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© 2018 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Dr. Ram Adapa Technical Executive, EPRI [email protected] SNL Workshop on Enabling Advanced Power Electronics Technologies for the Next Generation Electric Utility Grid Albuquerque, NM July 17-18, 2018 Power Electronics & Power Flow Control Technologies Technology Assessment
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Power Electronics & Power Flow Control Technologies€¦ · TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL The Power Electronics Revolution Opportunities to: Reduce

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Page 1: Power Electronics & Power Flow Control Technologies€¦ · TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL The Power Electronics Revolution Opportunities to: Reduce

© 2018 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Dr. Ram Adapa Technical Executive, EPRI

[email protected]

SNL Workshop on Enabling Advanced Power Electronics Technologies for the Next Generation Electric Utility Grid

Albuquerque, NMJuly 17-18, 2018

Power Electronics &

Power Flow Control

TechnologiesTechnology Assessment

Page 2: Power Electronics & Power Flow Control Technologies€¦ · TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL The Power Electronics Revolution Opportunities to: Reduce

2© 2018 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Setting the Stage

TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL

The Power Electronics Revolution

Opportunities to:

Reduce energy use

Enhance the functionality of the power system

Enable the integration of renewables

Facilitate the creation of a low-carbon energy

future

Page 3: Power Electronics & Power Flow Control Technologies€¦ · TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL The Power Electronics Revolution Opportunities to: Reduce

3© 2018 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

7,000

6,500

6,000

5,500

5,000

4,500

4,000

3,500

3,000

2,500

2,000

En

erg

y (

Billio

n k

Wh

)

Background – Energy Savings Potential of Power Electronic Proliferation

TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL

Opportunity to reduce Electricity Consumption

Codes and Standards

Market-Driven Efficiency*

Achievable Potential

+ + +

Technical

Potential

Avoided Electricity Consumption in 2030 . . .

• Technical Potential ~ 26%

* Includes embedded impact of EE programs implicit in AEO 2008

Page 4: Power Electronics & Power Flow Control Technologies€¦ · TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL The Power Electronics Revolution Opportunities to: Reduce

4© 2018 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Background

TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL

Power Flow Control devices allow better utilization of existing transmission assets by balancing flows and mitigating loop flows

Historically system operators have had the ability to change power flows

on the transmission grid by:

– Generation dispatch and curtailment

– Tap changing on voltage/ phase angle regulating transformers

– Switching transmission lines and components

– Switching capacitor banks and reactors

– Shedding load

Power Flow Control:

ability to change the way that power flows through the grid by actuating on high

voltage devices connected in series or in shunt with transmission lines.

Page 5: Power Electronics & Power Flow Control Technologies€¦ · TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL The Power Electronics Revolution Opportunities to: Reduce

5© 2018 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Background

TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL

Power Flow Control in Transmission Grids

Hardware:

– Phase shifting transformers (PST)

– FACTS devices

– Intelligent Universal Transformer

– Current Limiters

– Circuit Breakers/Switches

– New devices:

CD-PAR

Transformer-less Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

Distributed Series Reactors (Smart Wires)

– HVDC

Objectives of power flow control:

– Improved transmission grid utilization

– Deferred expansion

– Reduced congestion

– Reduced loop flows

– Improved operation flexibility

Page 6: Power Electronics & Power Flow Control Technologies€¦ · TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL The Power Electronics Revolution Opportunities to: Reduce

6© 2018 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems)

TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL

P = V1V2 sin (1-2)1

X

V11 V22P

Transmission Line X

Passive Transmission Active Transmission

Page 7: Power Electronics & Power Flow Control Technologies€¦ · TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL The Power Electronics Revolution Opportunities to: Reduce

7© 2018 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Transmission Applications of VSC based FACTS

TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL

STATCOM

Voltage Control

+ -

V

Vo

Vdc

Static Synchronous Compensator

- STATCOM -

I

+ -

V

Vo

Vdc

Static Synchronous Compensator

- STATCOM -

I

+ -

V

Vo

Vdc

Static Synchronous Compensator

- STATCOM -

I

SSSC

Line Impedance Control

UPFC

Voltage, Line Impedance &

Phase Angle Control

IPFC

Interline Power

Exchange

Back-to-Back Asynchronous/Synchronous Tie

System 1

V1

System 2

+ +- -

12P

V2

Back-to-Back Asynchronous/Synchronous Tie

System 1

V1

System 2

+ +- -

12P

V2

Back-to-Back

Voltage & Power

Transfer Control

Page 8: Power Electronics & Power Flow Control Technologies€¦ · TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL The Power Electronics Revolution Opportunities to: Reduce

8© 2018 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

EPRI Sponsored FACTS Installations

TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL

FACTS Applications are expanding around the globe

Thyristor Controlled Series

Capacitor (TCSC):

“Line Impedance

Controller”

208 Mvar TCSC at Slatt

Substation (BPA) 1993

FACTS Controller

“Back-To-Back HVDC Tie”

36 MW at Eagle Pass (CSW)

2000

Convertible Static Compensator

(CSC): “Flexible Multi-functional

Compensator” ± 200 MVA at Marcy

Substation (NYPA) 2000 & 2002

Control

Convertible Static Compensator Concept (CSC)

Optical link

- +

Inverter

HV

Optical link

- +

Inverter

Static Synchronous

Compensator (STATCOM) :

“Voltage Controller”

± 100 Mvar STATCOM at

Sullivan Substation (TVA)

1995

Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC):

“All Transmission Parameters Controller”

± 160 MVA Shunt and ± 160 MVA Series at

Inez Substation (AEP) 1998

Page 9: Power Electronics & Power Flow Control Technologies€¦ · TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL The Power Electronics Revolution Opportunities to: Reduce

9© 2018 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Enabling the Intelligent Universal Transformer

TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL

Replacing legacy distribution transformers with Solid-State alternatives

Core Technologies Needed

New State-of-the-Art Power

Electronic Topology

New High-Voltage, Low-Current

Power Semiconductor Device

Interoperable with Open

Communication Architecture

Functions & Value

Traditional voltage stepping,

plus…

New service options, such as DC

Real-time voltage regulation, sag

correction, system monitoring,

and other operating benefits

Other benefits: standardization,

size, weight, oil elimination

Cornerstone device for advanced

distribution automation (ADA)

Product Spin-offs

Emergency EHV / Recovery

transformer replacement

(substations)

Other power electronic

applications

Needed: Reliable Low Voltage & High Voltage

(High Power) Solid State Transformers

Page 10: Power Electronics & Power Flow Control Technologies€¦ · TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL The Power Electronics Revolution Opportunities to: Reduce

10© 2018 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Solid State Fault Current Limiter

TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL

Needed: Distribution & Transmission Level Fault Current Limiters

15kV, 1200 Amp Distribution Class SSCL

Current passes through SGTO modules in normal operation

Drive modules off when detect fault event

2kV, 1000A turn off per block. Stack in series / parallel for increased

voltage / current.

Tune inductors for let-through current

Page 11: Power Electronics & Power Flow Control Technologies€¦ · TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL The Power Electronics Revolution Opportunities to: Reduce

11© 2018 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

HVDC Converter Technology:

TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL

Line Commutated Converter (LCC) vs. Voltage Source Converter (VSC)

Line Commutated Converter

(or Current Source Converter )

• Thyristor based

• Switches on-off one time per cycle

Voltage Source Converter

• IGBT Based

(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor)

• Switches on-off many times per cycle

Page 12: Power Electronics & Power Flow Control Technologies€¦ · TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL The Power Electronics Revolution Opportunities to: Reduce

12© 2018 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

HVDC in North America

TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL

North American HVDC Deployments

Page 13: Power Electronics & Power Flow Control Technologies€¦ · TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL The Power Electronics Revolution Opportunities to: Reduce

13© 2018 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Key Takeaways

TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL

DC Grids – The Future of DC Transmission

DC Grids for Offshore Wind

Considered more in Europe than in other countries

Need to resolve many issues

– Power & Voltage control

– DC circuit breakers

– DC / DC Transformers

– Standard DC voltages

– Communication needs

– CIGRE/IEEE WGs

Two Topologies

DC Node

AC Node

DC Line

(a)

(b)

Page 14: Power Electronics & Power Flow Control Technologies€¦ · TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL The Power Electronics Revolution Opportunities to: Reduce

14© 2018 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Macro Grid - HVDC Network Concept

TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL

Opportunities to expand HVDC Transmission in North America

Page 15: Power Electronics & Power Flow Control Technologies€¦ · TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL The Power Electronics Revolution Opportunities to: Reduce

15© 2018 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Key Takeaways/Insights

TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL

New methodologies and tools and active demonstrations are needed to accelerate the adoption of PFCs

Mature as well as emerging technologies for controlling power flows across the grid are available

PFC technologies are proven to be effective solutions to various transmission problems

Needs for wide spread adoption (Gaps):

– Deep understanding of PFC technologies relevant aspects to facilitate risk-informed decisions on the use of the technology

– New models, analysis methods, and tools to evaluate and design PFC-based solutions

– Operational practice and procedures to operate and control PFCs in an effective and reliable manner

– Appropriate regulatory mechanisms to collect the economic benefits from the investment

– New PFC models for EMS applications

To bridge the gaps:

– Develop model tools for novel active power flow control devices

– Develop framework to evaluate reliability and economic benefits of active power flow control devices

– Field demonstrations and pilot commercial installations

Page 16: Power Electronics & Power Flow Control Technologies€¦ · TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL The Power Electronics Revolution Opportunities to: Reduce

16© 2018 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Advanced Power Electronics

Silicon

Silicon Carbide

Silicon Carbide

+

Gallium Nitride

• High operating

temperature

• Lower switching

losses

• Widely available

• Low cost

• Higher Temperature

• Higher Voltage

• Optical switching

Major fundamental research is required for advances in PE materials

New power electronics materials enable newer applications and benefits

Limited Max Blocking Voltage

Limited Max Switching

Frequency

Limited Max Operating

Temperature

Page 17: Power Electronics & Power Flow Control Technologies€¦ · TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL The Power Electronics Revolution Opportunities to: Reduce

17© 2018 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Technical Innovations –

Power Electronics

Thyristor

GTO

GCT

IGBT

LTT

GTO – Gate Turn-Off Thyristor

LTT – Light Triggered Thyristor

GCT – Gate Commutated Thyristor

IGBT – Integrated Gate Bipolar Transistor

FET – Field Effect Transistor

SiC – Silicon Carbide

GaN – Gallium Nitride

Needed: Roadmap and R&D funding to achieve these higher ratings for

Wide Bandgap Devices

Probably Needed : Wide Bandgap Thyristor type (instead of transistor type) devices for High Power applications

Page 18: Power Electronics & Power Flow Control Technologies€¦ · TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL The Power Electronics Revolution Opportunities to: Reduce

18© 2018 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Future Direction

EPRI

WBG Device Manufacturers

Identify device gaps for utility

scale PE applications

Develop device specifications

Academia/Industry

Identify utility scale

applications

Lead pilot demonstrations to

evaluate performance

EPRI Research Focus

• High-voltage, high-power circuits for grid

modernization

• Efficient, reliable, and modular power

electronics for DER cost reduction

• Low-power, compact electronics for self-

powered distributed sensors

EPRI Research Approach

• Lead tech transfer by bringing

stakeholders together

• Identify gaps and opportunities through

technology scouting

• Partner with industry/academia for federal

funding opportunities

Value - Research under this program can contribute to advanced power electronics technology which can enable a fully functional and controllable power system resulting in a potential value in

excess of $1 trillion over next 20 years.

Page 19: Power Electronics & Power Flow Control Technologies€¦ · TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL The Power Electronics Revolution Opportunities to: Reduce

19© 2018 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Key Takeaways/Insights

Power Electronics – Growth Opportunity

WBG Power Electronics is key for:

– Future SMART Electric Grid (Intelligent Grid / Integrated Grid)

– Integration of renewables such as wind and solar with interconnections to the main grid

– Reducing system losses and increasing efficiency

– Increasing grid reliability and resiliency

– Reducing carbon footprint

– Enhancing quality of life

Future Needs:

– High Power Devices

– New Converter Topologies

– New PE Applications

TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL

Page 20: Power Electronics & Power Flow Control Technologies€¦ · TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: POWER ELECTRONICS & POWER FLOW CONTROL The Power Electronics Revolution Opportunities to: Reduce

20© 2018 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Image from NASA Visible Earth