PR-OWL 2.0 - Bridging the gap to OWL semantics Rommel Carvalho, Kathryn Laskey, and Paulo Costa Center of Excellence in C4I, George Mason University, USA Sixth International Workshop on Uncertainty Reasoning for the Semantic Web (URSW 2010) 11/07/2010 Sunday, December 19, 2010
PR-OWL 2.0 - Bridging the gap to OWL semantics
May 07, 2015
Presentation given by Rommel Carvalho at the 6th Uncertainty Reasoning for the Semantic Web Workshop at the 9th International Semantic Web Conference in November 7, 2010.
Paper: PR-OWL 2.0 - Bridging the gap to OWL semantics
Abstract: The past few years have witnessed an increasingly mature body of research on the Semantic Web, with new standards being developed and more complex use cases being proposed and explored. As complexity increases in SW applications, so does the need for principled means to cope with uncertainty inherent to real world SW applications. Not surprisingly, several approaches addressing uncertainty representation and reasoning on the Semantic Web have emerged [3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14]. For example, PR-OWL [3] provides OWL constructs for representing Multi-Entity Bayesian Network (MEBN) [8] theories. This paper reviews some shortcomings of PR-OWL 1 [2] and describes how they will be addressed in PR-OWL 2. A method is presented for mapping back and forth from triples into random variables (RV). The method applies to triples representing both predicates and functions. A complex example is given for mapping an n-ary relation using the proposed schematic.
Paper: PR-OWL 2.0 - Bridging the gap to OWL semantics
Abstract: The past few years have witnessed an increasingly mature body of research on the Semantic Web, with new standards being developed and more complex use cases being proposed and explored. As complexity increases in SW applications, so does the need for principled means to cope with uncertainty inherent to real world SW applications. Not surprisingly, several approaches addressing uncertainty representation and reasoning on the Semantic Web have emerged [3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14]. For example, PR-OWL [3] provides OWL constructs for representing Multi-Entity Bayesian Network (MEBN) [8] theories. This paper reviews some shortcomings of PR-OWL 1 [2] and describes how they will be addressed in PR-OWL 2. A method is presented for mapping back and forth from triples into random variables (RV). The method applies to triples representing both predicates and functions. A complex example is given for mapping an n-ary relation using the proposed schematic.
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PR-OWL 2.0 - Bridging the gap to OWL semantics
Rommel Carvalho, Kathryn Laskey, and Paulo CostaCenter of Excellence in C4I, George Mason University, USA
Sixth International Workshop on Uncertainty Reasoning for the Semantic Web (URSW 2010)
11/07/2010
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Agenda
2
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Agenda
Introduction
2
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Agenda
Introduction
PR-OWL 2.0
What’s missing?
Mapping binary relations
Mapping n-ary relations
The bridge joining OWL and PR-OWL
2
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Agenda
Introduction
PR-OWL 2.0
What’s missing?
Mapping binary relations
Mapping n-ary relations
The bridge joining OWL and PR-OWL
Conclusion
2
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Introduction
3Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Ontology
An ontology is an explicit, formal knowledge representation that expresses knowledge about a domain of application. This includes:
Types of entities that exist in the domain;
Properties of those entities;
Relationships among entities;
Processes and events that happen with those entities;
where the term entity refers to any concept (real or fictitious, concrete or abstract) that can be described and reasoned about within the domain of application. [3]
4Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Ontology
An ontology is an explicit, formal knowledge representation that expresses knowledge about a domain of application. This includes:
Types of entities that exist in the domain;
Properties of those entities;
Relationships among entities;
Processes and events that happen with those entities;
where the term entity refers to any concept (real or fictitious, concrete or abstract) that can be described and reasoned about within the domain of application. [3]
4
Person, Procurement, Enterprise, ...
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Ontology
An ontology is an explicit, formal knowledge representation that expresses knowledge about a domain of application. This includes:
Types of entities that exist in the domain;
Properties of those entities;
Relationships among entities;
Processes and events that happen with those entities;
where the term entity refers to any concept (real or fictitious, concrete or abstract) that can be described and reasoned about within the domain of application. [3]
4
Person, Procurement, Enterprise, ...
firstName, lastName, ...
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Ontology
An ontology is an explicit, formal knowledge representation that expresses knowledge about a domain of application. This includes:
Types of entities that exist in the domain;
Properties of those entities;
Relationships among entities;
Processes and events that happen with those entities;
where the term entity refers to any concept (real or fictitious, concrete or abstract) that can be described and reasoned about within the domain of application. [3]
4
Person, Procurement, Enterprise, ...
firstName, lastName, ...
motherOf, ownerOf, isFrontOf ...
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Ontology
An ontology is an explicit, formal knowledge representation that expresses knowledge about a domain of application. This includes:
Types of entities that exist in the domain;
Properties of those entities;
Relationships among entities;
Processes and events that happen with those entities;
where the term entity refers to any concept (real or fictitious, concrete or abstract) that can be described and reasoned about within the domain of application. [3]
4
Person, Procurement, Enterprise, ...
firstName, lastName, ...
motherOf, ownerOf, isFrontOf ...
analyzing if requirements are met, choosing better proposal, ...
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Probabilistic Ontology
A probabilistic ontology is an explicit, formal knowledge representation that expresses knowledge about a domain of application. This includes:
Types of entities that exist in the domain;
Properties of those entities;
Relationships among entities;
Processes and events that happen with those entities;
Statistical regularities that characterize the domain;
Inconclusive, ambiguous, incomplete, unreliable, and dissonant knowledge related to entities of the domain;
Uncertainty about all the above forms of knowledge;
where the term entity refers to any concept (real or fictitious, concrete or abstract) that can be described and reasoned about within the domain of application. [3]
5
Person, Procurement, Enterprise, ...
firstName, lastName, ...
motherOf, ownerOf, isFrontOf ...
analyzing if requirements are met, choosing better proposal, ...
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Probabilistic Ontology
A probabilistic ontology is an explicit, formal knowledge representation that expresses knowledge about a domain of application. This includes:
Types of entities that exist in the domain;
Properties of those entities;
Relationships among entities;
Processes and events that happen with those entities;
Statistical regularities that characterize the domain;
Inconclusive, ambiguous, incomplete, unreliable, and dissonant knowledge related to entities of the domain;
Uncertainty about all the above forms of knowledge;
where the term entity refers to any concept (real or fictitious, concrete or abstract) that can be described and reasoned about within the domain of application. [3]
5
Person, Procurement, Enterprise, ...
firstName, lastName, ...
motherOf, ownerOf, isFrontOf ...
analyzing if requirements are met, choosing better proposal, ...
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Probabilistic Ontology
A probabilistic ontology is an explicit, formal knowledge representation that expresses knowledge about a domain of application. This includes:
Types of entities that exist in the domain;
Properties of those entities;
Relationships among entities;
Processes and events that happen with those entities;
Statistical regularities that characterize the domain;
Inconclusive, ambiguous, incomplete, unreliable, and dissonant knowledge related to entities of the domain;
Uncertainty about all the above forms of knowledge;
where the term entity refers to any concept (real or fictitious, concrete or abstract) that can be described and reasoned about within the domain of application. [3]
5
Person, Procurement, Enterprise, ...
firstName, lastName, ...
motherOf, ownerOf, isFrontOf ...
analyzing if requirements are met, choosing better proposal, ...
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Probabilistic Ontology
A probabilistic ontology is an explicit, formal knowledge representation that expresses knowledge about a domain of application. This includes:
Types of entities that exist in the domain;
Properties of those entities;
Relationships among entities;
Processes and events that happen with those entities;
Statistical regularities that characterize the domain;
Inconclusive, ambiguous, incomplete, unreliable, and dissonant knowledge related to entities of the domain;
Uncertainty about all the above forms of knowledge;
where the term entity refers to any concept (real or fictitious, concrete or abstract) that can be described and reasoned about within the domain of application. [3]
5
Person, Procurement, Enterprise, ...
firstName, lastName, ...
motherOf, ownerOf, isFrontOf ...
analyzing if requirements are met, choosing better proposal, ...
P(isFrontOf|valueOfProcurement = >1M, annualIncome = <10k) = 90%
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
PR-OWL
6
*reproduced with permission from [3] - extended version
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Mapping problem
7Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Mapping problem
7Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Mapping problem
7Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Mapping problem
7
?
1. Mapping - winner2. Types - value
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
PR-OWL 2.0
8Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Mapping is incomplete
9
OWL
PR-OWL
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
winnerOf
winnerOf
Mapping is incomplete
9
OWL
PR-OWL
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
winnerOf
winnerOf
Mapping is incomplete
9
Procurement
OWL
PR-OWL
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
winnerOf
winnerOfProcurement Enterprise
Mapping is incomplete
9
Procurement Enterprise
OWL
PR-OWL
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
winnerOf
winnerOfProcurement Enterprise
Mapping is incomplete
9
Procurement Enterprise
OWL
PR-OWL
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
winnerOf
winnerOfProcurement Enterprise
Mapping is incomplete
9
Procurement Enterprise
winnerOf_RV
OWL
PR-OWL
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
winnerOf
winnerOfProcurement Enterprise
Mapping is incomplete
9
Procurement Enterprise
winnerOf_RV
OWL
PR-OWL
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
winnerOf
winnerOfProcurement Enterprise
Mapping is incomplete
9
Procurement Enterprise
winnerOf_RV
winnerOf_RV_procurement
OWL
PR-OWL
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
winnerOf
winnerOfProcurement Enterprise
Mapping is incomplete
9
Procurement Enterprise
winnerOf_RV
_MFrag.procurement
winnerOf_RV_procurement
OWL
PR-OWL
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Simple solution
10
OWL
PR-OWL
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Simple solution
10
winnerOf
OWL
PR-OWL
winnerOf
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Simple solution
10
winnerOf
OWL
PR-OWL
winnerOf
Procurement
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Simple solution
10
winnerOf
OWL
PR-OWL
winnerOf
Procurement Enterprise
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
winnerOf
winnerOfProcurement Enterprise
Simple solution
10
winnerOf
OWL
PR-OWL
winnerOf
Procurement Enterprise
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
winnerOf
winnerOfProcurement Enterprise
Simple solution
10
winnerOf
winnerOf_RV
OWL
PR-OWL
winnerOf
Procurement Enterprise
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
winnerOf
winnerOfProcurement Enterprise
Simple solution
10
winnerOf
winnerOf_RV
OWL
PR-OWL
winnerOf
Procurement Enterprise
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
winnerOf
winnerOfProcurement Enterprise
Simple solution
10
winnerOf
winnerOf_RV
winnerOf_RV_procurement
OWL
PR-OWL
winnerOf
Procurement Enterprise
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
winnerOf
winnerOfProcurement Enterprise
Simple solution
10
winnerOf
winnerOf_RV
_MFrag.procurement
winnerOf_RV_procurement
OWL
PR-OWL
winnerOf
Procurement Enterprise
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
What about n-ary relations?
11
PR-OWL
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
What about n-ary relations?
11
PR-OWL
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
What about n-ary relations?
11
OWL
PR-OWL
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
What about n-ary relations?
11
OWL
PR-OWL
hasPriceContract EnterprisePrice
hasContract
hasEnterprise
Procurement
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
What about n-ary relations?
11
OWL
PR-OWL
hasPriceContract EnterprisePrice
hasContract
hasEnterprise
Procurement
hasPrice
contract1
enterprise1$10,000.00
hasEnterprise
$500,000.00 enterprise2
hasPrice hasEnterprise
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
What about n-ary relations?
11
OWL
PR-OWL
hasPriceContract EnterprisePrice
hasContract
hasEnterprise
Procurement
hasPrice
contract1
enterprise1$10,000.00
hasEnterprise
$500,000.00 enterprise2
hasPrice hasEnterprise
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
XX
Sunday, December 19, 2010
What about n-ary relations?
11
OWL
PR-OWL
hasPriceContract EnterprisePrice
hasContract
hasEnterprise
Procurement
hasPrice
contract1
enterprise1$10,000.00
hasEnterprise
$500,000.00 enterprise2
hasPrice hasEnterprise
Contract
Enterprise PriceProcurement
_:id1
priceOfenterpriseOf
contractOf
originOf
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
XX
Sunday, December 19, 2010
What about n-ary relations?
11
OWL
PR-OWL
hasPriceContract EnterprisePrice
hasContract
hasEnterprise
Procurement
hasPrice
contract1
enterprise1$10,000.00
hasEnterprise
$500,000.00 enterprise2
hasPrice hasEnterprise
Contract
Enterprise PriceProcurement
_:id1
priceOfenterpriseOf
contractOf
originOf
contract1
_:3-aryInst1
priceOfenterpriseOf
contractOf
enterprise1 $10,000.00
priceOf enterpriseOf
contractOf
enterprise2$500,000.00
_:3-aryInst2
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
XX
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Solution for n-ary mapping
12
OWL
PR-OWL
Contract
Enterprise PriceProcurement
_:id1
priceOfenterpriseOf
contractOf
originOf
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Solution for n-ary mapping
12
OWL
PR-OWL
Contract
Enterprise PriceProcurement
_:id1
priceOfenterpriseOf
contractOf
originOf
enterpriseOf
domain domainrange range
priceOf
domain
range contractOf
_:id1
Contract
Enterprise Price
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Solution for n-ary mapping
12
OWL
PR-OWL
Contract
Enterprise PriceProcurement
_:id1
priceOfenterpriseOf
contractOf
originOf
enterpriseOf
domain domainrange range
priceOf
domain
range contractOf
_:id1
Contract
Enterprise Price
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Solution for n-ary mapping
12
OWL
PR-OWL
Contract
Enterprise PriceProcurement
_:id1
priceOfenterpriseOf
contractOf
originOf
enterpriseOf
domain domainrange range
priceOf
domain
range contractOf
_:id1
Contract
Enterprise Price
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
priceOf_RV
_MFrag.enterprise
priceOf_RV_enterprise
_MFrag.contract
priceOf_RV_contract
“1”^^int “2”^^int
priceOf
_:id1
enterpriseOf
Contract Enterprise Price
range range range
domain domain domain
hasArgTerm hasArgTerm
hasArgNumber hasArgNumber
defineUncertaintyOf
hasPossibleValues
hasArgument hasArgument
isSubsBy isSubsBy
isObjectIn isObjectIn
contractOf
Sunday, December 19, 2010
What changed?
13
OWL
winnerOf
winnerOfProcurement Enterprise
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
What changed?
13
OWL
winnerOf
winnerOfProcurement Enterprise
winnerOf_RV
winnerOf_RV_procurement
Procurement Enterprise
_MFrag.procurement
*No mapping to OWL properties
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
What changed?
13
OWL
winnerOf
winnerOfProcurement Enterprise
winnerOf_RV
winnerOf_RV_procurement
Procurement Enterprise
_MFrag.procurement
*No mapping to OWL properties
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
winnerOf_RV
_MFrag.procurement
winnerOf_RV_procurement
Procurement Enterprise
winnerOf
winnerOf_RV
winnerOf_RV_procurement
Procurement
winnerOf
_MFrag.procurement
EnterprisewinnerOf
*Added mapping for RVs
Sunday, December 19, 2010
What changed?
13
OWL
winnerOf
winnerOfProcurement Enterprise
winnerOf_RV
winnerOf_RV_procurement
Procurement Enterprise
_MFrag.procurement
*No mapping to OWL properties
winnerOf_RV
_MFrag.procurement
winnerOf_RV_procurement
Procurement Enterprise
winnerOf
winnerOf
*Added mapping for RVs’ arguments
Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
winnerOf_RV
_MFrag.procurement
winnerOf_RV_procurement
Procurement Enterprise
winnerOf
winnerOf_RV
winnerOf_RV_procurement
Procurement
winnerOf
_MFrag.procurement
EnterprisewinnerOf
*Added mapping for RVs
Sunday, December 19, 2010
The bridge
14Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Conclusion
15Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Conclusion
16Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
ConclusionProvided both the syntax and a more in depth description of one of the major changes in PR-OWL 2.0
16Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
ConclusionProvided both the syntax and a more in depth description of one of the major changes in PR-OWL 2.0
A formal mapping between OWL concepts and PR-OWL random variables
16Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
ConclusionProvided both the syntax and a more in depth description of one of the major changes in PR-OWL 2.0
A formal mapping between OWL concepts and PR-OWL random variables
Justified the importance of a formal mapping through an example
16Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
ConclusionProvided both the syntax and a more in depth description of one of the major changes in PR-OWL 2.0
A formal mapping between OWL concepts and PR-OWL random variables
Justified the importance of a formal mapping through an example
Presented a simple solution sufficient for binary relations
16Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
ConclusionProvided both the syntax and a more in depth description of one of the major changes in PR-OWL 2.0
A formal mapping between OWL concepts and PR-OWL random variables
Justified the importance of a formal mapping through an example
Presented a simple solution sufficient for binary relations
Presented a complex and robust solution for n-ary relations
16Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
ConclusionProvided both the syntax and a more in depth description of one of the major changes in PR-OWL 2.0
A formal mapping between OWL concepts and PR-OWL random variables
Justified the importance of a formal mapping through an example
Presented a simple solution sufficient for binary relations
Presented a complex and robust solution for n-ary relations
Presented a schematic for how to do the mapping back and forth between PR-OWL random variables and OWL triples (both predicates and functions)
16Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Future work
17Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Future workFormally define the semantics of the schematic proposed
17Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Future workFormally define the semantics of the schematic proposed
Propose an algorithm for performing the mapping from OWL concepts to PR-OWL RVs, and vice-versa
17Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Future workFormally define the semantics of the schematic proposed
Propose an algorithm for performing the mapping from OWL concepts to PR-OWL RVs, and vice-versa
In addition, PR-OWL 2 will address other issues described in [2]
Replace the meta-entity definition in PR-OWL
Use of existing types in OWL, RDF(S), and XML as possible values for RVs (including data types)
17Introduction - PR-OWL 2.0 - Conclusion
Sunday, December 19, 2010
Obrigado!
18
Sunday, December 19, 2010
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