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    BAHRA UNIVERSITY-SHIMLA HILLS

    PRACTICAL FILE

    Advanced Database Management System.(MYSQL)

    (CS-G553)

    Submitted by

    Shilpa Patial

    Registration No: - 2011PGCS015

    Programme: - M.tech (CSE)

    Under the Guidance of

    Assistant Professor: - Ms. Vibhuti Sikri.

    (Department Of Computer Science & Engineering)(BAHRA UNIVERSITY, SHIMLA HILLS)

    FebJune 2012

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    2

    INDEX

    S.No Program Page No. Signature

    1. Basics of SQL. 3-5

    2. Functions in SQL. 6-26

    3. Joins in SQL. 27-32

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    STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE (SQL).

    SQL is a database computer language designed for the retrieval andmanagement of data in relational database. SQL stands for Structured

    Query Language. SQL is structured Query Language which is a

    computer language for storing, manipulating and retrieving data

    stored in relational database. SQL is the standard language for

    Relation Database System. All relational database management

    systems like MySQL, MS Access, Oracle, Sybase, Informix, and SQL

    Server uses SQL as standard database language.

    Uses of SQL:-

    systems.

    low users to define the data in database and manipulate that data.

    embedding within other languages using SQL modules,

    libraries & pre-compilers.

    database.

    SQL Commands:

    The standard SQL commands to interact with relational databases are

    CREATE, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and DROP.

    These commands can be classified into groups based on their nature:

    Data Definition Language:

    Command

    Description

    CREATE Creates a new table, a view of a

    table, or other object in database

    ALTER Modifies an existing database

    object, such as a table.

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    DROP Deletes an entire table, a view of

    a table or other object in the

    database.

    DataManipulationLanguage:

    Command

    Description

    INSERT Creates a record.

    UPDATE Modifies records.

    DELETE Deletes records.

    SQLSyntax:-

    SQL is followed by unique set of rules and guidelines called Syntax.

    SQL CREATE DATABASE Statement: CREATE DATABASE

    database_name;

    Example: - create database APS;

    SQL USE Statement: USE DATABASE database_name;

    Example:-Use APS;

    SQL DROP DATABASE Statement: DROP DATABASE

    database_name;

    Example- Drop Database APS;

    SQL CREATE TABLE Statement: CREATE TABLE table_name(

    column1 datatype,

    column2 datatype,

    column3 datatype,.....

    columnN datatype,

    PRIMARY KEY (one or more columns)

    )

    Example:- Create Table A1 (regno number not null , name

    varchar(20) primary key(regno));

    SQL DESC Statement: DESC table_name;

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    SQL TRUNCATE TABLE Statement: TRUNCATE TABLE

    table_name;

    SQL ALTER TABLE Statement: ALTER TABLE table_name

    {ADD|DROP|MODIFY} column_name {data_ype};

    SQL INSERT INTO Statement: INSERT INTO table_name(

    column1, column2....columns) VALUES ( value1, value2....valueN);

    SQL UPDATE Statement: UPDATE table_name

    SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2....columnN=valueN

    [WHERE CONDITION ];

    SQL SELECT Statement: SELECT column1, column2....columnN

    FROM table_name;

    Example:- select * from A1;

    SQL WHERE Clause: SELECT column1, column2....columnN

    FROM table_name WHERE CONDITION;

    Example:- select name from A1 where regno=102;

    SQL DELETE Statement: DELETE FROM table_name

    WHERE {CONDITION};

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    6

    Functions in MySQL

    SQL has many built-in functions for performing processing on string

    or numeric data. Following is the list of all useful SQL built-infunctions:

    SQL COUNT Function - The SQL COUNT aggregate function is

    used to count the number of rows in a database table.

    SQL MAX Function - The SQL MAX aggregate function allows us to

    select the highest (maximum) value for a certain column.

    SQL MIN Function - The SQL MIN aggregate function allows us to

    select the lowest (minimum) value for a certain column.

    SQL AVG Function - The SQL AVG aggregate function selects the

    average value for certain table column.

    SQL SUM Function - The SQL SUM aggregate function allows

    selecting the total for a numeric column.

    SQL SQRT Functions - This is used to generate a square root of a

    given number.

    SQL RAND Function - This is used to generate a random number

    using SQL command.

    SQL CONCAT Function - This is used to concatenate any string

    inside any SQL command.

    SQL Numeric Functions - Complete list of SQL functions required to

    manipulate numbers in SQL.

    SQL String Functions - Complete list of SQL functions required to

    manipulate strings in SQL.

    http://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-count-function.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-max-function.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-min-function.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-avg-function.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-sum-function.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-sqrt-function.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-rand-function.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-concat-function.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-concat-function.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-rand-function.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-sqrt-function.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-sum-function.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-avg-function.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-min-function.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-max-function.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-count-function.htm
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    SQL numeric functions are used primarily for numeric manipulation

    and/or mathematical calculations. The following table details the

    numeric functions:

    Name DescriptionABS() Returns the absolute value of numeric

    expression.

    ACOS() Returns the arccosine of numeric expression.

    Returns NULL if the value is not in the range -1

    to 1.

    ASIN() Returns the arcsine of numeric expression.

    Returns NULL if value is not in the range -1 to 1ATAN() Returns the arctangent of numeric expression.

    CEIL() Returns the smallest integer value that is not less

    than passed numeric expression

    CEILING() Returns the smallest integer value that is not less

    than passed numeric expression

    CONV() Convert numeric expression from one base to

    another.

    COS() Returns the cosine of passed numeric

    expression. The numeric expression should be

    expressed in radians.

    COT() Returns the cotangent of passed numeric

    expression.

    DEGREES() Returns numeric expression converted from

    radians to degrees.

    EXP() Returns the base of the natural logarithm (e)

    raised to the power of passed numeric

    expression.

    FLOOR() Returns the largest integer value that is not

    greater than passed numeric expression.

    FORMAT()

    Returns a numeric expression rounded to anumber of decimal places.

    http://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_abshttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_abshttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_acoshttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_acoshttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_asinhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_asinhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_atanhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_atanhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_ceilhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_ceilhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_ceilinghttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_ceilinghttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_convhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_convhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_coshttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_coshttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_cothttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_cothttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_degreeshttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_degreeshttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_exphttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_exphttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_floorhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_floorhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_formathttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_formathttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_formathttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_floorhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_exphttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_degreeshttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_cothttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_coshttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_convhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_ceilinghttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_ceilhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_atanhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_asinhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_acoshttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_abs
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    GREATEST() Returns the largest value of the input

    expressions.

    LEAST() Returns the minimum-valued input when given

    two or more.

    LOG() Returns the natural logarithm of the passed

    numeric expression.

    LOG10() Returns the base-10 logarithm of the passed

    numeric expression.

    MOD() Returns the remainder of one expression by

    diving by another expression.

    OCT() Returns the string representation of the octal

    value of the passed numeric expression. Returns

    NULL if passed value is NULL.

    PI() Returns the value of pi

    POW() Returns the value of one expression raised to the

    power of another expression

    POWER()

    Returns the value of one expression raised to thepower of another expression

    RADIANS() Returns the value of passed expression

    converted from degrees to radians.

    ROUND() Returns numeric expression rounded to an

    integer. Can be used to round an expression to a

    number of decimal points

    SIN()

    Returns the sine of numeric expression given inradians.

    SQRT() Returns the non-negative square root of numeric

    expression.

    STD() Returns the standard deviation of the numeric

    expression.

    STDDEV() Returns the standard deviation of the numeric

    expression.

    http://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_greatesthttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_greatesthttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_leasthttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_leasthttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_leasthttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_leasthttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_log10http://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_log10http://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_modhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_modhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_octhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_octhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_pihttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_pihttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_powhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_powhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_powerhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_powerhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_radianshttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_radianshttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_roundhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_roundhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_roundhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_roundhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_sqrthttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_sqrthttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_stdhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_stdhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_stddevhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_stddevhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_stddevhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_stdhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_sqrthttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_roundhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_roundhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_radianshttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_powerhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_powhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_pihttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_octhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_modhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_log10http://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_leasthttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_leasthttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_greatest
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    TAN() Returns the tangent of numeric expression

    expressed in radians.

    TRUNCATE() Returns numeric exp1 truncated to exp2 decimal

    places. If exp2 is 0, then the result will have nodecimal point.

    ABS(X)

    The ABS() function returns the absolute value of X. Considerthe following example:

    SQL> SELECT ABS(2);

    +---------------------------------------------------------+| ABS(2) |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | 2 |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    SQL> SELECT ABS(-2);

    +---------------------------------------------------------+| ABS(2) |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | 2 |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    ACOS(X)

    This function returns the arccosine of X. The value of X mustrange between .1 and 1 or NULL will be returned. Consider the

    following example:

    SQL> SELECT ACOS(1);

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | ACOS(1) |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | 0.000000 |+---------------------------------------------------------+

    http://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_tanhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_tanhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_truncatehttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_truncatehttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_truncatehttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-numeric-functions.htm#function_tan
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    ASIN(X) The ASIN () function returns the arcsine of X. The value of X

    must be in the range of .1 to 1 or NULL is returned. ATAN(X) This function returns the arctangent of X.

    SQL> SELECT ASIN(1);

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | ASIN(1) |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+| 1.5707963267949 |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    SQL> SELECT ATAN(1);

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | ATAN(1) |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | 0.78539816339745 |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    ATAN2(Y,X) This function returns the arctangent of the two arguments: X and

    Y. It is similar to the arctangent of Y/X, except that the signs of

    both are used to find the quadrant of the result.

    SQL> SELECT ATAN2(3,6);

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | ATAN2(3,6) |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | 0.46364760900081 |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

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    CEILING(X) These function return the smallest integer value that is not

    smaller than X. Consider the following example:

    SQL> SELECT CEILING(3.46);

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | CEILING(3.46) |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | 4 |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    SQL> SELECT CEIL(-6.43);+---------------------------------------------------------+

    | CEIL(-6.43) |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | -6 |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    CONV(N,from_base,to_base) The purpose of the CONV() function is to convert numbers

    between different number bases. The function returns a string of

    the value N converted from from_base to to_base. The

    minimum base value is 2 and the maximum is 36. If any of the

    arguments are NULL, then the function returns NULL. Consider

    the following example, which converts the number 5 from base

    16 to base 2:

    SQL> SELECT CONV(5,16,2);

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | CONV(5,16,2) |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | 101 |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

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    COS(X) This function returns the cosine of X. The value of X is given in

    radians.

    SQL>SELECT COS(90);

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | COS(90) |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | -0.44807361612917 |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    COT(X) This function returns the cotangent of X. Consider the following

    example:

    SQL>SELECT COT(1);

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | COT(1) |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | 0.64209261593433 |+---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    DEGREES(X) This function returns the value of X converted from radians to

    degrees.

    SQL>SELECT DEGREES(PI());

    +---------------------------------------------------------+| DEGREES(PI()) |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | 180.000000 |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    EXP(X) This function returns the value of e (the base of the natural

    logarithm) raised to the power of X.

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    SQL>SELECT EXP(3);

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | EXP(3) |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+| 20.085537 |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    FLOOR(X) This function returns the largest integer value that is not greater

    than X.

    SQL>SELECT FLOOR(7.55);+---------------------------------------------------------+

    | FLOOR(7.55) |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | 7 |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    FORMAT(X,D)

    The FORMAT() function is used to format the number X in thefollowing format: ###,###,###.## truncated to D decimal

    places. The following example demonstrates the use and output

    of the FORMAT() function:

    SQL>SELECT FORMAT(423423234.65434453,2);

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | FORMAT(423423234.65434453,2) |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | 423,423,234.65 |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    GREATEST (n1,n2,n3,..........) The GREATEST() function returns the greatest value in the set

    of input parameters (n1, n2, n3, a nd so on). The following

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    example uses the GREATEST() function to return the largest

    number from a set of numeric values:

    SQL>SELECT GREATEST(3,5,1,8,33,99,34,55,67,43);

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | GREATEST(3,5,1,8,33,99,34,55,67,43) |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | 99 |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    The LEAST() function is the opposite of the GREATEST() function.

    Its purpose is to return the least-valued item from the value list (N1,N2, N3, and so on). The following example shows the proper usage

    and output for the LEAST() function:

    SQL>SELECT LEAST(3,5,1,8,33,99,34,55,67,43);

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | LEAST(3,5,1,8,33,99,34,55,67,43) |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | 1 |+---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    LOG(X) LOG(B,X) The single argument version of the function will return the

    natural logarithm of X. If it is called with two arguments, it

    returns the logarithm of X for an arbitrary base B. Consider thefollowing example:

    SQL>SELECT LOG(45);

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | LOG(45) |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | 3.806662 |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

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    SQL>SELECT LOG(2,65536);

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | LOG(2,65536) |+---------------------------------------------------------+

    | 16.000000 |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    LOG10(X) This function returns the base-10 logarithm of X.

    SQL>SELECT LOG10(100);+---------------------------------------------------------+

    | LOG10(100) |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | 2.000000 |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    MOD(N,M)

    This function returns the remainder of N divided by M.Consider the following example:

    SQL>SELECT MOD(29,3);

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | MOD(29,3) |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | 2 |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    POW(X,Y) POWER(X,Y) These two functions return the value of X raised to the power of

    Y.

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    SQL> SELECT POWER(3,3);

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | POWER(3,3) |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+| 27 |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    RADIANS(X) This function returns the value of X, converted from degrees to

    radians.

    SQL>SELECT RADIANS(90);+---------------------------------------------------------+

    | RADIANS(90) |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    |1.570796 |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    ROUND(X)

    ROUND(X,D) This function returns X rounded to the nearest integer. If a

    second argument, D, is supplied, then the function returns X

    rounded to D decimal places. D must be positive or all digits to

    the right of the decimal point will be removed. Consider the

    following example:

    SQL>SELECT ROUND(5.693893);

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | ROUND(5.693893) |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | 6 |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    SQL>SELECT ROUND(5.693893,2);

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

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    | ROUND(5.693893,2) |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | 5.69 |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    SIGN(X) This function returns the sign of X (negative, zero, or positive)

    as .1, 0, or 1.

    SQL>SELECT SIGN(-4.65);

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | SIGN(-4.65) |+---------------------------------------------------------+

    | -1 |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    SIN(X)

    This function returns the sine of X. Consider the followingexample:

    SQL>SELECT SIN(90);

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | SIN(90) |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | 0.893997 |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    SQRT(X) This function returns the non-negative square root of X.

    Consider the following example:

    SQL>SELECT SQRT(49);

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | SQRT(49) |

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    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | 7 |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec) TAN(X) This function returns the tangent of the argument X, which is

    expressed in radians.

    SQL>SELECT TAN(45);

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | TAN(45) |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+| 1.619775 |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    TRUNCATE(X,D) This function is used to return the value of X truncated to D

    number of decimal places. If D is 0, then the decimal point is

    removed. If D is negative, then D number of values in theinteger part of the value is truncated. Consider the following

    example:

    SQL>SELECT TRUNCATE(7.536432,2);

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | TRUNCATE(7.536432,2) |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | 7.53 |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

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    SQL string functions are used primarily for string manipulation. The

    following table details the important string functions:

    Name Description

    ASCII() Return numeric value of left-most

    character

    BIN() Return a string representation of

    the argument

    CHAR() Return the character for each

    integer passed

    CONCAT() Return concatenated string

    FORMAT() Return a number formatted to

    specified number of decimal

    places

    HEX() Return a string representation of a

    hex value

    INSERT() Insert a substring at the specified

    position up to the specified

    number of characters

    LCASE() Synonym for LOWER()

    LEFT() Return the leftmost number of

    characters as specified

    LENGTH()

    Return the length of a string inbytes

    LOWER() Return the argument in lowercase

    LTRIM() Remove leading spaces

    MID() Return a substring starting from

    the specified position

    REPEAT() Repeat a string the specified

    number of times

    http://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_asciihttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_asciihttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_binhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_binhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_charhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_charhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_concathttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_concathttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_formathttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_formathttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_hexhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_hexhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_inserthttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_inserthttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_lcasehttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_lcasehttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_lefthttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_lefthttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_lengthhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_lengthhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_lowerhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_lowerhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_ltrimhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_ltrimhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_midhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_midhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_repeathttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_repeathttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_repeathttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_midhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_ltrimhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_lowerhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_lengthhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_lefthttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_lcasehttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_inserthttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_hexhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_formathttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_concathttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_charhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_binhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_ascii
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    REPLACE() Replace occurrences of a

    specified string

    REVERSE() Reverse the characters in a string

    RIGHT() Return the specified rightmost

    number of characters

    STRCMP() Compare two strings

    TRIM() Remove leading and trailing

    spaces

    UCASE() Synonym for UPPER()

    UPPER()

    Convert to uppercase

    ASCII (str)

    Returns the numeric value of the leftmost character of the string str.

    Returns 0 if str is the empty string. Returns NULL if str is NULL.

    ASCII() works for characters with numeric values from 0 to 255.

    SQL> SELECT ASCII('2');

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | ASCII('2') |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | 50 |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    SQL> SELECT ASCII('dx');

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | ASCII('dx') |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | 100 |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    http://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_replacehttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_replacehttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_reversehttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_reversehttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_righthttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_righthttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_strcmphttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_strcmphttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_trimhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_trimhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_ucasehttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_ucasehttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_upperhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_upperhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_upperhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_ucasehttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_trimhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_strcmphttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_righthttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_reversehttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-string-functions.htm#function_replace
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    BIN(N)

    Returns a string representation of the binary value of N, where N is a

    longlong (BIGINT) number. This is equivalent to CONV(N,10,2).

    Returns NULL if N is NULL.

    SQL> SELECT BIN(12);

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | BIN(12) |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | 1100 |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    CHAR(N,... [USING charset_name])

    CHAR() interprets each argument N as an integer and returns a string

    consisting of the characters given by the code values of those integers.

    NULL values are skipped.

    SQL> SELECT CHAR(77,121,83,81,'76');

    +---------------------------------------------------------+| CHAR(77,121,83,81,'76') |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | SQL |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    CONCAT(str1,str2,...)

    Returns the string that results from concatenating the arguments. May

    have one or more arguments. If all arguments are non-binary strings,

    the result is a non-binary string. If the arguments include any binary

    strings, the result is a binary string. A numeric argument is converted

    to its equivalent binary string form; if you want to avoid that, you can

    use an explicit type cast, as in this example:

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    SQL> SELECT CONCAT('My', 'S', 'QL');

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | CONCAT('My', 'S', 'QL') |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+| SQL |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    INSERT(str,pos,len,newstr)

    Returns the string str, with the substring beginning at position pos and

    len characters long replaced by the string newstr. Returns the original

    string if pos is not within the length of the string. Replaces the rest ofthe string from position pos if len is not within the length of the rest of

    the string. Returns NULL if any argument is NULL.

    SQL> SELECT INSERT('Quadratic', 3, 4, 'What');

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | INSERT('Quadratic', 3, 4, 'What') |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | QuWhattic |+---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    LCASE(str)

    LCASE() is a synonym for LOWER().

    LEFT(str,len)

    Returns the leftmost len characters from the string str, or NULL if any

    argument is NULL.

    SQL> SELECT LEFT('foobarbar', 5);

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | LEFT('foobarbar', 5) |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | fooba |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

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    LENGTH(str)

    Returns the length of the string str, measured in bytes. A multi-bytecharacter counts as multiple bytes. This means that for a string

    containing five two-byte characters, LENGTH() returns 10, whereas

    CHAR_LENGTH() returns 5.

    SQL> SELECT LENGTH('text');

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | LENGTH('text') |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+| 4 |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    LOWER(str)

    Returns the string str with all characters changed to lowercase

    according to the current character set mapping.

    SQL> SELECT LOWER('QUADRATICALLY');

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | LOWER('QUADRATICALLY') |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | quadratically |+---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    REPLACE(str,from_str,to_str)

    Returns the string str with all occurrences of the string from_str

    replaced by the string to_str. REPLACE() performs a case-sensitive

    match when searching for from_str.

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    SQL> SELECT REPLACE('www.mysql.com', 'w', 'Ww');

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | REPLACE('www.mysql.com', 'w', 'Ww') |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+| WwWwWw.mysql.com |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    REVERSE(str)

    Returns the string str with the order of the characters reversed.

    SQL> SELECT REVERSE('abcd');+---------------------------------------------------------+

    | REVERSE('abcd') |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | dcba |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    RIGHT(str,len)

    Returns the rightmost len characters from the string str, or NULL if

    any argument is NULL.

    SQL> SELECT RIGHT('foobarbar', 4);

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | RIGHT('foobarbar', 4) |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | rbar |+---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    SPACE(N)

    Returns a string consisting of N space characters.

    SQL> SELECT SPACE(6);

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

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    | SELECT SPACE(6) |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | ' ' |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    STRCMP(str1, str2)

    Compares two strings and returns 0 if both strings are equal, it returns

    -1 if the first argument is smaller than the second according to the

    current sort order otherwise it returns 1.

    SQL> SELECT STRCMP('MOHD', 'MOHD');+---------------------------------------------------------+

    | STRCMP('MOHD', 'MOHD') |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | 0 |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    SQL> SELECT SUBSTRING('foobarbar' FROM 4);+---------------------------------------------------------+

    | SUBSTRING('foobarbar' FROM 4) |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | barbar |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    UCASE(str)

    UCASE() is a synonym for UPPER().

    UPPER(str)

    Returns the string str with all characters changed to uppercase

    according to the current character set mapping.

    SQL> SELECT UPPER('Allah');

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    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | UPPER('Allah') |

    +---------------------------------------------------------+

    | ALLAH |+---------------------------------------------------------+

    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    JOIN IN SQL

    The SQL Joins clause is used to combine records from two or more

    tables in a database. A JOIN is a means for combining fields from two

    tables by using values common to each.

    Now let us join these two tables in our SELECT statement as follows:

    SQL> SELECT ID, NAME, AGE, AMOUNT,

    FROM CUSTOMERS, ORDERS

    WHERECUSTOMERS.ID = ORDERS.CUSTOMER_ID;

    This would produce following result:

    +----+---------+-----+--------+

    | ID | NAME | AGE | AMOUNT |

    +----+---------+-----+--------+| 3 | kaushik | 23 | 3000 |

    | 3 | kaushik | 23 | 1500 |

    | 2 | Ramesh | 25 | 1560 |

    | 4 | kaushik | 25 | 2060 |

    +----+---------+-----+--------+

    Here it is noteable that the join is performed in the WHERE clause.

    Several operators can be used to join tables, such as =, , ,

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    >=, !=, BETWEEN, LIKE, and NOT; they can all be used to join

    tables. However, the most common operator is the equal symbol.

    SQL Join Types:

    There are different type of joins available in SQL:

    INNER JOIN: returns rows when there is a match in both tables.

    LEFT JOIN: returns all rows from the left table, even if there are no

    matches in the right table.

    RIGHT JOIN: returns all rows from the right table, even if there areno matches in the left table.

    FULL JOIN: returns rows when there is a match in one of the tables.

    SELF JOIN: is used to join a table to itself, as if the table were two

    tables, temporarily renaming at least one table in the SQL statement.

    CARTESIAN JOIN: returns the cartesian product of the sets of

    records from the two or more joined tables.

    The SQL UNION clause/operator is used to combine the results of

    two or more SELECT statements without returning any duplicate

    rows.

    To use UNION, each SELECT must have the same number of

    columns selected, the same number of column expressions, the same

    data type, and have them in the same order but they do not have to be

    the same length.

    Syntax:

    The basic syntax ofUNION is as follows:

    SELECT column1 [, column2 ]

    FROM table1 [, table2 ]

    [WHERE condition]

    http://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-inner-joins.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-left-joins.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-right-joins.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-full-joins.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-self-joins.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-cartesian-joins.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-cartesian-joins.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-self-joins.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-full-joins.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-right-joins.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-left-joins.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/sql/sql-inner-joins.htm
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    UNION

    SELECT column1 [, column2 ]FROM table1 [, table2 ]

    [WHERE condition]

    Here given condition could be any given expression based on your

    requirement.

    Example:

    Consider following two tables, (a) CUSTOMERS table is as follows:

    +----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

    | ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |

    +----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

    | 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |

    | 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |

    | 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |

    | 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |

    | 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |

    | 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |

    | 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |

    +----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

    (b) Another table is ORDERS as follows:

    +-----+---------------------+-------------+--------+|OID | DATE | CUSTOMER_ID | AMOUNT |

    +-----+---------------------+-------------+--------+

    | 102 | 2009-10-08 | 3 | 3000 |

    | 100 | 2009-10-08 | 3 | 1500 |

    | 101 | 2009-11-20 | 2 | 1560 |

    | 103 | 2008-05-20 | 4 | 2060 |

    +-----+---------------------+-------------+--------+

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    Now let us join these two tables in our SELECT statement as follows:

    SQL> SELECT ID, NAME, AMOUNT, DATE

    FROM CUSTOMERS

    LEFT JOIN ORDERS

    ON CUSTOMERS.ID = ORDERS.CUSTOMER_ID

    UNION

    SELECT ID, NAME, AMOUNT, DATE

    FROM CUSTOMERS

    RIGHT JOIN ORDERS

    ON CUSTOMERS.ID = ORDERS.CUSTOMER_ID;

    This would produce following result:

    +------+---------+--------+---------------------+

    | ID | NAME | AMOUNT | DATE |

    +------+---------+--------+---------------------+

    | 3 | kaushik | 3000 | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |

    | 3 | kaushik | 1500 | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |

    | 2 | Ramesh | 1560 | 2009-11-20 00:00:00 |

    | 4 | kaushik | 2060 | 2008-05-20 00:00:00 || 1 | Ramesh | NULL | NULL |

    | 5 | Hardik | NULL | NULL |

    | 6 | Komal | NULL | NULL |

    | 7 | Muffy | NULL | NULL |

    +------+---------+--------+---------------------+

    The UNION ALL Clause:

    The UNION ALL operator is used to combine the results of two

    SELECT statements including duplicate rows.

    The same rules that apply to UNION apply to the UNION ALL

    operator.

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    Syntax:

    The basic syntax ofUNION ALL is as follows:

    SELECT column1 [, column2 ]FROM table1 [, table2 ]

    [WHERE condition]

    UNION ALL

    SELECT column1 [, column2 ]

    FROM table1 [, table2 ]

    [WHERE condition]

    Here given condition could be any given expression based on your

    requirement.

    Example:

    Consider following two tables, (a) CUSTOMERS table is as follows:

    +----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

    | ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |

    +----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

    | 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |

    | 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |

    | 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |

    | 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |

    | 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 || 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |

    | 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |

    +----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

    (b) Another table is ORDERS as follows:

    +-----+---------------------+-------------+--------+

    |OID | DATE | CUSTOMER_ID | AMOUNT |+-----+---------------------+-------------+--------+

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    | 102 | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 | 3 | 3000 |

    | 100 | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 | 3 | 1500 |

    | 101 | 2009-11-20 00:00:00 | 2 | 1560 |

    | 103 | 2008-05-20 00:00:00 | 4 | 2060 |+-----+---------------------+-------------+--------+

    Now let us join these two tables in our SELECT statement as follows:

    SQL> SELECT ID, NAME, AMOUNT, DATE

    FROM CUSTOMERS

    LEFT JOIN ORDERS

    ON CUSTOMERS.ID = ORDERS.CUSTOMER_ID

    UNION

    SELECT ID, NAME, AMOUNT, DATE

    FROM CUSTOMERS

    RIGHT JOIN ORDERS

    ON CUSTOMERS.ID = ORDERS.CUSTOMER_ID;

    This would produce following result:

    +------+---------+--------+---------------------+| ID | NAME | AMOUNT | DATE |

    +------+---------+--------+---------------------+

    | 3 | kaushik | 3000 | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |

    | 3 | kaushik | 1500 | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |

    | 2 | Ramesh | 1560 | 2009-11-20 00:00:00 |

    | 4 | kaushik | 2060 | 2008-05-20 00:00:00 |

    | 1 | Ramesh | NULL | NULL |

    | 2 | Ramesh | 1560 | 2009-11-20 00:00:00 || 3 | kaushik | 3000 | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |

    | 3 | kaushik | 1500 | 2009-10-08 00:00:00 |

    | 4 | kaushik | 2060 | 2008-05-20 00:00:00 |

    | 5 | Hardik | NULL | NULL |

    | 6 | Komal | NULL | NULL |

    | 7 | Muffy | NULL | NULL |

    +------+---------+--------+---------------------+

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