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Practical Applications of Immunology (Ch 18) Immunology... · 2018. 2. 27. · Practical Applications of Immunology (Ch 18) Vaccine Overview . Practical Applications of Immunology

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  • Zazzle.com

    Practical Applications of Immunology (Ch 18)

  • Vaccine Overview

  • Practical Applications of Immunology (Ch 18)

    behance.net, CDC.gov

  • “Sacred to the Memory of

    the Right Honourable Lady Mary Wortley Montague.

    Who happily introduc’d from Turkey, into this Country, The Salutary Art

    Of inoculating the Small Pox. Convinc’d of its Efficacy

    She first tried it with Success On her own Children.

    And then recommended the practice of it To her fellow Citizens.

    Thus by her Example and Advice, We have soften’d the Virulence

    And escap’d the danger of this malignant Disease…”

    1789

    Lady Mary Wortley Montague (1689-1762)

    Variolation

  • 500,000

    Measles cases in the United States, 1960–2010. (CDC, 2010)

    350,000

    300,000

    50,000

    100,000

    150,000

    200,000

    250,000

    400,000

    450,000

    1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2010 2005 0

    140

    20

    40

    60

    80

    100

    0

    120

    2000 01 02 03 05 04 06 07 08 09 10 Year

    Rep

    orte

    d nu

    mbe

    r of c

    ases

    Year

    Rep

    orte

    d nu

    mbe

    r of c

    ases

    Vaccine licensed

  • Vaccines for bacteria

  • Vaccines for viruses

  • Immunization Schedule

  • Vaccine Types

  • Live Attenuated: Figure 18.1 Influenza viruses are grown in embryonated eggs.

  • Live Attenuated: Figure 13.7 Inoculation of an embryonated egg.

    Air sac

    Shell Amniotic cavity

    Chlorioallantoic membrane

    Chlorioallantoic membrane innoculation

    Amniotic innoculation

    Allantoic innoculation

    Yolk sac innoculation

    Shell membrane

    Albumin Allantoic cavity

    Yolk sac

  • Conjugated vaccines: Figure 17.6 T-independent antigen

  • nature.com

    West Nile DNA vaccine for horses

  • Thimerosal FAQ page from CDC http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/thimerosal/ CDC list of vaccine ingredients

    Adjuvants

    http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/thimerosal/

  • Perception of Risk

  • http://anhinternational.org/

    Risk in United Kingdom

  • http://anhinternational.org/

  • http://anhinternational.org/

    Risk

  • Mumps

    Measles

    Rubella / German measles wikipedia.org

    Measles

    Let’s not forget

  • wikipedia.org

    Diphtheria Diphtheria, skin lesion

    Let’s not forget

    Diphtheria

  • un.org

    Let’s not forget Polio

  • wikipedia.org freeinfosociety.com

    Tetanus

    braindiseases.org

    Let’s not forget

  • Diagnostic Immunology Two major problems to solve!

  • Figure 18.2.1-2 The Production of Monoclonal Antibodies.

    Mouse injected with antigen. Antibodies produced.

    Antigen 1

    Mouse spleen removed. Contains B cells that produce antibodies. Spleen

    2

  • Spleen cells mixed with myeloma cells. Some fuse into hybrid cells.

    Suspension of spleen cells

    Spleen cells

    Myeloma cells

    Hybrid cells Suspension of myeloma cells

    Cultured myeloma cells (cancerous B cells)

    3

    Mixture of cells placed in selective medium that allows only hybrid cells to grow.

    Spleen cell

    4

  • Hybrid cells proliferate into clones called hybridomas. The hybridomas are screened for production of the desired antibody.

    Hybridomas Figure 18.2.5-6 The Production of Monoclonal Antibodies.

    5

    The selected hybridomas produce large quantities of monoclonal antibodies, for treating and diagnosing disease.

    Desired monoclonal antibodies

    6

  • Pharmacychoice.com, oncozine.com, novosurge.com, mims.com

    Naming

  • Figure 18.11a Fluorescent-antibody (FA) techniques.

    Reactions in a positive direct fluorescent-antibody test Group A streptococci from patient’s throat

    Fluorescent dye–labeled antibodies to group A

    streptococci

    Fluorescent streptococci

  • Figure 18.11b Fluorescent-antibody (FA) techniques.

    Reactions in a positive indirect fluorescent-antibody test

    T. pallidum from laboratory stock

    Specific antibodies in serum of patient

    Antibodies binding to T. pallidum

    Fluorescent dye–labeled anti-human immune

    serum globulin (will react with

    any immunoglobulin)

    Fluorescent spirochetes (see Figure 3.6b)

  • Figure 18.14: The ELISA method.

    1

    2

    3

    4

    Direct: detects antigens Indirect: detects antibodies

    1

    2

    3

    4

  • Figure 18.13 The use of monoclonal antibodies in a home pregnancy test.

    Control windows

    Test windows

    Not pregnant Pregnant

    Sandwich formed by combination of capture antibody and free antibody when hCG is present, creating a color change.

    Capture monoclonal antibody bound to substrate.

    Free monoclonal antibody specific for hCG, a hormone produced during pregnancy.

    1

    2

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