter 1389, members of the Prague clergy announced that Jews had desecrated the host (Eucharisticwafer) and the clergy encouraged mobs to pillage, ransack and burn the Jewish quarter. Nearly the entire Jewishpopulation of Prague (3,000 people) perished.[18][19]

Jan Hus, a theologian and rector at the Charles University, preached in Prague. In 1402, he began giving sermons inthe Bethlehem Chapel. Inspired by John Wycliffe, these sermons focused on what were seen as radical reforms of acorrupt Church. Having become too dangerous for the political and religious establishment, Hus was summoned tothe Council of Constance, put on trial for heresy, and burned at the stake in Constanz in 1415.

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Coat of arms of Prague

Four years later Prague experienced its first defenestration, when the people rebelledunder the command of the Prague priest Jan Želivský. Hus' death, coupled with Czechproto-nationalism and proto-Protestantism, had spurred the Hussite Wars. Peasantrebels, led by the general Jan Žižka, along with Hussite troops from Prague, defeatedKing Sigismund, in the Battle of Vítkov Hill.

During the Hussite Wars when the City of Prague was attacked by "Crusader" andmercenary forces, the city militia fought bravely under the Prague Banner. It was latercaptured by Swedish troops on their raid in 1649 and eventually placed in the RoyalMilitary Museum in Stockholm; although this flag still exists, it is in very poorcondition.

This swallow-tailed banner is approximately 4 by 6 feet, with a red field sprinkled with small white fleurs-de-lis, anda silver old Town Coat-of-Arms in the center. The words "PÁN BUH POMOC NASSE" (The Lord is our Relief)appeared above the coat-of-arms, with a Hussite chalice centered on the top. Near the swallow-tails is a crescentshaped golden sun with rays protruding.When the banner was first made and used is open for debate, but earliest evidence indicates that a gonfaion with amunicipal charge painted on it was used for Old Town as early as 1419. Since this city militia flag was in use before1477 and during the Hussite Wars, it is the oldest still preserved municipal flag of Bohemia.In the following two centuries, Prague strengthened its role as a merchant city. Many noteworthy Gothicbuildings[20] were erected and Vladislav Hall of the Prague Castle was added.

Habsburg era

Prague panorama in 1650

In 1526, the Bohemian estates elected Ferdinand I of the House ofHabsburg. The fervent Catholicism of its members was to bring theminto conflict in Bohemia, and then in Prague, where Protestant ideaswere gaining popularity.[21] These problems were not pre-eminentunder Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II, elected King of Bohemia in1576, who chose Prague as his home. He lived in the Prague Castle,where his court welcomed not only astrologers and magicians but alsoscientists, musicians, and artists. Rudolf was an art lover too, andPrague became the capital of European culture. This was a prosperousperiod for the city: famous people living there in that age include the astronomers Tycho Brahe and Johann Kepler,the painter Arcimboldo, the alchemists Edward Kelley and John Dee, the poetess Elizabeth Jane Weston, and others.

In 1618, the famous second defenestration of Prague provoked the Thirty Years' War, a particularly harsh period forPrague and the Bohemia. Ferdinand II of Habsburg was deposed, and his place as King of Bohemia taken byFrederick V, Elector Palatine; however the Czech Army under him was crushed in the Battle of White Mountain(1620) not far from the city. Following this in 1621 was an execution of 27 Czech leaders (involved in the uprising)in Old Town Square and the exiling of many others. The city suffered subsequently during the war under Saxon(1631) and Battle of Prague (1648).[22] Prague began a steady decline which reduced the population from the 60,000it had had in the years before the war to 20,000. In the second half of the 17th century Prague's population began togrow again. Jews have been in Prague since the end of the 10th century and, by 1708, they accounted for about aquarter of Prague's population.[23]

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Stiassny's Jubilee Synagogue built in1906 is the largest in Prague

In 1689, a great fire devastated Prague, but this spurred a renovation and arebuilding of the city. In 1713–14, a major outbreak of plague hit Prague one lasttime, killing 12,000 to 13,000 people.[24]

The economic rise continued through the 18th century, and the city in 1771 had80,000 inhabitants. Many of these were rich merchants and nobles who enrichedthe city with a host of palaces, churches and gardens full of art and music,creating a Baroque style renowned throughout the world. After the Battle ofPrague in 1757 the city was badly damaged during a Prussian bombardment.[25]

In 1784, under Joseph II, the four municipalities of Malá Strana, Nové Město,Staré Město, and Hradčany were merged into a single entity. The Jewish district,called Josefov, was included only in 1850. The Industrial Revolution had astrong effect in Prague, as factories could take advantage of the coal mines andironworks of the nearby region. A first suburb, Karlín, was created in 1817, andtwenty years later the population exceeded 100,000.

The revolutions that shocked all Europe around 1848 touched Prague too, but they were fiercely suppressed. In thefollowing years the Czech national movement began its rise, until it gained the majority in the town council in 1861.Prague had a German-speaking majority in 1848, but by 1880 the number of German speakers had decreased to 14%(42,000), and by 1910 to 6.7% (37,000), due to a massive increase of the city's overall population caused by theinflux of Czechs from the rest of Bohemia and Moravia and also due to the rise of the social status of the Czechlanguage, ethnic mixing and assimilation.[26]

20th centuryThe First Republic

Prague liberated by Red Army in May 1945

World War I ended with the defeat of the Austro-Hungarian Empireand the creation of Czechoslovakia. Prague was chosen as its capitaland Prague Castle as the seat of president (Tomáš Masaryk). At thistime Prague was a true European capital with highly developedindustry. By 1930, the population had risen to 850,000.

Second World WarHitler ordered the German Army to enter Prague on 15 March 1939and from Prague Castle proclaimed Bohemia and Moravia a Germanprotectorate. For most of its history Prague had been a multi-ethnic citywith important Czech, German and (mostly Czech- and/or German-speaking) Jewish populations. From 1939, whenthe country was occupied by Nazi Germany, and during World War II, most Jews were deported and killed by theGermans.

In 1942, Prague was witness to the assassination of one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany – ReinhardHeydrich during Operation Anthropoid, accomplished by Czech national heroes Jozef Gabčík and Jan Kubiš. Hitlerordered bloody reprisals. At the end of the war Prague suffered several bombing raids by the USAAF. Over 1,000people were injured, 701 people were killed, and hundreds of buildings, factories and historical landmarks weredestroyed (however, the damage was small compared to the total destruction of many other cities in that time).[27]

On 5 May 1945, four days before Germany capitulated, an uprising against Germany occurred. Four days later the3rd Shock Army entered the city. The majority of the German population either fled or was expelled by the Benešdecrees in the aftermath of the war.Cold War

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Prague skyscrapers at Pankrác

Prague was a city in the territory of military and political control of theSoviet Union (see Iron Curtain). The 4th Czechoslovakian Writers'Congress held in the city in 1967 took a strong position against theregime. This spurred the new secretary of the Communist Party,Alexander Dubček, to proclaim a new deal in his city's and country'slife, starting the short-lived season of the "socialism with a humanface". It was the "Prague Spring", which aimed at the renovation ofinstitutions in a democratic way. The other Warsaw Pact membercountries reacted with the invasion of Czechoslovakia and the capitalon 21 August 1968 by tanks, suppressing any attempt at reform.

Era after the Velvet RevolutionIn 1989, after the riot police beat back a peaceful student demonstration, the Velvet Revolution crowded the streetsof Prague, and the Czechoslovak capital benefited greatly from the new mood. In 1993, after the split ofCzechoslovakia, Prague became the capital city of the new Czech Republic. In the late 1990s Prague again becamean important cultural centre of Europe and was notably influenced by globalisation. In 2000 anti-globalisationprotests in Prague (some 15,000 protesters) turned violent during the IMF and World Bank summits. In 2002 Praguesuffered from widespread floods that damaged buildings and also its underground transport system. Prague launcheda bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics,[28] but failed to make the candidate city shortlist. Due to low political support,Prague's officials chose in June 2009 to cancel the city's planned bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics as well.[29]

Etymology and other names

Bridges over the Vltava river, as seen from Letná

The name Prague is derived from an old Slavic root,praga, which means "ford", referring to the city'sorigin at a crossing point of the Vltava river.

The native name of the city, Praha, however, is alsorelated to the modern Czech word práh (threshold)and a legendary etymology connects the name of thecity with princess Libuše, prophetess and a wife ofmythical founder of the Přemyslid dynasty. She issaid to have ordered the city "to be built where a manhews a threshold of his house".[30] The Czech práhmight thus be understood to refer to rapids or acataract in the river, the edge of which could haveacted as a means of fording the river – thus providing a "threshold" to the castle. However, no geological ridge in theriver has ever been located directly beneath the castle. The same etymology is associated with the Praga district ofWarsaw.[31]

Another derivation of the name Praha is suggested from na prazě, the original term for the shale hillside rock uponwhich the original castle was built. At that time, the castle was surrounded by forests, covering the nine hills of thefuture city – the Old Town on the opposite side of the river, as well as the Lesser Town beneath the existing castle,appeared only later.[32]

Nicknames for Prague have included: Praga mater urbium/Praha matka měst ("Prague – Mother of Cities") inLatin/Czech, Stověžatá Praha ("City of a Hundred Spires") based on count by 19 century mathematician BernardBolzano. Today's count is estimated at 500.[33]

Other nicknames: Zlaté město/Goldene Stadt ("Golden City") in Czech/German.[34]

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Main sights

Wenceslas Square

Milunić and Gehry's Dancing House

Franz Kafka monument in the DusniStreet, next to the Spanish

synagogue, sculptor Jaroslav Rona

Since the fall of the Iron Curtain, Prague has become one of the world'smost popular tourist destinations. It is the sixth-most-visited Europeancity after London, Paris, Rome, Madrid and Berlin.[35] Prague sufferedconsiderably less damage during World War II than some other majorcities in the region, allowing most of its historic architecture to staytrue to form. It contains one of the world's most pristine and variedcollections of architecture, from Art Nouveau to Baroque, Renaissance,Cubist, Gothic, Neo-Classical and ultra-modern. Some popular sightsinclude:

Hradčany and Lesser Town (Malá Strana)

• Prague Castle with the St. Vitus Cathedral which store the CzechCrown Jewels

• The picturesque Charles Bridge (Karlův Most)•• The Baroque Saint Nicholas Church• Church of Our Lady Victorious and Infant Jesus of Prague• Písek Gate, the last preserved city gate of Baroque fortification• Petřín Hill with Petřín Lookout Tower, Mirror Maze and Petřín

funicular•• Lennon Wall• The Franz Kafka Museum

Old Town (Staré Město) and Josefov

• The Astronomical Clock (Orloj) on Old Town City Hall• The Gothic Church of Our Lady before Týn (Kostel Matky Boží

před Týnem) from 14th century with 80 m high towers• The vaulted Gothic Old New Synagogue (Staronová Synagoga) of

1270•• Old Jewish Cemetery• Powder Tower (Prašná brána) a Gothic tower of the old city gates• Spanish Synagogue with its beautiful interior• Old Town Square (Staroměstské náměstí) with gothic and baroque

architectural styles• Municipal House, a major civic landmark and concert hall known

for its Art Nouveau architectural style and political history in theCzech Republic.

• Museum of Decorative Arts in Prague, with an extensive collectionsincluding glass, furniture, textile, toys, Art Nouveau, Cubism andArt Deco

• Clam-Gallas Palace, a baroque palace from 1713

New Town (Nové město)• Busy and historic Wenceslas Square• The National Museum with large scientific and historical collections

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• The National Theatre, a neo-Renaissance building with golden roof, alongside the banks of the Vltava River• The Dancing House (Fred and Ginger Building)• Charles Square, the largest medieval square in Europe• The Emmaus monastery and WW Memorial "Prague for his winning children" at Palacky Square (Palackého

náměstí)• The museum of the Heydrich assassination in the crypt of the Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius• Stiassny's Jubilee Synagogue is the largest in Prague• The Mucha Museum, showcasing the Art Nouveau works of Alfons Mucha

Vinohrady and Žižkov• Jan Žižka large bronze equestrian statue in Vítkov Park, Žižkov – Prague 3• Saint Ludmila Church at Náměstí Míru (Peace Square) in Vinohrady• Žižkov Television Tower with crawling babies sculptures• New Jewish Cemetery in Olšany, location of Franz Kafka's grave – Prague 3• The Roman Catholic Sacred Heart Church at George of Poděbrady Square (Jiřího z Poděbrad)

Other places• Vyšehrad Castle with Vyšehrad cemetery and Prague oldest Rotunda of St. Martin• The Prague Metronome at Letná park, a giant, functional metronome that looms over the city• Prague Zoo in Troja, selected as the seventh-best zoo in the world by Forbes magazine[36]

• Průmyslový Palace, Křižík's Light Fountain, Lunapark funfair and Sea World Aquarium in Výstaviště compoundin Holešovice

• Letohrádek Hvězda (Star Villa) in Liboc, a villa in the shape of a six-pointed star surrounded by a game reserve• Veletržní Palace with large collection of Czech and international paintings and sculptures by artists such as

Mucha, Picasso, Monet or Van Gogh• Anděl, a busy part of the city with modern architecture and a shopping mall• The large Nusle Bridge, spans the Nusle Valley, linking New Town to Pankrác, with the Metro running

underneath the road• Strahov Monastery, an old Czech premonstratensian abbey founded in 1149 and monastic library

Geography

Prague is situated on the Vltava river, at 50°05"N and 14°27"E.[37] in the centre of the Bohemian Basin. Prague isapproximately at the same latitude as Frankfurt, Germany;[38] Paris, France;[39] and Vancouver, Canada.[40]

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Climate

Prague seen from satellite

The city of Prague has borderline oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb). Thewinters are relatively cold with very little sunshine. Snow cover can becommon between mid-November to late March. Summers usuallybring fine sunny days with highs being around 25 degrees. Nights canbe quite cool even in summer, though. Precipitation in Prague is ratherlow (it is less rainy than Rome and Paris) as the shadow of the OreMountains and the Czech Central Highlands takes effect. The driestseason is usually winter while the summers can bring quite heavy rainespecially in form of violent storms and showers. Temperatureinversions are relatively common between mid-October andmid-March bringing often cloudy, cold days in comparison withmountains or highlands and can be often connected with air pollution.

Climate data for Prague

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Average high°C (°F)

1.0(33.8)

3.2(37.8)

8.5(47.3)

14.2(57.6)

18.7(65.7)

22.0(71.6)

24.7(76.5)

24.5(76.1)

20.0(68)

13.6(56.5)

6.9(44.4)

2.6(36.7)

13.33(55.99)

Average low °C(°F)

−4.6(23.7)

−3.8(25.2)

−0.5(31.1)

3.1(37.6)

8.4(47.1)

11.2(52.2)

13.5(56.3)

13.3(55.9)

9.5(49.1)

5.1(41.2)

0.9(33.6)

−2.1(28.2)

4.5(40.1)

Precipitationmm (inches)

23.5(0.925)

22.6(0.89)

28.1(1.106)

38.2(1.504)

77.2(3.039)

72.7(2.862)

66.2(2.606)

69.6(2.74)

40.0(1.575)

30.5(1.201)

31.9(1.256)

25.3(0.996)

525.8(20.701)

Avg.precipitation

days

7 6 6 7 10 10 9 9 7 6 7 7 91

Mean monthlysunshine hours

49.6 73.5 124.0 168.0 213.9 219.0 226.3 210.8 162.0 120.9 54.0 46.5 1,668.5

Source #1: World Meteorological Organisation (UN)[41]

Source #2: Hong Kong Observatory (sun only).[42]

Culture

National Museum at night, behind the Statue ofSaint Wenceslas I

The city is traditionally one of the cultural centres of Europe, hostingmany cultural events.Some of the significant cultural institutions include the NationalTheatre (Národní Divadlo) and the Estates Theatre (Stavovské orTylovo or Nosticovo divadlo), where the premières of Mozart's DonGiovanni and La clemenza di Tito were held. Other major culturalinstitutions are the Rudolfinum which is home to the CzechPhilharmonic Orchestra and the Municipal House which is home to thePrague Symphony Orchestra. The Prague State Opera (Státní opera)performs at the Smetana Theatre.

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Rudolfinum, a concert and exhibition hall

Prague Congress Centre has hosted theIMF-WBG meeting and NATO summit

The city has many world-class museums, including the NationalMuseum (Národní muzeum), the Museum of the Capital City ofPrague, the Jewish Museum in Prague, the Alfons Mucha Museum, theAfrican-Prague Museum, the Museum of Decorative Arts in Prague theNáprstek Museum (Náprstkovo Muzeum), the Josef Sudek Gallery, theNational Library and the National Gallery.

There are hundreds of concert halls, galleries, cinemas and music clubsin the city. It hosts music festivals including the Prague SpringInternational Music Festival, the Prague Autumn International MusicFestival and the Prague International Organ Festival. Film festivalsinclude the Febiofest, the One World Film Festival and Echoes of theKarlovy Vary International Film Festival. The city also hosts thePrague Writers' Festival, the Prague Folklore Days [43], Prague AdventChoral Meeting [44] g, the Summer Shakespeare Festival,[45] the PragueFringe Festival, the World Roma Festival, as well as the hundreds ofVernissages and fashion shows.

Many films have been made at Barrandov Studios and at PragueStudios. Hollywood films set in Prague include Mission Impossible,xXx, Blade II, Alien vs. Predator, Doom, Chronicles of Narnia,Hellboy, Red Tail, Children of Dune and Van Helsing.[46] Other Czechfilms shot in Prague include Empties, EuroTrip, Amadeus and The Fifth Horseman is Fear. Also, the music video to"Diamonds from Sierra Leone" by Kanye West was shot in the city, and features shots of the Charles Bridge and theAstronomical Clock, among other famous landmarks. Rihanna's "Don't Stop the Music" video was filmed at Prague'sRadost FX Club. The city was also the setting for the film Dungeons and Dragons in 2000. The music video "Silverand Cold" by AFI, an American rock band, was also filmed in Prague. Many Indian films have also been filmed inthe city including Yuvraaj, Drona and Rockstar (2011 film).

Forbes Traveler magazine listed Prague Zoo among the world's best zoos.[47]

With the growth of low-cost airlines in Europe, Prague has become a popular weekend city destination allowingtourists to visit its many museums and cultural sites as well as try its famous Czech beers and hearty cuisine.The city has many buildings by renowned architects, including Adolf Loos (Villa Müller), Frank O. Gehry (DancingHouse) and Jean Nouvel (Golden Angel).Recent major events held in Prague:• International Monetary Fund and World Bank Summit 2000• NATO Summit 2002• International Olympic Committee Session 2004• International Astronomical Union General Assembly 2006• EU & USA Summit 2009• Czech Presidency of the Council of the European Union 2009• USA & Russia Summit 2010 (signing of the New START treaty)

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Cuisine

Around 200 girls and boys in Czech nationalcostume serve in the Czech Beer Festival

Prague restaurant Allegro received the first Michelin star in the wholeof post-Communist part of Central Europe. As of 2012 there are twoMichelin-starred restaurants in Prague (Alkrone and DegustacionBohema).

At Malá Strana, Staré Město, Žižkov or Nusle there are hundreds ofrestaurants, bars and pubs, especially with good Czech beer. Praguealso hosts the Czech Beer Festival (Český pivní festival), it is thebiggest beer festival in the Czech Republic, held for 17 days every yearin May. At the festival, more than 70 brands of Czech beer can betasted.

Prague is home of number of breweries including:•• První novoměstský restaurační pivovar (Praha 1)• Pivovar U Fleků (Praha 1)•• Klášterní pivovar Strahov (Praha 1)•• Pivovar Pražský most u Valšů (Praha 1)•• Pivovarský Hotel U Medvídků (Praha 1)•• Pivovarský dům (Praha2) Jihoměstský pivovar (Praha 4)•• Sousedský pivovar U Bansethů (Praha 4)• Pivovary Staropramen (Praha 5)• Vyukový a výzkumný pivovar – Suchdolský Jeník (Praha 6)•• Pivovar U Bulovky (Praha 8)

Economy

Head office of Czech Airlines in Ruzyně, Prague

Prague's economy accounts for 25% of the Czech Republic's GDP[48]

making it the highest performing regional economy of the country.According to the Eurostat, as of 2007, its GDP per capita in purchasingpower standard is 42,800 €. Prague ranked the 5th best-performingEuropean NUTS two-level region at 172 percent of the EU-27average.[4]

The city is the site of the European headquarters of many internationalcompanies.Since 1990, the city's economic structure has shifted from industrial toservice-oriented. Industry is present in sectors such as pharmaceuticals, printing, food processing, manufacture oftransport equipment, computer technology and electrical engineering. In services sector, most significant arefinancial services, commercial services, trade, restaurants and accommodations and public administration. Servicesaccount for around 80 percent of employment. There are 800,000 employees in Prague, including 120,000commuters.[48] The number of (legally registered) foreign residents in Prague has been increasing in spite of thecountry's economic downturn. As of March 2010, 148,035

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Žižkov Television Tower withcrawling "babies"

foreign workers were reported to be living in the city making up about 18 percent ofthe workforce, up from 131,132 in 2008.[49] Approximately one-fifth of all investmentin the Czech Republic takes place in the city.

Almost one-half of the national income from tourism is spent in Prague. The cityoffers approximately 73,000 beds in accommodation facilities, most of which werebuilt after 1990, including almost 51,000 beds in hotels and boarding houses.From the late 1990s to late 2000s, the city was a popular filming location forinternational productions and Hollywood, Bollywood motion pictures. A combinationof architecture, low costs and the existing motion picture infrastructure have provenattractive to international film production companies.

The modern economy of Prague is largely service and export-based and, in a 2010 survey, the city was named thebest city in East Europe for business.[50]

In 2005, Prague was deemed among the three best cities in eastern Europe according to The Economist's livabilityrankings.[51] The city was named as a top-tier nexus city for innovation across multiple sectors of the globalinnovation economy, placing 29th globally out of 289 cities, ahead of Brussels and Helsinki for innovation in 2010in 2thinknow annual analysts Innovation Cities Index.[52] The street Na Příkopě in New Town is the most expensivein whole Central Europe.[53]

In the Eurostat research, Prague ranked fifth among Europe's 271 regions in terms of gross domestic product perinhabitant, achieving 172 percent of the EU average. It ranked just above Paris and well above the Czech Republic asa whole, which achieved 80 percent of the EU average.[54][55]

Prague is also the site of some of the most important offices and institutions of the Czech Republic.•• President of the Czech Republic• The Government and both houses of Parliament• Ministries and other national offices (Industrial Property Office, Czech Statistical Office, National Security

Authority etc.)•• Czech National Bank• Czech Television and other major broadcasters• Radio Free Europe – Radio Liberty• Galileo global navigation project•• Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic

Prague 14

Education

Charles University in Prague, founded in 1348, itwas the first university in Central Europe

University of Economics in Prague was awardedthe second place among Business Schools inselection in the Post-Communist European

countries by the Financial Times

Twelve universities, and a number of colleges and schools are locatedin the city, including:

Public universities

• Charles University founded in 1348, the oldest university in Centraland Eastern Europe

• Czech Technical University (ČVUT) founded in 1707• Institute of Chemical Technology (VŠCHT) founded in 1920• University of Economics (VŠE) founded in 1953• Czech University of Agriculture (ČZU) founded in 1906/1952

Public arts academies

• Academy of Fine Arts (AVU) founded in 1800• Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design (VŠUP) founded in 1885• Academy of Performing Arts (AMU) founded in 1945

Private schools

• University of New York in Prague (UNYP) founded in 1998• International School of Prague (ISP) founded in 1948• Anglo-American University (AAU) founded in 1990• University of Northern Virginia in Prague (UNVA) founded in 1998• Architectural Institute in Prague (ARCHIP) founded in 2010• The University of Finance and Administration (VSFS) founded in 1999• Metropolitan University Prague (MUP) founded in 2001

International institutions•• Instituto Camões•• Goethe-Institut•• Instituto Cervantes•• British Council

Science, research and hi-tech centresThe region city of Prague is an important centre of research. It is the seat of 39 out of 54 institutes of the CzechAcademy of Sciences, including the largest ones, the Institute of Physics, the Institute of Microbiology and theInstitute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry. It is also a seat of 10 public research institutes, four businessincubators and large hospitals performing research and development activities such as the Institute for Clinical andExperimental Medicine in Prague or the Motol University Hospital. Universities seated in Prague (see sectionColleges and Universities) also represent important centres of science and research activities.As of 2008, there were 13,000 researchers (out of 30,000 in the Czech Republic, counted in full-time equivalent),representing 3% share of Prague's economically active population. Gross expenditure on research and developmentaccounted for 901.3 million € (41.5% of country's total).[56]

Some well-known multinational companies have established research and development facilities in Prague, amongthem Siemens, Honeywell and Sun Microsystems.

Prague 15

In 2010, Prague was selected to host administration of the EU satellite navigation system Galileo.

Transport

Malostranská metro station on line A

Škoda 15 T tram developed by Škoda for thePrague tram system, the newest tram in Prague.

Barrandov bridge, part of the City (inner) RingRoad

Public transportation

The public transport infrastructure consists of an intensely usedintegrated transport system of Prague Metro (its length is 59 km with57 stations in total), Prague Tram System, buses, the Petřín funicular toPetřín Hill, and six ferries: PID, Pražská integrovaná doprava (Pragueintegrated transport system). Prague has one of the highest rates ofpublic transport usage in the world with 1.2 billion passenger journeysper annum. In Prague there are also three cable cars. The first is the onPetrin Hill and the other is on the hill Mrázovka and the third is at thezoo in Troja.

The Metro has three major lines extending throughout the city; in June2010, construction began to extend the green line further into thenorthwest corner of Prague and eventually to the airport.[57] A fourthMetro line is planned, although a date for construction to begin has notyet been specified.[58] In operation there are currently two kinds ofunits: "81-71M" which is modernized variant of the Soviet 81-71 andfrom 1998 new "M1" trains manufactured by consortium consisting ofČKD Praha, ADtranz and Siemens. The original Soviet vehicles "Ečs"were excluded in 1997, but one museum-set is monthly in operation atline C, another vehicle is also placed in public transport museum indepot Střešovice.[59] Per capita usage of the Prague metro is the highestin the world. According to its builder, the escalator at Náměstí Mírustation is the longest escalator in Europe.

Prague Tram System now operates various types of trams: still popularclassic Tatra T3, newer Tatra KT8D5, T6A5, Škoda 14 T designed byPorsche, newest Škoda 15 T and nostalgic tram number 91. AlthoughMelbourne, Australia has the longest total tram system length in theworld, Prague's tram network is one of the largest in the world by othermeasures. The Prague tram rolling stock consists of over 900individual cars, of those around 700 are the T3 class, which aretypically operated coupled together in pairs. The system carries morethan 356 million passengers annually, the third highest tram patronagein the world after St Petersburg and Budapest. On a per capita basis, Prague has the second highest tram patronageafter Zurich.

All services have a common ticketing system, and are run by the Prague Public Transport Company (Dopravnípodnik hl. m. Prahy, a. s.) and several other companies. Recently, the Regional Organiser of Prague IntegratedTransport (ROPID) has franchised operation of ferries on the Vltava river, which are also a part of the publictransport

Prague 16

Overview of Václav Havel Airport Prague atnight, Terminal 2 behind control tower on the left

and Terminal 1 on the right

system with common fares. Taxi services operate from regulated taxistands, and from independent taxi drivers who make pick-ups on thestreet..

Roads

The main flow of traffic leads through the centre of the city andthrough inner and outer ring roads (only partially in operation).Inner Ring Road (The City Ring "MO"): Once completed it willsurround the wider central part of the city. The longest city tunnel inEurope with a proposed length of 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi) and fiveinterchanges is now being built to relieve congestion in thenorth-western part of Prague. Called Tunel Blanka and to be part of theCity Ring Road, it is estimated that it will now cost – after several increases – 38 billion CZK. Construction startedin 2007 and the tunnel is scheduled to be completed in 2013/2014. This tunnel complex will complete major part ofthe inner ring road. The entire City Ring is estimated to be finished after 2020.

Outer Ring Road (The Prague Ring "R1"): This ring road will connect all major motorways and speedways thatmeet each other in Prague region and provide faster transit without a necessity to drive through the city. So far 39kilometres / 24 miles, out of total planned 83 kilometres / 52 miles, is in operation. Full completion is estimatedaround 2017.[60] Most recently, the southern part of this road (with a length of more than 20 kilometres / 12 miles)was opened on 22 September 2010.

RailThe city forms the hub of the Czech railway system, with services to all parts of the Czech Republic and abroad. Therailway system links Prague with major European cities, including Munich (Germany); Berlin (Germany); Vienna(Austria); Warsaw (Poland); Budapest (Hungary); Copenhagen (Denmark); Zurich (Switzerland); Moscow (Russia)and Amsterdam (the Netherlands) (all of which can be reached without transfers). Travel times range between 4.5hours to Berlin and approximately 8 hours to Warsaw.[61]

Prague's main international railway station is Hlavní nádraží (formerly called Wilsonovo nádraží).[62] Rail servicesare also available from the main stations Praha – Masarykovo nádraží, Praha-Holešovice and Praha-Smíchov, inaddition to selected suburban stations.

AirPrague is served by Václav Havel Airport, the biggest airport in the Czech Republic and one of the busiest in Centraland Eastern Europe. It is the hub of the flag carrier, Czech Airlines,[63] as well as of the low-cost airlines SmartWings and Wizzair operating throughout Europe. Other airports in Prague include the city's original airport at theKbely north-east district, which is serviced by the Czech Air Force, internationally too: The runway (9–27) at Kbelyis 2 km long. The airport also houses the Prague Aviation Museum. Close to town the Letňany airport is mainly usedfor private aviation and aeroclub aviation. Another airport in the proximity is Aero Vodochody aircraft factory's onthe north, used for testing purposes, as well as for aeroclub aviation. There are a few aeroclubs around Prague, suchas the Točná airfield.

Prague 17

Sport

O2 Arena (Prague), home to HC Slavia Prague

Prague is the site of many sports events, national stadiums and teams.• Sparta Prague (Gambrinus liga) - traditional Czech football club• Slavia Prague (Gambrinus liga) - traditional Czech football club• Dukla Prague (Gambrinus liga) - football club• Bohemians 1905 (Czech 2. Liga) - football club• Viktoria Žižkov (Czech 2. Liga) - football club• HC Slavia Praha (Champions Hockey League) - ice hockey club• HC Sparta Praha (Czech Extraliga) - ice hockey club• HC Lev Prague (KHL) Kontinental Hockey League Club• O2 Arena – NHL 2008 and 2010 Opening Game, 2004 Men's

World Ice Hockey Championships and Euroleague Final Four• Strahov Stadium – the second-largest stadium in the world•• Prague International Marathon• ECM Prague Open – Tennis Tournament held in the I. Czech Lawn Tennis Club• Sparta Prague Open – Tennis Tournament held in Prague 7• Josef Odložil Memorial – Athletics meeting• Mystic SK8 Cup – World cup of skateboarding• World Ultimate Club Championships 2010[64]

International relationsThe city of Prague also maintains its own EU delegation in Brussels called Prague House.[65]

Petřín Lookout Tower, anobservation tower built at Petřín hill.

Prague was the location of U.S. President Barack Obama's speech on 5 April2009, which led to the New START treaty with Russia, signed in Prague on 8April 2010.[66]

The annual conference Forum 2000, which was founded by former CzechPresident Václav Havel, Japanese philanthropist Yohei Sasakawa, and NobelPeace Prize laureate Elie Wiesel in 1996, is held in Prague. Its main objective is"to identify the key issues facing civilization and to explore ways to prevent theescalation of conflicts that have religion, culture or ethnicity as their primarycomponents", and also intends to promote democracy in non-democraticcountries and to support civil society. Conferences have attracted a number ofprominent thinkers, Nobel laureates, former and acting politicians, businessleaders and other individuals like: Frederik Willem de Klerk, Bill Clinton,Nicholas Winton, Oscar Arias Sánchez, Dalai Lama, Hans Küng, Shimon Peresand Madeleine Albright.

Twin towns and sister cities

The city has a friendship agreement and is twinned with:[67]

Prague 18

• Beijing, China • Jerusalem, Israel • Rotterdam, Netherlands

• Berlin, Germany[68] • Kyoto, Japan • Rosh Haayin, Israel

• Bratislava, Slovakia[69] • Lecce, Italy • Saint Petersburg, Russia

• Brussels, Belgium • Lisbon, Portugal • Seoul, South Korea

• Budapest, Hungary[70] • Moscow, Russia • Stockholm, Sweden

• Chicago, United States[71] • Nîmes, France • Taipei, Taiwan

• Copenhagen, Denmark • Nuremberg, Germany • Teramo, Italy

• Frankfurt am Main, Germany[72] • Paris, France[73][74] • Vienna, Austria

• Hamburg, Germany • Phoenix, United States • Vilnius, Lithuania• Helsinki, Finland • Rome, Italy

NamesakesCzech emigration has left a number of namesake cities scattered over the globe, though more heavily concentrated inthe New World.

•• Praha, Slovakia• Praha, Texas, United States[75]

• Prague, Oklahoma, United States[76]

• Prague, Nebraska, United States[77]

• New Prague, Minnesota, United States[78]

TheCharles

Bridge is ahistoricbridge

from the14th

century

PragueCastle is

thebiggestancientcastle inthe world

Old Town Squarefeaturing Church of

Our Lady beforeTýn and Old Town

City Hall withPrague Orloj

Vyšehrad fortresscontains Basilica ofSt Peter and St Paul,

the VyšehradCemetery and the

Rotunda of St.Martin from 11th

century

View ofPařížskást. fromLetná inPrague

Náměstí Míru(Peace Square) withVinohrady Theatreand Saint Ludmila

Church

Prague 19

National Theatreoffers opera, ballet

and dramaperformances

Výstavištěcompound containsPrůmyslový palácand Křižík's Light

Fountain, hostfunfair Lunapark

Old NewSynagogueis Europe's

oldestactive

synagogue.Legend

has Golemlying inthe loft

NationalMonumenton VítkovHill withthe statue

of JanŽižka isthe thirdlargestbronze

equestrianstatue inthe world

Prague Zoo,selected as the

seventh best zoo inthe world by

Forbes magazine

A portion of theLennon Wall

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Prague 21

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Further reading• Jekova, Alena. 77 Prague Legends. Prague: Prah, 2006. ISBN 80-7252-139-X• Prague Legends (Think Prague Magazine) (2002) Legend's of Prague (http:/ / www. thinkexpats. com/

component/ content/ article/ 353. html)• Prague (Eyewitness Travel Guide by DK Publishing) (2009) excerpt and text search 2006 edition (http:/ / www.

amazon. com/ dp/ 0756615488)• Prague (City Guide) by Neil Wilson (2009) excerpt and text search (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/

1741045134)• Praha – Prague and environs (by Čedok) (1926) city guide from 1920s (http:/ / kramerius. mlp. cz/ kramerius/

MShowPageDoc. do?id=85423& mcp=& idpi=153231& author=digitised)• Rick Steves' Prague and The Czech Republic by Rick Steves and Honza Vihan (2009) excerpt and text search

(http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ 159880118X)• Wilson, Neil. Lonely Planet Prague (2007) excerpt and text search (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ 1741043026)• Wilson, Paul. Prague: A Traveler's Literary Companion (1995)• Prague Top 10 (2011) Prague Top 10 (http:/ / www. top-10-in-prague. com/ )

Prague 22

Culture and society• Becker, Edwin et al., ed. Prague 1900: Poetry and Ecstasy. (2000). 224 pp.• Burton, Richard D. E. Prague: A Cultural and Literary History. (2003). 268 pp. excerpt and text search (http:/ /

www. amazon. com/ dp/ 1566564905)• Cohen, Gary B. The Politics of Ethnic Survival: Germans in Prague, 1861–1914. (1981). 344 pp.• Fucíková, Eliska, ed. Rudolf II and Prague: The Court and the City. (1997). 792 pp.• Holz, Keith. Modern German Art for Thirties Paris, Prague, and London: Resistance and Acquiescence in a

Democratic Public Sphere. (2004). 359 pp.• Iggers, Wilma Abeles. Women of Prague: Ethnic Diversity and Social Change from the Eighteenth Century to the

Present. (1995). 381 pp. online edition (http:/ / www. questia. com/ read/ 13825165)• Porizka, Lubomir; Hojda, Zdenek; and Pesek, Jirí. The Palaces of Prague. (1995). 216 pp.• Sayer, Derek. "The Language of Nationality and the Nationality of Language: Prague 1780–1920." Past &

Present 1996 (153): 164–210. Issn: 0031-2746 Fulltext: in Jstor (http:/ / links. jstor. org/sici?sici=0031-2746(199611)0:153<164:TLONAT>2. 0. CO;2-A)

• Spector, Scott. Prague Territories: National Conflict and Cultural Innovation in Kafka's Fin de Siècle. (2000).331 pp. online edition (http:/ / www. questia. com/ library/ book/prague-territories-national-conflict-and-cultural-innovation-in-franz-kafkas-fin-de-siaecle-by-scott-spector. jsp)

• Svácha, Rostislav. The Architecture of New Prague, 1895–1945. (1995). 573 pp.• Wittlich, Peter. Prague: Fin de Siècle. (1992). 280 pp.

Article Sources and Contributors 23

Article Sources and ContributorsPrague  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=526160820  Contributors: -MSZMP-, -js-, 16@r, 1994, 1exec1, 32X, 334a, 5 albert square, 5ko, 66.153.24.xxx, 83d40m, A. B., A. diM., Aaronk75, Abulafia111, AcidDecemberist, Adam Zivner, Adam s, Adam sk, Adambro, AdultSwim, Aeromix, Ahoerstemeier, Aisano, Ajdz, Akkolon, Ales.cepek, Alex earlier account,Alexander Domanda, Aloysius, Alsandro, Altenmann, Alvestrand, Amazingtfo, Ameliorate!, Amkrtchyan, Andonic, Andre Engels, Andres, Angelo De La Paz, Angusmclellan, Apocralyptic,Aquilina, Arael2, Arcalpha, Aresceo, Arthur Holland, Artifiical.mind, Ashley Pomeroy, Astrovega, Atitarev, Attilios, Auntof6, Autocracy, Averette, BD2412, BRG, Babydutka, BaronLarf,Baronnet, Bart133, Bbik, Bearcat, Beautypersoni, Bender235, Benoa, Beorhtric, Betacommand, Betnovate, Betterusername, Bevo74, Biala Gwiazda, Bienfuxia, Bigtony21, Bilboq, Bility,Biruitorul, Black&White, Bleff, Bletch, Bluefortytwo, Bluewind, Bobby H. Heffley, Bojin, Bonadea, Boneillhawk, Boombasticata, Borksamoht, Brahmaputra, Bratsche, Brianga, Brion VIBBER,BroadArrow, Brokenwit, Brona, Brynp, Buaidh, Bucksburg, Bumm13, CORNELIUSSEON, CambridgeBayWeather, Canley, Caponer, Carewolf, Carodejnik, Caroig, Castglass, Celique,Celithemis, Ceradon, Changeidea, Chanheigeorge, Charlesdrakew, CharlieEchoTango, Charliexxxxx, CharlotteWebb, Chavash, Chechtal, Checo77, Choster, Chowbok, Chris Capoccia, Chris jwood, Chrisity, Citedindex, Cjensen, Ckrishnareddy33, Cladeal832, ClockworkLunch, Cloudz679, Cmc05ad, Colm Rice, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, ContinueWithCaution, Conversionscript, Courcelles, Crzycz, Csa-flyer, Cube lurker, Cubic Hour, DBaba, DJ Clayworth, DMG413, DaGizza, Dale Arnett, Daniel Putík, Danubian, DarthShrine, Darwinek, Davejblair, DavidKernow, David Parker, David Schaich, DavidSpanel, Davidderiso, DeLarge, Deathphoenix, Deb, DebrayR, Debresser, Deflective, Dekthep, Delasoto, Demiurge, Den fjättrade ankan,DennisDaniels, Der Golem, DerBorg, DerHexer, Dewritech, Dezidor, Dezwitser, Diliff, Diligent, Dimitrii, Discomike, Docu, Doh5678, DonaldDuck, DoorFrame, Dpv, Dr. Blofeld, Dr.Streda,DrMajestico, DragonflySixtyseven, Dweller, Earlypsychosis, Eboracum, Edcolins, Edinborgarstefan, Edward, El Barto, El C, Elan26, Elapsed, Elbrycen, Ele, Emka wiki, Empetl, Enfcer, EnglishBobby, Enviroboy, Ericyu, Erudy, Essjay, EstebanF, Eugene van der Pijll, Euroleague, Evlekis, Examinedlife, Fabhcún, Falcon9x5, Fennecfoxy, Ferran Cornellà, Fetchcomms, Filelakeshoe,Filipvalenta, Firebreeze, Flightsoffancy, Floundering, Folks at 137, Frankie1969, Fratrep, Frish, Fstab, Funandtrvl, Futurebird, Fuxoft, Fwb22, GCZPN3, GK tramrunner, Gadfium, GallegoT,Gareth E Kegg, Garzo, Gayness, GenuineMongol, Gfoley4, Giftlite, Gilgamesh, Giraffedata, Glen, Gmcaleer, Goethicus, Goranche, Grafen, Graham87, Gravelsauce, Green caterpillar,Greenshed, GregorB, Gregorik, Grstain, Grw, Guckmal47, Gun Powder Ma, Gurch, Gwguffey, Gyula19, HaeB, Hamiltondaniel, HangingCurve, HappyCamper, Happyshopper, Hapsiainen,Hardstyler, Havaska, HenryLi, Henryodell, Hikitsurisan, Hkmaly, Holal5, Honza121, HouseofBrick, HowardMorland, Hungaria777, Husond, Hutcher, Hvn0413, I Help When I Can, I love Pie,Ianb, Iangibbins, Iaroslavvs, IceandWind, Icey, IdreamofJeanie, Ifnord, Iioet, IlshatS, Immunize, Imperium Europeum, In ictu oculi, Introvert, Invertzoo, Iohannes Animosus, Irathi1, Iridescent,Ivana Rajlich, Ixfd64, J.delanoy, JHMM13, JNW, JPD, JPG-GR, Jab7842, Jacobjohn5524, Jacquesverlaeken, Jahsonic, JanSuchy, Janfiedler, Jankotik, Jaraalbe, Jax-wp, Jeandré du Toit, Jebba,Jekki, Jenda, Jeppiz, Jerry rankankan, Jersey emt, JessicaDickerson, Jesus H. Lincoln, Jhendin, Jim1138, Jimbo Herndan, Jimmyjohnny, JinJian, Jinlye, Jirka.h23, Jklamo, Jmlk17, Joey80, John,John Quincy Adding Machine, John Vandenberg, Johnbibby, Johnbod, Johnrdonahue, JohnyDog, Jojit fb, Jonik, Jorunn, Jose77, Josefhoracek, Joseph Solis in Australia, Joshmaul, Joshua Scott,Jpople, Jrtayloriv, Jsiffhem, Juandev, Julien1311, K kisses, Karelj, Karlos87, Katalaveno, Kate, Kbdank71, Kcordina, Kdano, Kedadi, Keeno, Kelisi, Khamzova, Kingbll, Kinu, Kirgyt12, Kjana,Knutux, Kokpit, Kompas, Kozuch, Krigl, Kucmel007, Kusma, Kwamikagami, Kyknos, LZM5454, Laardlad, Ladyjulianofnorwich, Lahiru k, Larpman, Lbs6380, Le Anh-Huy, Le Fou, Lear 21,LeaveSleaves, Lehaneb, Leutha, Lgerzsenyi, Lhr, Lightbeam, Lightmouse, LilHelpa, Lindaimage, LittleWink, Lodni Vandr, Logon9786, Lonbonzo, Longhair, Los, Lucius1976, LuigiManiac,Luka6, LukasValentovic, Lukasgrega, Lumidek, Luna Santin, Lycurgus, M.W.A., M.nelson, M0RD00R, MJCdetroit, MJCollege1950, MKawasaki, MLKLewis, MPerel, Macarenses,Magioladitis, Magister Mathematicae, Magog the Ogre, Makeitso, Malcolm, Malfactor, Mamalala, Man vyi, Mantchi, Maor X, Marcschulz, Marcvs, Marek69, Mariarnie, Mark Renier, Markhh,MarnetteD, Marrante, Martg76, Martim33, Martinete, Martinevans123, MasashiInoue, Massagetae, Massimo Catarinella, Master of Pies, Materialscientist, Matstrange, Matt Borak, Mattadam90,Matthewcgirling, Mav, Maximaximax, Maya, Mayalld, Mayfly may fly, Mbinebri, Me haridas, Mendaliv, Miaow Miaow, Michael Hardy, Michal Jurosz, Michal.illich, Midgrid, Midnight Green,Miekee, Miguel Chong, Miguelazo84, Mike R, Mike Rosoft, Mike7777777, MikeeNewton, Mikeshk, Millenium187, Millisits, Miltopia, Miraceti, Miss kat, Missionviper77, Misssarta, Mmh,Mmoecke, Momo san, Monsieur Fou, MorganaFiolett, Morn, MountainRanger74, Mpatel, Mpx, Mr little irish, MrDolomite, MrOllie, Ms2ger, Mujinga, MusicGeek101, Mwanner, Mxater,My76Strat, Mygerardromance, Myland, Myrabella, Myroch, N panni, NCurse, Nakon, NawlinWiki, Neilbeach, Nick Number, Nishkid64, Nixeagle, Njbob, NoPuzzleStranger, Nolanus, NomadicWhitt, Noozgroop, Nsaa, Nzpcmad, Oashi, Obradovic Goran, Oda Mari, Ohconfucius, Ohms law, Ohnoitsjamie, Okapi, Olessi, Olivier, Omes, Omicronpersei8, Orange Suede Sofa, Oren neu dag,Oreo Priest, Orioane, Oruj, Ozanpol, PGWG, PO-Frnt12, PS-2507, Paloeser, Panoramix, Paradanta, Paride81, Patrick, Paulinho28, Pavel Vozenilek, PawkaLukasz, Pazzinibomber, Pdpp,Peeotreck, Per Honor et Gloria, Peregrine981, Perfectmiss, Pethr, Petr Dlouhý, Petr.adamek, Petri Krohn, Phgao, Phil Bastian, Philafrenzy, Philaweb, Philip Trueman, Philipp1101,Photographer2008, Piccolo Modificatore Laborioso, Plch, Pmsyyz, Poetaris, Poko, Polyhister, Polylerus, PowerCS, PraguePraha, Praguesports, PranksterTurtle, Prikryl, Prodego, Proger,PullUpYourSocks, Qertis, Quadell, Qui1che, RARCA, RCS, RPIRED, RadekV96, Rafiki270, Rankiri, Rarelibra, Rashack, Raupp, Razum2010, Rcingham, Readin, Realismadder, Red WingedDuck, Regibox, Reo On, ResearchRave, Retired username, RexNL, Rich Farmbrough, Richard79, Rickard Vogelberg, Rickyrab, Riclib, Riso, Rjensen, Rkh26, Rl, Rlr3, Rob Aleksandrowicz,Robertgreer, Roftiki, Rohmerin, Ron B. Thomson, Ronhjones, Ronline, RudyB, Russavia, Russian Luxembourger, RuthAS, RxS, Ryuk shinigami21, Ryulong, S marky 90, S3plan, SAMbo,SD6-Agent, SGBailey, SI31, SMcCandlish, Sabinpopa, Saforrest, Sam Korn, Samakeel, SamsonDaytona, Samuelsen, Sandius, Sandrob57, Sandstein, Sapfan, Sapphire1000, Sarah, Sarahstern,Sardanaphalus, Sbrianhicks, Sceadugenga, Schof26, Sciurinæ, SeanJones103, SeanMack, Sebesta, Shadeofblue, Shadowjams, Shi Hou, SidP, SilkTork, SimonMayer, SimonP, Sirlearnsalot, Sjc,SkerHawx, Skotovo, Skysmith, Sluzzelin, Smalljim, Smith2006, Softron, Sphefx, Splash, Spoladore, Spritewithnoice, Sroen, Ssolbergj, Stanstaple, Steinbach, StenSoft, Stephen, Steven J.Anderson, Steven Zhang, Student Agency, Surtsicna, SusieG, Sverdrup, Svick, Szalas, THB, TVfanatic2K, TVinfosource, Tankred, Targeman, TarkenCZE, TastyPoutine, Tbhotch, Tellyaddict,Template namespace initialisation script, Tex23, The Thing That Should Not Be, The very model of a minor general, The wub, TheLeopard, Themightyquill, ThinkHappyThoughtsx,Thinkmagazine, Thomasss999, Tibetan Prayer, Tide rolls, Tim bates, TimBray, Timir2, Timwi, Tins128, Tobby72, Tobyc75, Tobz1000, Tomlzz1, Torreslfchero, Tpbradbury, Tristaess, Triviaa,Trojan51, Trucknos, Truthanado, Tsiangou, Tulkolahten, Twigletmac, U.Steele, Ugncreative Usergname, Ulathaar, Ultratomio, Uncle Milty, Uriel8, VKokielov, Vald, VampWillow,Vejvančický, Velkyal, Verichnare8, Violncello, Virtualian, Visor, VitoRogal, Vovan7349, Vstour, Wai Hong, Walkerma, Wantox, Wavelength, Wetman, WhisperToMe, Wik, WikiHannibal,Wikimol, Wilkku, Will ac, Willy Leenders, Winhunter, Wizzard, Wknight94, WojPob, Woohookitty, Woolters, Worldphotopage, Wtrtwnguy, Wurzeller, XChaos, Xiahou, Xkasai, Xmort,Xuphrus, Yamakiri, Yamamoto Ichiro, Yarp, YeshuaDavid, Yopie, Yup!, Zacheus, Zamander, ZanderII, Zavodmiru, Zbyněk Stara, Zellin, Zetor9540, Zirland, Ztigerz01, £, °, Ævar ArnfjörðBjarmason, Ødipus sic, Саша Стефановић, 1571 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Prague Montage.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prague_Montage.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: derivated collagecreated by Tadeáš.DohňanskýFile:Flag of Prague.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Prague.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: —File:Praha CoA CZ.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Praha_CoA_CZ.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Remade to SVG by user:Petr Dlouhýfile:Czech Republic location map.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Czech_Republic_location_map.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: LencerFile:Red pog.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Red_pog.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Praga 0003.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Praga_0003.JPG  License: unknown  Contributors: Krzysiu "Jarzyna" SzymańskiFile:Loudspeaker.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Loudspeaker.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bayo, Gmaxwell, Gnosygnu, Husky, Iamunknown,Mirithing, Myself488, Nethac DIU, Omegatron, Rocket000, Shanmugamp7, The Evil IP address, Wouterhagens, 23 anonymous editsFile:Speaker Icon.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speaker_Icon.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Blast, G.Hagedorn, Mobius, Tehdog, 2 anonymous editsFile:CharlesBridgeMalaStranaPragueCzechRepublic.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CharlesBridgeMalaStranaPragueCzechRepublic.jpg  License: CreativeCommons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Massimo CatarinellaFile:St Vitus Cathedral from south.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:St_Vitus_Cathedral_from_south.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors:Daniel Baránek, Diligent, InesFile:Czech crown jewels.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Czech_crown_jewels.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: LamprusFile:Staré Město Pražské (znak).jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Staré_Město_Pražské_(znak).jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader wasKirk at cs.wikipediaFile:Bohemiae Moraviae et Silesiae (Merian) 102.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bohemiae_Moraviae_et_Silesiae_(Merian)_102.jpg  License: unknown Contributors: Daniel Baránek, GerWsUpload, Infrogmation, Marv1N, ŠJůFile:Prague - Jerusalemer Synagoge.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prague_-_Jerusalemer_Synagoge.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0Unported  Contributors: Maros M r a z (sk:user:Maros)File:Prague liberation 1945 konev.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prague_liberation_1945_konev.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Karel Hájek

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 24

File:Mrakodrapy v praze.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mrakodrapy_v_praze.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:AstalavistaFile:Vltava in Prague.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vltava_in_Prague.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: cheFile:Peter Stehlik 2011.07.29 A.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Peter_Stehlik_2011.07.29_A.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: PeterStehlik - PS-2507File:Prag ginger u fred gehry.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prag_ginger_u_fred_gehry.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Hans PeterSchaefer, http://www.reserv-a-rt.deFile:Kafka statue Prague.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kafka_statue_Prague.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:MyrabellaFile:Prague Panorama - Oct 2010.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prague_Panorama_-_Oct_2010.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: DiliffFile:Prague SPOT 1030.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prague_SPOT_1030.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Cnes - SpotImageFile:Prag Wenzelsplatz Wenzelsdenkmal Nationalmuseum bei Nacht.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prag_Wenzelsplatz_Wenzelsdenkmal_Nationalmuseum_bei_Nacht.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: AndreasPraefckeFile:Praha Rudolfinum isometric.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Praha_Rudolfinum_isometric.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: User:CheFile:Prague Congress Centre (1).JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prague_Congress_Centre_(1).JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors:Chmee2File:Czech Beer Festival 02.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Czech_Beer_Festival_02.jpg  License: Creative Commons Zero  Contributors: JáFile:CSA building Ruzyne.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CSA_building_Ruzyne.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Petr KadlecFile:Zizkov tv tower.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Zizkov_tv_tower.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Orange.manFile:Fil fakulta DSCN1903.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Fil_fakulta_DSCN1903.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Jan SokolFile:Rajska budova.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rajska_budova.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: PR department, University of Economics, PragueFile:Praha, Malostranská, vlak.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Praha,_Malostranská,_vlak.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: User:AktronFile:Škoda 15T n°9208 on the line 7 in Prague.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Škoda_15T_n°9208_on_the_line_7_in_Prague.JPG  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0  Contributors: Kevin.BFile:Barrande bridge.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Barrande_bridge.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Lovecz 19:08, 17 July 2006 (UTC)File:Prg Ruzyne airport 5841.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prg_Ruzyne_airport_5841.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Hynek MoravecFile:O2 Arena, od Českomoravské.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:O2_Arena,_od_Českomoravské.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Honza Groh (Jagro)File:PetrinObservationTower.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PetrinObservationTower.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:Rodge500File:CharlesBridge-Prague.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CharlesBridge-Prague.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Daniel Baránek, Ludek, Paddy, TimShellFile:St. Vitus Cathedral 2007.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:St._Vitus_Cathedral_2007.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: ArzFile:Prague old town square panorama.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prague_old_town_square_panorama.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Estec GmbH, Billig Hotel in PragFile:Parník Vyšehrad pod Vyšehradem.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Parník_Vyšehrad_pod_Vyšehradem.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0  Contributors: Stanislav JelenFile:Praha, Letná, pohled na Pařížskou ulici.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Praha,_Letná,_pohled_na_Pařížskou_ulici.JPG  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: Aktron, Daniel Baránek, Karelj, Krokodyl, ŠJůFile:Náměstí Míru.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Náměstí_Míru.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: ŠJů. Later versions were uploaded by Che atcs.wikipedia.File:Praha Narodni divadlo.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Praha_Narodni_divadlo.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors:User:CheFile:Prazske-vystaviste-holesovice.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prazske-vystaviste-holesovice.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VityFile:AltneuschulPrague.agr.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AltneuschulPrague.agr.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors:User:ArnoldReinholdFile:Praha, Vítkov, památník II.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Praha,_Vítkov,_památník_II.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0Unported  Contributors: Aktron, Krokodyl, Raf24, ŠJůFile:Prague Zoo main entrance.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prague_Zoo_main_entrance.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Miaow MiaowFile:P5080116.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:P5080116.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: Infrogmation, OlEnglish,Persian Poet Gal, Starcheerspeaksnewslostwars, Yanksox, ТимофейЛееСуда, 5 anonymous edits

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